Lecture 24 - Application of Power Series

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fundamentals of power electronics引用

fundamentals of power electronics引用

fundamentals of power electronics引用
Fundamentals of Power Electronics是一本由Robert W. Erickson
和Dragan Maksimovic合著的电力电子学教材。

该书涵盖了电力电
子学的基础知识,包括开关电源、直流-直流转换器、直流-交流变换器、交流-交流变换器等内容。

本文将从以下三个方面对该书进行评价:内容、教学效果和适用范围。

首先,该书的内容非常全面,涵盖了电力电子学的基础知识。

每个章
节都有清晰的目标和概述,以及详细的内容和示例。

该书的语言简洁
明了,易于理解。

此外,该书还包含了大量的图表和公式,有助于读
者更好地理解和应用所学知识。

其次,该书的教学效果非常好。

该书的作者都是电力电子学领域的专家,他们的教学经验和研究成果都得到了充分的体现。

该书的每个章
节都有练习题和答案,有助于读者巩固所学知识。

此外,该书还提供
了一些实际应用的案例,有助于读者将所学知识应用到实际工程中。

最后,该书适用范围广泛。

该书的内容涵盖了电力电子学的基础知识,适用于电力电子学的初学者和专业人士。

此外,该书还包含了一些高
级内容,适用于电力电子学的研究人员和工程师。

综上所述,Fundamentals of Power Electronics是一本非常优秀的电力电子学教材。

该书的内容全面,教学效果好,适用范围广泛。

如果你想学习电力电子学,或者想深入了解电力电子学的基础知识,那么这本书绝对是你的不二选择。

physicsforscient...

physicsforscient...

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t240xw01v1讲课讲稿

t240xw01v1讲课讲稿

NO ItemCOVERCONTENTSRECORD OF REVISIONS1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION2 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS3 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION3-1 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS3-2 INTERFACE CONNECTIONS3-3 SIGNAL TIMING SPECIFICATIONS3-4 SIGNAL TIMING WAVEFORMS3-5 COLOR INPUT DATA REFERENCE3-6 POWER SEQUENCE3-7 BACKLIGHT SPECIFICATION4 OPTICAL SPECIFICATION5 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS6 RELIABILITY TEST ITEMS7 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD7-1 EMC8 PACKING9 PRECAUTIONS9-1 MOUNTING PRECAUTIONS9-2 OPERATING PRECAUTIONS9-3 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE CONTROL9-4 PRECAUTIONS FOR STRONG LIGHT EXPOSURE9-5 STORAGE9-6 HANDLING PRECAUTIONS FOR PROTECTION FILM 9-7 ADDITIONAL6. Raliability Test Items1 THB 3 50℃/80%, 72hrs2 TST3 0.5hr/-20℃,0.5hr/ 60℃,72 hrs3 Shock test3wave form :half sine waveshock level : 50G、20msdirection : ±x, ±y, ±zone time each direction4 Vibration test 3 Radom wave (1.5G RMS, 100—200Hz)30mins/Per each X.Y.Z axesPanel label:XXXXXXXXXXXX-ZM01XXXXXXXXXXXXXX: Panel Serial numberZM01: BVCH internal codeXX: 若头位为H,即为H?时表示BLU为BVCH自组,若为其他形式的数字或字符表示BLU 为AUO整组。

大学物理-电磁学(英文授课)

大学物理-电磁学(英文授课)

大学物理-电磁学(英文授课)IntroductionElectromagnetism is a field of physics that concerns itself with the study of electromagnetic forces and fields. It is a branch of physics that focuses on the interaction between electrically charged particles, including charged particles at rest and moving charges. This course is designed to help students understand the basic principles of electromagnetism, including electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic waves.Electric FieldsElectric fields are created by electric charges, which are either positive or negative. The electric field is said to be the space surrounding a charged particle. If another charged particle is placed in the electric field, it will experience a force. The direction of the force depends on the charge of the particle and the direction of the electric field.Magnetic FieldsMagnetic fields are created by moving charges. A magnetic field is said to be the space surrounding a magnetic object. If a charged particle is placed in a magnetic field, it will move in a circular path. The direction of the circular path depends on the charge of the particle and the direction of the magnetic field. Electromagnetic FieldsAn electromagnetic field is created by the interaction of an electric field and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic fields have both electric and magnetic components, and they travel through space at the speed of light. Electromagnetic waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation that carries energy. Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.Maxwell's EquationsMaxwell's equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. They are a set of partial differential equations that relate the electric and magnetic fields to the electric charges and currents that are present. The equations describe how an electric field can produce a magnetic field, and a magnetic field can produce an electric field. They also describe how the electromagnetic fields propagate through space.Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic waves are waves of energy that are propagated through space by the interaction of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves do not require any medium to propagate through. They can travel through a vacuum, which is why they are also known as vacuum waves.Electromagnetic waves are classified based on their frequency and wavelength. Radio waves have the lowest frequency, and gamma rays have the highest frequency. Radio waves have the longest wavelength, and gamma rays have the shortest wavelength.Applications of ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism has many practical applications in our daily lives. Some of the most common applications include electric motors, generators, transformers, telecommunication devices, medical imaging devices, and microwave ovens. Electromagnetism has also played a significant role in the development of modern technology, including computers, television, radio, and mobile phones.ConclusionElectromagnetism is a fascinating field of physics that has wide-ranging applications in our daily lives. This course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic waves. By studying electromagnetism, students can gain a deeper appreciation for the fundamental principles that govern the behavior of the universe around us.Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, along with gravity, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. It is a field of physics with numerous applications in our modern society. Without the understanding of electromagnetism, we would not have the modern comforts that we have today, including electricity, the internet, cell phones, and many other devices.One of the most significant contributions of electromagnetism to modern society is the use of electric motors. Electric motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.They are used in a wide range of applications, from household appliances to transportation systems. The underlying principle of electric motors is electromagnetic induction, which is the process of inducing an electric current in a conductor by varying the magnetic field around it.Another important application of electromagnetism is in generators. Generators are devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. They are often used in power plants to generate electricity that is distributed to homes and businesses. The principle of electromagnetic induction is also used in generators. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in the conductor.Electromagnetism also plays a central role in the functioning of transformers. A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current (AC) power supply. Transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage of an AC power supply. They are used in power grids to maintain a constant voltage throughout the grid. The principle used in transformers is electromagnetic induction, with the primary and secondary coils of wire interacting with the magnetic field to produce the desired voltage change. Telecommunication devices, including radios, televisions, and cell phones, also rely on the principles of electromagnetism. The radio waves used for communication are a form of electromagnetic radiation. Radio waves are used to transmit and receive signals between devices. The workings of these devices depend on the principles of electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic radiation.In addition to powering devices, electromagnetism is used in medical imaging devices. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the body's internal structures. The patient is placed in a powerful magnetic field, which causes the protons in their body to align with the field. A radio wave is then sent through the body, causing the protons to produce a signal. The signal is detected, and an image is produced based on the strength and location of the signal.Microwave ovens are another example of electromagnetism in action. These appliances use microwaves to cook food. Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of around 2.4 GHz. The microwaves cause the water molecules in the food to vibrate rapidly, producing heat. This heats the food quickly and evenly, making it a popular method for cooking.The study of electromagnetism has also led to the development of modern technology. Computers, televisions, radios, and cell phones all rely on the principles of electromagnetism. The development of these technologies has revolutionized the way we live and communicate. The internet, for example, would not exist without the principles of electromagnetism.In conclusion, electromagnetism is a fascinating field of physics with numerous practical applications in our daily lives. It is the foundation of modern technology, and our society would not be the same without it. By studying electromagnetism, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world around us and appreciate thefundamental principles that govern our universe. As technology advances, we can expect even more exciting and innovative applications of electromagnetism in the years to come.。

反激式开关电源外文翻译

反激式开关电源外文翻译

Measurement of the Source Impedance of Conducted Emission Using Mode Separable LISN: Conducted Emission of a Switching Power SupplyJUNICHI MIY ASHITA,1 MASAYUKI MITSUZAW A,1 TOSHIYUKI KARUBE,1KIYOHITO Y AMASAW A,2 and TOSHIRO SA TO21Precision Technology Research Institute of Nagano Prefecture, Japan2Shinshu University, JapanSUMMARYIn the procedure for reducing conducted emissions, it is helpful to know the noise source impedance. This paper presents a method of measuring noise source complex impedances of common and differential mode separately. We propose a line impedance stabilization network (LISN) to measure common and differential mode noise separately without changing LISN impedances of each mode. With this LISN, conducted emissions of each mode are measured inserting appropriate impedances at the equipment under test (EUT) terminal of the LISN. Noise source complex impedances of switching power supply are well calculated from measured results. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 72 78, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1154Key words:Conducted emission; noise terminal voltage; noise source impedance; line impedance stabiliza-tion network (LISN); EMI.1. IntroductionSwitching power supplies are employed widely in various devices. High-speed on/off operation is accompa-nied by harmonic noise that may cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) with communication devices and other equipment. To prevent the interference, methods of meas-urement and limit values have been set for conducted noise (~30 MHz) and radiated noise (30 to 1000 MHz). Much time and effort are required to contain the noise within the limit values; hence, the efficiency of noise removal tech-niques is an urgent social problem. Understanding of the mechanism behind noise generation and propagation is necessary in order to develop efficient measures. In particu-lar, the propagation of conducted noise must be investi-gated.Modeling and analysis of equivalent circuits have been carried out in order to investigate conducted noise caused by switching [1, 2]. However, the stray capacitance and other circuit parameters of each device must be known in order to develop an equivalent circuit, which is not practicable in the field of noise removal. On the other hand, noise filters and other noise-removal devices do not actually provide the expected effect [3, 4], which is explained by the difference between the static characteristics measured at an impedance of 50 Ω, and the actual impedance. Thus, it is necessary to know the noise source impedance in order to analyze the conducted noise.Regulations on the measurement of noise terminal voltage [5] suggest using LISN; in particular, the vector sum (absolute voltage) of two propagation modes, namely, common mode and differential mode, is measured in terms of the frequency spectrum. Such a measurement, however, does not provide phase data, and propagation modes cannot be separated; therefore, the noise source impedance cannot be derived easily. There are publications dealing with the calculation of the noise source impedance; for example, common mode is only considered as the principal mode, and the absolute value of the noise source impedance for the common mode is found from the ground wire current and ungrounded voltage [6], or mode-separated measure-ment is performed by discrimination between grounded and ungrounded devices [7]. However, measurement of the ground wire current is impossible in the case of domestic single-phase two-line devices. The complex impedance can be found using an impedance analyzer in the nonoperating state, but its value may be different for the operating state. Thus, there is no simple and accurate method of measuring source noise impedance as a complex impedance.© 2002 Scripta TechnicaElectrical Engineering in Japan, V ol. 139, No. 2, 2002Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, V ol. 120-D, No. 11, November 2000, pp. 1376 1381The authors assumed that the noise source impedance could be found easily using only a spectrum analyzer, provided that the noise could be measured separately for each mode, and the LISN impedance could be varied. For this purpose, a LISN with a balun transformer was devel-oped to ensure noise measurement, with the common mode and differential mode strictly separated. An appropriate known impedance is inserted at the EUT (equipment under test) terminals, and the noise source impedance is found from the variation of the noise level. This method was used to measure the conducted noise of a switching power sup-ply, and it was confirmed that the noise source impedance could be measured as a complex impedance independently for each mode. Thus, significant information for noiseremoval and propagation mode analysis was acquired.This paper presents a new method of measuring the noise source impedance of conducted emission using mode-separable LISN.2. Separate Measurement for Common Mode andDifferential ModeThe conventional single-phase LISN circuit for measurement of the noise terminal voltage is shown in Fig.1. The power supply is provided with high impedance by a 50-µH reactor, and a meter with an input impedance of 50Ω is connected between one line and the ground via a high-pass capacitor, and another line is terminated by 50 Ω. Thus, the LISN impedance as seen at the EUT is 100 Ω in the differential mode, and 25 Ω in the common mode. The measured value is the vector sum of both modes, and the noise must be found separately in order to find the noise source impedance for each mode. There is LISN with Y-to-delta switching to provide mode separation [8], but its impedance is 150 Ω, giving rise to a problem of data compatibility with 50-Ω LISN. Thus, a new mode-separa-ble LISN was developed as shown in Fig.2. The circuit is identical to that in Fig. 1 from the power supply through the high-pass capacitor. Switching of the connection pattern ensures measurement with one line of the balun transformer terminated by 50 Ω, and another line connected to the meter.In Fig. 2, the secondary side of the 2:1 balun trans-former is terminated by 50 Ω, while the primary side has 200 Ω; in the differential mode, the impedance (line-to-line) is 100 Ω since 200 Ω at the high-pass capacitor is connected in parallel. With the switch set at D, the meter is connected to the secondary side of the balun transformer. The voltage is one-half that of the line-to-line voltage, and measurement is performed in the standard way.The common mode current flows from both sides of the balun transformer via the middle tap to the 50-Ω termi-nal. The currents in the windings are antiphase, and no voltage is generated at the secondary side. Therefore, the impedance of the primary side is the terminal resistance of the tap. Since this impedance is connected in parallel to 50Ω (two 100 Ω in parallel) at the high-pass capacitor, the impedance between the common line and ground is 25 Ω. With the switch set at C, the meter is connected to the middle tap of the balun transformer, and the common-mode voltage is the line-to-ground voltage.3. Measurement of Noise Source Impedance3.1 Measurement circuit and calculationThough the propagation routes are different in the two modes, propagation from the noise source to the LISN can be represented in a simplified way as shown in Fig. 3. In the initial measurement, the load impedance Z L is the LISN impedance. Z L can be varied by inserting a knownimpedance at the EUT terminals. Consider three load im-Fig. 1. Standard 50-Ω/50-µH LISN.Fig. 2.Mode-separable LISN.Fig. 3. Schematic circuit of noise propagation.pedances, namely, LISN only and LISN with two different impedances inserted, Z L 1(R 1 + jX 1), Z L 2(R 2 + jX 2), andZ L 3(R 3+ jX 3). Using the values I 1, I 2, I 3 (scalars) measured in the three cases, Z 0(R 0 + jX 0) is found. Since V 0 = |Z L | × I ,the following expressions can be derived:From the above,Here a , b , and c are as follows:Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1), the following quadratic equation for R 0 is obtained:Thus, R 0 and X 0 have two solutions each. The series of frequency points with positive R 0 is taken as the noise source impedance.3.2 Method of measurementAn impedance is inserted at the EUT terminals in order to measure the noise source impedance in the LISN as seen at the EUT. As shown in Fig. 4, the impedance is inserted so as to vary only the impedance in the mode under consideration, thus preventing an influence on the imped-ance in the other mode. In the diagram, V m is the voltage at the meter connected to the LISN, while the input impedance of the meter (50 Ω) is represented by the parallel resistance.Since parameters of both the LISN and the inserted imped-ance are known, the noise current I can be calculated from V m . Now Z 0 is calculated for each mode from the measured data obtained while varying Z L , by using Eqs. (2) and (3).With the differential mode shown in Fig. 4(a), CR is inserted between the two lines, thus varying the load im-pedance Z L . In the differential mode, Z 0 is assumed to be a low impedance, and hence the inserted impedance exerts a significant effect on the measured value. For this reason, 1Ω/0.47 µF and 0 Ω/0.1 µF were inserted, which are rather small compared to the LISN impedance.The measurement of the common mode shown in Fig.4(b) employs common-mode chokes that basically have no impedance in the differential mode. The common-mode chokes are provided with a secondary winding (ratio 1:1),so that the impedance at the secondary side can be varied.In the common mode, Z 0 is assumed to have a particularly high impedance in the low-frequency band. For this reason,5.1 k Ω and 100 pF were used as the secondary load for the common-mode choke to obtain a high inserted impedance.The measured data for the inserted impedance in the case of resistive and capacitive loads are presented in Fig. 5. The impedance of the common-mode choke includes its own inductance and the secondary load. In the case of a capaci-tive load, the resonance point is around 200 kHz; at higher frequencies, the impedance becomes capacitive.A single-phase two-line switching power supply (an ac adapter for a PC with an input of ac 100 V , a rated power of 45 W, and PWM switching at 73 kHz) was used as the EUT, and the rated load resistance was connected at the dcside. Filters were used for both the common and differential(1)modes, except for the case in which one common-mode choke was removed, in order to obtain the high noise level required for analysis. Both the EUT and the loads had conventional commercial ratings, and were placed 40 cm above a metal ground plate; the power cord was fixed.4. Measurement Results and Discussion The results of conventional measurement as well as common-mode and differential-mode measurement for the LISN without inserted impedance are shown in Fig. 6. The measurements were performed in the range of 150 kHz through 30 MHz, divided into three bands, using a spectrum analyzer with frequency linear sweep. Time-variable data were measured at their highest levels using the Max Hold function of the spectrum analyzer, and only the peak values were employed for calculation of Z 0. For this purpose, the values measured in every frequency band were subjected to the FFT, and all harmonics higher than the fundamental frequency were removed. The data were smoothed, and about 10 peak points were detected in every frequency band. In addition, only those peaks that were stronger than the meter s background noise by at least 6 dB were consid-ered.The results in Figs. 6(b) and 6(c) pertain to the LISN only; the level would vary with inserted impedance. The noise source impedance for both modes calculated from the measured data (using triple measurement) is given in Figs.7 and 9, respectively. The bold and dashed lines pertain to data acquired with the impedance analyzer at the EUT power plug, with the EUT not in operation. With the differ-ential mode, there were no high-frequency components, as shown in Fig. 6(b), and hence the impedance is calculated only for significant low-frequency peaks.The noise source impedance in differential mode can be represented schematically as in Fig. 8. The noise sourceimpedance is equal to the impedance between the LISNFig. 5.Inserted impedance in common mode.Fig. 6. Measured results of standard, differential-mode,and common-mode.Fig. 7. Noise source impedance for differential mode.terminals when the noise source is short-circuited. With switching power supplies, filtering is usually performed by a capacitor of 0.1 to 1 µF inserted between the lines. Since the impedance of the power cord is small in the measured frequency range, one may assume that the impedance as seen at the LISN is low, and that the phase changes from capacitive toward inductive as with the measured static characteristics. However, in the case of the given EUT, a nonlinear resistor was inserted between the power cord and the filter as shown in Fig. 8, and hence the impedance is rather high in the nonoperating state. In addition, there are rectifying diodes on the propagation route, but they do not conduct at the measurement voltage of the impedance ana-lyzer. The noise levels show considerable variation at 120Hz, which corresponds to the on/off frequency of the recti-fying diodes; however, only the peak values are measured and then used for calculation, and hence the impedance obtained by the proposed method is considered to pertain to the conductive state. For this reason, the results do not agree well with static characteristics. Thus, the impedance in the operating state cannot be measured in the differential mode.On the other hand, the measured data for |Z 0| in common mode agree well with the static characteristics, as shown in Fig. 9. The phase, too, exhibits a similar variation,although the scatter is rather large. The resistive part of three load impedances and Z 0 may be presented in a simplified way as in Fig. 10. From Eq. (1), the following is true for R 2,R 3, and Z 0:The distance ratio from Z 0 to R 3 and R 2 on the R X plane that satisfies this equation is I 2:I 3, which corresponds to a circle with radius r as in Eq. (4), with the center lying on the line R 3R 2:Similar circles for R 1 and R 2 are also shown in the diagram.When Z 0 and the load impedances lie on one line, the twocircles have a common point. Equation (4) indicates that if I 3 increases slightly, the outer circle becomes bigger, and the two circles do not adjoin. On the other hand, when the outer circle becomes smaller, the two circles intersect at two points, and X 0 varies more strongly than R 0. In practice, the difference in noise level due to the inserted impedance may drop below 1 dB at some frequencies, so that the solution for Z 0 becomes unavailable because of the scatter, or the phase scatters too much. The measurement accuracy is governed by the difference in noise level, and thus the inserted impedance should have a large enough variation compared to the measurement scatter; in addition, there should be a phase difference so that the two circles are not aligned, as in Fig. 10.Figures 7 and 9 pertain to one of the solutions of Eq.(3) with larger R 0. Here R 0 is not necessarily positive and the other solution is not necessarily negative. The two solutions may be basically discriminated from the fre-quency response and other characteristics, but other inser-tion data are employed for the sake of accuracy.Fig. 8. Equivalent circuit of differential-mode noisesource impedance.(4)Fig. 9.Noise source impedance for common mode.Fig. 10. Load impedances and Z 0 on R X plane.Figure 11 compares the measured data and calculated data for the variation of noise level due to insertion of a commercially available common-mode choke, with the cal-culation based on the results of Fig. 9 and the impedance of the common-mode choke. As is evident, the calculation agrees well with the measured values. On the other hand, a considerable discrepancy was confirmed for the other solu-tion. The noise source impedance found as explained above is accurate enough to predict the filtering effect.The noise source resistance in the common mode can be represented as in Fig. 12. Here Z 1 is the stray capacitance between the internal circuit and the case, and Z 2 is the stray capacitance between the case and the ground plate (or in the case of the ground wire, the impedance of the wire). The common-mode noise source impedance for a single-phase two-line EUT is primarily Z 2, becoming capacitive at low frequencies. Since the EUT is equipped with a filter, the influence of the primary rectifying diodes is not related to common-mode, and hence the data measured by the pro-posed method are very close to the static characteristics.However, this is not necessarily true in the case of a grounded line (Z 2 short-circuited) with no filter installed.In addition, here the full impedance as seen at the LISN is found; in practice, however, a filter or Z 1 is employed to suppress noise. Therefore, the impedance of the power cord is required as well as Z 1 and Z 2 in order to analyze the filtering effect. The impedance of the power cord or grounded wire can be easily determined by measurement or calculation. In our experiments without ground, the impedance is very close to Z 2; on the other hand, Z 1 might be measured by grounding the case and removing the filter (Fig. 12), and then used to analyze the filtering effect between the case and the lines. However, noise propagation in the inner circuit must be further investigated in order to estimate the noise-suppressing efficiency of Z 1.5. ConclusionsA new mode-separable LISN is proposed that sup-ports noise measurement without changing the impedance depending on the mode. The proposed LISN ensures accu-rate measurement for each mode, thus supporting imped-ance analysis.With the proposed LISN, an appropriate impedance is inserted at the EUT terminals, and the noise impedance can be found as a complex impedance, just as simply as with conventional measurement of the noise terminal voltage.The value of the inserted impedance must be chosen prop-erly in order to determine the phase accurately. The pro-posed method ensures sufficient accuracy not only to investigate noise propagation and design efficient counter-measures, but also to predict the filtering effect. The pro-posed technique can supply important data for future analysis of noise generation and propagation in switching power supplies.REFERENCES1.Matsuda H et al. Analysis of common-mode noise in switching power supplies. NEC Tech Rep 1998;51:60 65.2.Ogasawara S et al. Modeling and analysis of high-frequency leak currents generated by voltage-fed PWM inverter. Trans IEE Japan 1995;115-D:77 83.3.Iwasaki M, Ikeda T. Evaluation of noise filters for power supply. Tech Rep IEICE EMCJ 1999;90:1 6.4.Kamita M, Toyama K. A study on attenuation char-acteristics of power filters. Tech Rep IEICE EMCJ 1996;96:45 50.rmation technology equipment Radio distur-bance characteristics Limits and method of meas-urement. CISPR 22, 1997.Fig. 11. V ariation of noise level due to insertion ofanother impedance (measured and calculated data).Fig. 12. Equivalent circuit of common-mode noisesource impedance.6.K amita M, Oka N. Calculation of common-mode noise output impedance during operation. Tech Rep IEICE EMCJ 1998;98:59 65.7.Ran L, Clare C, Bradley K J, Chriistoopoulos C.Measurement of conducted electromagnetic emis-sions in PWM motor drive without the need for an LISN. IEEE Trans EMC 1999;41:50 55.8.Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and method Part 1: Radio dis-turbance and immunity measuring apparatus. CISPR 16-1, 1993.AUTHORS (from left to right)Junichi Miyashita (member) graduated from Tohoku University in 1981 and joined the Precision Technology Research Institute of Nagano Prefecture. His research interests are EMC measurement and prevention. He is a member of IEICE.Masayuki Mitsuzawa (nonmember) graduated from Nagoya University in 1984 and joined the Precision Technology Research Institute of Nagano Prefecture. His research interests are EMC measurement and prevention. He is a member of JIEP .Toshiyuki Karube (nonmember) graduated from Waseda University in 1991 and joined the Precision Technology Research Institute of Nagano Prefecture. His research interests are EMC measurement and prevention. He is a member of IEICE and JIEP .Kiyohito Yamasawa (member) completed the M.E. program at Tohoku University in 1970. He has been a professor at Shinshu University since 1993. His research interests are magnetic device integration, microswitching power units, and microwave sensors. He holds a D.Eng. degree and is a member of IEICE, SICE, the Magnetics Society of Japan, the Japan AEM Society, and IEEE.Toshiro Sato (member) completed his doctorate at Chiba University in 1989 and joined Toshiba Research Institute. He has been an associate professor at Shinshu University since 1996. His research interests are magnetic thin-film devices. He received a 1994 IEE Japan Paper Award and a 1999 Japan Society of Applied Magnetism Paper Award. He holds a D.Sc. degree,and is a member of IEE Japan, IEICE, and the Magnetics Society of Japan.。

英文竞选班长演讲稿7篇

英文竞选班长演讲稿7篇

英文竞选班长演讲稿7篇(经典版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如工作计划、工作总结、心得体会、活动方案、规章制度、应急预案、条据文书、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays, such as work plans, work summaries, experiences, activity plans, rules and regulations, emergency plans, documentary evidence, teaching materials, complete essays, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!英文竞选班长演讲稿7篇完备的演讲稿使演讲者能够更好地展现个人风格,塑造更具吸引力的形象,演讲稿的修辞手法可以丰富表达方式,使其更生动有趣,以下是本店铺精心为您推荐的英文竞选班长演讲稿7篇,供大家参考。

英语作文竞选班长

英语作文竞选班长

英语作文竞选班长如果我竞选上了班长,我会真正做的好朋友,老师的好助手。

马行千里知其是否为良驹,人经百事知其是否为栋梁。

接下来是带来的作文竞选班长,希望对你有所帮助~Today, our class held the monitor election. `And I became the new monitor in my class. I was very happy, but I was still very nervous now. When the election began, I was so nervous that I can hear my heart beating heavily. Itried my best to calm down for a long time. Then I went to the platform to begin my prepared speech. I felt my brain was blank when I was having my speech. Before the election, I was confident for this position, but I still so nervous when I was in the platform. Thanks for preparing in advance; otherwise, I must be embarrassed. But the result was what I want. It’s a happy thing.I made a dicision to run for an election for the monitor.I felt nervous ,because i didn't good at talkingwith others.After school ,i got on line to look uphow tp give wonderful speeches.The artical not only introduced the information on munication skills,but also remend,a lecture about munication.I bought the admission ticket to go to listen the lecture.The old profferser taught how to keep confident and how to be persuasive.I listened carefully,and praticed a lot of time.On the eletion day,I deliver a speech on the rostrum,I was confident and determined.When I concluded thespeech,the loudly applause told me,I was elected.To be honest, I am on the monitor but some are not interested in a: I know my ability, as a member of the study barely was OK; two: my best friend Cai Lingyu has been repeatedly monitor the suessful N campaign, needless to say, she certainly is.After class, I saw Li Tengfei in the canvassingelection monitor, really want to laugh! To be honest, Li Tengfei's achievement is even a "four leader" when youdon't have to run for monitor, it is really ridiculous! So, I deliberately used a talking: "ah! Isn't this the Li Tengfei that gives the old class a headache every day? Yes? Even you're running for monitor? It is not the slightest self-knowledge! Advise you to hurry to give up, don't vote did not get xiabulaitai!" Li Tengfei is like a changed man, he did not like the usual immediately "retaliate" my sarcasm, but poker-faced said to me: "the son has decided to start with a clean slate, Study hard, every day, to be five (3) class monitor!" I thought Li Tengfei wasn't quite right today (to be exact, not normal), especially funny, but I was even more inclined to laugh when Li Tengfei said so...... Li Tengfei usually used to be naughty, cold, so serious, and that really is...... (funny!).I saw Li Tengfei take it seriously, and I didn't want to blow his enthusiasm. I managed to hold my smile (oh, who called me so kind), and said to Li Tengfei, "that!"...... May you sueed!" Finish this sentence, I finally could not resist, "throwing" a laugh!Although Li Tengfei is very serious this time, but most of the students still voted for Cai Lingyu, the leader of the squad, she is not the throne!Li Tengfei after a setback, not depressed nor lost, he was like a light of heart from care "optimist", it isreally a bit "have no trouble"!。

《电力电子技术》教案.doc

《电力电子技术》教案.doc

《电力电子技术》教案授课人:***南京工业大学自动化学院电气工程系2008年9月22日〜12月12日电气0601-2 授课学时 B409教学手段Multi-media 教学形式 Lecture 教学内容布置作业时 间 螂2学年第[学期 第周星期二 逸年泼月里日)节次 5.6教学章节 ChO. Introduction & Ch 1. Power Electronics Devices通过学习,使学生了解电力电子技术的概念、发展、应用和电力变换器的分 类;掌握电力电子器件的特点;熟悉不可控电力二极管的基本特性。

ChO. Introduction : 1) What is Power electronics? 2) The history of Power electronics 3) Scope and Applications of Power electronics 4) Classification of Power Processors and Converters Chi. Power Electronics Devices 1) Introduction to Power electronic devices 2) Power diode Definition of power electronics; Classification of Power Processors and Converters; The concept and features of power electronic devices 教学要点 The classifications of power electronic devices; The characteristic of power diode. Review the contents of this class.电气0601-2 授课学时 B409教学章节 教学手段Multi-media 教学形式 Lecture 布置作业时 间 堡给学年第L 学期 第鱼周星期二 逸年_1Q 月卫日)节次 5.6Ch6. Phase-controlled rectifiers了解交宜流电路的能量变换;理解晶闸管门极的控制,掌握基本电路及单相 桥式可控整流电路的分析方法。

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x
令 x 1,
1 得 e 11 2!
1 , n!
余和:
1 1 rn ( n 1)! ( n 2)!


1 1 (1 ( n 1)! n2
)
)
1 1 1 (1 2 ( n 1)! n 1 ( n 1)
1 n n!
欲使 rn 105 ,
u , v
n1 n n1


n
绝对收敛
( u
n1

n
i vn ) 收敛 .
定义: 复变量 z x i y 的指数函数为
1 2 e 1 z z 2!
z
1 n z n!
( z )
易证它在整个复平面上绝对收敛 . 当 x = 0 时,
1 1 2 e 1 i y (i y) (i y) 3 2! 3!
复习
1. 函数的幂级数展开法 (1) 直接展开法 — 利用泰勒公式 ; (2) 间接展开法 — 利用幂级数的性质及已知展开 式的函数 . 2. 常用函数的幂级数展开式
e 1 x
x
1 2 x 2!
1 n x n!
,
x ( , )
( 1) n n1 x n1
r e i
y
z xi y
r

O
y

x x
由 e i cos i sin 可得
(cos i sin ) n cos n i sin n
(德莫弗公式)
利用幂级数的乘法, 不难验证
e z1 z2 e z1 e z2
特别有
e xi y e x ei y e x (cos y i sin y)
( 1)n x n ,
x ( 1, 1)
第五节 函数幂级数展开式的应用
一、近似计算 二、微分方程的幂级数解法 三、欧拉公式
一、近似计算
A a1 a2 A a1 a2 an an , ,
误差:rn an1 an2 .
两类问题: 1. 给定项数, 求近似值并估计精度;
只要
1 105 , n n!
即 n n! 105 ,
1 1 e 11 2! 3!
而 8 8! 322560 105 ,
1 8!
2.71828
x3 例2. 利用 sin x x , 求 sin 9 的近似值 , 并估计 3!
误差.
π π (弧度) 9 解: 先把角度化为弧度 9 20 180 π π 1 π 3 1 π 5 1 π 7 sin ( ) ( ) ( ) 20 20 3! 20 5! 20 7! 20

n 0
比较系数得:
a0 0,
6 a4 2 a3 1
( n 1)( n 2)an ( n 2)an1 0 ( n 2, n 4)
显然 a1 , a2 可任意取值, 因是求特解, 故取 a1 a2 0,
从而得 a3 0,
1 a4 6
( n 1)( n 2)an ( n 2)an1 0 ( n 2, n 4)
2 4 例6. 求方程 x y ( x 2)( x y y ) x 的一个特解.
n y a x 解: 设特解为 n , 代入原方程整理得

2a0 a0 x ( n 1)( n 2)an ( n 2)an1 x n x 4
n 2
x6 x 2 x4 cos x 1 6! 2! 4!
(1 x )
m
x ( , )
1 mx
m( m 1) 2 x 2! m( m 1) ( m n 1) n x n!
x ( 1, 1)
当 m 1 时
1 1 x x2 x3 1 x
1
若定义被积函数在 x = 0 处的值为 1, 则它在积分区间
上连续, 且有幂级数展开式 :
sin x x 2 x4 x6 1 x 3! 5! 7!
2n x ( 1)n (2n 1)!
sin x 1 1 0 x d x 1 3 3! 5 5!
x n0

1 n x , n!
x
此题的上述特解即为
1 2 y x(e 1 x x ) 2
三、欧拉(Euler)公式
对复数项级数 若
(u
n1

n
i vn ) v,

u
n1

n
u,
v
n1
n
则称 ③ 收敛 , 且其和为 u i v .


n1

| un i vn |
计算定积分
例:函数 e
x2
sin x 1 , , , x ln x
原函数不能用初等函数表示,难以计算其定积分
解法
被积函数
定积分的近似值
展开成幂级数
逐项积分
1 1 2 x2 4 e d x 例3. 计算积分 I 的近似值 , 精确到 10 . 1 π 2
解:
e
x
2
( x 2 ) ( x 2 )2 ( x 2 )3 1 1! 2! 3!
y f ( x , y )
1. 一阶微分方程的情形
y
x x0
y0
其中 f ( x, y) 是 x x0 及 y y0 的多项式
解题思路:设所求解为
y y0 a1 ( x x0 )
an ( x x0 )n

代入原方程, 比较同次幂系数可定常数 a1 , a2 , , an ,
x ( a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3
2 2 2 x a1 x 2a1a2 x 3 (a2 2a1a3 ) x 4
比较同次幂系数, 得
1 a1 0, a3 0, a4 0, a5 , 20 1 2 1 5 故所求解的幂级数前几项为 y x x 2 20
iy
1 (i y) n n!
1 2 1 4 1 y y 2! 4!
( 1) n 2 n y (2n)!

1 3 1 5 i y y y 3! 5!
cos y i sin y
( 1) n1 2 n1 y (2n 1)!
2n x ( 1) n n! n 0

x
2n n x 2 1 2 n 2 ( 1) ( 1) I dx n! π 0 n 0 π n 0 n !

1 2
0
x 2n d x
2 ( 1) n 1 π n0 n! (2n 1) 22 n1
a3 0,
当n > 4 时,
1 an an1 n1

1 a4 6
1 ( n 1)!
1 ( n 1)( n 2)

4
a4
因此
1 1 n n y an x x x x n 0 n 4 ( n 1)! n 3 n!
n
注意到: e
e i x cos x i sin x e i x cos x i sin x
ei x e i x cos x 2 ei x e i x sin x 2
(欧拉公式)
揭示了三角函数和 复变量指数函数之 间的一种关系.

利用欧拉公式可得复数的指数形式
z x i y r cos i sin
1 ( 1) n 1 π n0 n! (2n 1) 22 n
Hale Waihona Puke n 2 1 ( 1) 1 1 1 2 x I e d x 1 π n0 n! (2n+1) 22 n π 2
1 1 4 欲使截断误差 | rn | 10 2n π n!(2n 1) 2
1 2 1 3 1 4 ln(1 x ) x x x x 4 3 2
x ( 1, 1]
3 5 7 x x x sin x x 3! 5! 7!
x 2 n1 ( 1) (2n 1)! x ( , )
n 2n x ( 1) n (2n)!
|e x i y | | e x (cos y i sin y) | e x
( x, y R)
z x i y r cos i sin

r e i
内容小结
1. 近似计算,求不可积类函数的定积分, 欧拉公式的证明;(求数项级数的和) 2.微分方程的幂级数的解法.
由此确定的级数①即为定解问题在收敛区间内的解.
2 y x y 求方程 满足 y 例5.
x 0
0 的特解.
解: 根据初始条件, 设所求特解为
y a1 x a2 x 2 an x n
代入原方程, 得
a1 2a2 x 3a3 x 2 4a4 x 3 5a5 x 4 )2
2. 给出精度,确定项数.
关健: 通过估计余项 , 确定精度或项数.
常用方法: 1. 若余项是交错级数,则可用余和的首项来解决; 2. 若不是交错级数,则放大余和中的各项,使之成 为等比级数或其它易求和的级数,从而求出其和. 例1 计算 e 的近似值,使其误差不超过 105.

1 2 1 n e 1 x x x , 2! n!
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