2010 年南开经济学考博试题
南开考博历年试题(微宏)
微观部分一、许多省区都把汽车工业作为本省的支柱产业，请用经济学原理分析，汽车工业的发展是否能促进我国经济的良性循环。
二、白领的月薪为几万元，而工人才几百元，请用经济学原理分析，现阶段我国收入差距过大的原因。
三、如果不考虑契约的风险性，“公司+农户”模式是否农民增收的有效途径。
四、证明利润一定时成本最小化问题和成本一定时利润最大化问题是对偶问题。
五、建立经济学模型，说明药品价格高是否因为中间环节太多。
“药品价格居高不下，最大的问题在于药品流通的中间环节太多，经过一、二、三级批发之后，药价就上去了。
药店之所以比医院便宜，关键在于减少了中间环节，消灭了中间商。
”中国制药工业近几年发展很快，生产力严重过剩，药品种类多而且替代性强，增加了医院的选择空间，哪一类药品加价空间大，医院就采购哪个品种，这是“规矩”，全国的医院没有例外。
没有办法强迫医院不要这样做而去改卖最便宜的药。
这是抬升药价的一个重要环节。
药品价格形成的关键性症结是因为流通环节过于庞杂，还有医院的垄断渠道。
医院是药业市场的需求终端，对于药品消费有着主宰权。
在中国药品消费总量中，医院占到80%，另外20%则从药店或其他渠道销售。
这种情形决定了医院在药品消费中扮演着一种不可替代的角色。
1.资源配置效率的含义是什么？X非效率的含义是什么？两者有何区别？2.逆向选择现象及其原因3.某产品市场有两家企业，每家企业的边际成本均为0，已经市场需求曲线为P(Y)=100-Y，其中Y=y1+y2, 竞争均衡下的总产出？企业为古诺竞争者，y2给定条件下，求企业1的最佳产量？每个古诺均衡下的产量？卡特尔下总产出？如果1是追随者，2是领导者，计算每个企业在斯塔格伯均衡下的产出？4.如果研究中国垄断和收入分配的关系，你将如何进行课题设计？5.阿罗不可能定理是用四个条件来规定的。
请对阿罗不可能定理作出定义，并解释这四个条件中每一个条件都是不可缺少的。
6.法国经济学家瓦尔拉斯(Walras)最早研究了竞争性市场体系的均衡问题并提出了瓦尔拉斯法则(Walras’Law)，试证明瓦尔拉斯法则。
2010年南开大学经济学考研试题(回忆版)
2010年南开大学经济学考研试题年南开大学经济学考研试题（（回忆版回忆版））
本试题由elnego 提供
简答题：
1从理性人的角度上分析和比较MC、SUNK COST& opportunity cost 的区别？ 2说出价格歧视的条件、从价格歧视的角度分析航空公司在不同时段制定不同价格？
3
4分析完全信息与非完全信息下的高质量的产品与地低质量产品的选择（作图分析）
5运用AD-AS 模型，在供给不利的条件，分析需求的反应？（这道我忘了，大概是这样）
6运用生命周期理论分析为什么好的社会保障体系会使得边际消费倾向递减的慢？
计算题
1消费者跨时期的选择
2完全竞争、完全垄断、古诺模型下的均衡产量与均衡价格
3开放下的国民收入问题（运用蒙代尔——弗莱明模型）
计算挤出开放下的挤出效应
论述题
1外部性问题：以污染为例，运用科斯定理分析（还有很多我也想不起来了） 2论述2009年中国与美国救市方案，从财政政策与货币政策角度分析。
以上试题来自，仅供参考，纠错请发邮件至。
经济类高等数学2011-1
南开大学2010级经济类高等数学统考试卷 （A 卷） 2011年1月17日 草稿区（说明：答案务必写在装订线右侧，写在装订线左侧无效。
影响成绩后果自负。
）一．求下列极限:lim x →+∞-. （本题8分）二．求下列极限:22sin !lim ,,2n an bn n ca b c n →∞+++（为常数）.（本题8分）三．求下列极限:24s i in l mx t x te dtx→⎰. （本题8分）四．已知函数y =)0(常数>a ，求（1）y '；（2）0x dy =. （本题8分）五. 设函数()y y x =由方程sin cos() ()x y y x a a +-=为常数所确定，求dydx . （本题8分）六．求不定积分：⎰. （本题10分）七．求不定积分：⎰.（本题10分）八．求函数333y x x =-+的极值，并求该曲线介于极值点间与x 轴所围成的曲边梯形的面积.（本题10分）经济类A5—3九．设函数()y y x =由参数方程sin (0)1cos 2x t t t y tπ=-⎧≤≤⎨=-⎩所确定，试求在4t π=处的切线方程. 草稿区（本题8分）十．设函数3, 1(),1x x f x ax b x ⎧≥=⎨+<⎩，且已知(1)f '存在，试确定常数a 和b . （本题8分）经济类A5—4草稿区十一．设函数()f x 在[0,)+∞上连续，且二阶可导，(0)0,(0)0f f ''=>，证明：()()f x x x φ=在(0,)+∞上严格单调.（本题9分）十二．设()f x 在[0,1]上连续，在(0,1)内可导,且满足110(1)() (1)xk f k xe f x dx k -=>⎰为常数, 试证:存在(0,1)ξ∈,使1()()f f ξξξ-'=（1-）. （本题5分）经济类A5—5。
博士经济学面试题及答案
博士经济学面试题及答案1. 请简述经济学中的边际效用递减原理。
答案：边际效用递减原理是指随着消费者对某种商品或服务的消费量增加，其从每增加一个单位的消费中获得的额外满足感（即边际效用）逐渐减少的现象。
这一原理是消费者行为理论的基础之一，反映了消费者在不同商品和服务之间的选择和偏好。
2. 什么是市场失灵？请举例说明。
答案：市场失灵是指市场机制在某些情况下不能有效地分配资源，导致资源配置的效率低下。
例如，外部性问题（如污染）和公共品的提供（如国防、公共安全）是市场失灵的典型例子。
在这些情况下，市场无法通过价格机制来反映商品或服务的真实社会成本和效益。
3. 请解释完全竞争市场的条件。
答案：完全竞争市场的条件包括：市场上有大量买家和卖家，产品是同质的，市场信息完全透明，进入和退出市场没有障碍，以及没有政府干预。
在这种市场中，单个买家或卖家对价格没有影响力，价格由市场供求关系决定。
4. 什么是货币政策？请简述其主要工具。
答案：货币政策是中央银行用来影响经济活动，特别是总需求水平的一系列措施。
主要工具包括：调整利率（如联邦基金利率），公开市场操作（买卖政府债券以影响货币供应量），以及调整银行准备金率。
5. 请描述经济增长与发展的区别。
答案：经济增长通常指的是一个国家或地区的总产出（如GDP）随时间的增加。
而经济发展则更广泛，不仅包括经济增长，还包括生活质量的提高、社会福利的改善、技术进步和结构变化等方面。
6. 什么是机会成本？请举例说明。
答案：机会成本是指为了获得某项资源或进行某项活动而放弃的其他选择的最高价值。
例如，如果一个农民选择种植小麦而不是玉米，那么种植小麦的机会成本就是放弃种植玉米所能带来的收益。
7. 请解释什么是菲利普斯曲线。
答案：菲利普斯曲线描述了失业率与通货膨胀率之间的短期负相关关系。
在短期内，当失业率较低时，工资和价格上升的压力可能导致通货膨胀率增加；反之亦然。
然而，长期来看，这种关系可能会因为预期调整等因素而变得不那么明显。
经济学原理_试题(A)
南开大学经济学院本科2010级经济学原理期末考试（A 卷）专业： 姓名 学号 成绩 任课教师：一、单项选择（每小题2分，共30分）1、经济学研究（ ）A 、 如何完全满足我们无限的欲望。
B 、 社会如何管理其稀缺资源。
C 、 如何把我们的欲望减少到我们得到满足时为止。
D 、 如何公平的分配资源。
2、假设大白菜的买者和卖者都预期大白菜价格将上升。
那么今天大白菜的价格和成交量会有什么样的变化：（ ）A 、 价格上升，数量不确定B 、 价格下降，数量增加C 、 价格不确定，数量增加D 、 价格上升，数量减少3、假设价格为每公斤4元钱时，大米的供给量是5000万吨。
价格为每公斤6元钱时，供给量是6000万吨。
用中点法计算的供给的价格弹性为：（ ）A 、 0.40B 、 0.45C 、 2.0D 、 2.24、如果一个买者对一台电脑的支付意愿是8000元钱，厂商生产这台电脑的成本是6000元钱，最终的成交价是7200元钱，生产者剩余是（ ）A 、 800元B 、 2000元C 、 1200元D 、 1000元5、当边际成本等于平均总成本时，（ ）A 、 平均固定成本最小B 、 平均可变成本最小C 、 平均总成本最小D 、 平均可变成本最大6、在竞争市场中，长期市场供给曲线（）A、可能向右上方倾斜B、可能是水平直线C、可能向右下方倾斜D、以上都有可能7、下列哪一种税引起的无谓损失最大:（）A、香烟税B、盐税C、汽油税D、奢侈品消费税8、一个企业在规模收益不变的区域运营。
如果企业增加产量，短期中平均总成本会发生什么变动？长期中平均总成本会发生什么变动？（）A、短期中平均总成本上升，长期中平均总成本下降。
B、短期中平均总成本下降，长期中平均总成本不变。
C、短期中平均总成本不变，长期中平均总成本上升。
D、短期中平均总成本上升，长期中平均总成本不变。
9、一个经济体中，总收入与总支出的关系是（）A、总收入大于总支出B、总收入小于总支出C、二者相等D、不确定10、糖果的价格从1元上升至6元，同期中，物价指数由100上升至300，进行通货膨胀调整后，糖果的价格上涨（）A、100％B、200％C、300％D、500％11、在一个封闭的经济体中，总储蓄与总投资的关系是（）A、总储蓄大于总投资B、总储蓄小于总投资C、二者相等D、不确定12、王先生被汽车制造企业解雇，但是他通过培训，很快获得软件工程师资格，并且在一家软件企业上班，那么他的失业属于（）A、摩擦性失业B、结构性失业C、丧失信心的工人D、以上都不对13、假定在银行体系内的初始存款是100，当法定准备金由25％减少到10％时，那么货币总供给量增加了（ ）A 、 400B 、 500C 、 600D 、 100014、当通货膨胀上升时，为了保持实际利率不变，名义利率应当如何调整（ ）A 、 上升B 、 下降C 、 不变D 、 不确定15、如果政府支出增加100亿，总需求增加200亿元，在不考虑挤出效应的条件下，经济学家估算居民的边际消费倾向是（ ）A 、 0.1B 、 0.2C 、 0.5D 、 0.8二、判断（每小题2分，共10分）1、如果某种商品的价格只下降1%却使得人们在这种商品上的支出下降了20%，那么这种商品的需求是富有价格弹性的。
南开经济学原理真题
南开大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题一、简答题：1.机会成本、沉没成本和边际成本对于理性经纪人决策的作用？2.价格歧视的条件？航空售票的价格歧视？3.下列哪些可以计入GDP，如果可以计入，属于消费、投资、政府购买还是净出口：（1）二手海信电视（2）海信企业给职工的转移支付（3）海信的库存增加（4）海信电视的出口，给也门的4.作图分析没有不对称信息情况下的高质量和低质量商品的供求情况？作图分析不对称情况下又如何？5.生命周期理论中，为什么完善的社会保障体系使得消费更稳定？6.不利的供给冲击的传统总需求政策有何风险？应该用其他怎样对策应付？二、计算题：1.跨期消费，效用函数u=u(c1)+(c2),y1=,y2=,利率（具体数字记不清了）（1）求消费者最优消费策略？（2）如果一期储蓄不能为负，就是不能透支，那么新的消费决策又如何？2.市场反需求曲线p=a-q(q<=a),p=0(q>a),厂商成本函数tc=cq（1）完全竞争市场，均衡价格和均衡产量为多少？（2）垄断市场，均衡价格和均衡产量？（3）寡头市场，两个厂商生产，古偌均衡时，均衡价格和均衡产量为多少？3.典型的给出消费函数、投资函数、固定税收、价格水平固定为1，外部均衡：（1）求均衡利率、均衡价格和均衡收入。
（2）世界市场利率（低于以上求出的均衡利率），资本完全流动，新的均衡利率、均衡收入为多少？（3）资本完全流动，政府支出增加20，求新的均衡收入？是否有挤出效应？三、论述题：1.（1）以环境污染为例，论述负外部性怎样导致市场失灵？（2）政府的对策有哪些？科斯定理提出的对策如何？有何优缺点？（3）关闭工厂、污染惩罚、给予污染设备税收减免等等措施，你认为哪种措施好？年金融危机以来，美国和中国采取了什么反危机措施，各有什么风险？南开大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题一.简答题（每题10分，共60分）1.证明消费者最优决策的对偶性。
管理学考博试题2010
南开大学管理学考博试题2010本试题仅供考博参考之用1.从《科学》杂志中摘选了一篇短文，关于“夜猫子”和“早起者”两类人群的清醒程度与头脑活动区域的关系。
问题：这篇论文的研究主题是什么，你会如何设计研究路线，采用何种研究方法？该篇论文采用了什么研究范式，它能否被管理学研究所采用？根据这篇论文，你觉得在读博期间该如何开展研究工作？你觉得你身上有何成为合格博士生的素质？（40分）2.2010年国家自然科学基金重点项目指南——中国企业领导行为研究（G0205），本研究要求以中国企业的CEO为研究对象（包括成功和失败企业的CEO），通过理论研究和实证研究、访谈、观察、实验等方法，研究中国制度环境和文化背景下企业领导的行为模式、领导方式、决策机制与模式和领导力对企业创新能力、战略决策以及企业成长与发展的影响，探索中国特色的领导理论，通过比较研究（可选择跨国公司或国际企业的CEO为比较对象）与理论创新，丰富组织和领导学理论，总结中国特色管理形成的制度背景和阶段性。
问题：如果你参与申请和研究工作，你觉得有哪些管理理论与该研究课题有关？（20分）3.有学者认为中国的管理学研究有如下阶段：从跟随型研究到模仿型研究，再到修正型研究，目前到初步创新型研究，请分别解释什么是跟随型研究，模仿型研究，还有修正型研究？（20分）4.材料分析题（20分）材料一：不同时代下企业寿命周期特点，有逐渐缩短的趋势材料二：两幅图反映6岁的小孩和60岁的老人血红细胞的数量和质量都不同。
从以上材料中找到一个可以研究的问题，并分析为什么这个问题值得研究？上海交通大学安泰管理学院管理学考博试题20062006年一、下面的说法是否赞同并提出自己的见解（这种题目要表示出自己的见解，赞同还是不赞同，然后阐述为什么，最后再一次简明表达结论性见解）1.企业家已成为当今中国最为稀缺的资料。
2.对于现在的企业而言，对员工进行的培训是至关重要的，员工的终身学习和培训教育是企业发展不可缺少的。
2010年南开大学国经所复考研真题-考研真题资料
2010年南开大学国经所复试题一、西方经济学部分1．厂商为何在亏损时候仍然生产？2．通货膨胀的类型3．收入曲线与恩格尔曲线的联系与区别4．基数效用论与序数效用论的区别于联系5．根据福利经济学原理指出如何促进效率与公平6．历史上什么时候发生过滞涨，解释滞涨，并说出解决办法7．实际利率及其经济含义8．CPI PPI GDP平减指数，以及他们对通货膨胀的影响9．如何扩大内需？中国目前内需不足的原因？10．纳什均衡11．生产可能性边界12．市场失灵13．流动性的宏微观含义、经济危机时期流动性不足的原因14．经济增长理论15．为什么寡头垄断市场不实现零利润的均衡16．价格歧视17．投资乘数及其作用，以及投资乘数在什么情况下不能发挥其作用二、综合部分1．要素价格均等化2．关税同盟及其福利效应3．FTA是什么并解释（自由贸易区）4．古典贸易理论的特点与局限，它与新贸易理论的区别5．出口补贴对国家福利水平的影响6．里昂惕夫悖论7．国际贸易理论发展的逻辑与脉络8．幼稚产业理论9．产业内贸易理论10．比较优势、绝对优势11．绿地投资12．跨国公司与对外直接投资的关系13．外包和生产一体化的选择14．市场导向型投资对贸易的影响15．美国贸易保护对中美贸易的影响16．全要素生产率及其对经济增长的影响17．多哈回合谈判18．G20峰会的背景、政府是否应该退出对市场的影响（每年的G20峰会都会成为复试的热点问题）19．持控汇率贬值与正常贬值20．抵补利率平价与非抵补利率平价21．期货与远期的差别（这题好像是英文面试的内容，不记得了，但是去年的英文面试已经涉及到一定的专业知识了）22．一国货币（或者是人民币）国际化的条件及其前景23．J曲线效应24．货币的内生性25．我国今年汇率变化的原因26．中国当前的汇率政策27．本币贬值，央行应在外汇市场上采取什么措施28．一篮子汇率制度29．美元贬值对中国的影响及其相关措施30．资本的收支账户有哪些？利息收入与外国直接投资分别属于那个账户31．资本赤字与贸易赤字的关系32．你认为目前经济复苏了没33．最近海外订单为什么提升（每年都会有实事题，希望大家关注一下时事）。
南开经济模拟试题六套
《南开经济学专业课考研指南》系列之《模拟试题》
场均衡价格之上的价格，要求国有粮食部分按此价格敞开收购粮食。 假定市场需求与供求函数都是正常的单调函数。 （1） 如果这个政策不折不扣的实行，抬高市场价格是可行的，如何 实现？对政府 （中央与地方之和） 的负担如何衡量 （画图说明） ？ 在同样的图上衡量经济效率的进或损失。 （10 分） （2） 由于部分负担由地方负责，或者中央政府的补贴与地方粮库的 收购行为分离等因素，致使发生地方粮库拒绝收购的行为，在 这种情形下为什么私营粮贩屡禁不绝(画图说明)？这个政策执 行的结果为什么可能损害农民的利益？（10 分）
期到，计算预期到的货币供应量的增加对均衡价格和产量的影 响。 （7 分） (2) 如果货币供应量的增加在短期没有被预期到，短期均衡价
格和产量会有什么变化（画图并说明，不必计算）？长期均衡 价格和产量是什么？（8 分） 3、 一个垄断者面临的逆需求曲线是py120 y，成本曲线是c yy2
《南开经济学专业课考研指南》系列之《模拟试题》
南开大学 2011 年硕士研究生入学考试试题 （二）
学院：131 经济学院、160 经济与社会发展研究院、190 日本研究院 考试科目：894 经济学基础（微、宏观） 专业：世界经济、区域经济学、财政学、金融学、产业经济学、国际 贸易学、劳动经济学、统计学、数量经济学、*保险学、*物流学、* 金融工程、*精算学
企业有能力在两个市场里定不同的价格。 求企业在两个市场里的价格 分别是多少？（7分）总产量是多少？（8分） 3、已知某地区的石油储量为400万桶，油价为＄20/桶，并且假设该 价格在今后两年内不变。现设有两家石油公司（公司C与公司T）都 签订了契约可以进入该地区采油。但油井的规模可分宽井与窄井两 种， 若打宽井， 打井成本为＄2900 万； 若打窄井， 打井成本为＄1600 万，每一家石油公司的资金条件只允许其打一口井。如两家公司选择 的油井规模相同，则一年内各自采油200 万桶；如一家公司选宽井， 另一家公司选窄井，则一年内选宽井的公司采油300万桶，而选窄井 的公司采油100 万桶。井掘好后，每采一桶油的边际成本为＄5。 假定两家公司作开采决策时是互不知道对方决策的， 并且都只考虑眼 前利益（一年内的利润）。请将上述问题写成策略型博弈，写出得益 矩阵，并找出纳什均衡，解释这个均衡的经济含义。（15分）
南开大学考博英语真题2010年_真题-无答案
南开大学考博英语真题2010年(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part Ⅱ V ocabularyDirections:Choose the one word or phrase which you think closest in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence in its context and mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.1. With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ______ high-tech industries.A. given upB. stepped asideC. stood alongD. yielded to2. Economic activity has been organized on the ______ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century.A. gistB. notionC. rationaleD. premise3. Owing to a/an ______ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.A. acuteB. stressfulC. demandingD. urgent4. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed ______ two hundred years ago.A. originalB. eccentricC. terrificD. splendid5. The policy ______ it necessary for the town"s safety to arrest most speeders.A. narratedB. elaboratedC. deemedD. commended6. If you do something on ______, you do it because you suddenly want to, although you haven"t planned to.A. impulseB. pulseC. impromptuD. imminence7. We had no computer back-up and had to rely on old paper files to ______ the records we lost.A. remedyB. reconditionC. reconstructD. register8. A ______ is an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest.A. conventionB. congressC. symposiumD. conference9. In some cases nowadays concerning job hunting, one had to ______ 1,000 competitors to get a position.A. stand outB. edge outC. squeeze inD. jostle against10. A(An) ______ is a person who knows a great deal about a particular subject and whose advice on it may be taken by others.A. consulB. mentorC. eliteD. pundit11. Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ______ investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. perspectiveC. visionD. horizon12. There was not ______ of evidence to suggest that he committed the crimes, so the case was dismissed in the court.A. scrapB. screwC. scratchD. scrape13. The basic ______ of their philosophy is that everyone should be free to do as they please, as long as they do not harm others.A. requisiteB. conceptionC. premiseD. opinion14. The spring of last year witnessed the ______ of the strange weather.A. adaptationB. shiftC. vicissitudeD. kaleidoscope15. Countless billions of ______ sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.A. secondB. minuteC. hourD. dayPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this section, there are five passages. Read the passages and questions carefully and make your choices that you think would **plete the statements or best answer the questions by marking them on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneNo matter what you think about testing rends, one thing is clear: as long as there is teaching and learning, there will be testing. But how much credit do those charts and numbers deserve?When you review a school"s test scores at a school board meeting, always look beyond the basic numbers. The scores for a single school in a single year have limited value for judging school performance. Equally important is "trend data" —test scores from several years that show you how a school"s performance has changed over time. Additionally, comparing a school to otherschools with similar demographics may give your perspective on where the school stands relative to other schools like it. You can also learn a lot from data that is broken down by ethnic group and socioeconomic level. A school is only truly successful when it achieves high performance with students across all ethnic and social groups.On the other hand, the next time you hear somebody say, "That school is the best in the district because it has the highest test scores," make a point to respond: "I"d love to know more about what"s happening at the school that accounts for those scores, but I can"t assume that it"s the best school just based on one piece of evidence. What you know about the school"s teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?" Take time to investigate these other measures of school quality before making judgments about a school.To communicate with your child certainly is the final way. Raise your hand if you"ve heard some stories about students begging to stay home on test day. Is this level of anxiety appropriate? The correct answer is no! When your child"s class is preparing for its annual standardized testing marathon, let your child know that while you hope she does her best on the test, it"s not a competition. Explain that the results may help her and her teacher understand the areas where she might be especially strong or where she may need to focus more.1. The second paragraph implies that when you review a school"s test scores ______.A. you should give priority to the stores for this yearB. you should take into an account the performance of the students across all ethnic and social groupsC. you needn"t refer to the test scores in the past several yearsD. you don"t need to compare a school with others since you are only concerned about your children"s scores2. According to the author, when we evaluate the quality of a school, the following factors should be involved EXCEPT ______.A. teaching methodsB. leadership of the principalC. relationship with other schoolsD. safety3. In the last paragraph of this passage, the word "anxiety" in the sentence "Is this level of anxiety appropriate?" implies the child"s serious concern about ______.A. strict teachersB. competitive examC. unsafe conditions of the schoolD. no care from the parents4. What is the most proper title for this passage?A. Get Smart about School Test ScoresB. Don"t Look up to the Test ScoresC. The Scores Matter a LotD. Deal Better with the Child and ScoresPassage TwoThere are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from **petition through **petition and oligopoly (商品应垄断) to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, **petition results when **pany has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in **petition. In **petition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.In contrast, in **petition **panies **pete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of **petition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.Oligopoly occurs when a **panies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly, **petition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for **pany in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather **petition, that protects and influences sales.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. MonopoliesB. The Commodity MarketC. The Competition ContinuumD. The Best Type of Competition2. An example of a product in **petition is ______.A. cornB. electricityC. airline ticketsD. coffee3. What does the author mean by the statement "Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously also usual"?A. It is not unusual for **panies to increase prices at the same timeB. It is common **panies to compete for customers by lowering pricesC. Customers may lose money **panies have price warsD. Prices are lower during price wars, but they are usually higher afterward4. The word "it" in Paragraph 3 refers to ______.A. a product or serviceB. competitionC. revenueD. oligopolyPassage ThreeIn August 2004, Duke University provided free iPods to its entire freshman class. The next month, a Korean education firm offered free downloadable college entrance exam lectures to students who purchased an iRiver personal multimedia player. That October, a financial trading firm in Chicago was reportedly assessing the hand-eye coordination of traders" using GameBoys. Yetwhile such innovative applications abound, the use of technology in education and training is far from new, a fact as true in language classrooms as it is in medical schools.Practically since their availability, a succession of audiovisual recording devices ( e. g. , reel-to- reel, VCRs, PCs) has been used to capture language samples, and myriad playback and broadcast devices (e. g. , phonographs, radios, televisions) have provided access to authentic speech samples. The espousal of audiolingual theory in the 1950s brought the widespread use of the language laboratory in educational settings. Influenced by behaviorism, the lab was progressively replaced in the 1960s by drill-**puter-assisted instruction, which decades later was itself surpassed by a more intelligent, interactive and **puter-assisted language learning. The popular acceptance of the Internet in the 1990s advanced the development of computer-**munications.As technologies continue to evolve, so does their propensity to shrink in size. "Other technologies that hold the capacity for language learning include PDAs, multimedia cellular phones, MP3 players, DVD players, and digital dictionaries. " Such portable media—referred to in popular and scholarly literature as mobile, wireless, handheld or nomadic—are now social staples. Mobile learning, or m-learning, is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement, further evidenced by European initiatives such as m-learning and Mobilearn. In this paper, applied fusions of m-learning and language learning follow, after which their benefits and challenges are reviewed.1. What is the article introduction specifically deals with?A. Language learningB. Emerging technologyC. Mobile assisted language learningD. Wired learning2. The word "espousal" in paragraph two can be best replaced by ______.A. advocateB. supportC. ideaD. perception3. Mobile learning is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement in the sense that you can study without ______.A. iPhoneB. laptopC. PDAD. **puter4. Behaviorism language learning strategy does not include ______.A. pattern drillsB. learner autonomyC. rote memorizationD. repetitionPassage FourMost Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greats happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our cultures. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing "organization man" with an independent individual. Modem industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the "alienated" man. He is alienated in the sense that his actions, and his own forces have become estranged from him; theystand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him. His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols. They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits. Alienated man bows down before the works of his own hands. He experiences himself not as the active bearer of his own forces and riches but as an impoverished "thing", dependent on other things outside of himself. He is the prisoner of the very economic and political circumstances which he has created. Since our economic organizations is based on continuous and ever-increasing consumption (think of the threat to our economy if people did not buy a new car until their old one was really obsolete), contemporary industrial man is encouraged to be consumption-crazy. Without any real enjoyment, he "takes in" drink, food, cigarettes, sights, lectures, books, movies, television, any new kind of gadget. The world has become one great maternal breast, and man has become the eternal suckling, forever expectant, forever disappointed.In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucracy in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, fringe benefits, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue—and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.1. Modern industrialized society needs men who are ______.A. individualistic in their tastesB. capable of commanding the social machineC. obedient and submissiveD. free and independent2. An alienated man is one who is ______.A. in control of economic and political circumstancesB. ruled by the things he createsC. worshipped as an idolD. more interested in women than in sports cars3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern industrial society?A. Ever increasing consumptionB. BureaucracyC. Ever-increasing power of manD. Automated machines4. The word "prisoner" in the last sentence of Paragraph 2 closely means ______.A. the person who is detained by policeB. the person who is being put behind barC. the person who is confined to his circumstancesD. the person who is being kept away from the normal lifePassage FiveThere is a confusion about two distinct questions: (a) **puters made books obsolete? and (b)**puters make written and printed material obsolete?Let us suppose **puters will make books disappear (I do not think this will happen and I shall elaborate later on this point, but let us suppose so for the sake of the argument). Still, this would not entail the disappearance of printed material. We have seen that it was wishful thinking to hope **puters, and particularly word processors, would have helped to save trees. Computers encourage the production of printed material. We can imagine a culture in which there will be no books, and yet where people go around with tons and tons of unbound sheets of paper. This will be quite unwieldy, and will pose a new problem for libraries.Debray has observed that the fact that Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book is not independent of the fact that it was a nomadic civilization. I think that this remark is very important. Egyptians could carve their records on stone obelisks, Moses could not. If you want to cross the Red Sea, a book is a more practical instrument for recording wisdom. By the way, another nomadic civilization, the Arabic one, was based upon a book, and privileged writing upon images.But books also have an advantage with respect to computers. Even if printed on acid paper, which lasts only seventy years or so, they are more durable than magnetic supports. Moreover, they do not suffer power shortages and blackouts, and are more resistant to shocks. As Bolter remarked, "it is unwise to try to predict technological change more than few years in advance," but it is certain that, up to now at least, books still represent the most economical, flexible, wash-and-wear way to transport information at a very low cost.**munication travels ahead of you, books, travel with you and at your speed, but if you are shipwrecked on a desert island, a book can be useful, while a computer cannot—as Landow remarks, electronic texts need a reading station and a decoding device. Books are still the **panions for a shipwreck, or for the Day After.I am pretty sure that new technologies will render obsolete many kinds of books, like encyclopedias and manuals. Take for example the Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited. When finished it will probably contain more information than the Encyclopedia Britannica (or Treccani or Larousse), with the advantage that it permits cross-references and nonlinear retrieval of information. The whole of **pact disks, plus **puter, will occupy one-fifth of the space occupied by an encyclopedia. The encyclopedia cannot be transported as the CD-ROM can, and cannot be easily updated; it does not have the practical advantages of a normal book, therefore it can be replaced by a CD-ROM, just a phone book can. The shelves today occupied, at my home as well as in public libraries, by meters and meters of encyclopedia volumes could be eliminated in the next age, and there will be no reason to lament their disappearance. For the same reason today I no longer need a heavy portrait painted by an indifferent artist, for I can send my sweetheart a glossy and faithful photograph. Such a change in the social functions of painting has not made painting obsolete, not even the realistic paintings of Annigoni, which do not fulfill the function of portraying a person, but of celebrating an important person, so that **missioning, the purchasing, and the exhibition of such portraits acquire aristocratic connotations.Books will remain indispensable not only for literature, but for any circumstance in which one needs to read carefully, not only to receive information but also to speculate and to reflect about it. To read a computer screen is not the same as to read a book. Think of the process of learning how to use a piece of software. Usually the system is able to display on the screen all the instructionsyou need. But the users who want to learn the program generally either print the instructions and read them as if they were in book form, or they buy a printed manual (let me skip over the fact that currently all the manuals **e with a computer, on-line or off-line, are obviously written by irresponsible and tautological idiots, **mercial handbooks are written by intelligent people). It is possible to conceive of a visual program that explains very well how to print and bind a book, but in order to get instructions on how to write such a computer program, we need a printed manual. After having spent no more than twelve hours at a computer console, my eyes are like two tennis balls, and I feel the need to **fortably down in an armchair and read a newspaper, or maybe a good poem. It seems to me **puters are diffusing a new form of literacy but are incapable of satisfying all the intellectual needs they are stimulating. In my periods of optimism I dream of a computer generation which, compelled to read a computer screen, gets acquainted with reading from a screen, but at a certain moment feels unsatisfied and looks for a different, more relaxed, and **mitting form of reading.1. "Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book" indicates that printed books will be ______.A. preserved permanentlyB. perused widelyC. repaired when damagedD. transcribed as heritage2. The advantages of the printed books include all of the following except ______.A. being less durable than magnetic supportsB. not suffering power shortages and blackoutsC. being more resistant to shocksD. transporting information at a very low cost3. The example of Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited shows that ______.A. CD-ROM can store more informationB. the space is left on shelvesC. the e-encyclopedia is more superiorD. the disappearance of normal print is a grief4. By comparison, the author likes to do reading ______.A. onlineB. off lineC. at leisureD. during the adventurePart Ⅳ ClozeDirections:Read the article below and fill in each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase by marking your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.The marvel of the machine age, the **puter has been 1 only since 1946. It can do **putations—add, subtract, multiply and divide— 2 lighting speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 1-digit number in 1/1,1000 seconds, a problem that would 3 an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. **puters can work 500,000 times faster than 4 . Once it is given a "program"—that is, a 5 set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language—a computer can gather 6 information for many purposes. For example, itcan 7 bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, **puter will find out 8 route to take. Not only can **puter gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can 9 whenever they are needed. 10 gathering and storing information, **puter can also **plicated problems that once took months for people to do.For example, 11 sixteen hours an electronic brain solved a difficult design problem. First, it was 12 all the information necessary for designing a chemical plant. After running through 16,000 possible designs, it 13 the plan for the plant that would produce the most chemical at the lowest cost. Then it issued a printed set of exact 14 . Before it solved this problem, a team of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs, 15 of which was as efficient as **puter"s.1.A. usingB. in useC. being usedD. used2.A. atB. withC. inD. of3.A. useB. spendC. takeD. demand4.A. can any personB. any person canC. any personD. any person do5.A. carefully worked outB. worked out carefullyC. carefully works outD. works out carefully6.A. manyB. all kinds ofC. a great number ofD. a wide range of7.A. takeB. keepC. bringD. get8.A. thatB. howC. anyD. what9.A. pour them outB. drive them outC. stamp them outD. get rid of them10.A. ExceptB. Except forC. BesidesD. In spite of11.A. forB. withinC. onD. beyond12.A. inputB. fedC. sentD. planted13.A. picked outB. formedC. hadD. worked14.A. numbersB. figuresC. detailsD. specifications15.A. noneB. oneC. anyD. allPart Ⅴ Writing1. Directions: Write an essay (200-300 words) according to the topic given: Some people say that social change occurs more quickly in heterogeneous societies (where there is a mixture of different kinds of people) than in homogeneous ones ( where people are similar in many ways). Write an **paring the two kinds of societies and explain in which you think social changes is most likely to occur.。
南开大学经济学博士入学考试真题及答案
D = 120 − p ，各自的边际成本为 c1和c2 。 （1）假定 c1 = c2 = 0 ，请计算在市场出清条件下的市场均衡价格、两个厂商的各自产量
和利润。（5 分） （2）如果厂商 1 是“领导者”，厂商 2 是“追随者”，请计算市场的均衡价格、各自的 产量和利润，并说明“先行者优势”的条件。（5 分）
3. 答案要点： （1） 两部收费制是与价格歧视有关但又不完全等同于价格歧视的一种定价制度，其包 括两部分，一部分是固定费，其与消费量无关，另一部分是与消费量有关的使用 费。说它与价格歧视有关，是由于两部收费也是为了获取消费者剩余，并且，若 厂商只面临一类消费者，则厂商实行两部收费，实质上等同于价格歧视。但是， 两部收费在面临两类或两类以上的的消费者时，就不等同于价格歧视，因为其只 能做到一物一价，或同类服务收取同样的价格。（3 分） （2） 搭配销售是一种商品的购买条件是消费者必须购买指定的第二种商品而这第二种 商品或者是消费者不需要或者是可以以更低的价格在其它地方购买。搭配销售使 企业能够有效的向较多使用搭售商品的顾客收取更高的价格，因此企业可以使用 搭配销售来实行价格歧视。（3 分） （3） 二者都属于企业的非统一定价策略，并且都与实行价格歧视以更大可能的将消费 者剩余转换为企业利润的行为有关。（1 分）
（1） 政府征收的养路费属于征收的类似许可证的固定费率，对于所有私有车的拥有者 都一视同仁，属于强制消费部分，基本不具备税收调节消费的功能。（3 分）
（2） 而燃油税则根据私家车的拥有者消费燃油的数量进行征收，并且同浮动的燃油价 格间接挂钩，是一种较为有效的调节燃油消费行为的税收杠杆，有利于消费者形 成节约燃油的习惯和效果。（4 分）
4. 答案要点： （1） 要素的价格是由要素的市场供给和市场需求共同决定的，而在完全竞争的长期均 衡下，厂商和消费者都被动地接受市场形成的价格，而要素所有者按照市场形成 的要素价格获得收入，厂商使用要素的原则是要素的边际产品价值等于要素价格。 （3 分） （2） 而根据产品分配净尽定理的欧拉定理，如果产品市场和要素市场是完全竞争的， 而且厂商生产的规模报酬不变，那么在市场均衡的条件下，所有生产要素实际所 取得的报酬正好等于社会所生产的总产品。（4 分）
2010年南开大学经济学考博试题,真题解析,考博经验,考博心得,复试真题,真题笔记
xi x 和 i p x py
（2） u x 2 y 2 , m 100, p x 10, p y 5 ，1-求 x 和 y，2-px=5，求收入效应和替代效应 2、计算消费者均衡以及替代效应和收入效应 三、论述题（30 分） 1、论述/证明成本最小化和利润最大化是对偶问题 2、学者认为目前医药价格过高是由于中间流通环节太多，请建立一个简单的经济模型来证明这个观点，并 且根据你的模型来说明如何有效降低医药价格？ 宏观经济学 一、简答题（40 分） 1、阐述比较绝对收入、相对收入以及持久收入理论对消费函数的解释？（Dornbusch） 2、利用托宾的 q 理论解释合意的资本存量与实际的资本存量的差额的调整？（Dornbusch） 3、用 IS-LM-BP 模型证明小国开放经济条件下，在资本流动性低的限制下，不宜采用弹性浮动汇率 4、哈罗得-多马模型的黄金规则和最优增长路径 二、计算题（20 分） 卢 卡 斯 供 给 曲 线 ： Y=C(P-Pe)+Y* ， Y*=4000 ， P=1.01 ， Pe=1,Y=4200 ， C=20000, 总 需 求 曲 线 ： Y=1101+2.88G+3.221M/P。问： 1、当产量在潜在产量时，并且公众的预期在近期内不变，G=750，M=600，这时的价格水平？ 2、当中央银行宣布 M 从 600 增加到 620 时的价格水平和产量？ 3、当中央银行宣布 M 从 600 增加到 620，但是实际的 M 增长到 670 时，价格水平和产量？ 三、论述（40） 1、改革以来，我国的贸易和 FDI 都成为了经济增长的重要因素，但我国为了减少对国际市场的依赖，提出 扩大内需的主张，请分析这种政策转变对国际宏观经济的影响，以及在政策调整中应当进行那些调整？ 2、比较盯住一篮子货币、盯住单一货币和浮动汇率的特点，给出你对我国人民币汇率实行盯住一篮子货币 的看法？
南开大学2010博士英语入学试题
南开大学2010年博士研究生入学考试试题I Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)（略）Part II. Vocabulary (15 questions, 15 points, 1 point each)Directions: Choose the one word or phrase which you think closest in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence in its context and mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21 With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ____ high-tech industries.A. given upB. stepped asideC. stood alongD. yielded to22 Economic activity has been organized on the ____ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century.A.gistB. notionC. rationale D premise23. Owing to a/an____ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.A. acuteB. stressfulC. demandingD. urgent24 The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed_____two hundred years ago.A. originalB. eccentricC. terrificD. splendid25 The policy ________ it necessary for the town's safety to arrest most speeders.A. narratedB. elaboratedC. deemedD. commended26 If you do something on______, you do it because you suddenly want to，although you haven't planned to.A. impulseB. pulseC. impromptuD. Imminence27 We had no computer back-up and had to rely on old paper files to_____the records we lost.A. remedyB. reconditionC. reconstructD. register28 A ____is an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest.A. conventionB. congressC. symposiumD. conference29 In some cases nowadays concerning job hunting, one had to _____1,000 competitors to get a position.A. stand outB. edge outC. squeeze inD. jostle against30 A ____is a person who knows a great deal about a particular subject and whose advice on it may be taken by others.A. consulB. mentorC. eliteD. pundit31 Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into____，investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. perspectiveC. vision D horizon32 There was not________of evidence to suggest that he committed the crimes, so the case was dismissed in the court.A. scrapB. screwC. scratchD. scrape33 The basic_____ of their philosophy is that everyone should be free to do as they please, so long as they do not harm others.A. requisiteB. conceptionC. premiseD. opinion34 The spring of last year witnessed the ____________of the strange weather.A. adaptationB. shiftC. vicissitudeD. kaleidoscope35 Countless billions of____sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.A. secondB. minuteC. hourD. dayPart Three Reading Comprehension (20 questions, 40 points, 2 points each) Directions: In this section, there are five passages. Read/he passages and questions carefully and make your choices that you think would best complete the statements or best answer the questions by marking them on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1.No matter what you think about testing rends, one thing is clear: as long as there is teaching and learning, there will be testing. But how much credit do those charts and numbers deserve?When you review a school's test scores at a school board meeting, always look beyond the basic numbers. The scores for a single school in a single year have limited value for judging school performance. Equally important is “trend data”一test scores from several years that show you how a school's performance has changed over time. Additionally, comparing a school to other schools with similar demographics may give your perspective on where the school stands relative to other schools like it. You can also learn a lot from data that is broken down by ethnic group and socioeconomic level. A school is only truly successful when it achieves high performance with students across all ethnic and social groups.On the other hand, the next time you hear somebody say.” T hat school is the best in the district because it has the highest test scores,” make a point to respond: “I’d love to know moreIabout what’s happening at the school that accounts for those scores, but I can’t assume that it’s the best school just based on one piece of evidence. What you know about the school's teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?” Take time to investigate these other measures of school quality before making judgments about a school. To communicate with your child certainly is the final way. Raise your hand if you've heard some stories about students begging to stay home on test day. Is this level of anxiety appropriate? The correct answer is no! When your child’s class is preparing for its annual standardized testing marathon, let your child know that while you hope she does her best on the test, it's not a competition. Explain that the results may help her and her teacher understand the areas where she might be especially strong or where she may need to focus more.36 The second paragraph implies that when you review a school's test scores. .A. you should give priority to the stores for this yearB. you should take into an account the performance of the students across all ethnic and social groupsC. you needn't refer to the test scores in the past several yearsD. you don ’t need to compare a school with others since you are only concerned about your children's scores37 According to the author, when we evaluate the quality of a school, the fo llowing factors should be involved EXCEPT .A. teaching methodsB. leadership of the principalC. relationship with other schoolsD. safely38 In the last paragraph of this passage, the word “anxiety” in the sentence “I s this level of anxiety appropriate?” implies the child's serious concern about.A. strict teachersB. competitive examC. unsafe conditions of the schoolD. no care from the parents 39 What is the most proper title for this passage ?A. Get Smart about School Test ScoresB. Don't Look up lo the Test ScoresC. The Scores Matter a LotD. Deal Better with the Child and ScoresPassage TwoThere are four basic types of competition in business that form. a continuum from pure competition through monopolistic competition and oligopoly (商品供应垄断) to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, pure competition results when every company has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in pure competition. In pure competition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.In contrast, in monopolistic competition several companies may compete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of monopolistic competition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.Oligopoly occurs when a few companies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly, serious competition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for every company in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather than competition, that protects and influences sales.40 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Monopolies：B. The Commodity MarketC. The Competition ContinuumD. The Best Type of Competition41 An example of a product in monopolistic competition is .A. cornB. electricityC. airline ticketsD. coffee42 What does the author mean by the statement "Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously also usual"?A. It is not unusual for all companies to increase prices at the same time.IB. It is common for companies to compete for customers by lowering prices.C. Customers may lose money when companies have price wars.D. Prices are lower during price wars, but they are usually higher afterward.43 The word "it" in paragraph 3 refers toA. a product or serviceB. competitionC. revenueD. oligopolyPassage ThreeIn August 2004, Duke University provided free iPods to its entire freshman class. The next month, a Korean education firm offered free downloadable college entrance exam lectures to students who purchased an iRiver personal multimedia player. That October, a financial trading firm in Chicago was reportedly assessing the hand-eye coordination of traders’ using GameBoys. Yet while such innovative applications abound, the use of technology in education and training is far from new, a fact as true in language classrooms as it is in medical schools.Practically since their availability, a succession of audiovisual recording devices (e.g., reel-to-reel, VCRs, PCs) has been used to capture language samples, and myriad playback and broadcast devices (e.g., phonographs, radios, televisions) have provided access to authentic speech samples. The espousal of audiolingual theory in the 1950s brought the widespread use of the language laboratory in educational settings. Influenced by behaviorism, the lab was progressively replaced in the 1960s by drill-based computer-assisted instruction, which decades later was itself surpassed by a more intelligent, interactive and multimedia computer-assisted language learning. The popular acceptance of the Internet in the 1990s advanced the development of computer-mediated communications.As technologies continue to evolve, so does their propensity to shrink in size. "Other technologies that hold the capacity for language learning include PDAs, multimedia cellular phones, MP3 players, DVD players, and digital dictionaries". Such portable media —referred to in popular and scholarly literature as mobile, wireless, handheld or nomadic —are now social staples. Mobile learning, or m-learning, is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement, further evidenced by European initiatives such as m-learning and Mobilearn. In this paper, applied fusions of m-learning and language learning follow, after which their benefits and challenges are reviewed.44 What is the article introduction specifically deals with?A. language learningB. Emerging technologyC. Mobile assisted language learningD. Wired learning45 The word " espousal ",in paragraph two can be best replaced byA. advocateB. supportC. ideaD. perception46 Mobile learning is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement in the sense that you can study withoutA. iPhoneB. laptopC. PDAD. desktop computer47 Behaviorism language learning strategy does not include:,A. pattern drillsB. learner autonomyC. rote memorizationD. repetitionPassage FourMost Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greats happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our cultures. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing "organization man" with an independent individual.Modern industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the "alienated" man. He is alienated in the sense that his actions, and his own forces have become estranged form him; they stand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him. His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols. They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits. Alienated man bows down before the works of his own hands. He experiences himself not as the active bearer of his own forces and riches but as an impoverished "thing", dependent on other things outside of himself. He is the prisoner of the very econo mic and political circumstances which he has created.Since our economic organizations is based on continuous and ever-increasing consumption (think of the threat to our economy if people did not buy a new car until their old one was really obsolete), contemporary industrial man is encouraged to be consumption-crazy, Without any real enjoyment, he "takes in" drink, food, cigarettes, sights, lectures, books, movies, television, any new kind of gadget. The world has become one great maternal breast, and man has become the eternal suckling, forever expectant, forever disappointed.In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucracy in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higherIwages, fringe benefits, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.48 Modem industrialized society needs men who are. A. individualistic in their tastesB. capable of commanding the social machineC. obedient and submissiveD. free and independent49 An alienated man is one who is . A. in control of economic and political circumstances B. ruled by the things he createsC. worshipped as an idolD. more interested in women than in sports cars50 Which of the following is Not a characteristic of modem industrial society?A. Ever increasing consumptionB. BureaucracyC. Ever-increasing power of manD. Automated machines51 The word "prisoner"，in the last sentence of paragraph 2 closely mean'sA. the person who is detained by policeB. the person who is being put behind barC. the person who is confined to his circumstancesD. the person who is being kept away from the normal lifePassage FiveThere is a confusion about two distinct questions: (a) will computers made books obsolete? and (b) will computers make written and printed material obsolete?Let us suppose that computers will make books disappear (I do not think this will happen and I shall elaborate later on this point, but let us suppose so for the sake of the argument). Still, this would not entail the disappearance of printed material. We have seen that it was wishful thinking to hope that computers, and particularly word processors, would have helped to save trees. Computers encourage the production of printed material. We can imagine a culture in which there will be no books, and yet where people go around with tons and tons of unbound sheets of paper. This will be quite unwieldy, and will pose a new problem for libraries.Debray has observed that the fact that Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book is not independent of the fact that it was a nomadic civilization. I think that this remark is very important. Egyptians could carve their records on stone obelisks, Moses could not. If you want to cross the Red Sea, a book is a more practical instrument for recording wisdom. By the way, another nomadic civilization, the Arabic one, was based upon a book, and privileged writing upon images.But books also have an advantage with respect to computers. Even if printed on acid paper, which lasts only seventy years or so, they are more durable than magnetic supports. Moreover, they do not suffer power shortages and blackouts, and are more resistant to shocks. As Bolter remarked, "it is unwise to try to predict technological change more than few years in advance," but it is certain that, up to now at least, books still represent the most economical, flexible, wash-and-wear way to transport information at a very low cost.Electronic communication travels ahead of you, books travel with you and at your speed, but if you are shipwrecked on a desert island, a book can be useful, while a computer cannot -- as Landow remarks, electronic texts need a reading station and a decoding device. Books are still the best companions for a shipwreck, or for the Day After.I am pretty sure that new technologies will render obsolete many kinds of books, like encyclopedias and manuals. Take for example the Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited. When finished it will probably contain more information than the Encyclopedia Britannica (or Treccani or Larousse), with the advantage that it permits cross-references and nonlinear retrieval of information. The whole of the compact disks, plus the computer, will occupy one-fifth of the space occupied by an encyclopedia. The encyclopedia cannot be transported as the CD-ROM can, and cannot be easily updated; it does not have the practical advantages of a normal book, therefore it can be replaced by a CD-ROM, just a phone book can. The shelves today occupied, at my home as well as in public libraries, by meters and meters of encyclopedia volumes could be eliminated in the next age, and there will be no reason to lament their disappearance. For the same reason today I no longer need a heavy portrait painted by an indifferent artist, for I can send my sweetheart a glossy and faithful photograph. Such a change in the social functions of painting has not made painting obsolete, not even the realistic paintings of Annigoni, which do not fulfill the function of portraying a person, but of celebrating an important person, so that the commissioning, the purchasing, and the exhibition of such portraits acquire aristocratic connotations.Books will remain indispensable not only for literature, but for any circumstance in which one needs to read carefully, not only to receive information but also to speculate and to reflect about it.ITo read a computer screen is not the same as to read a book. Think of the process of learning how to use a piece of software. Usually the system is able to display on the screen all the instructions you need. But the users who want to learn the program generally either print the instructions and read them as if they were in book form, or they buy a printed manual (let me skip over the fact that currently all the manuals that come with a computer, on-line or off-line, are obviously written by irresponsible and tautological idiots, while commercial handbooks are written by intelligent people). It is possible to conceive of a visual program that explains very well how to print and bind a book, but in order to get instructions on how to write such a computer program, we need a printed manual.After having spent no more than twelve hours at a computer console, my eyes are like two tennis balls, and I feel the need to sit comfortably down in an armchair and read a newspaper, or maybe a good poem. It seems to me that computers are/diffusing a new form of literacy but are incapable of satisfying all the intellectual needs they are stimulating. In my periods of optimism I dream of a computer generation which, compelled to read a computer screen, gets acquainted with reading from a screen, but at a certain moment feels unsatisfied and looks for a different, more relaxed, and differently-committing form of reading.52 “Hebrew civilization was a civili zat ion based upon a book” indicates that printed books will beA. preserved permanentlyB. perused widelyC. repaired when damagedD. transcribed as heritage.53 The advantages of the printed books include all of the following exceptA. being less durable than magnetic supports.B. not suffering power shortages and blackoutsC. being more resistant to shocksD. transporting information at a very low cost.54 The example of Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited shows thatA. CD-Rom can store more informationB. The space is left on shelvesC. the e-encyclopedia is more superiorD. The disappearance of normal print is a grief.55 By comparison ，The author likes to do readingA. onlineB. off lineC. at leisureD. during the adventurePart Four Close (15 questions, 15 points, 1 point each)Directions: Read the article below andftli in each of (he blanks with one suitable word or phrase by marking your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.For example, 66 sixteen hours an electronic brain solved a difficult design problem. First, it was _67_ all the information necessary for designing a chemical plant. After running through 16. 000 possible designs, it 68 the plan for the plant that would produce the most chemical at the lowest cost. Then it issued a printed set of exact 69 . Before it solved this problem, a team of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs.70 of which was as efficient as the computer’s.56 A. using B. in use C. being used D. used57 A. at B. with C. in D. of58 A. use B. spend C take D. demand59 A. can any person B. any person can C. any person D. any person do60 A. carefully worked out B. worked out carefullyC. carefully works out D works out carefully61 A. Many B. all kinds of C. a great number of D. a wide range of62 A. take B. keep C. bring D. get63 A. that B. how C. any D. what64 A. pour them out B. drive them out C. stamp them out D. get rid of them65 A. Except B. Except for C. Besides D. In spite of66 A. for B. within C. on D. beyondI67 A. input B. fed C. sent D. planted68 A. picked out B. formed C. had D. worked69 A. numbers B. figures C. details D. specifications 70 A. none B. one C. any D. allPart Five Writing (I question. 15 points)Direction ： Write an essay (200-300 words, according to the topic givenSome people say that social change occurs more quickly in heterogeneous societies (where there is a mixture of different kinds of people) than in homogeneous ones (where people are similar in many ways).Write an essay comparing the two kinds of societies and explain in which you think social changes is most likely to occur.。
南开大学2010年博士研究生入学考试试题(经济学)
南开大学2010年博士研究生入学考试试题（经济学）南开大学2010年微观经济学考博试题一、简答题（40分）1．价格是市场机制的核心，请你谈谈价格的含义。
2．经济学家大都认为，大多数物品的需求会随着价格上升而下降，但对于利率上升对储蓄的影响，经济学家却有着不同的看法，请解释之。
3．外部性会导致市场失灵，因此，必须政府进行干预。
你认同对此观点吗，举例说明。
4．已知支付矩阵，求占优策略均衡和纳什均衡需要满足的条件，并分析占优策略均衡与纳什均衡的区别与联系。
5．在垄断的情况下，如果政府征收从量税，试分析消费者承担多少的税负。
二、计算题（30分）1．已知效用函数求弹性2．Cournot模型三、论述题（30分）1．平等与效率2．研究表明垄断更有利技术变革，这对制定和实施反垄断法有何指导意义南开大学2010年宏观经济学考博试题一、简答题1．我国2009年人均GDP为XX元，人均可分配收入为YY元，后者是前者的68%，问两者的区别在哪里？2．CPI和GDP平减指数的区别3．联系菲利普斯曲线解释以下两个问题：（1）如何才能降低通货膨胀的同时又不引起衰退？（2）欧洲很多国家在反通货膨胀时，都是事先宣布紧缩的货币政策，并严格按照期限执行，这个意义何在？4．利用货币供给理论解释，在经济危机中，银行大量倒闭，为什么货币乘数变小？5．经验证明，穷国与富国之间并未发生趋同，而富国之间的差距以2%的速度趋同，用新古典增长理论解释。
二、计算与分析题1.已知货币需求函数为hrC+a=，政府L-ky=，价格水平P为1，消费函数by支出增加G，货币供给要增加多少才能没有挤出效应。
2．一个三年的投资项目，第一年投资是200万，第二年收入是100万，第三年收入是120万，利率是5%，通货膨胀率是2%，问这个项目值得投资否？3．资本完全流动的小国开放经济，浮动汇率，当本币有升值预期时，利用IS-LM-BP模型画图说明对利率、就业、产出的影响。
南开大学经济学院历年本科计量经济学期末试卷及答案解析汇编
3
答案勘误表
2002 年第一学期计量经济学期末开卷试题答案
第一大题，第 1 小题： 第二空答案是 118.634 应改为 118.6377； 第三空答案是 0.0384 应改为 0.04034 第五大题，第 1 小题： 因为是对 Dyt 建模，所以答案应从 ARIMA 模型改为 ARMA 模型 第五大题，第 3 小题： ˆ1996 带入有 误，原答 案代入的 是 1997 年的-0.00127，应该代入 1996 年 的 u 0.00179， 并且题目要求是求 Dyt 值，答案求的是 yt 值，由于题目没有给出 y1997 ， 所以 y1998 是求不出来的
Prob. 0.0044 0.0000 7.430699 1.021834 -6.336402 -6.237663 14074.12 0.00000
1．在空白处填上相应的数字（共 4 处） （计算过程中保留 4 位小数） （8 分） 2．根据输出结果，写出回归模型的表达式。 （5 分）
3．给定检验水平α=0.05， 检验上述回归模型的临界值 t0.025=_______， F0.05=_______； 说明估计参数与回归模型是否显著?（6 分）
四、给出结构模型（共 20 分）
Ct=α0 +α1Yt+α2Ct-1+ u1t It=β0+β1Yt+β2Yt-1+β3rt+ u2t Yt=Ct+It+Gt
其中 C—总消费，I—总投资，Y—总收入，r—利率，G—政府支出 1．写出模型中的内生变量、外生变量、预定变量。 （5 分）
2．讨论联立方程模型的识别问题。 （10 分）
ˆ =e 0 3． A 4．因为使用的样本为横截面数据，随机误差项可能存在异方差；变量 L 和 K 之间可能存在 较严重的多重共线性。
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2010 年南开经济学考博试题微观经济学一、简答题：（每题8 分，共5 题）1.价格是经济的重要信号，用经济学原理分析价格的含义。
2.“市场失灵一定要考政府干预吗？”你认为正确吗？举出至少两个例子支持你的观点3.纳什均衡与占优均衡的条件及关系。
4.5.假设垄断厂商以不变的边际成本进行生产，若对其征收从量税，分析税负在垄断厂商和消费者之间的分担情况。
二、计算与证明（每题15 分，共2 题）N 1.个人的效用函数为U ∑ vci ，ci 为个人消费商品I 的数量，vci 为消费I 的效用，i 1v 大于0，v gt0（二阶导数）。
生产商品i 需要的劳动量为Li a bxi ，xi 为商品i 的数量，市场为垄断竞争市场，商品价格为Pi，工资为W，个人的总数和劳动量一样。
求：v （1）证明：商品i 的价格弹性ε i v ci （2）求均衡N，xi W （3）证明：随L 的增加，真实工资，N 会增加P 2.市场中仅有有两个厂商，P10-Q，厂商1 和2 的生产成本分别是C1 2 4Q1 ，C 2 3 3Q2 ，求：（4）利润最大化时古诺均衡解P，Q （5）串谋时利润最大化的均衡解（6）若串谋非法，厂商 1 花费多少愿购买厂商2三、论述题（每题15 分，共 2 题）1.信息技术在经济中是非常重要的，技术改革往往与不完全竞争相联系，根据信息技术的特点和这种关系，阐述对我国反垄断的立法和实施有什么意义。
2.有人认为，穷人由于经济的繁荣和发展而得到帮助，政府不用帮助穷人，根据公平和效率的关系，对再分配你如何看待；有人说劳动应获得大部分报酬，有人认为资本应获得，根据你的世界观，分析之。
宏观经济学一、简答题（每题8 分，共5 题）1.2008 年中国人均GDP 为（具体数字）元，城镇人均可支配收入为（具体数字）元，后者是前者的68，说明存在这种差别的原因。
2.CPI 和GDP 平减指数的差别。
3.没有证据显示贫穷国家比富裕国家呈现趋同，经济相似的国家以2的速度趋同，用新古典理论说明原因。
4.用现代菲利普斯曲线说明（1）采取什么措施降低通货膨胀而又不使经济产生较严重的衰退；（2）若政府的货币当局事先公布财政支出计划，并严格执行，这对降低通货膨胀有什么意义。
5.为什么在经济危机中大量银行的倒闭会造成货币乘数的下降。
二计算和证明（每题10 分，共3 题）1.消费函数为CabY，货币需求函数为LkY-hr，若政府支出增加M，问供应多少货币才不存在挤出效应。
2.一个厂商进行为期三年的投资，投资总额为200 万元，第一年收益100 万元，第二年收益120 万元。
年利率为5，每年的通货膨胀率为2，问投资与否。
3.汇率升值会对经济产生潜在的扰动，考虑一个资本完全流动的小国经济，在浮动汇率制度下，汇率升值预期对利率、产值和就业的影响。
三论述题（每题15 分，共2 题）1.宏观经济学课本一般在开头说没有一个完美的理论来解释所有的经济现象，由此产生了许多流派和分支，分析他们围绕哪些方面争论，并解释。
（大概）2.分析我国当前所处的经济形式，以及已经采取了哪些政策，并分析其合理性。
南开考博2008 微观经济学一、简答题（8 分×540 分）1、“凸技术”和“凸偏好”的经济含义。
2、非常态需求曲线和非常态供给曲线的举例并说明。
吉芬商品-土地3、如下的支付矩阵，abcdefgh 满足什么条件时，有占优策略均衡、重复剔除均衡、纯策略纳什均衡？4、试证明：拟线性效用函数下，外部效应的消费与产权分配无关。
5、对穷人购买粮食进行：1、限制最高价格；2、采用票证配给，购买打折；3、直接进行收入转移。
哪种更接近帕累托最优？二、计算题（10 分×330 分）1、某人效用函数UC-12-R2，R 为闲暇，C 为消费，消费品价格1 元，有16 小时可以分配到工作与闲暇上，非劳动收入为20 元，工资率为每小时10 元。
求最优工作时间。
2、市场需求曲线为P100/Y（注意：就是除，不是减，怀疑题目有问题），某垄断厂商有两个工厂，C1Y122Y1，C22Y22，求最优Y1，Y2。
3、市场需求曲线P10-Y，有两个厂商，C142Y1，C22Y22。
厂商1 先进入，得知厂商2正在购买设备并准备进入市场。
1厂商 1 先宣布产量，会宣布多少？2第二年两个厂商会各自生产多少？三、论述题（15 分×230 分）1、自然垄断的产生原因和政府的管制措施。
2、政府征收从量税时，试用图示：1完全竞争下，净福利的损失。
2垄断情况下，福利的损失。
3消费者承担多少税收。
4垄断情况下，有无必要征税以增加福利。
南开考博08 年宏观经济学一、简答题（8 分×540 分）1、“卢卡斯批判”的含义和意义。
2、国民收入核算体系中投资等于储蓄，与凯恩斯理论体系中的收入支出模型中的投资等于储蓄有何不同？3、新古典经济模型中，有哪些因素影响企业的固定投资？怎样影响固定投资的增减？4、新古典学派和新凯恩斯学派在对待价格和市场出清上有何不同？5、根据蒙代尔—弗莱明模型，小国开放经济，资本完全流动，固定汇率下，世界利率上升时，画图说明国民收入、汇率、贸易余额会怎样变动？二、计算题（10 分×330 分）1、YCIG，C0.63Y800，I7500-20000r，货币供给为6000 亿元，价格水平为1，货币需求L0.1625Y-10000r，当政府购买G 从7500 上升到8500 时，国民收入变化多少？挤出效应多大？2、在美国，资本占GDP 的比率约为30，经济增长率约为每年3，资本—产出比率为2.5，折旧率为4，YKαAL1-α。
求：1稳定状态下的储蓄率。
2黄金律下的资本的边际产出。
3黄金律下的资本—产出比率。
4黄金率下的储蓄率。
3、理性预期模型：QtSAtαMt-Ptut，其中At 为政府支出，Mt、Pt 分别为货币供应量和价格水平的对数，ut 为期望为0 的扰动。
QtDQβPt-Ptevt，其中Pte 为预期价格水平，vt 为期望为0 的扰动。
求证：1 2用上式说明预期效应与扰动效应对菲利普斯曲线的影响。
三、论述题（15 分×230 分）1、论述凯恩斯主义学派对经济衰退的认识。
为何凯恩斯主义倾向于使用财政政策来抑制衰退。
2、中国自07 年下半年来处于较高的通货膨胀率。
1试说明中国目前通货膨胀的原因和性质。
2预期到的通货膨胀和未预期到的通货膨胀的成本有何不同。
3反对通货膨胀有哪些措施，并用不同学派的观点阐述这些措施的效果。
4评述中国目前治理通货膨胀的政策。
南开考博07 微观经济学一、简答题（41040 分）1、会计利润与经济利润之间的区别. 2、福利经济学的两个基本定理及其经济政策含义.3、在现实生活中存在一种奇特的现象，即优质的当地特产品（例如美国加州的柑、意大利的皮鞋、中国阳澄湖的大闸蟹等）往往大部分出口到国外或被销售到遥远的国内市场。
请利用你所掌握的微观经济学理论对此做出合理的解释.4、设G s1 s 2 u1 u2 为由2 个选手参与的一个完全信息的静态游戏。
这2 个选手的策略空间为：S i a ix a ie ，其中i12。
两个选手支付函数ui 由下列矩阵分别给出：选手 2 a 2e a2 x a1 e e e d c 选手 1 a1 x c d x x已知d gt x gt e gt c 。
问在这个静态游戏中，纳什均衡的结果是什么？请证明你的结论.二、计算题（25 分）1、某人喜欢计算机游戏和葡萄酒。
他的偏好可以用效用公式：U X Y ln X 1 Y表示，X 是他玩游戏的数量，Y 是他花在葡萄酒上的货币额（元）。
（1）如果计算机游戏的价格是0.25 元，他的收入是10 元，则他从计算机游戏和葡萄酒的消费中获得的效用是多少？（5 分）；（2）现在每单位游戏要征收0.25 元的娱乐税，则税收产生的消费者剩余的变量为多少？（5 分）2、企业1 与企业2 同时引进了同一项专利产品的生产技术，各自独立生产。
该产品的市场需求函数为x 64 p ，其中，x 为市场总需求量，P 为市场价格。
企业各自的生产成本为 c i 4 x i 10 i12. （1）求Cournot 均衡时两企业各自的利润和产量（5 分）（2）当企业1 为先导者，企业2 为追随者时，在stackelberg 均衡条件下，求两企业各自的产量和利润（5 分）（3）若两企业共谋，各自的产量和利润是多少？（5 分）三、论述题（35 分）1、“市场失灵”有哪几种主要形式？建树各种形式对资源配置造成的扭曲性影响以及可以采取的修正政策. （20 分）2、某个居民住宅小区需要建一个休闲场所（比如小型娱乐公园等），所需费用由小区业主自愿捐款来筹措（假设没有别的资金来源），建成的设施对小区中的每一位业主都是免费开放的（具有局部“公共物品”的性质）。
为简化分析，我们假设小区总共有1000 个居民，要求每个人捐款100 元。
捐款的人越多，休闲场所就会建得更大更好，每个人日后受益越多。
再假设，如果有几个人捐款的话n ∈01000 ，那么这个住宅小区中的每个居民无论捐款与否，日后都可获得价值相当n 2 元（捐款者人数的平方）的利益. （1）如果一开始没有人主动捐款，而你是这个项目的发起人，并且你有能力劝说一些人来捐款，那么你至少要动员多少人捐款，才能使其他人也有积极性主动参与捐款？为什么？（7 分）（2）请结合问题 1 的结果讨论，在现实生活中还有哪些经济或社会现象，因为已经参与的人数越多，因而追随者越踊跃？请简要分析. （8 分）南开考博07 宏观经济学一、简答题（40 分，每小题10 分）1、试用IS-LM 模型，AS-AD 模型说明中央银行增加货币供给对经济的短期和长期影响。
2、新古典宏观经济学与新凯恩斯主义的分歧主要有哪些方面？3、一个消费者所拥有的股票下跌或房地产价格上升对消费的影响，试从凯恩斯消费理论、生命周期理论和永久性收入理论加以说明。
4.一些经济学家认为财政预算应保持平衡，另外一些经济学家则认为应该根据经济形势适当采取盈余或赤字政策，你认为哪一种合理？并说明理由。
二、计算题（20 分，每小题10 分）1、应用新古典增长模型，较简单。
求（1）稳态增长情况下，人均资本、人均产出、人均消费。
（2）黄金规则下，人均资本、人均产出、人均消费。
2、价格调整过程。
要用计算器或采用一阶差分方程求解Y6601.11G1.11M/P，（其中G200，M550）通货膨胀率∏（Y-1-1500）/1500-∏e，∏e∏-1∏00求当初始价格P01.4 时，调整到潜在国民收入需要几年的时间？三、论述题（40 分，每小题20 分）1、试析当前我国外部经济失衡（经常项目顺差、资本项目顺差）的主要原因及对国内经济失衡（通货膨胀、失业等）的影响2、二战后，西方国家通货膨胀的形成的原因，及治理措施，用经济学原理说明。