浙江大学1998年研究生入学考试新闻业务
1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学二真题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题解析
0
x4 4
x3 3
x2
0 1
x4 4
x3 3
x2
2 0
0 (1 1 1) (4 8 4) 5 8 37 .
43
3
12 3 12
(3)【答案】 cot x ln sin x cot x x C.
【解析】因为 cot
x
csc2
x
1 sin 2
x
,所以
ln sin x sin2 x dx
x tf (x2 t2 )dt 0
u x2 t2
0
tf
x2
(u)
1 2t
du
0 x2
1 2
f
(u)du
1 2
x2
f (u)du ,
0
d x tf (x2 t2 )dt 1 d x2 f (u)du 1 f (x2 ) x2 1 f (x2 ) 2x xf (x2 ) .
由 yn
( xn
yn
)
1 xn
及
lim
n
xn
yn
0, lim 1 x n
n
0 可知 yn 为两个无穷小之积,故 yn 亦为无
穷小,应选(D).
方法2:排除法.
(A)的反例: xn
n,
yn
1 n2
,
lim
n
新闻学硕士
北京大学新闻史论（614）+新闻实务（847）<跨考胜经>全套考研资料第一部分历年真题及答案1-1硕士研究生入学考试试题。
2001-2003年新闻学基础知识，2002年新闻理论与新闻业务，2001-2006年新闻学，暂无答案。
（本项不单卖，购买全套赠送此项）注：该专业近几年学校官方不出售历年试题，最新真题更新请大家关注跨考考研论坛，真题会随时在网站更新，大家下载即可使用。
第二部分专业课笔记、讲义等内部资料2-1新闻传播理论与实践笔记。
本科生课堂笔记，手写版，共27页￥402-2《外国新闻史》笔记。
本科生课堂笔记，手写版，共50页￥502-3《新闻事业简史》笔记。
本科生课堂笔记，手写版，共28页￥402-4中国新闻史辅导笔记。
手写版，共56页￥60注：报名辅导班请登录跨考网进行详细咨询。
全套资料包含以上所有资料，套餐优惠价：￥168指定参考书目此科目没有提供参考书目适用学院/专业——新闻与传播学院新闻学(050301)中国人民大学新闻传播史论（612）<跨考胜经>全套考研资料第一部分历年真题及答案1-12000年-2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题。
由于出题老师固定，历年真题参考价值很大。
该专业近几年学校官方不出售历年试题，最新真题更新请大家关注跨考论坛，只要收集到我们即会在网站更新，大家可下载使用。
第二部分专业课笔记、讲义等内部资料2-1中国新闻传播事业史本科生笔记。
出题老师授课，非常全面和清晰。
手写版，共29页￥402-2新闻传播考点精要汇集。
内部参考资料，介绍了传播理论考点、外新史考点等众多考试点。
打印版，共39页￥402-3外国新闻史复习要点。
陈立丹版《世界新闻传播史》复习要点，条理性好，重点突出。
打印版，共17页￥302-4新闻史硕士课程大纲。
中国人民大学新闻史研究生资料，硕士课程同样为研究生入学考试复习的重点，内容详实，包括中国史和外国史两部分，主题分明。
打印版，共58页￥352-5新闻学重点笔记。
浙江大学1998-2008量子力学考研试题
浙江大学1998年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目量子力学第一题：（10分）写出玻尔-索末菲量子化条件的形式。
求出均匀磁场中作圆周运动的电子轨道的可能半径。
（利用玻尔-索末菲量子化条件求，设外磁场强度为）第二题：（20分）若一质量为的粒子在一维势场中运动，求粒子的可能能级。
若某一时刻加上了形如，（）的势场，求其基态能级至二级修正（为一已知常数）。
若势能变成，求粒子（质量为）的可能的能级。
第三题：（20分）氢原子处于基态，其波函数形如，为玻尔半径，为归一化系数。
利用归一化条件，求出的形式。
设几率密度为，试求出的形式，并求出最可几半径。
求出势能及动能在基态时的平均值。
用何种定理可把及联系起来？第四题：（15分）一转子，其哈密顿量，转子的轨道角动量量子数是，试在角动量表象中求出角动量分量，，的形式；求出的本征值。
第五题：（20分）若基态氢原子处于平行板电场中，电场是按下列形式变化，为大于零的常数，求经过长时间后，氢原子处于态的几率。
（设为微扰哈密顿，；（当））。
第六题：（15分）用玻恩近似法，求粒子处于势场，（）中散射的微分散射截面。
（设粒子的约化质量为）。
从该问题中，讨论玻恩近似成立的条件。
浙江大学1999年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目量子力学第一题：（10分）（1）试求出的自由电子及能量为、质量为克的质点的德布罗意波长。
(,)（2）证明一个自由运动的微观粒子对应的德布罗意群速度，即为其运动速度。
第二题：（10分）（1）证明定态中几率流密度与时间无关。
（2）求一维无限深势阱中运动的粒子在第个能级时的几率流密度。
第三题：（15分）（粒子处于一维势阱（取的恒定常量）中运动，（1）画出势能的示意图，设粒子质量为，（2）求解运动粒子的能级。
（）(写出所满足的方程)第四题：（10分）一维谐振子，其势能为，（为常量）。
若该谐振子又受一恒力作用，试求其本证能量及能量本证函数。
该振子的质量为。
第五题：（20分）（1）写出线性、厄米算符的定义。
1998年考研英语真题解析.doc
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题分析Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted承认[B] believed相信，认为[C] claimed声称[D] predicted预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。
难度：0.54文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。
显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。
第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。
因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
四个选项中，首先排除predicted，因为句子时态是过去时，表明"提高人们的生活水平"已经是事实，不存在"预测"了；其次believed和claimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有admitted可以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
尽管他们承认从长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。
"2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人[B] average（man）平民，普通人[C] mean平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的[D] normal（man）正常人[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。
1998年 考研英语一真题
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 1 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted2. [A] plain [B] average[C] mean[D] normal3. [A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate4. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude5. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By6. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely7. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover8. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for9. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculatedi10. [A] noted[B] impressed [C] labeled[D] markedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk” [B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap” [D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery16.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”The word “schism” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction [C] separation [D] contempt20.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial [B] subjective[C] biased [D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored inthe deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates [B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents [D] the formation of new oceans30.The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesPart BDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pureenergy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.Section Ⅰ Writing36.Directions:A .Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.B .Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C .Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your comments. (15 points)。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)真题及解析
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)0x →(2)设1()(),,z f xy y x y f x ϕϕ=++具有二阶连续导数,则2z x y∂∂∂=_____________.(3)设l 为椭圆221,43x y +=其周长记为,a 则22(234)Lxy x y ds ++⎰=_____________. (4)设A 为n 阶矩阵*,0,≠A A 为A 的伴随矩阵,E 为n 阶单位矩阵.若A 有特征值,λ则*2()+A E 必有特征值_____________.(5)设平面区域D 由曲线1y x=及直线20,1,e y x x ===所围成,二维随机变量(,)X Y 在区域D 上服从均匀分布,则(,)X Y 关于X 的边缘概率密度在2x =处的值为_____________. 二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(1)设()f x 连续,则220()xd tf x t dt dx -⎰= (A)2()xf x (B)2()xf x - (C)22()xf x(D)22()xf x -(2)函数23()(2)f x x x x x =---不可导点的个数是 (A)3 (B)2 (C)1(D)0(3)已知函数()y y x =在任意点x 处的增量2,1y xy xα∆∆=++且当0x ∆→时,α是x ∆的高阶无穷小,(0)y π=,则(1)y 等于(A)2π (B)π(C)4e π(D)4e ππ(4)设矩阵111222333a b c a b c a b c ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦是满秩的,则直线333121212x a y b z c a a b b c c ---==---与直线111232323x a y b z c a a b b c c ---==---(A)相交于一点 (B)重合 (C)平行但不重合(D)异面(5)设,A B 是两个随机事件,且0()1,()0,(|)(|),P A P B P B A P B A <<>=则必有 (A)(|)(|)P A B P A B = (B)(|)(|)P A B P A B ≠ (C)()()()P AB P A P B =(D)()()()P AB P A P B ≠三、(本题满分5分)求直线11:111x y z l --==-在平面:210x y z π-+-=上的投影直线0l 的方程,并求0l 绕y 轴旋转一周所成曲面的方程.四、(本题满分6分)确定常数,λ使在右半平面0x >上的向量42242(,)2()()x y xy x y x x y λλ=+-+A i j为某二元函数(,)u x y 的梯度,并求(,).u x y 五、(本题满分6分)从船上向海中沉放某种探测仪器,按探测要求,需确定仪器的下沉深度(y 从海平面算起)与下沉速度v 之间的函数关系.设仪器在重力作用下,从海平面由静止开始铅直下沉,在下沉过程中还受到阻力和浮力的作用.设仪器的质量为,m 体积为,B 海水密度为,ρ仪器所受的阻力与下沉速度成正比,比例系数为(0).k k >试建立y 与v 所满足的微分方程,并求出函数关系式().y y v =六、(本题满分7分)计算222212(),()axdydz z a dxdy x y z ∑++++⎰⎰其中∑为下半平面z =,a 为大于零的常数.七、(本题满分6分)求2sin sin sin lim .1112x n n n n n n πππ→∞⎡⎤⎢⎥+++⎢⎥+⎢⎥++⎣⎦设正向数列{}n a 单调减少,且1(1)nn n a ∞=-∑发散,试问级数11()1nn n a ∞=+∑是否收敛?并说明理由.九、（本题满分6分）设()y f x =是区间[0,1]上的任一非负连续函数.(1)试证存在0(0,1),x ∈使得在区间0[0,]x 上以0()f x 为高的矩形面积,等于在区间0[,1]x 上以()y f x =为曲边的曲边梯形面积.(2)又设()f x 在区间(0,1)内可导,且2()(),f x f x x'>-证明(1)中的0x 是唯一的. 十、（本题满分6分）已知二次曲面方程2222224x ay z bxy xz yz +++++=可以经过正交变换x y z ξηζ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦P 化为椭圆柱面方程2244,ηξ+=求,a b 的值和正交矩阵.P 十一、（本题满分4分）设A 是n 阶矩阵,若存在正整数,k 使线性方程组k x =A 0有解向量,α且1.k -≠A α0 证明:向量组1,,,k -αA αA α是线性无关的.十二、（本题满分5分）已知方程组(Ⅰ)1111221,222112222,221122,22000n n n n n n n n n a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x +++=+++=+++=的一个基础解析为11121,221222,212,2(,,,),(,,,),,(,,,).T T T n n n n n n b b b b b b b b b 试写出线性方程组(Ⅱ)1111221,222112222,221122,22000n n n n n n n n n b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y +++=+++=+++=的通解,并说明理由.设两个随机变量,X Y 相互独立,且都服从均值为0、方差为12的正态分布,求随机变量X Y -的方差.十四、（本题满分4分）从正态总体2(3.4,6)N 中抽取容量为n 的样本,如果要求其样本均值位于区间(1.4,5.4)内的概率不小于0.95,问样本容量n 至少应取多大? 附:标准正态分布表22()t zx dt -Φ=⎰十五、（本题满分4分）设某次考试的学生成绩服从正态分布,从中随机地抽取36位考生地成绩,算得平均成绩为66.5分,标准差为15分.问在显著性水平0.05下,是否可以认为这次考试全体考生的平均成绩为70 分?并给出检验过程.附:t 分布表 {()()}p P t n t n p ≤=1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】14-【解析】方法1：用四则运算将分子化简,再用等价无穷小替换,原式22x →=24x →-=)221lim4x x →=2220112112lim 24x x xx →-- =-.方法2：采用洛必达法则.原式)()022limxx →''洛0x→= 0x →=0x →=0x → 洛 14==-.方法3：将分子按佩亚诺余项泰勒公式展开至2x 项,()22111128x x o x =+-+()22211128x x o x =--+, 从而 原式()()2222122011111122828lim x x x o x x x o x x →+-++--+-= ()()222122014lim x x o x o x x →-++=14=-. (2)【答案】()()()yf xy x y y x y ϕϕ'''''++++ 【分析】因为1()(),,z f xy y x y f xϕϕ=++具有二阶连续导数,利用混合偏导数在连续的条件下与求导次序无关,先求z x ∂∂或z y∂∂均可,但不同的选择可能影响计算的繁简. 方法1：先求z x∂∂. 211()()()()()z y f xy y x y f xy f xy y x y x x x x x ϕϕ∂∂⎡⎤''=++=-+++⎢⎥∂∂⎣⎦,2221()()()11()()()()()11()()()()()()()().z y f xy f xy y x y x y y x x yf xy x f xy f xy x x y y x y x x xf xy f xy yf xy x y y x y x xyf xy x y y x y ϕϕϕϕϕϕϕ∂∂⎛⎫''=-+++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭'''''''=-++++++'''''''=-++++++'''''=++++ 方法2：先求z y∂∂. 11()()()()()()()(),z f xy y x y f xy x x y y x y y y x xf xy x y y x y ϕϕϕϕϕ∂∂⎡⎤''=++=++++⎢⎥∂∂⎣⎦''=++++ []22()()()()()().z z f xy x y y x y x y y x xyf xy x y y x y ϕϕϕϕ∂∂∂''==++++∂∂∂∂∂'''''=++++ 方法3：对两项分别采取不同的顺序更简单些：()[][][]21()()1()()()()()()().z f xy y x y x y x y x y x f xy x y x y x x y f xy y x y x yyf xy x y y x y ϕϕϕϕϕ⎡⎤∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫⎡⎤=++ ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥∂∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭⎣⎦⎣⎦∂∂⎡⎤''=++⎢⎥∂∂⎣⎦∂∂''=++∂∂'''''=++++ 评注：本题中,,f ϕ中的中间变量均为一元,因此本题实质上是一元复合函数的求导,只要注意到对x 求导时,y 视为常数；对y 求导时,x 视为常数就可以了. (3)【答案】12a【解析】L 关于x 轴(y 轴)对称,2xy 关于y (关于x )为奇函数20Lxyds ⇒=⎰.又在L 上,22222213412(34)1212.43L L x y x y x y ds ds a +=⇒+=⇒+==⎰⎰因此, 原式222(34)12LLxyds x y ds a =++=⎰⎰.【相关知识点】对称性：平面第一型曲线积分(),lf x y ds ⎰,设(),f x y 在l 上连续,如果l 关于y 轴对称,1l 为l 上0x ≥的部分,则有结论：()()()()12,,,,0,l lf x y ds f x y x f x y ds f x y x ⎧ ⎪=⎨ ⎪⎩⎰⎰关于为偶函数,，关于为奇函数. 类似地,如果l 关于x 轴对称,2l 为l 上0y ≥的部分,则有结论：()()()()22,,,,0,l lf x y ds f x y y f x y ds f x y y ⎧ ⎪=⎨ ⎪⎩⎰⎰关于为偶函数,，关于为奇函数. (4)【答案】 21A λ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭【解析】方法1：设A 的对应于特征值λ的特征向量为ξ,由特征向量的定义有,(0)A ξλξξ=≠.由0A ≠,知0λ≠(如果0是A 的特征值0A ⇔=),将上式两端左乘A *,得A A A A A ξξλξλξ***===,从而有 *,AA ξξλ=(即A *的特征值为Aλ).将此式两端左乘A *,得()22**AA A A ξξξλλ⎛⎫== ⎪⎝⎭.又E ξξ=,所以()()22*1A A E ξξλ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪+=+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,故*2()A E +的特征值为21A λ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭.方法2：由0A ≠,A 的特征值0λ≠(如果0是A 的特征值0A ⇔=),则1A -有特征值1λ,A *的特征值为A λ；*2()A E +的特征值为21A λ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭.【相关知识点】1.矩阵特征值与特征向量的定义：设A 是n 阶矩阵,若存在数λ及非零的n 维列向量X 使得AX X λ=成立,则称λ是矩阵A 的特征值,称非零向量X 是矩阵A 的特征向量.由λ为A 的特征值可知,存在非零向量α使A αλα=,两端左乘1A -,得1A αλα-=.因为0α≠,故0λ≠,于是有11Aααλ-=.按特征值定义知1λ是1A -的特征值.若AX X λ=,则()()A kE X AX kX k X λ+=+=+.即若λ是A 的特征值,则A kE +的特征值是k λ+.2.矩阵A 可逆的充要条件是0A ≠,且11AA A-*=. (5)【答案】14【解析】首先求(,)X Y 的联合概率密度(,)f x y .21(,)|1,0D x y x e y x ⎧⎫=≤≤≤≤⎨⎬⎩⎭, 区域D 的面积为22111ln 2.e e D S dx x x===⎰1,(,),(,)20, x y D f x y ⎧∈⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他.其次求关于X 的边缘概率密度.当1x <或2x e >时,()0X f x =；当21x e ≤≤时,1011()(,)22x X f x f x y dy dy x+∞-∞===⎰⎰. 故1(2).4X f =二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,共15分.) (1)【答案】(A)【解析】为变限所定义的函数求导数,作积分变量代换22,u x t =-2:0:0t x u x →⇒→,()222du d x t tdt =-=-12dt du t⇒=-, 222022220001()()211()(),22xx xx tf x t dt u x t tf u dt t f u du f u du ⎛⎫-=-- ⎪⎝⎭=-=⎰⎰⎰⎰()2220022221()()211()()2(),22x x d d tf x t dt f u du dx dx f x x f x x xf x -='=⋅=⋅=⎰⎰选(A).【相关知识点】对积分上限的函数的求导公式：若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t ft t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.(2)【答案】(B)【解析】当函数中出现绝对值号时,就有可能出现不可导的“尖点”,因为这时的函数是分段函数.22()(2)1f x x x x x =---,当0,1x ≠±时()f x 可导,因而只需在0,1x =±处考察()f x 是否可导.在这些点我们分别考察其左、右导数.由 22222222(2)(1),1,(2)(1),10,()(2)(1),01,(2)(1),1,x x x x x x x x x x f x x x x x x x x x x x ⎧---<-⎪----≤<⎪=⎨---≤<⎪⎪---≤⎩⇒ ()()22111(2)(1)0(1)lim lim 011x x f x f x x x x f x x ---→-→-------'-===++, ()()22111(2)(1)0(1)lim lim 011x x f x f x x x x f x x +++→-→-------'-===++,即()f x 在1x =-处可导.又()()22000(2)(1)0(0)lim lim 2x x f x f x x x x f x x ---→→-----'===, ()()22000(2)(1)0(0)lim lim 2x x f x f x x x x f x x+++→→-----'===-,所以()f x 在0x =处不可导.类似,函数()f x 在1x =处亦不可导.因此()f x 只有2个不可导点,故应选(B). 评注：本题也可利用下列结论进行判断：设函数()()f x x a x ϕ=-,其中()x ϕ在x a =处连续,则()f x 在x a =处可导的充要条件是()0a ϕ=. (3)【答案】(D) 【解析】由2,1y x y x α∆∆=++有2.1y y x x xα∆=+∆+∆ 令0,x ∆→得α是x ∆的高阶无穷小,则0lim0x xα∆→=∆,0limx y x ∆→∆∆20lim 1x yx x α∆→⎛⎫=+ ⎪+∆⎝⎭200lim lim 1x x y x x α∆→∆→=++∆21y x =+ 即21dy y dx x=+. 分离变量,得2,1dy dx y x=+ 两边积分,得 ln arctan y x C =+,即arctan 1.xy C e=代入初始条件(0),y π=得()arctan0110.y C e C π===所以,arctan xy eπ=.故 arctan 1(1)xx y eπ==arctan1eπ=4.e ππ=【相关知识点】无穷小的比较：设在同一个极限过程中,(),()x x αβ为无穷小且存在极限 ()lim ()x l x αβ=, (1) 若0,l ≠称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为同阶无穷小； (2) 若1,l =称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为等价无穷小,记为()()x x αβ；(3) 若0,l =称在该极限过程中()x α是()x β的高阶无穷小,记为()()()x o x αβ=. 若()lim()x x αβ不存在(不为∞),称(),()x x αβ不可比较. (4)【答案】(A) 【解析】设3331121212:x a y b z c L a a b b c c ---==---,1112232323:x a y b z c L a a b b c c ---==---,题设矩阵111222333a b c a b c a b c ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦是满秩的,则由行列式的性质,可知 11112121222223232333333312230a b c a a b b c c a b c a a b b c c a b c a b c ------≠行减行，行减行, 故向量组121212(,,)a a b b c c ---与232323(,,)a a b b c c ---线性无关,否则由线性相关的定义知,一定存在12,k k ,使得11212122232323(,,)(,,)0k a a b b c c k a a b b c c ---+---=,这样上面行列式经过初等行变换值应为零,产生矛盾.121212(,,)a a b b c c ---与232323(,,)a a b b c c ---分别为12,L L 的方向向量,由方向向量线性相关,两直线平行,可知12,L L 不平行.又由333121212x a y b z c a a b b c c ---==---得333121212111x a y b z c a a b b c c ----=-=----,即()()()312312312121212x a a a y b b b z c c c a a b b c c ---------==---. 同样由111232323x a y b z c a a b b c c ---==---,得111232323111x a y b z c a a b b c c ---+=+=+---,即 ()()()123323323232323x a a a y b b b z c c c a a b b c c -+--+--+-==---, 可见12,L L 均过点()213213213,,a a a b b b c c c ------,故两直线相交于一点,选(A). (5)【答案】C【分析】由题设条件(|)(|)P B A P B A =,知A 发生与A 不发生条件下B 发生的条件概率相等,即A 发生不发生不影响B 的发生概率,故,A B 相互独立.而本题选项(A)和(B)是考虑(|)P A B 与(|)P A B 是否相等,选项(C)和(D)才是事件A 与B 是否独立. 【解析】由条件概率公式及条件(|)(|),P B A P B A =知{}{}{}{}{}{}{}1P AB P AB P B P AB P A P A P A-==-, 于是有 {}{}{}{}{}1P AB P A P A P B P AB -=⋅-⎡⎤⎡⎤⎣⎦⎣⎦, 可见 {}{}{}P AB P A P B =. 应选(C).【相关知识点】条件概率公式：{}{}{}|P AB P B A P A =.三、(本题满分5分)【解析】方法1：求直线L 在平面∏上的投影0L ：方法1：先求L 与∏的交点1N .以1,:,1x t L y t z t =+⎧⎪=⎨⎪=-⎩代入平面∏的方程,得(1)2(1)101t t t t +-+--=⇒=.从而交点为1(2,1,0)N ；再过直线L 上点0(1,0,1)M 作平面∏的垂线11:112x y z L --'==-,即1,,12.x t y t z t =+⎧⎪=-⎨⎪=+⎩并求L '与平面∏的交点2N ：1(1)()2(12)103t t t t +--++-=⇒=-,交点为2211(,,)333N .1N 与2N 的连接线即为所求021:421x y zL --==-. 方法2：求L 在平面∏上的投影线的最简方法是过L 作垂直于平面∏的平面0∏,所求投影线就是平面∏与0∏的交线.平面0∏过直线L 上的点(1,0,1)与不共线的向量(1,1,1)l =- (直线L 的方向向量)及(1,1,2)n =-(平面∏的法向量)平行,于是0∏的方程是111110112x y z ---=-,即3210x y z --+=. 投影线为 0210,:3210.x y z L x y z -+-=⎧⎨--+=⎩下面求0L 绕y 轴旋转一周所成的旋转曲面S 的方程.为此,将0L 写成参数y 的方程：2,1(1).2x y z y =⎧⎪⎨=--⎪⎩ 按参数式表示的旋转面方程得S 的参数方程为,,.xy yzθθ⎧=⎪⎪⎪=⎨⎪⎪=⎪⎩消去θ得S的方程为()222212(1)2x z y y⎡⎤+=+--⎢⎥⎣⎦,即2224174210.x y z y-++-=四、(本题满分6分)【解析】令42(,)2(),P x y xy x yλ=+242(,)(),Q x y x x yλ=-+则(,)((,),(,))A x y P x y Q x y=在单联通区域右半平面0x>上为某二元函数(,)u x y的梯度Pdx Qdy⇔+在0x>上∃原函数(,)u x y⇔,0.Q Pxx y∂∂=>∂∂其中, 42242132()()4Qx x y x x y xxλλλ-∂=-+-+⋅∂,424212()2()2Px x y xy x y yyλλλ-∂=+++⋅∂.由Q Px y∂∂=∂∂,即满足4224213424212()()42()2()2x x y x x y x x x y xy x y yλλλλλλ---+-+⋅=+++⋅,424()(1)01x x yλλλ⇔++=⇔=-.可见,当1λ=-时,所给向量场为某二元函数的梯度场.为求(,)u x y,采用折线法,在0x>半平面内任取一点,比如点(1,0)作为积分路径的起点,则根据积分与路径无关,有2(,)42(1,0)2(,)x yxydx x dyu x y Cx y-=++⎰24421020x yx xdx dy Cx x y⋅-=++++⎰⎰(折线法)242y x dy Cx y-=++⎰2242(1)yx dy C y x x -=+⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭⎰(第一类换元法)222222004221(1)(1)yy x x y y d C d C x x y y x x x ⋅⎛⎫⎛⎫=-+=-+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰ 2arctan yC x=-+(基本积分公式) 其中C 为任意常数.【相关知识点】1.二元可微函数(,)u x y 的梯度公式：u u gradu i +j x y∂∂=∂∂. 2.定理：设D 为平面上的单连通区域,函数()P x,y 与(,)Q x y 在D 内连续且有连续的一阶偏导数,则下列六个命题等价：(1),(,)Q Px y D x y∂∂≡∈∂∂； (2) 0,LPdx Qdy L +=⎰为D 内任意一条逐项光滑的封闭曲线；(3)LABPdx Qdy +⎰仅与点,A B 有关,与连接,A B 什么样的分段光滑曲线无关；(4) 存在二元单值可微函数(,)u x y ,使du Pdx Qdy =+(即Pdx Qdy +为某二元单值可微函数(,)u x y 的全微分； (5) 微分方程0Pdx Qdy +=为全微分方程；(6) 向量场P +Q i j 为某二元函数(,)u x y 的梯度u P +Q =grad i j .换言之,其中任一组条件成立时,其它五组条件皆成立.当条件成立时,可用试图法或折线法求函数(,)u x y .五、(本题满分6分)【解析】先建立坐标系,取沉放点为原点O ,铅直向下作为Oy 轴正向,探测器在下沉过程中受重力、浮力和阻力的作用,其中重力大小：mg ,浮力的大小：F B ρ=-浮；阻力：kv -,则由牛顿第二定律得202,0,0.t t d ym mg B g kv y vdtρ===--== (*)由22,dy d y dv dv dy dv dy v v v dv dt dt dt dy dt dy===⋅==,代入(*)得y 与v 之间的微分方程10,0y dy mv mg B kv v dv ρ-=⎛⎫=--= ⎪⎝⎭.分离变量得 mvdy dv mg B kv ρ=--,两边积分得 mvdy dv mg B kv ρ=--⎰⎰,2222()()()Bm m g Bm m g mv k k k k y dv mg B kv m Bm m g mg B kv k k k dv mg B kv m g Bm m k dvk mg B kv m m mg B dv dvk k mg B kv ρρρρρρρρρρ+--+=------+=--⎛⎫- ⎪=-+ ⎪-- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭-=-+--⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰1()()()()m mg B m k v d mg B kv k k mg B kv ρρρ-⋅-=-+----⎰ (第一类换元法) 2()ln()m m mg B v mg B kv C k kρρ-=----+.再根据初始条件0|0,y v ==即22()()ln()0ln()m mg B m mg B mg B C C mg B k k ρρρρ----+=⇒=-.故所求y 与v 函数关系为()2ln .m mg B m mg B kv y v k k mg B ρρρ-⎛⎫--=-- ⎪-⎝⎭六、(本题满分7分)【解析】方法1：本题属于求第二类区面积分,且不属于封闭区面,则考虑添加一平面使被积区域封闭后用高斯公式进行计算,但由于被积函数分母中包含12222()x y z ++,因此不能立即加、减辅助面2221:0x y a z ⎧+≤∑⎨=⎩,宜先将曲面方程代入被积表达式先化简：2212222()1().()axdydz z a dxdy I axdydz z a dxdy a x y z ∑∑++==++++⎰⎰⎰⎰ 添加辅助面2221:0x y a z ⎧+≤∑⎨=⎩,其侧向下(由于∑为下半球面z =侧,而高斯公式要求是整个边界区面的外侧,这里我们取辅助面的下侧,和∑的上侧组成整个边界区面的内侧,前面取负号即可),由高斯公式,有11222211()()()1()().D I axdydz z a dxdy axdydz z a dxdy a a z a ax dV a dxdy a x z ∑+∑∑Ω=++-++⎛⎫⎡⎤∂+⎛⎫∂⎣⎦ ⎪=-+-- ⎪ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰第一个积分前面加负号是由于我们取边界区面的内侧,第二个积分前面加负号是由于1∑的方向向下；另外由曲面片1∑在yoz 平面投影面积为零,则10axdydz ∑=⎰⎰,而1∑上0z =,则()22z a a +=.21(2())D I a z a dV a dxdy a Ω⎛⎫=-+++ ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰,其中Ω为∑与1∑所围成的有界闭区域,D 为1∑在xoy 面上的投影222{(,)|}D x y x y a =+≤. 从而,220322001321232.3D a I a dv zdv a dxdy a a a d rdr a a a ππθπΩΩ⎛⎫=--+ ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫=-⋅-+⋅ ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰第一个积分用球体体积公式；第二个用柱面坐标求三重积分；第三个用圆的面积公式.()2042400242200242300224224440411222112()21()1122242412a a a aI a d r z dr a a a d r a r dr a a d a r r draa r r a a a a a a a a a a ππππθππθπθππππππ⎛⎫⎛=--+ ⎪⎝⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫=---- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭=-+-⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪=-+⋅-=-+⋅- ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭=-+⋅⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰4342a π⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭ 方法2：逐项计算：2212222212()1()()1().axdydz z a dxdyI axdydz z a dxdy a x y z xdydz z a dxdy I I a ∑∑∑∑++==++++=++=+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰其中,12,Dyz DyzDyzI xdydz ∑==-+=-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰第一个负号是由于在x 轴的正半空间区域∑的上侧方向与x 轴反向；第二个负号是由于被积函数在x 取负数.yz D 为∑在yoz 平面上的投影域222{(,)|,0}yz D y z y z a z =+≤≤,用极坐标,得2102203223320212()2222()(0),333aI d a r a r a a ππθππππ=-=-⋅--=-=-=-⎰⎰⎰(222222002302300042230044411()1(22)2(22)2222123422(3Dxya a a a a a a I z a dxdy a dxdya a d a r rdra a r r dr a a rdr a r dr a r a r a a a a a a aπθππππ∑=+=-=-=-⎡⎤=--⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎢⎥=-⋅- ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=--⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰3),46a π=其中yz D 为∑在yoz 平面上的投影域222{(,)|}yz D y z y z a =+≤.故312.2I I I a π=+=-【相关知识点】高斯公式：设空间闭区域Ω是由分片光滑的闭曲面∑所围成,函数(,,)P x y z 、(,,)Q x y z 、(,,)R x y z 在Ω上具有一阶连续偏导数,则有,P Q R dv Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy x y z Ω∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 或()cos cos cos ,P Q R dv P Q R dS x y z αβγΩ∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰这里∑是Ω的整个边界曲面的外侧,cos α、cos β、cos γ是∑在点(,,)x y z 处的法向量的方向余弦.上述两个公式叫做高斯公式.七、(本题满分6分)【分析】这是n 项和式的极限,和式极限通常的方法就两种：一、把和式放缩,利用夹逼准则求极限；二、把和式转换成定积分的定义形式,利用定积分求极限.这道题,把两种方法结合到一起来求极限.当各项分母均相同是n 时,n 项和式2sin sinsin n n n n n x nnnπππ=+++是函数sin x π在[0,1]区间上的一个积分和.于是可由定积分1sin xdx π⎰求得极限lim nn x→∞.【解析】由于sinsin sin ,1,2,,11i i i n n n i n n n n iπππ≤≤=⋅⋅⋅++,于是,111sinsin sin 11nn ni i i i i i n n n n nn iπππ===≤≤++∑∑∑.由于 1011sin12limlim sin sin nnn n i i i i n xdx n n n ππππ→∞→∞=====∑∑⎰,10111sin112lim lim sin lim sin sin 11nn nn n n i i i i n i i n xdx n n n n n n πππππ→∞→∞→∞===⎡⎤=⋅===⎢⎥++⎣⎦∑∑∑⎰根据夹逼定理知,1sin2lim1nn i i n n iππ→∞==+∑. 【相关知识点】夹逼准则：若存在N ,当n N >时,n n n y x z ≤≤,且有lim lim n n n n y z a →+∞→+∞==,则lim n n x a →+∞=.八、(本题满分5分)【解析】方法1：因正项数列{}n a 单调减少有下界0,知极限lim n n a →∞存在,记为a ,则n a a ≥且0a ≥.又1(1)nn n a ∞=-∑发散,根据莱布尼茨判别法知,必有 0a >(否则级数1(1)n n n a ∞=-∑收敛).又正项级数{}n a 单调减少,有11,11nnn a a ⎛⎫⎛⎫≤ ⎪ ⎪++⎝⎭⎝⎭而1011a <<+,级数11()1n n a ∞=+∑收敛.根据正项级数的比较判别法,知级数11()1nn n a ∞=+∑也收敛. 方法2：同方法1,可证明lim 0n n a a →∞=>.令1,1nn n b a ⎛⎫= ⎪+⎝⎭则11lim1,11n n na a →∞==<++根据根值判别法,知级数11()1nn n a ∞=+∑也收敛. 【相关知识点】1.交错级数的莱布尼茨判别法：设交错级数11(1)n n n u ∞-=-∑满足：(1)1,1,2,;n n u u n +≥= (2)lim 0.n n u →∞=则11(1)n n n u ∞-=-∑收敛,且其和满足1110(1),n n n u u ∞-=<-<∑余项1.n n r u +<反之,若交错级数11(1)n n n u ∞-=-∑发散,只是满足条件(1),则可以反证说明此级数一定不满足条件(2)lim 0n n u →∞=,所以有lim 0.n n u →∞>(否则级数11(1)n n n u ∞-=-∑收敛)2.正项级数的比较判别法：设1n n u ∞=∑和1n n v ∞=∑都是正项级数,且lim,nn nv A u →∞=则(1)当0A <<+∞时,1nn u∞=∑和1nn v∞=∑同时收敛或同时发散；(2)当0A =时,若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则1nn v∞=∑收敛；若1nn v∞=∑发散,则1nn u∞=∑发散；(3)当A =+∞时,若1nn v∞=∑收敛,则1nn u∞=∑收敛；若1nn u∞=∑发散,则1nn v∞=∑发散.3.根值判别法：设0n u >,则当111, 1, lim 0,1, .n n n n n n n u u u ρ∞=∞→∞=⎧<⎪⎪⎪=>≠⎨⎪⎪=⎪⎩∑∑时收敛，时发散，且时此判别法无效九、(本题满分6分)【解析】(1)要证0(0,1)x ∃∈,使0100()()x x f x f x dx =⎰；令1()()()x x xf x f t dt ϕ=-⎰,要证0(0,1)x ∃∈,使0()0x ϕ=.可以对()x ϕ的原函数0()()x x t dt ϕΦ=⎰使用罗尔定理：(0)0Φ=,11111111000(1)()()(())()()()0,xx x x x dx xf x dx f t dt dxxf x dx x f t dt xf x dx ϕ==Φ==-⎡⎤=-+=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰分部又由()f x 在[0,1]连续()x ϕ⇒在[0,1]连续,()x Φ在[0,1]连续,在(0,1)可导.根据罗尔定理,0(0,1)x ∃∈,使00()()0x x ϕ'Φ==.(2) 由()()()()()2()0x xf x f x f x xf x f x ϕ'''=++=+>,知()x ϕ在(0,1)内单调增,故(1)中的0x 是唯一的.评注：若直接对()x ϕ使用零点定理,会遇到麻烦：1(0)()0,(1)(1)0f t dt f ϕϕ=-≤=≥⎰.当()0f x ≡时,对任何的0(0,1)x ∈结论都成立；当()f x ≡0时,(0)0,ϕ<但(1)0ϕ≥,若(1)0ϕ=,则难以说明在(0,1)内存在0x .当直接对()x ϕ用零点定理遇到麻烦时,不妨对()x ϕ的原函数使用罗尔定理. 【相关知识点】1.罗尔定理：如果函数()f x 满足 (1) 在闭区间[,]a b 上连续； (2) 在开区间(,)a b 内可导；(3) 在区间端点处的函数值相等,即()()f a f b =, 那么在(,)a b 内至少有一点ξ(a b ξ<<),使得()0f ξ'=.十、(本题满分6分)【解析】经正交变换化二次型为标准形,二次型矩阵与标准形矩阵既合同又相似.由题设知,二次曲面方程左端二次型对应矩阵为111111b A b a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,则存在正交矩阵P ,使得 1000010004P AP -⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦B 记,即A B 与相似.由相似矩阵有相同的特征值,知矩阵A 有特征值0,1,4.从而,211014,3, 1.(1)0.a a b A b B ++=++⎧⎪⇒==⎨=--==⎪⎩从而,111131.111A ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦当10λ=时,()1110131111E A ---⎡⎤⎢⎥-=---⎢⎥⎢⎥---⎣⎦1(1)23⨯-行分别加到，行111020000---⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦于是得方程组(0)0E A x -=的同解方程组为12320,20.x x x x ---=⎧⎨-=⎩(0)2r E A -=,可知基础解系的个数为(0)321n r E A --=-=,故有1个自由未知量,选1x 为自由未知量,取11x =,解得基础解系为1(1,0,1).Tα=-当21λ=时,()011121110E A --⎡⎤⎢⎥-=---⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦3(1)2⨯-加到行011011110--⎡⎤⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦1(1)2⨯-行加到行011000110--⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦23，行互换011110000--⎡⎤⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦, 于是得方程组()0E A x -=的同解方程组为23120,0.x x x x --=⎧⎨--=⎩()2r E A -=,可知基础解系的个数为()321n r E A --=-=,故有1个自由未知量,选1x 为自由未知量,取11x =,解得基础解系为2(1,1,1).Tα=-当34λ=时,()3114111113E A --⎡⎤⎢⎥-=--⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦12，行互换111311113--⎡⎤⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦1行的3,(-1)倍分别加到2，3行111024024--⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦23行加到行111024000--⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,于是得方程组(4)0E A x -=的同解方程组为123230,240.x x x x x -+-=⎧⎨-=⎩(4)2r E A -=,可知基础解系的个数为(4)321n r E A --=-=,故有1个自由未知量,选2x 为自由未知量,取22x =,解得基础解系为3(1,2,1).Tα=由实对称矩阵不同特征值对应的特征向量相互正交,可知123,,ααα相互正交. 将123,,ααα单位化,得111222333,,.TTTαηααηααηα======因此所求正交矩阵为0P ⎡⎢⎢⎢=⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣. 评注：利用相似的必要条件求参数时,iiiia b=∑∑是比较好用的一个关系式.亦可用E A E B λλ-=-比较λ同次方的系数来求参数.【相关知识点】1.特征值的性质：11nni iii i aλ===∑∑2.相似矩阵的性质：若矩阵A B 与相似,则A B =.十一、(本题满分4分)【解析】用线性无关的定义证明.设有常数011,,,,k λλλ-⋅⋅⋅使得10110.()k k A A λαλαλα--++⋅⋅⋅+=*两边左乘1k A -,则有()110110k k k A A A λαλαλα---++⋅⋅⋅+=,即 12(1)0110k k k k A A Aλαλαλα---++⋅⋅⋅+=. 上式中因0kA α=,可知()2110k k A A αα-+===,代入上式可得100.k A λα-=由题设10k Aα-≠,所以00.λ=将00λ=代入()*,有1110k k A A λαλα--+⋅⋅⋅+=.两边左乘2k A -,则有 ()21110k k k A A A λαλα---+⋅⋅⋅+=,即123110k k k A A λαλα---+⋅⋅⋅+=.同样,由0kA α=,()2110k k A A αα-+==,可得110.k A λα-=由题设10k Aα-≠,所以10.λ=类似地可证明210,k λλ-=⋅⋅⋅==因此向量组1,,,k A A ααα-⋅⋅⋅是线性无关的. 【相关知识点】向量组线性相关和线性无关的定义：存在一组不全为零的数12m k ,k ,,k 使11220m m k k k ααα+++=,则称12m ,,,ααα线性相关；否则,称12m ,,,ααα线性无关．十二、(本题满分5分) 【解析】()II 的通解为1122n n k k k ξξξ++⋅⋅⋅+,其中,111121,2(,,,),Tn a a a ξ=⋅⋅⋅221222,2(,,,),,T n a a a ξ=⋅⋅⋅12,2(,,,)T n n n n n a a a ξ=⋅⋅⋅,12,,,n k k k ⋅⋅⋅为任意常数.理由：可记方程组22()0,()0,n n n n I A X II B Y ⨯⨯==()I ,()II 的系数矩阵分别记为,A B ,由于B 的每一行都是20n n A X ⨯=的解,故0T AB =.TB 的列是()I 的基础解系,故由基础解系的定义知,T B 的列向量是线性无关的,因此()r B n =.故基础解系所含向量的个数2()n n r A =-,得()2r A n n n =-=.因此,A 的行向量线性无关.对0TAB =两边取转置,有()0TT T ABBA ==,则有T A 的列向量,即A 的行向量是0BY =的线性无关的解.又()r B n =,故0BY =基础解系所含向量的个数应为2()2n r B n n n -=-=,恰好等于A 的行向量个数.故A 的行向量组是0BY =的基础解系,其通解为1122n n k k k ξξξ++⋅⋅⋅+,其中,111121,2(,,,),Tn a a a ξ=⋅⋅⋅221222,2(,,,),,T n a a a ξ=⋅⋅⋅12,2(,,,)T n n n n n a a a ξ=⋅⋅⋅,12,,,n k k k ⋅⋅⋅为任意常数.十三、(本题满分6分)【分析】把X Y -看成一个随机变量,根据独立正态随机变量的线性组合必然为正态分布的性质,可以知道N(0,1)X Y-,这样可以简化整题的计算.【解析】令Z X Y =-,由于,X Y 相互独立,且都服从正态分布,因此Z 也服从正态分布,且()()()0E Z E X E Y =-=,11()()()122D Z D X D Y =+=+=. 于是,(0,1)Z X Y N =-~.()()()()()()()22222()1.D X Y D ZE ZE Z D Z E Z E ZE Z-==-=+-=-而2222z z E Z z dz ze dz +∞+∞---∞==⎰2222202z z z ed e+∞+∞--⎡⎤⎛⎫==-=⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎥⎦ 故21.D X Y π-=-【相关知识点】1.对于随机变量X 与Y 均服从正态分布,则X 与Y 的线性组合亦服从正态分布.若X 与Y 相互独立,由数学期望和方差的性质,有()()()E aX bY c aE X bE Y c ++=++,22()()()D aX bY c a D X b D Y ++=+,其中,,a b c 为常数.2.方差的定义：22()DX EX EX =-.3.随机变量函数期望的定义：若()Y g X =,则()()EY g x f x dx +∞-∞=⎰.十四、(本题满分4分) 【解析】由题知：212,,,~(3.4,6)n X X X N ,11nn i i X X n ==∑,各样本相互独立,根据独立正态随机变量的性质,211~(,)n n i i X X N n μσ==∑.其中11n n i i EX E X n μ=⎛⎫== ⎪⎝⎭∑,211n n i i DX D X n σ=⎛⎫== ⎪⎝⎭∑.根据期望和方差的性质,1122222211111 3.4 3.4,11166.n nn i i i i n n nn i i i i i i n EX E X EX n n n n DX D X D X DX n n n n n μσ=====⎛⎫===== ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫====== ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭∑∑∑∑∑所以,2116~(3.4,)n n i i X X N n n ==∑.把n X 标准化,~(0,1)X U N =. 从而,{}{}{}{}1.4X 5.4 1.4 3.4X 3.4 5.4 3.42X 3.42X 3.42210.95,P P P P P <<=-<-<-=-<-<=-<=<=Φ-≥⎝⎭⎪⎩⎭故0.975,Φ≥⎝⎭查表得到 1.96,3≥即()21.96334.57,n ≥⨯≈所以n 至少应取35. 【相关知识点】1.对于随机变量X 与Y 均服从正态分布,则X 与Y 的线性组合亦服从正态分布.若X 与Y 相互独立,由数学期望和方差的性质,有()()()E aX bY c aE X bE Y c ++=++,22()()()D aX bY c a D X b D Y ++=+,其中,,a b c 为常数. 2.若2~(,)Z N u σ,则~(0,1)Z uN σ-十五、(本题满分4分)【解析】设该次考试的考生成绩为X ,则2~(,)X N μσ,设X 为从总体X 抽取的样本容量为n 的样本均值,S 为样本标准差,则在显著性水平0.05α=下建立检验假设：001:70,:70,H H μμμ==≠由于2σ未知,故用t 检验.选取检验统计量,X T ==在070μμ==时,2~(70,),~(35).X N T t σ 选择拒绝域为{}R T λ=≥,其中λ满足：{}0.05P T λ≥=,即{}0.9750.975,(35) 2.0301.P T t λλ≤===由0 36,66.5,70,15,n x s μ====可算得统计量T 的值：1.42.0301t ==<.所以接受假设0:70H μ=,即在显著性水平0.05下,可以认为这次考试全体考生的平均成绩为70分.。
中国学位与研究生教育大事记（1998年）
中国学位与研究生教育大事记(1998年)1月6～9日全国法律硕士专业学位研究生教育指导委员会成立大会暨第一次会议在京召开,法律硕士专业学位试点工作研讨会同时召开。
会议讨论并通过了《全国法律硕士专业学位教育指导委员会章程》,规定了该指导委员会的性质、职能、组织原则、工作任务和经费来源、使用情况。
明确了教育指导委员会下设的各专门小组的职责、人员分工和1998 年工作要点。
会议还对试点工作进行了研讨,对1998 年的招生考试工作进行了研究。
法律硕士专业学位于1995年设置,到1997 年共有13个培养单位开展了培养法律硕士试点工作。
1月7日国务院学位委员会办公室下发通知,组织部分研究生培养单位开展“攻读硕士学位课程系列教材”的编写、审定、出版和推荐使用的试点工作。
该系列教材是根据1997 年颁布的《授予硕士、博士学位和培养研究生的学科专业目录》进行遴选和审定的,目的是经过若干年的建设,在各个一级学科中形成较为完备的攻读硕士学位课程系列教材,以适应不同培养方式的要求。
计划从1997年到2000 年出版100 部攻读硕士学位课程系列教材。
1月14日国务院学位委员会批复同意军队学位委员会及北京市学位委员会、天津市学位委员会等16 个地方学位委员会在国务院学位委员会授权的学科范围内审批硕士点。
1月26日“211 工程”部际协调小组办公室印发了《“211 工程”建设实施管理暂行办法》,以保证“211 工程”建设的顺利实施, 确保工程建设达到预期目的, 取得重大成效。
《“211 工程”建设实施管理暂行办法》对“211 工程”建设项目的组织实施、建设项目的归口管理、项目法人的主要职责、建设项目所需资金的筹集、建设项目的检查验收及评价等方面问题做了明确规定,以求切实加强对“211 工程”建设的管理。
2月26日国家教育委员会研究生工作办公室下发通知,同意南京大学承办1998 年全国物理学研究生、数学研究生暑期学校活动;同意北京大学承办1998 年全国化学研究生暑期学校活动。
1998-数二真题、标准答案及解析
lim
t→a
⎡⎣
f
(t ) −
f
( x)⎤⎦
=
f
(a) −
f
(x)
≥
0,
所以必有（C）成立.
（5）设 A 是任一 n (n ≥ 3) 阶方阵， A* 是其伴随矩阵，又 k 为常数，且 k ≠ 0, ±1，则必有
(kA* ) = .
1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 数学试题解析点评
水木艾迪考研辅导班命题研究中心
于是原方程化为
其通解为
u'' + 4u = ex
u
=
C1
cos
2x
+
C2
sin
2x
+
ex 5
从而原方程得通解为
方法二：
y
=
C1
cos 2x cos x
+
C2
sin
x
+
5
ex cos
x
y = u sec x, y' = u' sec x + u sec x ⋅ tan x y'' = u'' sec x + u' sec x ⋅ tan x + u sec x ⋅ tan2 x + u sec3 x
∆ij = k n−1Aij (i, j = 1, 2,L, n)
( ) 从而 kA* = k n−1A*
三、
x
求函数
f
(x)
=
(1+
x ) tan⎛⎜⎝
x−
π 4
⎞ ⎟⎠
在区间 (0, 2π
)
新闻学网络传播专业人才培养方案
新闻学（网络传播）专业人才培养方案(专业代码: 050301)一、专业培养目旳本专业培养学生德、智、体、美全面发展, 具有良好旳职业道德, 具有扎实旳新闻理论知识与技能、广阔旳文化与科学知识, 掌握一定旳现代网络技术, 熟悉我国新闻宣传政策法规旳高素质应用型专门人才。
毕业后能在新闻、网络、出版等行业以及其他企事业单位从事编辑、记者、宣传助理、文秘等工作。
二、培养规格规定（一）培养规格规定本专业学生重要学习新闻学和传播学旳基本理论和基本知识, 接受新闻业务旳基本训练, 具有从事新闻、宣传、文秘、公关、管理等有关职业所需要旳基本素养和基本能力, 可以积极适应社会和经济发展需要, 并富有创新精神。
1. 热爱中国共产党, 热爱社会主义祖国, 掌握马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想；坚持科学发展观, 具有对旳旳世界观、人生观和价值观以及崇高旳道德品质。
2．具有马克思主义新闻观, 掌握新闻学旳基础理论, 具有新闻（网络传播）采访、写作、编辑、评论、摄影等专业技能。
3. 理解我国新闻工作旳方针、政策和法规；理解新闻专业学科前沿旳发展动态；掌握计算机旳基本知识, 纯熟运用现代网络传播技术；掌握一门外语。
4. 具有调查研究旳能力；具有适应社会旳能力、获取知识旳能力、分析问题和处理问题旳能力以及与人合作共事旳能力；具有科学、合理旳知识构造；具有实事求是、勇于创新旳科学态度。
5．具有健康旳体魄、具有健全旳人格和良好旳心理素质, 到达国家规定旳大学生体质健康测试原则。
6．具有良好旳人文素质与科学素质, 具有健全旳人格和良好旳心理素质, 具有较强旳创新精神和实践能力, 成为德、智、体、美等全面发展旳高素质应用型人才。
（二）重要职业岗位关键能力、能力要素、课程对应关系表三、重要支撑学科新闻传播学四、专业关键课程与特色课程（一）专业关键课程:新闻学概论、新闻采访学、新闻写作学、新闻评论学、新闻编辑学、新闻摄影、广播电视新闻采编、中国新闻事业史、外国新闻事业史、网络新闻实务、网络传播学（二）特色课程:网络新闻实务、新闻采访学、新闻编辑学、广播电视新闻采编五、重要实践教学环节本专业重要实践教学环节有: 公共基础类实践（军事理论与技能训练、形势与政策等）, 专业类实践（科研综合实践活动、暑期新闻专业小实习、新闻课外专业实践、毕业实习与毕业论文）, 素质拓展与创新类实践（社会实践、专业素质拓展）。
教育部关于做好1998年普通高等学校招生工作的通知
教育部关于做好1998年普通高等学校招生工作的通知文章属性•【制定机关】教育部•【公布日期】1998.04.06•【文号】•【施行日期】1998.04.06•【效力等级】部门规范性文件•【时效性】现行有效•【主题分类】高等教育,教育其他规定正文教育部关于做好1998年普通高等学校招生工作的通知（1998年4月6日）为了做好1998年普通高等学校招生工作，现就有关事项通知如下：一、1998年普通高等学校招生工作的指导思想是“学习贯彻十五大精神，深化改革、规范管理，积极稳妥地做好招生改革和各项工作”。
要认真贯彻执行国家的招生政策，高度重视招生工作，健全招生制度，严肃纪律，精心组织，圆满完成1998年普通高校招生工作。
二、加强各地各级招生委员会及其办公室的机构建设，不得以任何借口削弱甚至取消招生委员会及其办公室。
为保证招生工作的正常进行，教育部将对各地的招生机构建设情况进行检查，对机构不健全的地方，除通报批评外，还要减少在这些地方的招生名额。
三、保证执行国家招生计划的严肃性。
中央部门所属高校和少数跨省招生的地方所属高校的招生来源计划由教育部统一下达，并由省级招生部门统一向社会公布。
未经国家批准下达的招生来源计划，省级招生部门不得向社会公布并安排招生。
招生来源计划一经公布，未经教育部批准不得更改。
录取时确需调整招生名额的高等学校，必须使用教育部统一印制的审批表，经其主管部门审批后由省级招生部门办理录取手续。
各有关部门、地方和高校的领导(包括省、部级领导)不能擅自决定扩大招生计划，也无权特批未达到录取标准的考生。
对擅自决定增加招生计划，违反国家招生规定或不执行国家统一下达的招生来源计划的责任人，教育部将会同纪检部门予以查处；因此所招收的学生一律不得入学，已入学的，要坚决清退。
四、巩固并轨改革成果，完善配套措施，进一步规范有关定向招生办法，防止出现新的“双轨”及“假定向”现象。
地方和高校要完善奖学金、贷学金等制度，特别是设立与学生就业挂钩的专项奖学金，以保证国家重点建设项目、艰苦地区和行业对毕业生的需求。
1998 (6)考研英语真题解析
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇纯自然科学的文章。主要介绍了"热点"现象以及其对地质板块学研究的重要意义。由于文章目的是解释一种理论，因此，从语言上讲，描写成分比较多。
第一段：对于中心概念"热点"进行了描述，实际相当于一个定义。
第二段：从大陆板块移动谈起，后半段指出"热点"理论对于地质板块学研究的一个意义，即，作为参照。
题干要求考生回答文章主旨。文章第一段给出了热点的定义及热点和板块之间的关系。第二段主要介绍热点在板块移动的研究中提供参照的作用。最后一段指出，热点对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程也提供了解释。可见全文内容都围绕热点理论展开，因此C选项正确。文章只在开始部分解释热点时提到了火山，其他部分不再涉及，因此A选项和D选项不是主要内容。文章第二段提到了板块漂移理论，但这也是为了说明热点对于解释地质学现象的作用，排除B选项。
(4) milestone（n.）里程碑；人生或历史上重大事件或转折点
(5) stationary（a.）静止的，固定的；stationery（n.）文具
(6) confine（v.）（to，within）限制，局限于；管制
(7) propel（v.）推进，推动；激励，驱策
(8) fissure（n.）裂缝，裂隙（v.）
(9) initiate（v.）开始，发动，发起，提议；initiation（n.）；initiator （n.）创始人，发起人，传授者，教导者
(10) mobility（n.）运动性，稳定性
(11) mutability（n.）可变性，易变性，不定性
五、全文翻译
地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上被发现；相反，许多热点深藏于板块内部。（长难句①）大多数热点只缓慢地移动，有时，经过这些热点的板块运动留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是标志板块迁移的里程碑。
新闻学专业最好的20所大学
新闻学专业最好的20所大学新闻学专业最好的20所大学名单1、中国人民大学2、复旦大学3、中国传媒大学4、武汉大学5、清华大学6、暨南大学7、华中科技大学8、浙江大学9、南京师范大学10、四川大学11、湖南大学12、安徽大学13、北京大学14、河北大学15、吉林大学16、西南政法大学17、西北政法大学18、上海体育学院19、上海大学20、南京大学新闻学专业介绍新闻学专业培养具备系统的新闻理论知识与技能、宽广的文化与科学知识.熟悉我国新闻、宣传政策法规，能在新闻、出版与宣传部门从事编辑、记者与管理等工作的新闻学高级专门人才。
：本专业培养具备系统的新闻理论知识与技能、宽广的文化与科学知识.熟悉我国新闻、宣传政策法规，能在新闻、出版与宣传部门从事编辑、记者与管理等工作的新闻学高级专门人才。
本专业学生主要学习马克思主义基本原理和新闻学基本理论和基础知识，受到新闻业务的基本训练，具有社会活动和科研的基本能力。
新闻学专业方向新闻学有理论新闻学、中外新闻史、应用新闻学、广播电视新闻学、新闻摄影、编辑出版等专业分支;新闻学专业课程新闻学概论、中国新闻事业史、外国新闻事业、新闻采访与写作、新闻编辑与评论、马列新闻论著选读、中国历代文学作品选读、大众传播学、新闻法规与新闻职业道德、新闻摄影、广播电视学、新闻事业管理、广告学与公共关系学等。
新闻学专业怎么样?(学长学姐评价)上海大学：学新闻需要能吃苦耐劳，敢于一直面对社会中的阴暗(新闻中有很多负面新闻，只是许多情况下，上面都不让公开，所以记者的生活，很大一部分是被阴暗充斥)，性格要好，必须有强大的人际关系网做保障，否则在激烈的新闻竞争中，如果无法在第一时间得到新闻线索，只能落于人后，其他的新闻业务素质(新闻采写、编辑能力)，就只能靠自己的实习来积累了。
中国青年政治学院：性格比较开朗，喜欢和人交流，而且喜欢写写*、身体比较好，能经常出去跑跑的人比较适合。
适合大学毕业后想直接就业的人学。
1998考研英语真题及解析
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestUntil recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionText 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is t hat big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bi d for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meeti ngs such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decl ine of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure a nd considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether bo th continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationThey were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.。
浙江大学研究生报考条件
浙江大学研究生报考条件浙江大学（以下简称“浙大”）是一所世界知名的著名高等学府，座落在风景秀丽的浙江省杭州市，有着悠久的历史和广泛的人文关系。
浙大每年招收众多优秀的学生到校学习，其中，特别开设研究生项目，以招收优秀的学生，以培养未来发展领军人才。
申请浙大研究生，必须遵守所有的报名流程，包括但不限于以下内容：一、学历条件1.持续本科学历：申请者必须具有国内外认可的本科学历，或是已毕业的本科毕业生。
2.学历要求：拥有两年以上的学习经历，具有良好的学业表现，证明是优秀的学科领域的学生。
3.大学职称：申请者必须拥有有效的学位证书，并且在完成本科学习后，获得专业职称资格证书，证明学者较高的学术水平。
二、面试流程申请者需要首先参加报名面试，以确定是否符合浙大的研究生标准。
面试的内容包括与申请者的学术能力，技能，经历等有关的问题考核，以及把握申请者的通用思维和处理能力。
三、英语测试必须参加英语水平测试，测试结果必须满足英语课程要求，确保能够有效学习。
四、证明材料另外，申请者还需要准备一些与个人情况有关的证明材料，包括成绩单，职称证书，英语测试证书等。
综上所述，申请浙大研究生的报考条件包括两个主要方面：一是学历条件，二是面试流程。
申请者必须具备本科学历，以及参加英语测试，并提供相关证明材料。
此外，还需要参加面试，以帮助确定自身是否符合研究生定位要求。
当申请者达到上述所有条件，即可准备参加研究生入学考试。
考试时，将按照本学科的考试大纲进行，并且根据考试情况，确定是否被录取。
总之，想要申请浙大研究生，必须具备上述所有条件，以确保能够投入学习，培养具有领导思想的未来发展领军人才。
1998考研数学一真题及答案解析
四、(本题满分6分)
确定常数 ,使在右半平面 x 0 上的向量 A(x, y) 2xy(x4 y2 ) i x2 (x4 y2 ) j 为某二元函数 u(x, y) 的梯度,并求 u(x, y) .
五、(本题满分6分)
从船上向海中沉放某种探测仪器,按探测要求,需确定仪器的下沉深度 y (从海平面算起) 与下沉速度 v 之间的函数关系.设仪器在重力作用下,从海平面由静止开始铅直下沉,在下沉 过程中还受到阻力和浮力的作用.设仪器的质量为 m ,体积为 B ,海水比重为 ,仪器所受的
(B) P( A | B) P( A | B)
(C) P( AB) P( A)P(B)
(D) P( AB) P( A)P(B)
三、(本题满分5分)
求直线
L:
x 1 1
y 1
z 1 1
在平面
:
x
y
2z
1
0
上的投影直线
L0
的方程,并求
L0 绕 y 轴旋转一周所成曲面的方程.
设两个随机变量
X
,Y
相互独立,且都服从均值为0、方差为
1 2
的正态分布,求随机变量
X Y 的方差.
十四、(本题满分4分)
从正态总体 N (3.4, 62 ) 中抽取容量为 n 的样本,如果要求其样本均值位于区间(1.4,5.4)
内的概率不小于0.95,问样本容量 n 至少应取多大？
附表：标准正态分布表 (z) z
1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题
一、填空题(本题共 5 小题,每小题 3 分,满分 15 分.)
(1) lim x0
1998年考研英语试题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42man. But they insisted that its 43results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44of the English population. 45contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48history and economics, have 49two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our biddingso fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development --and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead --has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people --about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70.The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998届考取研究生学生名单
9603403010
康桂英
女
北京师范大学
中国史学史（史学所）
2
9703403013
李新城
男
华东师范大学
中国古代史
3
9703403033
夏学花
女
复旦大学
世界史
4
9603403035
薛雅丽
女
华东师范大学
社会学
5
9603403039
展龙
男
河南师范大学
文献学
6
9603403040
张淼
男
西北大学
佛教史（中东所）
录取专业
1
20103403008
陈雷
男
北京师范大学
史学史
2
20103403010
程森
男
陕西师范大学
历史地理
3
20103403021
郭排行
男
浙江师范大学
课程教学论
4
20103403023
胡洁
女
华东师范大学
世界史
5
20103403024
黄蕾
女
安徽大学
史学史
6
20103403027
来平
女
华东师范大学
中近史
7
9603403043
张忠友
男
北京市委党校
党史
8
9603403048
骈慧娟
女
上海师范大学
中国古代史
2001届考取研究生学生名单：
序号
学号
姓名
性别
录取学校
录取专业
1
9703403003
常县宾
男
华中师范大学
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
中国科学院水生生物研究所——植物生理学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国科学院遥感所——RS，GIS试题2000～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——动物营养学1997～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——饲料学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——饲料学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——比较文学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——古代文学魏晋隋唐方向2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——汉语言文字学部分小综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——中文当代文学专业1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学——古代文学魏晋南北朝方向2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学——金融学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学经济学院——经济学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
浙江大学——政治经济学2003年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
同济大学——诊断学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
同济大学——专业基础病理2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
武汉大学——分子生物学（专业基础）2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
2024年浙江大学研究生入学新闻与传播(学硕)870考研真题
2024年浙江大学研究生入学新闻与传播（学硕）870考研真题
业务课名称：新闻与传播（学专硕）870
考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
一、名词解释题(4*10)
1.长尾效应
2.建设性新闻
3.隐性采访
4.乐队花车效应
二、简答题(4*15)
1.如何理解传媒经济中的配置问题
2.什么是媒体平台化?媒体平台化对新闻业有什么影响
3.什么是新闻生产的透明性原则?
4.什么是信息回避现象?产生信息回避现象的原因有哪些?
三、论述题(1*20)
请谈谈虚假新闻流传和传播的原因以及有效治理措施。
四、评论题(1*30)
当地时间23日，加沙地带卫生部门发表声明称，自10月7日巴以本轮冲突爆发以来，以色列军队在加沙地带的军事行动已造成20258名巴勒斯坦人死亡53688人受伤。
仅过去24小时内，加沙地带至少有201名巴勒斯坦人死亡，另有368人受伤。
对于巴以冲突带来的伤亡严重情况，有些网友发布了极端的言论，出现了意见极化。
还有一些网友发现了在豆瓣上评分极高的《辛德勒的名单》在豆瓣和B站下面出现了很多差评。
甚至出现了“希特勒不给力，没有杀光太人”、“犹太人活该”一些这样的言论。
请你根据材料自选题目，自拟主题，写一篇800字左右的新闻评论。
教育部关于1998年全国各类成人高等学校招生规定
教育部关于1998年全国各类成人高等学校招生规定【法规类别】教育综合规定【发布部门】教育部【发布日期】1998.01.21【实施日期】1998.01.21【时效性】现行有效【效力级别】部门规章教育部关于1998年全国各类成人高等学校招生规定第一章第一条为保证成人高等学历教育新生入学质量，促进成人高等学历教育的改革和发展，使各类成人高等学校招生工作更好地适应建立社会主义市场经济的新形势，特制定本规定。
第二条本规定所称各类成人高等学校，包括经国家教育委员会审定核准的广播电视大学、职工高等学校、农民高等学校、管理干部学院、教育(教师进修)学院、独立设置的函授学院和以函授部、夜大学、教师班、成人脱产班形式举办成人本、专科学历教育的普通高等学校。
第三条各类成人高等学校招生计划按有关规定和批准程序纳入国家成人高等教育事业计划后方可招生。
第四条各类成人高等学校实行全国统一招生。
由国家教委颁布复习考试大纲，统一组织命题，确定考试时间，制定试卷评分标准，审定下达各省、自治区、直辖市招生录取最低控制分数线。
第五条各省、自治区、直辖市成人高等教育招生部门组织招生考试工作，并组织招生学校进行新生的录取工作。
第六条在各级人民政府的领导下，有关教育行政部门要加强对招生工作的领导和支持，为招生工作的顺利进行创造条件。
第二章招生机构及其职责第七条各省、自治区、直辖市及其下属市(地、州)、县(市、区)要在各级人民政府或省级招生委员会的领导下，建立、健全常设的成人招生办事机构，确定必要的编制，并配备相应的人员，给予必要的办公条件并逐步创造条件实现计算机管理；国务院有关部委要配备稳定的成人高等教育招生工作人员；各类成人高等学校要设立招生办公室，配备专职干部。
第八条国家教育委员会主管全国各类成人高等学校招生工作，其职责是：(一)制订各类成人高等学校招生方针政策和工作规章；(二)根据确定的事业计划审核并协调、下发国务院有关部委所属院校、国家教委直属院校和地方属院校(跨省、自治区、直辖市招生部分)成人高等教育招生生源计划，专科起点本科班及“高职班”招生生源计划；(三)组织各类成人高等学校全国统一招生考试；(四)指导、检查各省、自治区、直辖市实施各类成人高等学校全国统一招生工作；(五)组织或督促有关部门调查处理招生、考试工作中发生的重大问题，保护考生和招生工作人员的正当权益；(六)组织开展招生考试的科学研究，指导招生考试的改革试点，培训有关人员，并进行宣传工作。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1998年新闻业务<br>
一、名词解释（每词5分，共25分）<br>
1、新闻信息
2、新闻思维
3、新闻报道
4、新闻采访
5、用事实说话<br>
二、问答题（每题15分，共30分）<br>
1、新闻（消息）与通讯的区别是什么？<br>
2、简述新闻报道与宣传的关系。
<br>
三、应用题（共45分）<br>
将下面素材编写成一条不超过300字的消息，并加标题。
（略）<br>
附素材：<br>
临县红枣种植源远流长。
据县志记载，早在西汉时期，临县黄河沿岸就有大片枣园。
唐宋后，枣树又因耐旱，被誉为“铁杆庄稼”，又被临县人移植到湫水河东岸而使全县大部分地方都有了成片的枣林。
<br>
临县红枣闻名全国，但真正形成规模是在党的十一届三中全会之后。
十一届三中全会后，县委县政府在狠抓大包干责任制的同时，组织农民大栽枣树，使全县的枣林面积很快发展到55万亩，使临县很快成为年产枣5500万公斤的全国最大的产枣县。
<br> 临县红枣核小肉厚，富含维生素C，被誉为“维生素C之王”。
优良的品质既得益于临县得天独厚的自然条件，更得益于“扩穴施肥”、“无公害治虫”、“新式剪枝”等现代化技术。
<br>
临县红枣畅销全国，以临县红枣公司为龙头生产的“枣茶”、“枣汁”、“醉枣”、“芪杞枣”、“临县大红枣”等系列产品已远销日本、韩国以及东南亚12个国家和地区。
<br> 临县人友好亲善，以农民为主的数千名红枣销售队伍遍布全国，将会给全国亿万红枣美食者带来好运。
<br>。