SCI常用英语
sci一区文章英文地道表达
以下是一些SCI一区文章中常用的英文地道表达：
1. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings.
然而，需要更多的研究来证实这些发现。
2. The results of this study suggest that…
本研究结果表明……
3. To date, no studies have investigated the effects of…
迄今为止，尚未有研究探讨……的影响。
4. There is growing evidence that…
越来越多的证据表明……
5. A recent study found that…
最近的一项研究发现……
6. It remains unclear whether…
目前尚不清楚……
7. This study aimed to investigate the association between…
本研究旨在探讨……之间的关联。
8. There is strong evidence that…
有强有力的证据表明……
9. The results indicate that…
结果表明……
10. We found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of…
在……方面，两组之间没有显著差异。
sci常用英语
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for在本文中,我们关注……的需要2. This paper proceeds as follow.本文收益依下列各项（proceeds 收益）3. The structure of the paper is as follows.本文结构如下4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts在本文中,我们将首先简要介绍模糊集和相关概念5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the首先我们将提供一个简短的背景Introduction1. This will be followed by a description of and a detailed presentation of how the required are defined.the fuzzy nature of the problem 问题的不确定（模糊）性质membership functions 隶属函数接下来，我们先描述下问题的不确定（模糊）性质和如何定义隶属函数2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.xx和xx的细节将在后面的小节中讨论。
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.在下一节中,我们在陈述了基本问题之后,研究了各种各样的问题和它们各自可能涉及的知识:首先提出一个完全确定的模型;然后在随机不确定（模糊）的情况下,服务时间移民和非模糊服务规则研究;最后,模糊规则被认为是服务。
常用科学基金的英文表达
常用科学基金的英文表达1）国家高技术研究发展计划：the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program<br><br>2）国家科技攻关计划：the National Key Technologies R & D Progaram of China<br><br>3）国家重点基础研究发展规划：the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program<br><br>4）国家基础研究计划：the National Basic Research Priorities Program of China<br><br>5）国家自然科学基金（面上项目；重点项目；重大项目）：the National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program; Key Program; Major Program)<br><br>6）国家杰出青年科学基金：the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars<br> <br>7）海外及香港、澳门青年学者合作研究基金：the Joint Research Fund for Overseas Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao Young Scholars<br><br>8）中国科学院知识创新项目：the Knowledge Innovation Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences<br><br>9）中国科学院“九五”重大项目：the Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period<br><br>10）中国科学院重点资助项目：the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences<br><br>11）中国科学院上海分院择优资助项目：the Advanced Programs of Shanghai Branch, the Chinese Academy of Sciences<br><br>12）国家教育部博士点基金资助项目：the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China<br><br>13）“九五”国家医学科技攻关基金资助项目：the National Medical Science and Technique Foundation during the 9th Five-Year Period<br><br>14）江苏省科委应用基础基金资助项目：the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province<br><br>15）教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金资助项目：The Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education MinistryDOWN SunshineWuhan young scientists how to declare dawn projects?The objectives of the plan are : dawn youth selection and training of outstanding young scientists and technicians from the start to support the financing, Young scientists and technicians to carry out independent research work funded through scientific research or other activities, backbone of outstanding young scientists able to produce a large number of outstanding young scientists to become the next generation of key subjects technology leaders.国际六大著名检索系统1）美国《科学引文索引》SCI (见下文)。
sci文章 英语
sci文章英语Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Scientific ResearchIntroduction:In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool that has the potential to revolutionize various fields, including scientific research. This article aims to explore the significant impact of AI on scientific research, highlighting its benefits, applications, and potential challenges.The Role of AI in Scientific Research:Artificial intelligence has significantly transformed scientific research by enhancing data analysis, accelerating scientific discoveries, and improving predictive modeling. With its ability to process large volumes of data and identify patterns, AI has enabled researchers to uncover new insights and make breakthroughs in various scientific disciplines.1. Data Analysis and Prediction:AI algorithms excel at processing and analyzing vast amounts of data, enabling scientists to extract valuable information and identify correlations. In fields such as genomics, AI has played a crucial role in analyzing DNA sequences, identifying genetic variations, and predicting disease risk. This has expedited the discovery of potential treatments and personalized medicine.2. Drug Discovery and Development:AI has also revolutionized the process of drug discovery and development. By analyzing massive datasets and simulating molecular interactions, AI algorithms can identify potential drug candidates and predict their efficacy. This has the potential to significantly reduce the time and cost required for bringing new drugs to the market.3. Automation and Robotics:AI-powered automation and robotics have transformed scientific research by enabling high-throughput experimentation and data collection. In fields like chemistry and biology, robots equipped with AI algorithms can conduct experiments, analyze results, and generate large datasets, allowing researchers to focus on data interpretation and hypothesis generation.4. Climate and Environmental Sciences:AI has the potential to revolutionize climate and environmental research. By analyzing vast amounts of climate data, AI algorithms can predict and model complex climate patterns, enabling scientists to better understand and mitigate the impacts of climate change. AI-powered sensors and drones can also be used to monitor and analyze environmental data, aiding in conservation efforts.Challenges and Ethical Considerations:While the potential of AI in scientific research is immense, there are several challenges and ethical considerations that need to be addressed. These include:1. Data Bias and Interpretation:AI algorithms heavily rely on the quality and representativeness of the data they are trained on. Biased or incomplete data can lead to inaccurate predictions and reinforce existing biases. Ensuring the fairness and diversity of training data is crucial to avoid unintended consequences.2. Transparency and Accountability:AI algorithms are often seen as "black boxes," making it difficult to understand the decision-making process. Researchers must ensure transparency and accountability in AI systems to build trust and prevent biases or errors.3. Job Displacement:The integration of AI in scientific research may lead to concerns about job displacement. Researchers need to adapt to the changing landscape and acquire new skills to effectively collaborate with AI systems and leverage their potential.Conclusion:Artificial intelligence is transforming scientific research in numerous ways, enabling researchers to tackle complex challenges, accelerate discoveries, and improve decision-making. However, it is essential to address the challenges and ethical considerations associated with AI to ensure its responsible and beneficial integration into scientific research. By leveraging the potential of AI and maintaining a human-centered approach, scientists can unlock new frontiers and advance our understanding of the world.。
医学英语材料—SCI发表材料
Podolsky, 2002). Infiltration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation leads to an elevation inthe local synthesis of non-specific inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines,eicosanoids, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhancing tissuedestruction and leading to clinical manifestations of disease (Jackson and Evers, 2006,Podolsky, 2002). Current treatment strategies, consisting predominantly of agents whichproduce systemic immunosuppression, are fraught with significant clinical sequelae whichlimit their long-term usage. Treatment strategies which effectively attenuate the mucosalinflammation associated with less side effects are needed.Naturally occurring compounds have given rise to the development of approximately half ofall pharmaceuticals introduced to the market over the past 20 years (Vuorelaa, et al., 2004).The development of acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, is a prototypic example. Over 4000 yearsago, Babylonians prescribed willow tree (Salix sp.) extracts to treat fever, pain, andinflammation (Mahdi, et al., 2006). In the early 1800’s, salicin was isolated from willow treeextracts and used in the treatment of rheumatism. By 1897, several chemical modificationswere made to the salicin compound, giving rise to acetylsalicylic acid, one of the mostcommonly used modern medications. Other important medications that have originated fromnatural sources include simvastatin, enalapril, ciprofloxacin, cyclosporine, taxol, andcamptothecin, among others (Harvey, 2000). Epidemiologic studies examining dietaryinfluence on the development of disease, as well as obtaining information about plants used inhealing from traditional local healers, have led to the identification of target plants for use inpharmaceutical development (Vuorelaa, Leinonenb, Saikkuc, Tammelaa, Rauhad, Wennbergeand Vuorela, 2004). However, Western medicine has oftentimes resisted the introduction ofnatural medicine products due to inherent biases and reluctance to accept alternatives to currenttherapies.The investigation of alternative therapies, including traditional Chinese medicine, for IBD isideal given a lack of effective treatment strategies for the disease and the relative safety ofthese compounds. There are several well-known remedies routinely employed in Chineseculture for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including Liu-Shen-Wan, used with successin the treatment of patients with inflammatory diseases and systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome; the clinical effects were recently corroborated by the amelioration of inflammationin an in vivo mouse sepsis model (Ma, 2006). In addition, Chinese physicians have been treatingIBD using herbal concoctions for years with primarily anecdotal evidence of success. Forexample, Chinese patients with IBD have been treated with a novel herbal remedy, consistingof a combination of seven herbs, including Forsythia koreana, Corydalis saxicola,Semiaquilegia adoxoides, Taraxacum officinale, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Glycyrrhizainflate , and Lonicera japonica . These herbs were individually selected on the basis of knownanti-inflammatory properties, which have been characterized on a molecular level (Aly, et al.,2005,Bor, et al., 2006,Cheng, et al., 2005,Hu and Kitts, 2005,Jung, et al., 2006,Kang, et al.,2005,Kim and Lee, 2005,Kim, et al., 2005,Kim, et al., 2006,Kim, et al., 2006,Ko, et al.,2006,Leu, et al., 2005,Leung, et al., 2006,Li, et al., 2006,Li, et al., 2006,Ling, et al.,2006,Makino, et al., 2006,Niu, et al., 2006,Niu, et al., 2006,Rusu, et al., 2005,Seo, et al.,2005,Son, et al., 2006,Strzelecka, et al., 2005,Su, 2004,Suh, et al., 2006,Thanabhorn, et al.,2006,Zhan and Yang, 2006). The purpose of our current study was to validate the use of thisherbal remedy in the treatment of IBD using an established mouse model of colitis induced bydextran sulfate sodium (DSS).MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterials Forsythia koreana, Corydalis saxicola, Semiaquilegia adoxoides, Taraxacum officinale,Chrysanthemum coronarium, Glycyrrhiza inflate , and Lonicera japonica were obtained fromNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscriptthe Chinese Medical Hospital (Gansu province, Tianshui, China); the quality of the raw herbswas controlled according to the requirements of Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic ofChina. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS; MW 40-50,000) was obtained from USB Corporation(Cleveland, OH). Exel Safelet angiocatheters (20G × 1 1/4 in.) were from Exelint International(Los Angeles, CA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was from Life Technologies, Inc. (GrandIsland, NY). TNF-! and IL-6 cytokine ELISAs were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).Complete Mini was from Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, IN). All other reagents,including Igepal CA-630, were of molecular biology grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO).Preparation of herbal extractsDehydrated flowers from L. japonica and C. coronarium , dehydrated root from S. adoxoidesand G. inflate , dehydrated fruit from F.koreana , and dehydrated C. saxicola and T. officinaleplants were extracted 2 times with boiling water. The extracts were then combined, andconcentrated by boiling to a final volume of 150-200ml.Murine colitis model and assessmentFemale Swiss-Webster mice (6-8 weeks old) were obtained from Harlan Sprague Dawley(Indianapolis, IN) and housed in clean pathogen-free rooms in an environment with controlledtemperature (22°C), humidity, and a 12 h light/dark cycle. The mice were fed standard chow(Formula Chow 5008; Purina Mills, St. Louis, MO) and tap water ad libitum and allowed toacclimate for one week. All studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and UseCommittee of UTMB. Colitis was induced by the addition of DSS (5% weight to volume ratiodissolved in distilled water) to the drinking water, as previously described (Cooper, et al.,1993). This is a well-characterized model of IBD, resulting in colon ulceration, leukocyticinfiltration, hematochezia, and diarrhea reminiscent of human IBD (Cooper, Murthy, Shah andSedergran, 1993). (i) Mice (n=20) were randomized into 4 groups of 5 mice to receive 5% DSSdrinking water to induce colitis. Mice were treated with the combination of herbal compoundsor the vehicle control (PBS) every 24h for 8d either per os (po) by gavage of 0.5ml of solution,or per rectum (pr) by passing a soft 20G angiocatheter 3cm into the rectum and infusing 0.2mlof solution. (ii) Female Swiss-Webster mice (n=40) were randomized into 8 groups of 5 miceto receive normal or 5% DSS drinking water to induce colitis. Mice were treated with eitherPBS or herbal aqueous extracts as above every 24h for 7d.Daily clinical evaluations, including the assessment of body weight, stool consistency, andrectal bleeding, were made in a blinded fashion, and disease activity index (DAI) score, gradedon a scale of 0 to 4, assigned according to a previously validated scoring system assessingweight loss, stool consistency, and rectal bleeding (Table 1) (Cooper, Murthy, Shah andSedergran, 1993). Upon sacrifice, the colon was isolated, and the length from cecum to anusmeasured. The colon was then opened longitudinally, the distal 1/3 isolated and snap-frozenfor later analysis, and the remainder prepared in a “swiss roll” (Park, et al., 1987), placed into10% neutral buffered formalin for 24h, then into 70% ethanol for an additional 24h.HistologyAfter formalin fixation, samples were paraffin-embedded, sectioned, and stained withhematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Histologic examination was then performed in a blinded fashionby a pathologist, using a scoring system previously described, with modification (Dieleman,et al., 1998, Morteau, et al., 2000). Briefly, two independent parameters were determined:extent of crypt damage (0-4 with 0 = none, 1 = basal 1/3 damaged, 2 = basal 2/3 damaged, 3= only surface epithelium intact, 4 = entire crypt and epithelium lost), and extent of mucosalulceration (1-4 with 1 = 0-25%, 2 = 26-50%, 3 = 51-75%, 4 = 76-100%). The entire length of NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscriptcolon was evaluated for each sample. Scores were then multiplied, with a maximum possiblescore of 16.Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay To quantify the degree of inflammation and estimate the accumulation of neutrophils in tissues,MPO assay was performed as previously described (Bradley, et al., 1982, Stucchi, et al.,2000). Briefly, tissue (approximately 10mg) was homogenized in 20mM NaH 2PO 4:Na 2HPO 4 buffer, 4:19 ratio (pH 7.4), then centrifuged for 12 min at 4°C. The pellet was resuspended in 50mM NaH 2PO 4:Na 2HPO 4 buffer, 2.3:1 ratio (pH 6.0) containing 0.5%hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB). Samples were frozen and thawed once, then sonicated for 40 sec in an ice bath. The sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 4°C, and supernatant was collected for analysis. Protein concentrations were determined using the method of Bradford (Bradford, 1976). Approximately 50µL of each sample was added to a 96-well plate, and 50 µL tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate was added. After 2 min of incubation at 37°C, absorbance was measured at 655 nm.Tissue cytokine ELISA Frozen colon samples were pulverized by mortar and pestle in liquid nitrogen. Protein was then extracted using a method previously described (Matalka, et al., 2005, Rosengren, et al.,2003). Ice-cold protein extraction buffer, consisting of 0.1% Igepal CA-630 nonionic detergent in PBS with a protease inhibitor cocktail tablet (Complete Mini), was added to pulverized tissue (50 µl to 10 mg of tissue), and vortexed every 10 min for 30 min. The resultant homogenate was transferred to a microcentrifuge tube and centrifuged at 4°C for 10 min at 12 ×g , and supernatant was collected for use in colorimetric ELISA for TNF-! or IL-6. Briefly, 50 µl of supernatant was added to 50 µl of assay diluent (1:1 dilution) in a 96-well plate. After a 2 h incubation, wells were aspirated and washed, conjugate was added, and wells were again aspirated and washed after a 2 h incubation. Substrate solution was added to each well, and theplates were incubated in the dark for 30 min. Stop solution was then added, and optical densitydetermined at 450 nm (with a correction wavelength set at 570 nm). Experiments wereperformed in duplicate to assure reproducibility.Statistical analysisAll data were expressed as the mean ± SD. Groups (PBS po vs. herb po, PBS pr vs. herb pr)were analyzed using one-way classification analysis of variance at the 0.05 level ofsignificance. A P value of 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTSTreatment with the herbal extract, either po or pr, significantly decreased DAI compared with control miceTo determine the effects of our combination of herbal components on the development ofmurine colitis, female Swiss-Webster mice were given 5% DSS drinking water ad libitum , andrandomized to receive either PBS or the extract po or pr every 24h for 8 days; daily weight,stool consistency, and presence or absence of rectal bleeding was noted by an investigatorblinded as to treatment groups. Mice treated with PBS, either po or pr, demonstrated theexpected gradual increase in DAI, attaining an average score of approximately 4. In contrast,mice treated with the herb extract developed disease at a significantly slower rate, attaining anaverage score of 3.0 for mice treated po, and an average score of 2.8 for mice treated pr (Fig.1A). One mouse from each group died on the day 7 to day 8 transition; this was a result ofcolonic perforation in one mouse treated with herb extract pr, but integrity of the esophagusand colon was maintained in the other mice. Upon sacrifice, colons were harvested, and lengthNIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscriptfrom cecum to anus determined (Fig. 1B, C). Significant foreshortening of the colon was notedin mice treated with PBS (4.3cm for mice treated po; 4.9cm for mice treated pr) when comparedto mice treated with the herbal extract (5.8cm for mice treated po; 7.2cm for mice treated pr).To corroborate our findings, female Swiss-Webster mice were given either normal water or5% DSS drinking water ad libitum , and randomized to receive either PBS or herb extract poor pr every 24h for 7d. As in our prior study, mice treated with PBS demonstrated the expectedgradual increase in DAI, attaining an average score of 3.4 for mice treated either po or pr. Incontrast, mice treated with the herb extract developed disease at a significantly slower rate,attaining an average score of only 2.4 for mice treated po, and an average score of 1.8 for micetreated pr (data not shown). Upon sacrifice, we again noted a significant foreshortening of thecolon in mice treated with PBS (5.3cm for mice treated po; 5.2cm for mice treated pr) whencompared to mice treated with herb extract (6.1cm for mice treated po; 7.5cm for mice treatedpr) (data not shown). Overall, mice treated with the combination of herb extracts pr hadconsistently lower DAI scores and less colonic foreshortening than mice treated po. Mice givennormal drinking water and administered PBS or herb extract did not suffer any adverse effects.Herbal treatment significantly decreases colonic ulcerationWe next determined whether the combination of herbal extracts altered the histologic structureof the colonic mucosa. Slides were blinded and submitted to a pathologist for grading. A two-tiered scoring system was employed as described in “Materials and Methods.” Consistent withour observations of disease activity and colon length determination, mice treated with PBS hadsignificantly more ulcerations (average score 5.4; 6.0 for po treated mice, 4.8 for pr treatedmice) compared with mice treated with herb extract (average score 2.5; 2.8 for po treated mice,2.2 for pr treated mice) (Fig. 2A). In addition, there was significantly less crypt damage andleukocytic infiltration noted in mice treated with herb extract.Treatment with herbal extracts decreases neutrophil sequestration in the colonic mucosaTo quantify the degree of inflammation and estimate the accumulation of neutrophils in tissues,MPO assays were performed using colonic homogenates. Mice given regular water and treatedwith PBS or the combination of herbal extracts demonstrated no difference in MPO activity(0.45 and 0.41, respectively). However, consistent with previous findings, MPO activity washigher in mice given 5% DSS and treated with PBS (1.05; 1.06 for po treated, 1.04 for prtreated) than in mice treated with herbal extract (0.65; 0.61 for po treated, 0.68 for pr treated)(Fig. 2B). Thus, treatment with herbal extract leads to decreased inflammation as representedby decreased sequestration of neutrophils within the colon.Treatment with herbal extracts decreases cytokine elaboration within the colonic mucosaTo determine the expression of cytokines in the colonic mucosa of mice treated with PBS orherbal extracts, TNF-! and IL-6 colorimetric ELISAs were performed on tissue proteinextracts. Mice given normal drinking water and treated with PBS or combination of herbalextracts demonstrated little expression of either TNF-! or IL-6. However, there wassignificantly higher TNF-! expression in the colons of mice given 5% DSS drinking water andtreated with PBS (403.3 pg/ml po, 233.9 pg/ml pr) than in mice treated with herbal extract(228.5 pg/ml po, 165.7 pg/ml pr) (Fig. 3A). Similarly, there was significantly higher IL-6expression in the colons of mice given DSS drinking water and treated with PBS (94.8 pg/mlpo, 121.4 pg/ml pr) than in mice treated with herbal extract (28.3 pg/ml po, 48.8 pg/ml pr) (Fig.3B). Therefore, we conclude that treatment with herbal extract not only decreases leukocyteinfiltration into the diseased colon, but decreases cytokine expression in response to aninflammatory stimulus.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptDISCUSSIONUsing a murine model of DSS colitis, which mimics human IBD in the elaboration of cytokines,chemokines, and upregulation of inflammatory pathways such as COX-2 and NF-K B (Spiik,et al., 2002), we found that the treatment of mice with a novel herbal concoction led to amelioration of the disease, as determined by lower DAI scores, less colonic foreshortening,less colonic ulceration, and less leukocytic infiltration. There appeared to be increased benefit in mice treated with herb pr relative to mice treated po. While the exact mechanisms contributing to the protective effects of the treatment are not known, much is known about the individual herbal components.F. koreana, C. saxicola, S. adoxoides, T. officinale, C. coronarium, G. inflate , and L.japonica are commonly employed ethnopharmacological agents used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in China (Aly, Al-Alousi and Salem, 2005, Bor, Chen and Yen, 2006,Cheng, Li, You and Hu, 2005, Hu and Kitts, 2005, Jung, Richter, Kabrodt, Lucke, Schellenberg and Herrling, 2006, Kang, Yoon, Cho, Han, Lee, Park and Kim, 2005, Kim and Lee, 2005,Kim, Min, Jeong, Lee, Lee and Seo, 2005, Kim, Kim, Baek, Lee, Kim, Kwon and Lee, 2006,Kim, Oh, Kwon, Oh, Lim and Shin, 2006, Ko, Wei and Chiou, 2006, Leu, Wang, Huang and Shi, 2005, Leung, Kuo, Yang, Lin and Lee, 2006, Li, Yuan, Xiong, Lu, Qin, Chen and Liu,2006, Li, Zhang, Zhang, Liu, Wang, Wang, Zhu and Chen, 2006, Ling, Wu and Li, 2006,Makino, Tsubouchi, Murakami, Haneda and Yoshino, 2006, Niu, Chang, Jiang, Cui, Chen,Yuan and Tu, 2006, Niu, Cui, Li, Chang, Jiang, Qiao and Tu, 2006, Rusu, Tamas, Puica, Roman and Sabadas, 2005, Seo, Koo, An, Kwon, Lim, Seo, Ryu, Moon, Kim, Kim and Hong, 2005,Son, Moon, Lee, Son, Kim, Kang, Son, Lee and Chang, 2006, Strzelecka, Bzowska, Koziel,Szuba, Dubiel, Riviera Nunez, Heinrich and Bereta, 2005, Su, 2004, Suh, Chung, Son, Kim,Moon, Son, Kim, Chang and Kim, 2006, Thanabhorn, Jaijoy, Thamaree, Ingkaninan and Panthong, 2006, Zhan and Yang, 2006). F. koreana , used as a single-agent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic, contains the cyclohexylethanoid compound rengyolone, found tobe a potent inhibitor of NO and tissue necrosis factor-! (TNF-!) in vitro ; this compound inhibitsinducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression inmacrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (Kim, Kim, Baek, Lee, Kim,Kwon and Lee, 2006, Ko, Wei and Chiou, 2006). Corydalis species, commonly employed asantimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents, are rich in alkaloids such as berberine, coptisine,and dehydrocavidine; a study by Ling et al (Ling, Wu and Li, 2006) demonstrated the protectiveeffects of this herb in a rat cardiac ischemia/reperfusion model through regulation of Bcl-2. S.adoxoides is thought to exert its anti-inflammatory effects through the expression of severalditerpenoids, including E- and Z-semiaquilegin (Niu, Chang, Jiang, Cui, Chen, Yuan and Tu,2006, Niu, Cui, Li, Chang, Jiang, Qiao and Tu, 2006, Su, 2004). T. officinale , commonly knownas dandelion, and C. coronarium , commonly known as chrysanthemum, have impressiveintrinsic antioxidant activity attributable to flavonoid expression (Bor, Chen and Yen, 2006,Cheng, Li, You and Hu, 2005, Hu and Kitts, 2005, Jung, Richter, Kabrodt, Lucke, Schellenbergand Herrling, 2006, Kim and Lee, 2005). T. officinale has proven to be protective againstcholecystokinin-induced pancreatitis in rats, with decreased pancreatic wet weight anddecreased expression of TNF-! and IL-6, and has been found to inhibit nitric oxide productionfrom LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) (Hu and Kitts, 2005, Seo, Koo, An,Kwon, Lim, Seo, Ryu, Moon, Kim, Kim and Hong, 2005). C. coronarium has proven protectiveagainst the development of CCl 4-induced liver injury in rats and decreases delayed-typehypersensitivity in mice, as well as inhibiting iNOS expression and NO production fromRAW264.7 cells in vitro (Bor, Chen and Yen, 2006, Rusu, Tamas, Puica, Roman and Sabadas,2005). G. inflate , also known as licorice, inhibits the production of NO and prostaglandin E2(PGE 2) from RAW264.7 cells in response to LPS stimulation, likely through inhibition of nuclear factor K B (NF-K B), and confers a survival advantage and decreases cytokine expressionin murine LPS-induced septic shock (Aly, Al-Alousi and Salem, 2005, Kang, Yoon, Cho, Han,NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author ManuscriptLee, Park and Kim, 2005, Kim, Oh, Kwon, Oh, Lim and Shin, 2006, Makino, Tsubouchi,Murakami, Haneda and Yoshino, 2006). Ochnaflavone, a biflavonoid, has been isolated fromL. japonica ; in vitro , this compound inhibits phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibits NF-K B activity in RAW264.7 cells, leading todecreased iNOS expression and NO formation in response to LPS (Suh, Chung, Son, Kim,Moon, Son, Kim, Chang and Kim, 2006). Similarly, ochnaflavone inhibits cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2) generation and leukotriene C 4 (LTC 4)production from bone marrow-derived mast cells (Son, Moon, Lee, Son, Kim, Kang, Son, Leeand Chang, 2006).The chronic inflammatory response in IBD represents a balance between active inflammation,destruction, and repair that occurs in response to a persistent stimulus over an extended periodof time (Jackson and Evers, 2006). While the stimulus is unknown, IBD is characterized by aninflux of inflammatory cells into the gut tissue, followed by a marked increased in the localsynthesis of non-specific inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines,eicosanoids, NO, and ROS (Monteleone, Fina, Caruso and Pallone, 2006). Extensive cross-talk between immune and non-immune cells, including mucosal endothelial cells andfibroblasts, leads to the amplification of signals that ultimately leads to tissue damage(Monteleone, Fina, Caruso and Pallone, 2006). Important signaling pathways upregulated ininflamed tissue include COX-2 and NF-K B (Jackson and Evers, 2006). COX-2 belongs to aclass of genes known as early growth response genes; it is induced by inflammatory growthfactors and cytokines, including IL-1 and TNF-!, and its products include pro-inflammatoryprostaglandins and eicosanoids (Jackson and Evers, 2006, Sheng, et al., 1997). Derivatives of5-aminosalicylate, inhibitors of COX-2 activity, are mainstays of treatment for patients withIBD (Podolsky, 2002). NF-K B is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that plays apivotal role in the inflammatory response (Ethridge, et al., 2002). Activated by infectious agentsor cytokines, including IL-1, ROS, LPS, and TNF-!, its products include growth factors,cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, immunoreceptors, and cell survival proteins, making it animportant contributor to the potentiation of the local inflammatory response (Jackson andEvers, 2006, Schwartz, et al., 1999). Thus, a complex interplay between cytokines,chemokines, and growth factors, as well as cell signaling pathways that augment theinflammatory response, lead to the tissue destruction and clinical manifestations characteristicof IBD.Given the mechanisms of action of the various herbs included in our concoction, which includedownregulation of COX-2, NF-K B, TNF-!, IL-1, IL-6, and iNOS, as well as decreased NO,ROS, leukotiene and prostaglandin production, this herbal remedy may be a complex andpotent immunomodulator, with the various constituents working in a synergistic fashion todiminish the local immune response. We therefore conclude that this herbal treatment,combining the therapeutic benefits of F. koreana, C. saxicola, S. adoxoides, T. officinale, C.coronarium, G. inflate , and L. japonica , may be a novel therapy for IBD. Future studies willbetter delineate the effective compound responsible for the beneficial effects noted in our study.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank Karen Martin for manuscript preparation and Tatsuo Uchida for statistical analysis. This work was supportedby National Institute of Health grants R01 DK48498, R01 CA104748, P01 DK35608, T32 DK07639, and a JeanneB. Kempner Scholar award (to LNJ).REFERENCESAhmad T, Tamboli CP, Jewell D, Colombel JF. Clinical relevance of advances in genetics andpharmacogenetics of IBD. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1533–1549. [PubMed: 15168365]NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptAly AM, Al-Alousi L, Salem HA. Licorice: a possible anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005;6:E74–82. [PubMed: 16353966]Bor JY, Chen HY, Yen GC. Evaluation of antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production of some common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:1680–1686. [PubMed:16506819]Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976;72:248–254. [PubMed: 942051]Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christensen RD, Rothstein G. Measurement of cutaneous inflammation:estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. J Invest Dermatol 1982;78:206–209.[PubMed: 6276474]Cheng W, Li J, You T, Hu C. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the extracts from the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;101:334–337. [PubMed:16029939]Cooper HS, Murthy SN, Shah RS, Sedergran DJ. Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis. Lab Invest 1993;69:238–249. [PubMed: 8350599]Dieleman LA, Palmen MJ, Akol H, Bloemena E, Pena AS, Meuwissen SG, Van Rees EP. Chronic experimental colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) is characterized by Th1 and Th2cytokines. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;114:385–391. [PubMed: 9844047]Ethridge RT, Hashimoto K, Chung DH, Ehlers RA, Rajaraman S, Evers BM. Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB attenuates the severity of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg 2002;195:497–505. [PubMed: 12375755]Harvey A. Strategies for discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural products. Drug Discov Today 2000;5:294–300. [PubMed: 10856912]Hu C, Kitts DD. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extract suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and prevents lipid oxidation in vitro. Phytomedicine 2005;12:588–597. [PubMed:16121519]Jackson L, Evers BM. Chronic inflammation and pathogenesis of GI and pancreatic cancers. Cancer Treat Res 2006;130:39–65. [PubMed: 16610702]Jung K, Richter J, Kabrodt K, Lucke IM, Schellenberg I, Herrling T. The antioxidative power AP--Anew quantitative time dependent (2D) parameter for the determination of the antioxidant capacity and reactivity of different plants. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2006;63:846–850.[PubMed: 16490383]Kang JS, Yoon YD, Cho IJ, Han MH, Lee CW, Park SK, Kim HM. Glabridin, an isoflavan from licoriceroot, inhibits inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression and improves survival of mice inexperimental model of septic shock. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;312:1187–1194. [PubMed:15537821]Kim HJ, Lee YS. Identification of new dicaffeoylquinic acids from Chrysanthemum morifolium and theirantioxidant activities. Planta Med 2005;71:871–876. [PubMed: 16206044]Kim HR, Min HY, Jeong YH, Lee SK, Lee NS, Seo EK. Cytotoxic constituents from the whole plant ofCorydalis pallida. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28:1224–1227. [PubMed: 16350845]Kim JH, Kim DH, Baek SH, Lee HJ, Kim MR, Kwon HJ, Lee CH. Rengyolone inhibits inducible nitricoxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production by down-regulation of NF-kappaB and p38MAP kinase activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71:1198–1205.[PubMed: 16457781]Kim JK, Oh SM, Kwon HS, Oh YS, Lim SS, Shin HK. Anti-inflammatory effect of roasted licoriceextracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;345:1215–1223. [PubMed: 16716255]Ko HC, Wei BL, Chiou WF. The effect of medicinal plants used in Chinese folk medicine on RANTESsecretion by virus-infected human epithelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;107:205–210. [PubMed:16621378]Leu YL, Wang YL, Huang SC, Shi LS. Chemical constituents from roots of Taraxacum formosanum.Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005;53:853–855. [PubMed: 15997153]NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript。
SCI高频词汇及句式
标题标题是一篇论文的魂，标题的好坏影响论文的曝光率，甚至影响论文是否能顺利被期刊录用发表。
论文标题要求用尽可能少的精彩语言，准确描述论文内容，表明文章的核心亮点。
好标题能给编辑和审稿人留下深刻的第一印象，能够吸引读者继续读你的文章，让你的论文更容易被检索到，具有更好的传播性。
标题是论文的广告，引诱读者来读论文全文。
就如，百度的广告语“百度一下，你就知道”，华为广告语“华为，不仅仅是世界500强”，脑白金的广告语“今年过节不收礼”等等。
看到这些广告语就能知道公司的定位。
看到论文的标题就要知道论文的内容。
标题的主要作用1.吸引读者、编辑和审稿人标题是读者接触文章时的第一印象，读者主要根据标题决定是否继续读你的论文。
一个优秀有趣的标题能够吸引读者进一步研读摘要和论文全文。
摘要如果一样精彩，就会继续全文。
高水平专家更能根据论文标题判断文章的价值。
有经验的杂志编辑和审稿人读完文章标题基本上已经对论文有定论了。
2.更好被检索，传播好的标题可以让你的论文更容易被检索，提高曝光率，研究成果得到更好的传播。
如：Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene[J]. Science, 2008, 320(5881): 1308-1308.Graphene-based composite materials[J]. nature, 2006, 442(7100): 282.写好论文标题的套路是什么？1. 用好短语高水平论文（Nature、Science、Cell等顶级期刊论文）的标题通常使用名词性词汇或名词性短语。
对论文的关键词进行合理整合，总结全文。
标题一般情况不使用完整句，不需具备主语、谓语和宾语等所有句子成分。
但是也有采用疑问句作为新颖标题的。
目前较为通用的标题套路主要有3种：1）形容词、名词+名词+（介词短语、形容词短语、不定式、分词短语、从句）请看高水平论文标题示例：→Quantum spin Hall effect in graphene[J]. Physical review letters, 2005, 95(22): 226801.→Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors[J]. science, 2008, 319(5867): 1229-1232.→Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene[J]. Science, 2008, 320(5881): 1308-1308.2) 名词性短语A : 名词性短语B（或名词性短语A : 名词性短语B，名词性短语C，名词性短语D...）请看高水平论文标题示例：Graphene: status and prospects[J]. science, 2009, 324(5934): 1530-1534. Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene[J]. Chemical reviews, 2009, 110(1): 132-145. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications[J]. Advanced materials, 2010, 22(35): 3906-3924.2. 疑问句标题疑问句能够引起读者的好奇，有很强的欲望继续读下去。
常用英文数据库
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（一）CA的特点
CA的特点是历史悠久，收录内容广泛，索引完 整，报导迅速，迄今从未间断，是举世公认的 最完整的化学文献检索工具之一。 1、收录范围广 2、报导迅速 3、检索途径多
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二、数据库检索 （一）检索方法 SciFinder Scholar任务菜单提供了三个检索 入口：Explore、Locate和Browse。
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（2） 被引参考文献检索（CITED REFERENCE SEARCH） 被引参考文献索引是将文章中的参考文献作 为检索词，它揭示的是一种作者自己建立起 来的文献之间的关系链接。引文检索具有独 一无二的功能，即从旧的、已知的信息中发 现新的、未知的信息。该方式通过被引作者 、被引文献所在期刊的刊名、被引文献发表 的年份三种途径检索论文被引用情况。
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• 2个化学数据库为： • Current Chemical Reaction(CCR, 1985至 今)包括 Institut National de la Propriete Industrielle 化学结构数据，可回溯至 1840 年) • Index Chemicus (IC, 1996至今)
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被引参考文献检索页面
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（3） 高级检索 （Advanced Search）
点击web of science 页面上的Advanced Search按钮 进入高级检索页面。 该方式可将多个字段或历次检索步号组配检索。熟 练掌握检索字段代码和检索技术的用户，可直接在 检索输入框中构造检索式；不熟悉的用户也可参照 页面右边上方显示的可采用的字段标识符和不布尔 逻辑算符构造检索式。需要注意的是：输入带有字 段的检索词，应先输入检索字段代码，然后在其后 的等号后输入检索词。 也可在 “Search History”显示框中选择不同的检索 步号，选种上方的“AND”、“OR”组配检索。高级 检索页面如图所示，点击Results拦中的命中结果数 ，即显示检索结果列表。
发表SCI论文与Editor联系常用英语
发表SCI论文与Editor联系常用英语SCI 投稿全过程信件模板一、最初投稿Cover letterDear Editors:We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled “Paper Title”, which we wish to be considered for publication in “Journal Name”. No conflict of interest exits in the submission o f this manuscript, and manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. I would like to declare on behalf of my co-authors that the work described was original research that has not been published previously, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed.In this work, we evaluated ……(简要介绍一下论文的创新性). I hope this paper is suitable for “Journal Name”.The following is a list of possible reviewers for your consideration:1) Name A E-mail: ××××@××××2) Name B E-mail: ××××@××××We deeply appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward to receiving comments from the reviewers. If you have any queries, please don’t hesitate to contact me at the address below.Thank you and best regards.Yours sincerely,××××××Corresponding author:Name: ×××E-mail: ××××@××××二、催稿信Dear Prof. ×××:Sorry for disturbing you. I am not sure if it is the right time to contact you to inquire about the status of my submitted manuscript titled “Paper Title”. (ID: 文章稿号), although the status of “With Editor”has been lasting for more than two months, since submitted to journal three months ago. I am just wondering that my manuscript has been sent to reviewers or not?I would be greatly appreciated if you could spend some of your time check the status for us. I am very pleased to hear from you on the reviewer’s comments.Thank you very much for your consideration.Best regards!Yours sincerely,××××××Corresponding author:Name: ×××E-mail: ××××@××××三、修改稿Cover letterDear Dr/ Prof..（写上负责你文章编辑的姓名，显得尊重，因为第一次的投稿不知道具体负责的编辑，只能用通用的Editors）:On behalf of my co-authors, we thank you very much for giving us an opportunity to revise our manuscript, we appreciate editor and reviewers very much for their positive and constructive comments and suggestions on our manuscript entitled “Paper Title”. (ID: 文章稿号).We have studied reviewer’s comments carefully and have made revision which marked in red in the paper. We have tried our best to revise our manuscript according to the comments. Attached please find the revised version, which we would like to submit for your kind consideration.We would like to express our great appreciation to you and reviewers for comments on our paper. Looking forward to hearing from you.Thank you and best regards.Yours sincerely,××××××Corresponding author:Name: ×××E-mail: ××××@××××四、修改稿回答审稿人的意见（最重要的部分）List of ResponsesDear Editors and Reviewers:Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers’comments concerning our manuscript entitled “Paper Title”(ID: 文章稿号). Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in red in the paper. The main corrections in the paper and the responds to the reviewer’s comments are as flowing:Responds to the reviewer’s comments:Reviewer #1:1. Response to comment: (……简要列出意见……)Response: ××××××2. Response to comment: (……简要列出意见……)Response: ××××××。
sci英语语料库
sci英语语料库
SCI英语语料库是用于学术研究的英语文本集合，它包含了大量科学论文和文献，有助于研究人员分析和研究专业英语的使用情况。
SCI（Science Citation Index）英语语料库通常指的是那些收录了大量科学引文索引的英语语料库，这些语料库主要用于分析和研究科学技术领域的英语使用情况。
以下是一些可用于研究的英语语料库：
Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA)：这是一个大型且“平衡”的美国英语语料库，可能是目前使用最广泛的英语语料库之一。
British National Corpus (BNC)：这是英国国家语料库，包含了广泛的英国英语文本。
Webcorp：这是一个专业的语料库，提供了大量在线文本数据。
DEAP Corpus：这个语料库旨在收集在高影响力国际期刊上发表的英语研究文章，覆盖了20多个学科。
这些语料库对于语言学家、研究人员以及学习者来说是宝贵的资源，它们可以用来研究语言模式、词汇使用、语法结构等。
此外，语料库还可以帮助翻译人员和写作者提高他们的英语水平，了解专业领域中的术语和表达方式。
sci处理流程待定英语
sci处理流程待定英语English: The SCI (Science Citation Index) processing workflow is a crucial stage in the academic publishing process. This workflow typically involves several steps, starting from the submission of a manuscript to a scientific journal to its final indexing in the SCI database. The first step involves the submission of the manuscript to a journal, where it undergoes a peer review process to ensure its quality and relevance to the field. Once accepted, the manuscript goes through editing and formatting to meet the journal's guidelines. Subsequently, the journal submits the metadata of the article to the SCI for indexing. The SCI team checks the metadata for accuracy and relevance before including it in their database. Once indexed, the article becomes part of the SCI database, making it accessible to researchers worldwide. The SCI processing workflow is an essential part of the scholarly communication ecosystem, ensuring that high-quality research is disseminated efficiently and effectively.中文翻译:SCI（科学引文索引）处理流程是学术出版过程中至关重要的一个阶段。
sci处理流程待定英语
sci处理流程待定英语English:1. Define the problem.What is the specific problem that you are trying to solve? What are the symptoms of the problem? What are the root causes of the problem?2. Gather data.Collect data from a variety of sources to help you understand the problem. This data can include surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.3. Analyze the data.Use statistical analysis or other methods to identify patterns and trends in the data. This will help you to identify the key factors that are contributing to theproblem.4. Develop solutions.Brainstorm a variety of possible solutions to the problem. Consider the pros and cons of each solution and select the one that is most likely to be effective.5. Implement the solution.Put the solution into action and monitor its progress. Make adjustments as needed to ensure that the solution is effective.6. Evaluate the solution.Once the solution has been implemented, evaluate its effectiveness. Determine whether or not the problem has been solved and identify any areas where the solution could be improved.Chinese:1. 定义问题。
sci = to know_英语词根大全
sci = to know来自拉丁语的sci意为to know。
同义词根有来自拉丁语的gno,not。
（*拉丁文scire(=to know),scientia(=knowledge)——英文字根字典）1.prescience（事先知道pre(=before) + sci(=know)）n.预知；先见prescient adj.预知的；有先见之明的Thanks to his prescience,he got out of the stock market before it fell.幸亏他有先见之明，能在股市下跌之前脱身。
2.omniscient（无论什么都知道的omni(=all) + sci(=know)）adj.无所不知的omniscience n.无所不知的Life would be boring if one were truly omniscient.如果一个人真的通晓一切，那么他的生活将会很无聊。
3.consciencen.良心；道义，善恶观念 *con<com(=together)have no conscience 没有良心4.conscientiousadj.凭良心的；诚实的；认真的，勤勤恳恳的 *con<com(=together)conscientious student /worker 勤奋的学生/勤勤恳恳的工人conscientious objector （根据宗教、道义上的信念）拒服兵役的人（缩写：C.O）5.consciousadj.意识到的；神志清醒的；（行为等）有意的 *con<com(=together)consciously adv.有意识地；自觉地be conscious of 意识到...class-conscious 阶级意识的6.consciousnessn.知觉；意识 *con<com(=together)class consciousness 阶级意识stream of consciousness 意识流consciousness of kind 同类意识moral consciousness of a political party 政党的道德意识lose /regain(recover) consciousness 丧失/恢复意识7.unconscionableadj.不合理的；没良心的 *un(=not),*con<com(=together)unconscionable bargain 不合理的交易8.unconsciousadj. 无意识的，不知不觉的；没有知觉的，不省人事的 n.无意识 *un(=not),con<com(=together)unconscious houmor 无意识间产生的幽默unconscious neglect 无意的疏忽be unconscious of danger 没有意识到危险9.nesciencen.无知 *ne(=not)nescient adj.无知的词根seism ，seismo = seism 地震词根radi-,-ray-,-rad-,-radio-词根ac,acr,acid = sour （酸的词根paleo,pale,palae = old 老 专业英语词根、词缀、词源以及词汇相关知识 ！英语词源词根词缀记忆法，是最科学背单词方法！英语词根大全 adj.潜意识的；昏迷的；未察觉的《un- = not 》14.subconsciousscientific argument 科学的论证scientific name 学名scientific methods/farming 科学方法/科学种田adj.科学的；系统的；精确的；有技术的*fic(=make)13.scientificpolitical science 政治学science fiction 科幻小说natural (physical)/social/applied sciences 自然科学/社会科学/应用科学scientist n.自然科学家n.科学；（特指）自然科学；学科；技术12.sciencesciolist n.一知半解的人adj.11.sciolisticn.（对国家重要问题的）公民投票*pleb(=people)10.plebiscite。
ti si ci sci的单词
TI, SI, CI, SCI的单词1. TI的单词TI作为一个字母组合，很多单词中都能看到它的身影。
比如"time"（时间）, "tip"（尖，小费）, "tire"（轮胎）等等。
在英语中，TI的发音可能有时候是/ti/，有时候是/ʃ/, 比如"nation"（国家）的发音。
TI的发音规则比较复杂，需要根据具体的单词来判断。
但是知道了这个规律，对于学习和记忆这些单词将会有所帮助。
2. SI的单词SI在英文单词中也很常见，比如"simple"（简单的）, "silent"（安静的）, "sister"（姐妹）等等。
SI的发音一般是/sɪ/或/ˈsaɪ/，需要注意的是，有时候在某些单词中，SI的发音也可能是/ʃ/，比如"vision"（视力），"version"（版本）等等。
学习SI的单词也需要具体问题具体分析，不能一概而论。
3. CI的单词CI也是一个常见的字母组合，比如"city"（城市）, "circle"（圆圈），"civil"（文明的）等等。
CI的发音一般是/sɪ/或/ˈsɪ/，比较简单。
但是需要注意的是，在一些单词中，CI的发音也可能是/ʃ/，比如"cert本人n"（确定的）, "decision"（决定）等等。
所以在学习CI的单词时也需要多加注意。
4. SCI的单词SCI在英文单词中出现的频率相对较低，但是我们依然能够找到一些常用的单词，比如"science"（科学）, "conscious"（意识的）等等。
SCI的发音一般是/ˈsaɪəns/，需要特别注意的是，在一些单词中，SCI的发音可能是/ʃ/，比如"conscious"（意识的），"conscience"（良心）等等。
英语sci写作中名词单复数的用法
英语sci写作中名词单复数的用法
在英语科学写作中，名词的单复数形式使用是非常重要的。
在
写作中，正确使用名词的单复数形式可以帮助你表达清晰、准确的
意思。
以下是一些关于名词单复数用法的指导：
1. 一般情况下，名词的复数形式是在词尾加上“-s”，例如，experiment（实验）的复数形式是experiments（实验）。
2. 以“-s”结尾的名词，其复数形式通常保持不变，例如，species（物种）的复数形式仍然是species（物种）。
3. 以“-y”结尾的名词，如果前面是辅音字母，则将“-y”改
为“-ies”；如果前面是元音字母，则直接在词尾加上“-s”，例如，analysis（分析）的复数形式是analyses（分析）；但是
essay（文章）的复数形式是essays（文章）。
4. 一些名词的复数形式与其单数形式完全不同，需要进行记忆，例如，child（孩子）的复数形式是children（孩子）。
5. 一些名词没有复数形式，例如，information（信息）是不
可数名词，没有复数形式。
在科学写作中，正确使用名词的单复数形式可以帮助你的读者更好地理解你的观点和研究成果。
因此，建议在写作过程中注意名词单复数的用法，并在需要时查阅相关的语法参考资料。
常用英语词根 联想记忆英语词义
【英语字根】1,ag=do,act 做，动2,agri=field 田地，农田(agri也做agro,agr)3,ann=year年4,audi=hear听5,bell=war战争6,brev=short短7,ced,ceed,cess=go行走8,cept=take拿取9,cid,cis=cut,kill切，杀10,circ=ring环，圈11,claim,clam=cry,shout喊叫12,clar=clear清楚，明白13,clud=close,shut关闭14,cogn=known知道15,cord=heart心16,corpor=body体17,cred=believe,trust相信，信任18,cruc=cross 十字19,cur=care关心20,cur,curs,cour,cours=run跑21,dent=tooth牙齿22,di=day 日23,dict=say说24,dit=give给25,don=give给26,du=tow二27,duc,duct=lead引导28,ed=eat吃29,equ=equal等，均，平30,ev=age年龄，寿命，时代，时期31,fact=do,make做，作32,fer=bring,carry带拿33,flor=flower花34,flu=flow流35,fus=pour灌，流，倾泄36,grad=step,go,grade步，走，级37,gram=write,draw写，画，文字，图形38,graph=write,records写，画，记录器，图形39,gress=go,walk 行走40,habit=dwell居住41,hibit=hold拿，持42,hospit=guest客人43,idio=peculiar,own,private,proper特殊的，个人的，专有的44,insul=island岛45,it=go行走46,ject=throw投掷47,juven=young年轻，年少48,lectchoose,gather选，收49,lev=raise举，升50,liber=free自由51,lingu=language语言52,liter=letter文字，字母53,loc=place地方54,log=speak言，说55,loqu=speak言，说56,lun=moon月亮57,man=dwell,stay居住，停留58,manu=hand手59,mar=sea海60,medi=middle中间61,memor=memory记忆62,merg=dip,sink 沉，没63,migr=remove,move迁移64,milit=soldier兵65,mini=small,little小66,mir=wonder惊奇67,miss=send 投，送，发(miss也作mit)68,mob=move动69,mort=death死70,mot=move移动，动71,nomin=name名72,nov=new新73,numer=number 数74,onym=name 名75,oper=work工作76,ori=rise升起77,paci=peace和平，平静78,pel=push,drive推，逐，驱79,pend,pens=hang悬挂/weigh称量/pay支出，付钱，花费80,pet=seek追求81,phon=sound声音82,pict=paint画，描绘83,plen=full满，全84,plic=fold折，重叠85,pon=put放置86,popul=people人民87,port=carry拿，带，运88,pos=put放置89,preci=price价值90,punct=point,prick点，刺91,pur=pure清，纯，净92,rect=right,straight正，直93,rupt=break破94,sal=salt盐95,scend,scens=climb爬，攀96,sci=know知97,sec,sequ=follow跟随98,sect=cut切割99,sent,sens=feel感觉100,sid=sit坐101,sist=stand站立102,son=sound声音103,spect=look看104,spir=breathe呼吸105,tail=cut切割106,tain,ten,tin=hold握，持，守107,tect=cover掩盖108,tele=far远109,tempor=time时110,tend(tens,tent)=stretch伸111,terr=land,earth土地，陆地112,text=weave纺织113,tract=draw拉，抽，引114,un=one一115,urb=city城市116,vac,vacu=empty空117,vad,vas=walk,go行走118,vari=change变化119,ven=come来120,vert,vers=turn转121,vi,via=way道路122,vis,vid=see看123,vit=life生命124,viv=live活【第二部分，多认词根，多识单词】125,aer(o)空气，空中，航空126,alt高127,am爱128,ambul行走129,anim生命，活，心神，意见130,anthrop(o)人，人类131,aqu水132,arch统治者，首脑archy 统治133,avi鸟134,bat打135,biblio书136,birg战斗，打137,cad,cas降落，降临138,cert 确定，确信139,chron时140,cid降落，降临141,clin倾142,cosm(o)世界，宇宙143,cracy统治crat支持144,cub躺，卧145,cult耕，培养146,cycl(o)圈，环，轮147,dem(o)人民148,dexter右149,doc教150,dom屋，家151,dorm睡眠152,drom跑153,ego我154,err漫游，走，行155,fabl,fabul 言156,feder联盟157,ferv沸，热158,fict,fig塑造，虚构159,fid信任160,fil线161,flat 吹162,flect,flex弯曲163,flict打击164,frag,fract破，折165,frig冷166,fug逃，散167,fund,found底，基础168,gam婚姻169,gram谷物，谷粒170,grav重171,greg群，集合172,gyn,gynce(o)妇女173,hal呼吸174,helic(o)螺旋175,hes,her粘着176,ign火177,integr整，全178,junct连接，连结179,later边180,leg读181,leg,legis法182,luc光183,lumin光184,magn(i)大185,matr(i)，metro母186,mega大187,mens测量188,ment心，神，智，思，意189,min伸出，突出190,misc混合，混杂191,mis(o)恨，厌恶192,mon告诫，提醒193,mon单独，一个194,mur墙195,mut变换196,nat诞生197,nav船198,nect,nex结，系199,negr,nigr黑200,nihil无201,noc,nox伤害202,noct(i)夜203,norm规范，正规，正常204,nutri营养205,orn装饰206,par生，产207,parl说，谈208,past喂，食209,path(o)，pathy疾病，疗法210,patr(i)父，祖211,ped脚，足212,ped儿童，小孩213,petr(o)石214,phag吃215,phil(o)爱216,phob(ia)怕217,plex重叠，重218,polis城市219,prim第一，最初220,radic根221,ras,rad擦，刮222,rid,ris笑223,rod,ros咬，啮224,rot轮，转225,rud原始，粗野226,rur,rus农村227,sat,satis,satur足，满，饱228,sen老229,simil,simul相似，相同230,sol单独231,sol太阳232,soph智慧233,sper希望234,spers,spars散，撒235,splend发光，照耀236,stell星237,tact,tag触238,the(o)神239,ton音240,tort扭241,tour迂回，转242,trud,trus推，冲243,tut,tuit监护，看管244,umbr阴影245,ut,us用246,vas走，漫游247,val强248,van空，无249,ver(i)真实250,voc,vok声音，叫喊251,vol,volunt意志，意愿252，volu,volv滚，转。
SCI常用英语
SCI投稿常用英语一、投稿信1. Dear Dr. Defendi ML:I am sending a manuscript entitled “”by –which I should like to submit for possible publication in the journal of - .Yours sincerely2. Dear Dr. A:Enclosed is a manuscript entitled “”by sb, which we are submitting for publication in the journal of - . We have chosen this journal because it deals with - . We believe that sth would be of interest to the journal’s readers.3. Dear Dr. A:Please find enclosed for your review an original research article, “”by sb. All authors have read and approve this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. No part of this paper has published or submitted elsewhere. No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and we have attached to this letter the signed letter granting us permission to use Figure 1 from another source.We appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward to receiving comments from the reviewers.二、询问有无收到稿件Dear Editors,We dispatched our manuscript to your journal on 3 August 2006 but have not, as yet, receive acknowledgement of their safe arrival. We fear that may have been lost and should be grateful if you would let us know whether or not you have received them. If not, we will send our manuscript again. Thank you in advance for your help.三、询问论文审查回音Dear Editors，It is more than 12 weeks since I submitted our manuscript (No: ) for possible publication in your journal. I have not yet received a reply and am wondering whether you have reached a decision. I should appreciated your letting me know what you have decided as soon as possible.四、关于论文的总体审查意见1. This is a carefully done study and the findings are of considerable interest. A few minor revision are list below.2. This is a well-written paper containing interesting results which merit publication. For the benefit of the reader, however, a number of points need clarifying and certain statements require further justification. There are given below.3. Although these observation are interesting, they are rather limited and do not advance our knowledge of the subject sufficiently to warrant publication in PNAS. We suggest that the authors try submitting their findings to specialist journal such as –4. Although this paper is good, it would be ever better if some extra data were added.5. This manuscript is not suitable for publication in the journal of –because the main observation it describe was reported 3 years ago in a reputable journal of - .6. Please ask someone familiar with English language to help you rewrite this paper. As you will see, I have made some correction at the beginning of the paper where some syntax is not satisfactory.7. We feel that this potentially interesting study has been marred by an inability to communicate the finding correctly in English and should like to suggest that the authors seek the advice of someone with a good knowledge of English, preferable native speaker.8. The wording and style of some section, particularly those concerning HPLC, need careful editing. Attention should be paid to the wording of those parts of the Discussion of and Summary which have been underlined.9. Preliminary experiments only have been done and with exception of that summarized in Table 2, none has been repeated. This is clearly unsatisfactory, particularly when there is so much variation between assays.10. The condition of incubation are poorly defined. What is the temperature? Were antibody used?五、给编辑的回信1. In reply to the referee’s main criticism of paper, it is possible to say that –One minor point raised by the referee concerns of the extra composition of the reaction mixture in Figure 1. This has now been corrected. Further minor changes had been made on page 3, paragraph 1 (line 3-8) and 2 (line 6-11). These do not affect our interpretation of the result.2. I have read the referee’s comments very carefully and conclude that the paper has been rejected on the sole grounds that it lake toxicity data. I admit that I did not include a toxicity table in my article although perhaps I should have done. This was for the sake of brevity rather than an error or omission.3. Thank you for your letter of –and for the referee’s comments concerning our manuscript entitled “”. We have studied their comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with their approval.4. I enclosed a revised manuscript which includes a report of additional experiments done at the referee’s suggestion. You will see that our original findings are confirmed.5. We are sending the revised manuscript according to the comments of the reviewers. Revised portion are underlined in red.6. We found the referee’s comments most helpful and have revised the manuscript7. We are pleased to note the favorable comments of reviewers in their opening sentence.8. Thank you for your letter. I am very pleased to learn that our manuscript is acceptable for publication in Cancer Research with minor revision.9. We have therefore completed a further series of experiments, the result of which are summarized in Table 5. From this we conclude that intrinsic factor is not account.10. We deleted the relevant passage since they are not essential to the contents of the paper.11. I feel that the reviewer’s comments concerning Figures 1 and 2 result from a misinterpretation of the data.12. We would have include a non-protein inhibitor in our system, as a control, if one had been available.13. We prefer to retain the use of Table 4 for reasons that it should be clear from the new paragraph inserted at the end of the Results section.14. Although reviewer does not consider it is important to measure the temperature of the cells, we consider it essential.15. The running title has been changed to “”.16. The Materials and Methods section now includes details for measuring uptake of isotope and assaying hexokinase.17. The concentration of HAT media (page12 paragraph 2) was incorrectly stated in the original manuscript. This has been rectified. The authors are grateful to the referees for pointing out their error.18. As suggested by both referees, a discussion of the possibility of laser action on chromosome has been included (page16, paragraph 2).19. We included a new set of photographs with better definition than those originally submitted and to which a scale has been added.20. Following the suggestion of the referees, we have redraw Figure 3 and 4.21. Two further papers, published since our original submission, have been added to the text and Reference section. These are:22. We should like to thank the referees for their helpful comments and hope that we have now produced a more balance and better account of our work. We trust that the revised manuscript is acceptable for publication.23. I greatly appreciate both your help and that of the referees concerning improvement to this paper. I hope that the revised manuscript is now suitable for publication.24. I should like to express my appreciation to you and the referees for suggesting how to improve our paper.25. I apologize for the delay in revising the manuscript. This was due to our doing an additional experiment, as suggested by referees.。
sci英语写作的单词
sci英语写作的单词SCI（Science Citation Index）是美国科学资讯研究所出版的一部世界著名的期刊文献检索工具，其内容覆盖面广泛，包括科学、技术、医学和生命科学等领域。
因此，在SCI英语写作中，通常会使用到一些专业性较强、科学性较高的词汇。
以下是一些SCI英语写作中常用的单词：Adipose tissue：脂肪组织Aorta：主动脉Artery：动脉Atrophy：萎缩Bile duct：胆管Bone：骨Brain：大脑Cancer：癌症Cardiovascular disease：心血管疾病Cell：细胞Central nervous system：中枢神经系统Cellular signaling pathway：细胞信号通路Chemotherapy：化疗Chromosome：染色体Cytokine：细胞因子DNA：脱氧核糖核酸Enzyme：酶Epigenetics：表观遗传学Gene expression：基因表达Genome：基因组Growth factor：生长因子Immune system：免疫系统Inflammation：炎症Intervention：干预Lipid：脂质Liver：肝脏Lymph node：淋巴结Macrophage：巨噬细胞Metabolism：代谢Microbiota：微生物群落Mitochondria：线粒体Neuron：神经元Nerve：神经Neoplasm：肿瘤Organism：生物体Osteoporosis：骨质疏松症Pathogenesis：发病机制Pharmacotherapy：药物治疗Prostaglandin：前列腺素Receptor：受体RNA：核糖核酸Stem cell：干细胞Tissue engineering：组织工程学Tumor suppressor gene：肿瘤抑制基因Vaccine：疫苗Vasculature：血管系统Vascular disease：血管疾病Ventricular hypertrophy：心室肥厚Virus：病毒Xenobiotics：外源性物质。
sci医学英语词根
Suffi x Meaning Example -ac pertaining to 属于，关于属于，关于cardiac: pertaining to the heart 心脏（病）的心脏（病）的 -al pertaining to medical: pertaining to medicine -ar pertaining to molecular: pertaining to a molecule 分子的分子的 -ary pertaining to belonging to ciliary: pertaining to the cilia 睫毛的,纤毛的,毛状的毛状的 -ase enzyme 酶amylase: any enzyme that converts starch to sugar 淀粉酶淀粉酶 -cle smallness 小,少,贫乏,小气小气follicle: a small bodily cavity or sac 小囊,(头发的)毛囊毛囊 -e an instrument 仪器仪器 auriscope: an instrument for examining the ear (检查耳朵用的)耳镜耳镜-eal pertaining to laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx 喉的, 喉音的喉音的-ia condition; quality phobia: abnormal fear 恐惧，害怕恐惧，害怕-ic pertaining to toxic: pertaining to toxin 有毒的；因中毒引起的有毒的；因中毒引起的 -ics study of; name of a science p aediatrics: study of children, their development and diseasespaediatrics: study of children, their development and diseases 儿科学儿科学-ine/i n substance 物质物质物质 insulin ：substance (hormone) produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas 胰岛素胰岛素-ism process or condition alcoholism: excessive drinking of alcohol which becomes addictive 酒精中毒酒精中毒-ist one who specializes in 精通于……的人的人pharmacologist: a doctor who specializes in the study of drugs 药理专家药理专家药理专家 -itis inflammation refers to a part i n ……部位的炎症 rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal passages 鼻炎，鼻粘膜炎鼻炎，鼻粘膜炎-(i)u m relation to a whole; related to 与……相关相关endometrium: inner lining of the uter 子宫内膜子宫内膜-ive characterizes by antitussive: a drug that suppresses coughing 止咳药止咳药-let tiny; small droplet: a tiny drop 小滴小滴-ment the result or product of an act ion development: thing which develops or is being developed; action of becoming mature -oid resembling; like 像mucoid: resembling mucus 粘液样的粘液样的 -ole little; small centriole: the small dense structure in the middle of the centrosome 细胞中心粒；中心体细胞中心粒；中心体-oma -oma tumor; swelling refers to a do tumor; swelling refers to a doer dermatofibroma: fibrous tumor of the skin 皮肤纤维瘤皮肤纤维瘤 -or/-e r either a person or thing receptor: a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stim uli 感受器，受体感受器，受体-ory characterized by; pertaining t o suspensory: which is hanging down 悬吊式，悬带悬吊式，悬带-ose sugar fructose: fruits sugar found in honey and some fruit 果糖果糖 -osis abnormal condition onychocryptosis: abnormal condition of a hidden nail 嵌甲嵌甲 -ous pertaining to poisonous: pertaining to poison; also containing poison 有毒的，分泌毒素的的，分泌毒素的 -som es bodies ribosome: the body of nucleic acid 核糖体核糖体-um structure; thing; substance 结构，物质结构，物质 magnesium: a white metallic chemical substance 镁（金属元素）素）-y condition; act; process dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism 营养不良营养不良The following is a list of the most commonly used compound suffixes Suffix M eaning Example -algia pain; painful; condition arthralgia: pain in a joint 关节痛关节痛--ase enzyme protease: digestive enzyme 蛋白酶蛋白酶 -blast embryo 胚，胚胎，人类胚胎hemocytoblast: blast cell 血胚细胞，原始血细胞血胚细胞，原始血细胞 -carcin oma malignant tumor developing from connective tissue 相关组织的恶性肿瘤组织的恶性肿瘤adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor developing from glandular tissue 腺癌腺癌腺癌 -cele protrusion; distention 突出；膨胀，延伸膨胀，延伸esophagocele: abnormal distention of the esophagus 食管突出 -centes is surgical puncture 手术穿孔手术穿孔手术穿孔 paracentesis: surgical puncture of a cavity for the aspiration o f fluid 穿刺术穿刺术穿刺术 -capni a carbon dioxide 二氧化碳二氧化碳二氧化碳 acapnia: absence of carbon dioxide 血液二氧化碳缺乏血液二氧化碳缺乏 -cide kill germicide: (substance) which can kill germs 杀菌剂杀菌剂 -clast cell phagocyte:cell, especially a white blood cell, which can surro und and destroy other cells 噬菌细胞噬菌细胞 -dynia -dynia pain pain glossodynia: pain in the tongue 舌痛舌痛-ectasi a/ -ectasis expansion; dilation(膨胀，扩张) atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth 肺不张肺不张-ectom y surgical excision or removal of gastrectomy: surgical removal of the stomach 胃切除术胃切除术 -edem a excessive accumulation of s erous fluid 水肿水肿水肿 myxoedema: condition caused when the thyroid gland does n ot produce enough thyroid hormone 粘液腺瘤病，粘液水肿粘液腺瘤病，粘液水肿 -emia blood condition leukemia: any of several malignant diseases where an abnorm al number of leucocytes form in the blood 白血病白血病 -emesi s vomiting 呕吐呕吐hematemesis: the vomiting of blood 咯血；吐血咯血；吐血-gen something that produced or prouduces pathogen: a microorganism or agent capable of producing disease 病菌，病原体病菌，病原体-genes is production 生产生产spermatogenesis: formation and development of spermatozoa in the testes 精子发生精子发生精子发生 -globi n protein 蛋白质蛋白质hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein produced by erythroc ytes 血红素血红素 -gnosi s knowledge diagnosis: the process of identifying the nature or presence of a disease through knowledge and examination -gram image; picture electrocardiogram: a graphic record of the electrical activity of heart muscle or heartbeat used in the diagnosis of heart disease. Abbr. ECG and EKG . Syn. cardiogram . Syn. cardiogram 心电图心电图-graph (y) process of recording 记录过程记录过程 electocardiography: the process of making or recording electrocardiograms. Syn. cardiography 心电图记录心电图记录-iasis condition; state 情况，状况情况，状况cholelithiasis: the formation of gallstones 胆石症胆石症 -iatry/ -iatrics healing, frequently refers to a branch of medicine 康复，常指医学的一个分支常指医学的一个分支podiatry: treatment of foot disorders 足部医疗足部医疗-lith stone cholelith: a gallstone; a stone formed in the gallbladder 胆结石-logy the study of cytology: the science study of cells 细胞学细胞学-logist -logist one who studies and treats one who studies and treats urologist: a physician who specializes in the practice of urolo gy 泌尿科医生泌尿科医生-lysis breakdown, destruction hemolysis: the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells wi th release of hemoglobin 溶血溶血溶血 -malac ia softening osteomalacia: softening of bone 骨软化骨软化-mania extreme compulsion or preo ccupation 强迫症强迫症kleptomania: a morbid, uncontrollable compulsion to steal 盗窃癖窃癖 -megal y giant acromegaly: a condition in which there is an enlargement of t he facial bones as well as those of the lungs 肢端肥大症肢端肥大症 -metry measurement spirometry: measurement of the volume of air inhaled and ex/ -meter haled or the air capacity of the lungs 肺(活)量测定(法),呼吸量测定(法) -odyni a pain cardiodynia: pain in the heart region 心痛，胸痛心痛，胸痛-one hormone 荷尔蒙，激素荷尔蒙，激素 parathormone: which regulates calcium balance among the blood, bones, and teeth 甲状旁腺激素甲状旁腺激素甲状旁腺激素 -opia a defect in the eye 眼睛的毛病myopia: being short-sighted 近视近视-opsy to view biopsy: excision of live tissue for microscopic diagnosis 活检活检 -osis morbid condition 病态的病态的 sclerosis: abnormal hardening 硬化症硬化症-osmia smell anosmia: loss of the sense of smell 嗅觉丧失嗅觉丧失 -ostom y process of making an openin g into or a connection betwe en 造瘘造瘘gastrostomy: surgical construction of an opening from the sur face of the abdomen into the stomach 胃造口术胃造口术-oxia level of oxygen 氧水平氧水平 hypoxia: a low oxygen level or a lack of oxygen in body tissues 组织缺氧组织缺氧-pathy -pathy disease; diseased condition disease; diseased condition disease; diseased condition ophthalmopathy: any eye disease ophthalmopathy: any eye disease 眼病眼病眼病 -penia -penia deficiency deficiency leukopenia: deficiency of leukocytes in the blood. Syn. leukocytopenia 白细胞减少症白细胞减少症-pepsi a digestion eupepsia: good digestion 消化良好消化良好 --pexy --pexy a fixing or setting firmly in p a fixing or setting firmly in p lace by suturing 缝合固定缝合固定hepatopexy: surgical fixation of a displace liver 肝固定术肝固定术 -phagi a/phagy eating; swallowing 吃，吃，吞咽吞咽 dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing 吞咽困难吞咽困难吞咽困难 -phil attraction 吸引，具有吸引力的事物 basophil: type of leucocyte or white blood cell which contains granules 嗜碱性粒细胞嗜碱性粒细胞-phobi a fear xenophobia: irrational fear of strangers 对外国人的恐惧，憎恶 -plasia formation; development hyperplasia: overdevelopment or enlargement of an organ or t issue 增生，数量型肥大增生，数量型肥大 -phoni a voice dysphonia: difficulty in speaking 发声困难发声困难发声困难 -plasm formation; growth or substa nce of formation cytoplasm: jelly substance in the cell 细胞浆细胞浆 -plasty surgical repair osteoplasty: surgical repair of the bone 骨整形术，骨成形术骨整形术，骨成形术 --plegi a stroke; paralysis 中风中风中风 thermoplegia: heat or sunsrtoke 热射病热射病热射病 -pnea breathing eupnea: normal breathing 呼吸正常，平静呼吸呼吸正常，平静呼吸--ptosi a falling, the dropping or sag hepatoptosis: abnormally low position of the liver 肝下垂肝下垂s ging of an organ 器官下移器官下移器官下移 -ptysis spitting 分散分散 melanoptysis: spitting of the spleen 黑色痰液;咳黑痰咳黑痰-poiesi s production hemopoiesis: production of blood cells 造血作用，生血作用造血作用，生血作用 -rrhag e/ -rrhagia bursting forth of blood 出血出血 menorrhagia: very heavy bleeding during menstruation 月经过多过多 -rrhap hy surgical sewing or suturing splenorrhaphy: suture of the spleen 脾修补术脾修补术-rrhea overflow hydrorrhea: watery discharge 液溢液溢-(o)rrh exis splitting or rupture 撕裂，撕裂，破破裂，疝气裂，疝气 amniorrhexis: rupture of the amniotic ac 羊膜破裂羊膜破裂-sarco ma malignant tumor developing from connective tissue liposarcoma: malignant tumor containing fat 脂肪肉瘤脂肪肉瘤-schesi s a holding back; suppression of discharge 阻碍；抑制排放uroschesis: suppression of urine 闭尿，尿潴留闭尿，尿潴留闭尿，尿潴留 -sclero sis a hardening dermatosclerosis: hardening of the skin 硬皮病硬皮病 -scope -scope instrument for viewing instrument for viewing stethoscope: an instrument for performing medicate ausculation 听诊器听诊器-scopy process of examining visuall y hepatoscopy: examination of the liver 肝检查肝检查 -spasm involuntary contraction angiospasm: sudden contraction of the muscles in a blood vessel 血管痉挛血管痉挛-stasis -stasis suppression; stoppage; contr suppression; stoppage; contr ol; arrest 抑制，中止抑制，中止hemostasis: the arrest of bleeding 止血，止血法止血，止血法 -stenos is abnormal narrowing of a duc t or canal 管、管、道德异常狭窄道德异常狭窄 laryngostenosis: abnormal narrowing of the larynx 喉狭窄喉狭窄 -stomy surgical opening to the outsi de of the body 造口造口造口 colostomy: surgical operation to make an opening from the colon 结肠造口术结肠造口术-tentio n pressure hypertention: high blood pressure 高血压高血压 -therap y treatment physiotherapy: treatment of disease by physical means 物理疗法疗法 --tion process hospitalization: the process of being hosipitalized 住院住院 -tocia labor; birth 生产生产生产 embryotocia: abortion 流产流产流产 -tome tool for incision arthrotome: instrument for cutting a joint 关节刀关节刀 -tomy process of cutting into gastrotomy: incision of the stomach 胃切开术胃切开术 -tropia turning 转弯，变向转弯，变向转弯，变向 esotropia: turning inward of the eye 内斜视内斜视-troph nourishment or development d ystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolidystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metaboliy of an organ 器官的营养、器官的营养、发育sm 营养不良营养不良-uria a condition of the urine （小便）便）dysuria: difficultly in passing urine 排尿困难排尿困难-versio n turning eversion: a turning outward 外翻，翻转外翻，翻转外翻，翻转 Here is a table of the most commonly used prefixes Prefix M eaning Example a-/an- without; not aphasia: the inability to understand written or spoken words o r to speak meaningfully 失语症失语症失语症 ab- away from abortion: expulsion from the uterus 流产流产 ad- to; toward; near adnasal: near the nose 近鼻的近鼻的acro- a point or tip acronyx: growing into the flesh 嵌甲嵌甲alb- white albino: a person lacking normal pigmentation 白发病者白发病者amb-/ ambi- both ambisexual 、bisexual: (person) who is sexually attracted to both males and famales 双性恋双性恋双性恋 amphi-/ ampho- both; both sides amphicentric: beginning and ending in the same vessel 起止同源的血管同源的血管 ana- up; back again anabolism: process of building up complex chemical substan ces on the basis of simpler ones 合成代谢合成代谢 Angio- a blood vessel angioma: benign tumor formed of blood vessel 血管瘤血管瘤 ante- before antenatal: during the period between conception and childbirt h 出生前的，怀孕期的出生前的，怀孕期的 anti- against antidepressant: (drug) used to treat depression 抗抑郁剂抗抑郁剂 audi- hearing; sound audiometry: science of testing hearing 听力测定听力测定 auto- self autoantibody: antibody formed to attack the body’s body’s own cells own cells 自身抗体 bi- two; twice bicellular: two cells 两室的两室的bio- living organisms 生命体生命体 biochemistry: chemistry living tissues 生物化学生物化学生物化学 brady- slow bradycardia: slow rate of heart contraction, shown by a slow pulse rate 心动过缓心动过缓 carcin- carcinoma or cancer 癌；瘤癌；瘤 c arcinogen: a cancer-causing substance 致癌物致癌物致癌物 cata- downwards; under; against; along with cataract: condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque 白内障白内障白内障 centi- one hundredth 百分之一百分之一 centimeter: unit of measurement of length(=one hundredth of a meter)厘米厘米厘米 co(n)- co(n)- with or together with or together consanguineous: blood relationship 血亲的，血缘的，密切的 contra- against contraception: prevention of pregnancy by using devices or drugs 避孕法，节育法避孕法，节育法de- removal or loss decaffeinated: (coffee) with the caffeine removed 脱去咖啡因的因的deca- ten decagram: ten grams 十克十克deci- tenth deciliter: unit of measurement of liquid(=one tenth of a little)1/10公升公升di- two diglossia: a double tongue 使用两种语言使用两种语言使用两种语言 dia- through; between; apart; acr oss diathermy: process of (treating) through heat 透热疗法透热疗法 dis- reversal or separate disintegrate: to come to pieces 分解，破裂分解，破裂 dys- bad; difficult; disordered dysarthrosis: deformity or malformation of a joint 关节变形关节变形 echo- sound echocardiography: ultrasonography of the heart 心回波描记，超声心动描记术超声心动描记术 ect-/ ecto- outside or outer ecchondroma: benign tumor on the surface of cartilage or bon e 外生软骨瘤外生软骨瘤 en- in; within enostosis: benign growth inside a bone 内生骨疣内生骨疣 endo- inside endocardium: membrane which lines the heart 心内膜心内膜 epi- on; over epidermis: outer layer of skin 表皮表皮 ery- red erythrocyte: mature non-nucleated red blood cell 红细胞红细胞 eso- inward; within(向内) esotropia: turning inward of the eye 内斜视内斜视 eu- good eugenics: study of how to improve the human race by genetic selection 优生学优生学 ex-/ ex o- out of exhale: to breath out 呼出呼出 extra- outside extracapsular: outside a capsule 囊外的囊外的囊外的 hemi- half hemiplegia: severe paralysis affecting one side of the body 偏瘫,半身麻痹,半身不遂半身不遂 hydro- water hydrocele: collection of watery liquid found in a cavity such as the scrotum 阴囊积水阴囊积水 hyper- hyper- higher or too much higher or too much hyperglycaemia: excess of glucose in the blood 高血糖症高血糖症 hypo- less or too little hypokalaemia: deficiency of potassium in the blood 低血钾低血钾 in- in or into inbreeding: breeding between a closely related male and fema le 近亲交配近亲交配 in- not incoherent: not able to speak in a way which makes sense 语无伦次无伦次 infra- below or beneath infrapatellar: below or beneath the patella 髌 inter- between interlobular: between lobules 小叶间的小叶间的 intra- inside intramedullary: inside the bone marrow or spinal cord 髓内髓内 itro- into introvert: person who thinks only about himself and his own mental state 性格内向的人性格内向的人 mal- bad or abnormal malfunction: abnormal working of an argan 机器等运转失常；失灵；出现故障常；失灵；出现故障meta- changes metaplasia: change of one tissue to another 化生，转化，组织变形化生，转化，组织变形 micro- very small microcyte: abnormally small red blood cell 小红细胞小红细胞 mid- middle midcarpal: between the two rows of carpal bones 腕骨间的腕骨间的 milli- one thousandth milligram: unit of measurement of weight 毫克毫克 mis- error or wrong miscarriage: spontaneous abortion 流产流产 multi- multi- many many multigravida: a woman who is pregnant and has been pregna nt at least twice before 经产孕妇经产孕妇 noct- at night nocturia: passing abnormally large quantity of urine when asl eep in bed at night 夜尿症夜尿症 nona- nine or the nineth nonagon: flat shape which has nine sides 九边形九边形 octa- eight octan: every eight days 八日热；每隔八日发一次的八日热；每隔八日发一次的八日热；每隔八日发一次的 odont- odont- teeth teeth odontology: study of teeth and associated structures, and their disorders onco- tumours oncology: scientific study of new gowths 肿瘤学肿瘤学 oro- mouth orolingual: pertaining to the mouth and tongue 口与舌的口与舌的pachy- thickening pachysomia: condition where soft tissues of the body become abnormally thick 躯体肥厚躯体肥厚 pali-/ palin- against; pathologic repetitio n 病态的重复病态的重复palindromic: (disease) which recurs 复发的，再发的复发的，再发的 pan-/p ant-/ panto- all pancytopenia: abnormal depression of all the cellular element s of the blodd 全血细胞减少症全血细胞减少症全血细胞减少症 para- similar to or near; changed o r beyond paralyse or paralyze: to weaken (muscles) so that they cannot function 使麻痹，使瘫痪使麻痹，使瘫痪pen-/ penta- five pentosuria: excretion of pentoses in the urine 戊糖尿戊糖尿 per- through percutaneous: done or administered through the skin 经皮的，由皮的由皮的 peri- around pericystitis: inflammation of tissue around the bladder 膀胱周炎周炎pero- deformed or defective 畸形有缺陷的有缺陷的 peromelia: congenital deformity of the limbs 四肢不全四肢不全pharm aco- drugs pharmacology: study of drugs or medicines, and their action, properties and characteristics 药理学，药物学药理学，药物学 pleo-/ pleio- too many pleokaryocyte: condition where a greater than normal number of cells in cerebrospinal fluid 多核细胞多核细胞 pluri- more pluriglandular: pertaining to or affecting several glands 多线性的性的pneum -/ air or the lungs; breathing air or the lungs; breathing pneumonia: inflammation of a lung pneumonia: inflammation of a lung 肺炎肺炎pneunmo- poly- touching many organs polyphagia: condition where a patient eats too much; morbid desire for every king of food 多食症，杂食症多食症，杂食症 post- after or later postprandial: after a meal 餐后的餐后的 pre- before of in front of premature: early or before the normal time 过早的，早产过早的，早产 presby - old age presbyopia: an old person’s person’s sight fails gradually sight fails gradually 老花眼老花眼老花眼 pro-/ supin-/ pron- before or in front of lying on the back bend forward prognosis: prediction of the outcome of a disease 预测；预后预测；预后 quadri -/ quint- four five/fifth quadruplet or quad: one of four babies born to a mother at the same time 四胞胎四胞胎 radio- ray or radiation radiotherapy: treating a disease by exposing the affected part to radioactive 放射疗法放射疗法放射疗法 semi- half semiptosis: the downward sagging of half or part of an organ 轻度睑下垂轻度睑下垂 sub- under submucous: under the mucous membrane 粘膜下层的；粘膜下的下的 super- super- above; extremely above; extremely superalbuminosis: abnormal increase of albumin 白蛋白过多白蛋白过多 syn- with; joint syndesmosis: joint where the ones are tightly linked by ligam ents 韧带联合韧带联合 supra- supra- above; over above; over suprarenal: (situated) above a kidney 肾上腺肾上腺 tachy- tachy- fast fast tachycardia: rapid beating of the heart 心动过速心动过速 tetra- four tetracycline: antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterial diseases 四环素四环素 trans- across; through; beyond transmission: the transfer, as of a disease, from one person to another 传染传染 tri- three tricephalus: a fetus with three heads 三头畸胎三头畸胎 ultra- beyond; excess ultrasonics: the science dealing with ultrasonic sound waves 超声波学超声波学 uni- one uniglandular: affecting only one gland 单腺的单腺的 xen(o)- strange; foreign xenograft: a graft of tissue transplant between animals of diff erent species 异种移植物异种移植物异种移植物。
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以后再也不用愁SCI了（英语学术论文常用经典句型）作者：刘洋我想研究生时代能用得到，可就是有点太多了~~~Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presen tation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibili ty knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy servi ce rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the d ifficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time windo w6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Sectio n 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses ho w to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategie s.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experiment al data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Sect ion 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM syst em24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the funda mental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiment s...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the u nderstanding of subsequent results.Next Section1. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.2. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rea rranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.3. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysi s of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.4. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.5. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 0. Abstract·A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measureme nt of experimental variables.·This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.·This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.·The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.·The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.·The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms.·The usefulness of xx is also considered.·A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.·The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.·A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.·Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.·The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.·Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the p roposed technique.·This paper analyses problems in·This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...·This paper includes an illustration of the ...·This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching·Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hi erarchical system of objectives are evaluated.·The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx·Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.·The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xx·The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic vari ables.·A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime·Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive·Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world·The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the·The development of ... is explored·During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions, ·The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years·There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...·A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...·A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.·At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx·Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effectiv e method has yet to be developed.·The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].·To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in co mmercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose·The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:·The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction fo r xxx.·The paper concerns the development of a xx·The scope of this research lies in·The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.·These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... ·The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:·The primary purpose/consideration/objective of·The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide·The main objective of such a ... system is to·The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.·In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:·In order to take advantage of their similarity·more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed·In this trial, the objective is to generate...·for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues·A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.·For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.·A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods·This illustration points out the need to specify·The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.Chapter 2. Literature Review·A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx ·A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade·A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. ·There is considerable amount of literature on planning·However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx.·Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well i n methodological aspects as in concrete applications.·Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.·Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis.·Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of·Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefor e, not yet been automated.·Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.·The central issue in all these studies is to·The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been b ased upon classical statistical approaches.·Applied ... techniques to·Characterized the ... system as·Developed an algorithm to·Developed a system called ... which·Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce·Emphasized the need to·Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology·A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken·Much work has been reported recently in these filed·Proposed·Presented·State that·Point out that the problem of·Described·Illustrated·Indicated·Has shown / showed·Address·Highlights·A study on ...was done / developed by []·Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with·The approach taken by [] is·The system developed by [] consists·A paper relevant to this research was published by []·[]s model requires consideration of ..·[] model draws attention to evolution in human development·[]s model focuses on...·Little research has been conducted in applying ... to·The published information that is relevant to this research...·This study further shows that·Their work is based on the principle of·More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].·Studies have been completed to established·The ...studies indicated that·Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing x x, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question·Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well wi th this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of m ultiple aspects.·Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems· ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved·Two major problems have yet to be addressed·An unanswered question·This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.·An additional research issue to be tackled is ....·Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed·The three prime issues can be summarized:·The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...·There have been many attempts to·It is expected to be serious barrier to·It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.·There are several ways to get around this problem.·As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.·The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.·A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.·xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.·Several problems are associated with them.·Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be over come before a fully automated system can be realized.·Most problems in practice are complicated·More problem surface here.·Hamper effort toward a xx system·In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx progr am has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample popu lation of xx·The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop·This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. ·However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.·It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption·In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formul ation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may b e applied.·We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the sam e for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problems nature.·An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the samplin g rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.·Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferen t.·Main simplifying assumptions are:·This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / Module·An outline of the research·Information is incorporated within the scheme·Is built into ... structure·A nice modular structure.·The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassification·A xx system comprises three main components:·Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..·Consists of the following steps:·This is summarized in the following steps:·Can be broadly classified into the following areas:·Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the·Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more·The following steps should be followed·xx can be classified by a different ways.·Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:·This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.System·Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which t here is clearly a right or wrong answer.·The system consists of both ... and ...·The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.·expert system domains are area of expertise·To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:·The system has been developed / designed to determine·The system has proven to be able to·The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain·The system comprises a ... with·The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique·The system environment must be relatively stable·The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...·The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.·The most essential part of .. system is the ...·The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of ·An automated system was developed for·In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.·An interactive automatic ... system·A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system·Should be capable of being generated from a ... system·xx is an important part of the integrated system.·The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hiera rchy of scheduling decision.·The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.·The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the lin guistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer System·The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS DOS environment. Prolog w as chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.·The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 result s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible m achine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.·Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C language and directly linked to the Pr olog environment.·The xx process, once the xxs data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.·It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386 209;based microcomp uter equipped with a 80387 math co processor.·The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other bas ed on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor.·Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.·Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.·An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study·Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.·While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dr amatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to a bout 1 min.·This combination is being implemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Small talk 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Technique·A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system·To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.·In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the·Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accept ed·This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.·This can be accomplished by·This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:·The above preliminary analysis has provided important information·Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...·These concepts have been applied to·On the basis of the concept mentioned above,·This can be achieved by·This fact suggests that a new concept·This was accomplished by taking ...·The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.·Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility·There is little hope of achieving successful ...·There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of·Only a few studies can be found.·It is a very tedious process to go through·It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected·The entire interpretation process is conducted in ones head.·These approaches are sometimes very tedious.·Several techniques can be used·A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:·A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.·A xx model represents an xx by its xx.·A process decision model captures the logic essential to·From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...·The validity of a xx model can be checked using Eulers formula.·Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...·Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.·A number of heuristic rules have been developed for·Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that·An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine·Eulers formula states the following:·The completed model should agree with the formula.·For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary ·Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,·To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful.Point of View·from an implementation standpoint,·From the point of view of this application,·From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). ·Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in orde r to allow one to make decisions.·From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of t he fuzzy control algorithm.·The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justification·We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and ca n·Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reaso ning may be easily implemented.·The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high t han to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.·This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to i mplement.·A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typi cally a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.·It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are bas ed is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provid e a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. ·Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their do main knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Data·The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measur ed between x and x using a xx technique.·The data consists of over xx measurements.·An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xx ·Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc. ·The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational proce dure discussed.·This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibili stic methods.·There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.·Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisons·As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.·The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable ·As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],Relation·We can not invert F directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping.·The relationships appear very complicate·Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the hum an operators characteristics.·These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...·The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship amo ng terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships.·This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.·The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.Importance·The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making.Consideration / Attention·Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure·Such a formulation does not change further considerations.·Considerable attention has been paid to。