711借势美国2012大选
【图文】2012年美国总统大选
【图文】2012年美国总统大选10-03总统候选人首场辩论10-03副总统候选人辩论10-03候选人第二场辩论10-03候选人第三场辩论11-06投票开始11-07北京时间11时投票结束2013-01-06参众两院宣布获胜者2013-01-20总统就职典礼滚动图片视频评论奥巴马成绩单谁是罗姆尼罗姆尼PK奥巴马特别报道直击大选结果统计12345看奥巴马如何被镜头“包装”新闻视频更多>>回顾：奥巴马执政的四年直击：奥巴马团队美国各州选情图更多>>11月6日，美国选民将投票选出新一届美国总统，目前大选正式进入投票阶段。
率先赢得270张选举人票者获胜。
图片万花筒更多>>时代封面上的国家表情美国总统从华盛顿到奥巴马，都是《时代周刊》封面上的常客，并形成一道独特的风景。
总统与狗| 选举中的巧合罗姆尼一家|秀场玩家奥巴马图表看大选更多>>社交媒体玩不转，大选难赢“早上起床时穿上裤子的回报是什么？我们不知道。
但我们知道，不这样做是不好的。
”2012年的竞选活动则已步入社交网站的深水区。
290票203票奥巴马获胜连任成功推特发文称“感谢” 评新华网最新快讯：美国总统奥巴马在11月6日(北京时间11月7日)举行的美国大选中获得超过270张选举人票，连任总统成定局。
[详细]策划：奥巴马的为官之道四年大考成绩单选民政治下，美国政界早已形成一套细致入微的为官“表演”之道，吃穿住行皆有讲究。
奥巴马，这个美国政界的“头号演员”有啥为官之道……[详细]奥巴马获胜消息美媒称奥巴马成功连任美总统将发表获胜演讲奥巴马笑谈《江南style》或私下给妻子跳(图)一个美国中产家庭大选投票："当然是奥巴马"奥巴马在重要摇摆州获胜奠定胜选基础(图)一路上他这样走来第一任期内总统人生经历选情消息奥罗最后一刻转战网络社交媒体抢选票6成选民称最关注经济民调存“死穴” 选情变数大罗姆尼自曝只准备胜选演说奥巴马备好两份获胜演说选民不满:奥执政很糟罗姆尼被批“最为虚弱的诺言”大选花絮独家:奥巴马的秘诀会讲故事接地气擅抓民心奥巴马结束最后竞选活动回忆往昔泣不成声(图)4岁女童痛哭称受够美国大选网民盼早日结束奥巴马减少女儿曝光率两千金缺席最后拉票(图)小男孩与奥巴马合照时强吻女同学抢总统风头(图)分析评论秦升祺：奥巴马连任中国更有利大西洋周刊:为何共和党应对罗姆尼当总统心存恐惧华媒评美大选:无论谁当选中美关系基本格局不变FBI与美总统"为敌"近百年总统常处于下风孙哲:美国大选呈现两大特点折射其国家分裂严重美国学者:美国未来对外政策应注重对话与合作290票290票201票203票选情瞭望塔更多>>奥巴马这四年都做了啥？过去四年里，美国勉强度过经济危机，却依旧深陷泥潭。
美国大选进入倒计时,7-Eleven 的大选咖啡杯又来了
美国大选进入倒计时，7-Eleven的大选咖啡杯又来了在美国大选正进入关键期的时候，周三，7-Eleven 宣布再次启动它四年一度的总统大选咖啡杯投票活动 7-Election 。
这已经是自 2000 年大选至今的第五届了，顾客可以在购买咖啡时，选择印有自己支持阵营颜色的纸杯——红色代表共和党，蓝色代表民主党，以此来进行政治表态。
但是与前两届印有候选人的名字不同——不知道是不是今年的两位候选人都争议颇多——今年的大选杯只印了他们所代表的党派。
此外，7-Eleven 在今年还新推出了第三种选择——“畅所欲言”杯（Speak Up Cup ），这还是 16 年来的首次。
“在筹备 2016年的这次投票时，我们发现选民，尤其是年轻人，不只是在谈论这次竞今年的大选杯型 | 来自 denverpost选的候选人或者政党，他们会在社交媒体上谈论那些各种各样的对他们很重要的问题，” 7-Eleven 营销和品牌创新副总裁 Laura Gordon 说，所以，“畅所欲言”杯鼓励顾客写下他们在大选季关心的话题，包括支持的第三人，并以 “#7ELECTION” 标签分享到社交平台上。
7-Eleven 将实时统计两党阵营的咖啡杯销售情况——在每个顾客都可以多次“投票”的情况下——并从 9 月 6 日开始，每日在网站上更新全国、州、城市和门店的详细对阵结果，直到 11 月 8 日选举日当天活动结束为止。
有趣的是，以往每届在咖啡杯投票活动中领先的候选人——即便百分比有所出入——最后都真的当选了美国总统。
为了鼓励顾客参加这次活动，7-Eleven 还将在 10 月 3 日 -9 日举办免费咖啡周，通过手机 7Rewards 应用向用户发送免费的优惠券。
此外，在 9 月 27 日、10 月 10 日和 10月 20 日，7-Eleven 美元日活动也会紧跟着三次总统辩论展开，同样地，美元优惠只能通过 7Rewards 应用在购买大选杯时使用。
2012换届不为人知的故事
2012换届不为人知的故事
2012年美国总统选举于2012年11月6日周二举行，此次是美国第57届总统选举，同时众议院全部435个席位及参议院33个议席也会进行改选以产生美国第113届国会。
选举人团将首先被选出，再由选举人团于2012年12月17日选举产生总统和副总统。
在任总统贝拉克·奥巴马和副总统乔·拜登，作为合资格的候选人，宣布争取连任并顺利得到民主党提名参选。
另一大党共和党则提名前马萨诸塞州州长米特·罗姆尼作为总统候选人，国会众议员保罗·莱恩则担任他的副手。
除此之外，还有一些代表其他政党和独立的候选人参与本届总统选举。
随着罗姆尼的落选，他1118字的胜选感言便无法被发表。
2012美国总统选举将和参议院选举及众议院选举一同举行。
其中参议院约三分之一的参议员将会改选，和新的众议院组成第113届国会。
是次选举也将包括部分州的州长选举和州议会选举，结果共和党继续取得多数议席和州长职位，而民主党继续在参议院占多数。
最终代表民主党的贝拉克·奥巴马在总统选举中得到过半数选举人票，以332票对206票击败共和党的米特·罗姆尼，成功连任美国总统，继续执政。
这次选举投票率为58.2%。
2012年美国共和党总统预选评析及大选展望
中成功突围的？他在与奥巴马的终极对决中又将有几 于资金问题才被迫突然宣布退选。他在接受美 国家庭 帕金斯的采访时道 出了他退选 的 成胜算？本文拟对２ １年共和党预选及大选前景作一 研究协会主席托尼 ・ ０２ 真正原 因： “ 在政治上，钱并不代表一切。但是为了 个 初探 。 保证成功 ，你必须拥有足够的钱。我们 已经到了退出 罗姆尼预选获胜原因分析 虽然宣布参选的共和党人众多 ，但２ １年共和党 的时候 了。” ０２ 他 透露 ，在４ 日威斯康星州的共 和 月３
，
摘 要 ：２ １年 的 美 国 大选 是 “ 球 选举 年 ” 的 重 中之 重 。里 克 ・ ０２ 全 桑托 勒姆 退 出角逐
的 竞选 资金 、共和 党人 的 广泛 支持 、 良好 的个人 品质 和对 竞选 策略 的恰 当运用 。笔 者认 为 总统 大选 中 ，奥 巴马连 任优 势 明显 ，但 罗姆 尼逆 势翻 盎 的希望仍 在 。
一
、
总统预选实际上是在罗姆尼、桑托勒姆 、金里奇和保 党预选失利之后 ，他的筹款已经告罄 ，竞选活动 已经 罗四人之 间展开。截至桑托勒姆退选前 ，在共和党预 陷入负债之中。桑托勒姆 的坦 白再一次验证了美 国选 选 已经结束 的３个州 中，罗姆尼拿下２州共计６６ ６ ４ ６张 举 的金钱本质 ：没有强大 的资金支持 ，即使一位候选 选举 人票 ，桑托勒 姆拿 下 ｌ４ 州共计 ２２ Ｏ＂ ８张选 举人 人广受欢迎 ，也基本不可能在选举中获胜。２０ 年美 ０８ 票 ，金里奇仅拿下２ 个州共计１６ ３ 张选举人票 ，保罗一 国大选的结果也印证 了金钱在竞选中的巨大作用 ，作 ． ５ 州未胜更是只拿下可怜的５ 张选举人票。罗姆尼在已 为共和党候选人的麦凯恩当时所筹款项仅为３３亿美 ２ ． 亿美元 ，接近 ３ 经决 出的１３张选举人票中拿下 了５ ． １６ ８ ％，可谓遥遥 元 ，而民主党候选人奥 巴马则筹得６ ９ ６ 领先。桑托勒姆所获票数位居第二 ，可以说是罗姆尼 麦凯恩的两倍 ，单从竞选捐款角逐来看 ，麦凯恩及其 在预选 中的最大对手。外界一般认为，落后的桑托勒 所代表的共和党 已经彻底输掉了选举 。在共和党预 姆至少会 坚持到４ ４ 月２ 日在其家乡宾夕法尼亚州举行 选 中，罗姆尼的竞选资金是桑托勒姆的４ 倍之多 ，这 ． ７
2012年美国大选的经济牌和中国牌
在罗姆尼看来，“不懂经济”是打倒奥巴马的一张王牌。在美国经济连年衰退，失业率高达7.9%的情况下，用经济议题来攻击在位四年的总统，是一个绝佳的选择。在选举之前，他甚至自信满满的说：“我只准备了庆祝胜利的演讲稿，没有准备承认失败的演讲稿。”
然而，11月7日，美国大选尘埃落定。奥巴马以较大的优势获胜，罗姆尼先生只能黯然神伤、连夜赶稿，准备败选演讲。有很多人不能理解，在经济如此萧条的情况下，大打经济牌的罗姆尼，为什么会输给“不懂经济”的奥巴马呢？
然而，如果因为这样的政策，让这个社会公平公正的理想遭到破坏，让底层人民丧失对社会正义的信念，失去在教育、医疗、社会救济等方面得到更多帮助的机会。那么，这种经济数据的繁荣，是不可持续的。我们也不可能将美国和世界经济复兴的希望，寄托在这样赤裸裸的关于利益和效率计算的思想之上。
在结束了对美国大选的采访之后，我又前往芬兰采访他们在国家创新能力方面取得的成就。在这里，那些长期奉行高福利的北欧国家，在此次全球经济危机的冲击下都表现良好。芬兰甚至被多次评为全世界最具有创新活力的经济体。这可以让我们更加相信：社会公正和人的发展，与经济长期增长之间，并不一定是矛盾的。通过合理的制度设计，我值观而言，我认为美国人民做出正确的选择。在经济遇到困难的时候，弱势群体应该得到更多的照顾。这也许并不是刺激经济的最立竿见影的方法，却是任何一个人类的群体赖以存续的根基。
1933年，当时的美国正处于大萧条的谷底。一位经济学家向罗斯福总统提议，一切问题都应该让市场自行解决，优胜劣汰，才能让经济复苏。罗斯福听了之后，很惊讶的说：“先生，那是人，不是畜生。”
这是一种有趣的隐喻：法律强调公平与公正，商业却追求利益和效率。多年以后，两位哈佛学子站在了争夺这个国家最高权力的舞台上，他们所争论的主题，恰恰与他们在哈佛学习的专业相关。
谁主沉浮？——2012年美国总统选举选势评析
在职 总统竞 选使 奥 巴马在 民 主党 内一枝 独 秀。 由于 民主党 已 内定奥 巴 马 为唯 一 的总统 候选 人 ，因此第 一 阶 段 的党 内初 选 ，基本 上是 共 和党几 名
好处 ” 《 。 华盛顿邮报 》认 为，“ 虽然
不知 道拉 登效 应 能持续 多久 ，但 是对
势” ，他特 意举办生 日宴和演 唱会 ， 其中生 日宴的每张门票价格高达 ３ ８ ． ５
显 。美 国总 统竞 选是 “ 钱选 举 ” 的 金 游 戏 ，“ 袋 子 ” 是 进 入 白宫 之 门 的 钱 钥 匙 。 学 者 预 言 ２ １ 年 竞 选 将 是 美 ０２ 国历史 上最 昂贵的 白宫 之 战。上届 总
竞选经费还是 自掏腰包。在美元铺路
选举 总 统 中 ，奥 巴马 的筹 款能 力 明显 更 胜一筹 。
月１ ９日，奥 巴马连续在纽约参加 了 多场筹款晚会 ，还一展歌喉模仿传奇
歌手 艾尔 ・ 格林 。连共 和党 全 国委员
刻 ，“ 鹿死谁手”还难以预料 ，但
现 在两 党 内有意 于 问鼎 总统宝 座 的人 都 已跳 到 党 内初 选 的前 台剑指 白宫 ，
会主席普里伯斯也酸溜溜地称奥巴马 是 “ 筹款总司令” 。媒体预测 ，奥巴 马的此次竞选将有可能成为历史上首 位募集到 ｌ 亿美元竞选资金的候选 ０
竞选优势 。在职总统的优势在于在选
举 经 费 、知名 度 、选举 经验 和个 人魅
力等方面都处于有利地位，而这些因 素对于选举成败影响甚大。如果没有
遇到 极其 重 大的挑 战 ，在 职总统 的连 任希 望 还是很 大 的 。据统 计 ，１Ｏ一 ９Ｏ
统 选举 已创 下耗资之 最，花 费高达 ２ 亿美元之多，奥巴马筹得 ６ 亿美 ４ ． ２
美国总统是怎么选出来的
美国竞选公职的候选人一般靠四种资金来源，一是 公民直接捐款，二是来自竞选人所属的政党，三是来自 利益集团，四是候选人自己及其家人的资产。自从20世 纪70年代以来，有些选举，特别是总统选举，还有第五 种资金来源，即政府公共经费。
为了拉拢亚裔，共和党还专门散发 中文、韩文和越南文的宣传材料，罗姆 尼本人还在竞选广告中高度称赞亚裔，
说他们的灿烂文化使美国变得多彩。民 主党则一边组织亚裔孩子参加活动，一 边安排亚裔人士宣称，从亚裔选民的角 度来看，奥巴马是正确的选择，因为与 历史上其他美国总统相比，他的政府里 亚裔内阁成员最多。
遇大雨。台上，奥巴马的 衬衫完全被雨淋透，但他 仍完成了激情演说。这让 900名听众不断发出欢呼。 在演讲快结束时，雨势更 大了。奥巴马一边抹着脸 上的雨水，一边开玩笑 说：“无所谓，反正我快 要讲完了，诸位也已经都 被淋透了。大家的发型估 计保不住了。”
通过类似的行为，奥 巴马继续不断拉近自己与底 层民众的距离，渲染自己幼 年时家庭中简朴的生活，并 竭力把对手罗姆尼塑造成一 个不接触普通百姓的亿万富 翁。
衣着篇：穿衣有讲究，戴表不能秀 名牌
“表”字辈的亲戚最近在网络上 很火，此前也有很多名人、政客因为穿 戴名牌被网友人肉，而奥巴马夫妇早已 深谙此道，在穿着上特别注意，在他们 身上，想要找到奢侈品牌logo绝对不可 能，穿衣不在贵，而在得体，奥巴马夫 妻的穿着，在服装设计师眼里，可能不 算得体，却总能引领一番风潮，而且总 是一身亲民范。
克林顿力挺奥巴马
林顿对奥巴马进行肉麻吹捧，对罗姆尼冷酷攻击；而共和党的老布什则公 开表示支持罗姆尼。
2012美国大选
由于民主党已内定奥巴马为惟的总统候选人，因此第一阶段的 党内初选，基本上是共和党几名候选人的“表演时间”。 率先登场的是2012年1月3日的共和党艾奥瓦州党团会议。 紧随其后的是1月21日共和党南卡罗来纳州初选。 作为传统大州，共和党在佛罗里达州的初选将在1月31日登场。该州 拥有57个党代会名额，是3月6日登场的“超级星期二”前最大的票 仓，属于“兵家必争之地”，各位候选人都不敢大意。 最值得关注的看点是2012年3月6日开始的大决战――“超级星期二 超级星期二”。 超级星期二 从3月到6月底，其他剩余的州也将陆续展开共和党初选。
民主党：奥巴马 民主党：奥巴马第44任美国总统 和第一位黑人美国总统，民主党 候选人。 ·年龄：51岁 年龄： 年龄 ·竞选口号：“前进”(Forward) 竞选口号： 竞选口号 ·优势：奥巴马是中产阶级、女性和 优势： 优势 部分移民的利益代表，筹款经费多。 ·劣势：任期内汽油价格飞涨、在利 劣势： 劣势 比亚的人道主义行动不力、房价停 滞甚至下降等。
从两党全国代表大会提名各自的总统候选人开始，2012年总 统大选就算是正式“开打”了，此时奥巴马就不仅仅是现任总统， 更是下届总统的竞逐者，其竞选活动将全面展开。 最重头的是11月16日的全国大选投票日。届时所有美国选民均可 到指定地点进行投票，一般当晚结果就会出来。值得一提的是， 由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度，因此总统大选日的投 票结果，产生的实际上是代表50个州和哥伦比亚特区的538位 “选举人”。 真正的选举人团选出总统的时间是12月17日，理论上这次选举不 会改变全国大选投票日的结果，除非大选胜选者在胜选后曝出重 大丑闻，导致本党“选举人”临阵倒戈，否则很难逆转。 根据程序，美国参众两院还要在2013年1月6日举行联席会议，清 点选举人团投票结果、宣布获胜者，至此，新总统当选程序才算 全部完成
2012美国大选的现状及前景
2012美国大选的现状及前景作者：周琪齐皓来源：《当代世界》2012年第05期从2012年1月共和党在衣阿华州的首场党内初选开始，作为美国总统大选第一阶段的预选已展开三个月有余。
现任总统巴拉克·奥巴马是民主党唯一的总统候选人，因此谁能获得共和党内的总统候选人提名备受关注。
前马萨诸塞州州长米特·罗姆尼在与共和党其他候选人的竞争中逐步领先，4月10日，罗姆尼最主要的竞争对手、前宾夕法尼亚州联邦参议员里克·桑托勒姆突然宣布退出共和党总统候选人的竞选，4月25日，罗姆尼赢得康涅狄格、特拉华、纽约、宾夕法尼亚和罗德岛五州的共和党初选，至此，罗姆尼最终赢得共和党总统提名已无悬念，奥巴马與罗姆尼之间的“较量”将正式展开。
此次大选重要的象征意义超越了以前历次大选。
首先，此次大选可以说是伴随着美国相对实力下降的开始。
2008年次贷危机爆发之后，美国经济遭受沉重打击，失业率长时间在10%左右徘徊，2011年联邦政府债务险些突破债务上限导致了债务危机，致使政府不得不大幅度削减国防开支。
其次，此次大选的意义还在于竞争者本身的特点。
民主党的候选人、现任总统奥巴马是美国第一位黑人总统，已基本确定为共和党候选人的罗姆尼是摩门教徒，而摩门教在美国宗教中长期被基督教福音派视为异端教派。
两个身为美国社会中的少数族裔和少数宗教派别的候选人竞争美国总统的职位，这在美国总统选举历史上是一个独特现象。
影响奥巴马连任的关键指标观察历次美国总统大选，一些重要的民调指标已成为预测在任总统能否连任的主要依据。
这些指标包括总统的施政满意度、民众对经济状况的评价即经济信心指数、民众对国家发展方向的满意程度。
这三个指标相互关联，但又从不同侧面反映了民众对国家现状的看法和对政府工作的评估。
经济信心指数是最为具体的指标，主要来自于不同阶层民众对经济状况的评估，例如对通货膨胀，失业率升高和生活成本上升等问题的看法。
它在历次总统选举中都影响总统的施政满意度和民众对国家发展方向的满意程度，但它不是唯一重要的因素。
美 国
美国作者：暂无来源：《出国》 2012年第12期奥巴马成功连任，美国投资移民地位稳固11月7日凌晨，贝拉克?奥巴马以较大优势击败共和党候选人米特?罗姆尼，成为二战以来第二名获得连任的民主党籍总统。
就业一直是美国政府努力解决的难题，历届美国总统竞选时，都会对于如何治理就业问题表态，总统候选人能否在就业方面提出解决方案并落实则成为了选民的投票的重要凭据。
而投资移民可谓是吸纳海外资金为本国创造就业最快捷的方法之一，从1993年EB-5投资移民出台后至今，保守估计已为美国创造近200万个就业岗位。
而奥巴马自2008年上台至今，曾先后两次通过EB-5投资移民法案的延期，他对投资移民的大力支持以及为推动就业所作出的努力是这次成功连任的原因之一。
另一方面，这更是确立了EB-5投资移民项目目前在美国的重要地位。
移民专家表示，奥巴马的成功连任对国内的美国投资移民申请人来说不乏是个利好消息。
在此次大选结果出来之前，许多申请人都担心美国投资移民政策会受到大选和两党政治的影响而发生改变，而此次奥巴马的连任也意味着以奥巴马为代表的美国政府将会继续支持美国投资移民，政策形势将会继续延续，投资人可以安心的选择EB-5项目。
然而，尽管EB-5投资移民政策得以延续，但移民专家表示美国投资移民的前景也许会即将发生变化。
据统计，2 0 1 2年前三个季度，全球申请E B 5投资移民的数量超过4,000个家庭，按照一个家庭三个人来计算，人数达到近12,000人，这将超过美国一年10,000个EB5申请的配额限制。
从市场角度讲，供不应求必将推动价格的上涨，移民项目也是一样，而从其他国家移民政策来看，也是涨声一片，所以，尽管目前没有提高投资额度，但“涨价”似乎是必然的趋势。
投资移民带旺美国楼市当“移民”一词开始在城市白领中悄悄流行之际，海外房地产市场注定成为内地资金追逐的下一个目标。
中国投资移民海外的人数在逐年增加。
有数据显示，去年获得加、美、澳三国移民签证的人数就超过6000人。
2012美国大选
*不是直接选举
很多人以为，美国人在大选年到投票站去投票， 很多人以为，美国人在大选年到投票站去投票， 是直接投总统候选人的票，这种概念是错误的。 是直接投总统候选人的票，这种概念是错误的。 其实，直接投票选举总统的不是选民， 其实，直接投票选举总统的不是选民，而是选举 全美共有五百三十八张选举人票， 人。全美共有五百三十八张选举人票，候选人若 赢得超过半数的选举人票， 赢得超过半数的选举人票，也就是二百七十张选 举人票，就能当选为总统。 举人票，就能当选为总统。这个局面是和两百多 年前美国开国先父的构思分不开的。当时， 年前美国开国先父的构思分不开的。当时，不是 每个美国人都能参与政治并参加投票的， 每个美国人都能参与政治并参加投票的，例如没 有财产的人、妇女以及黑人奴隶就不能参加投票。 有财产的人、妇女以及黑人奴隶就不能参加投票。 选举人团制度就是在这个背景下产生的。 选举人团制度就是在这个背景下产生的。
*选举团是如何组成的，共有多少名选举人呢？ 选举团是如何组成的，共有多少名选举人呢？
根据美国宪法第二条和1804年通过的第那 根据美国宪法第二条和1804年通过的第那2项宪 年通过的第那2 法修正案， 法修正案，每州的选举人数目相当于这个州选出 的议员的数目。 的议员的数目。美国首都华盛顿所在的哥伦比亚 特区拥有3位选举人的名额。 特区拥有3位选举人的名额。目前美国的选举团共 538名成员 名成员。 有538名成员。总统候选人获得的票数如果超过 这个数目的一半，也就是获得270张以上的选举 这个数目的一半，也就是获得270张以上的选举 人票，就能当选。 人票，就能当选。如果候选人中没有一人获得的 选票达到这个数目，就要由众议员的投票来决定。 选票达到这个数目，就要由众议员的投票来决定。 每州的众议员合在一起只有一张选票， 每州的众议员合在一起只有一张选票，票数超过 半数的候选人当选为总统。 半数的候选人当选为总统。
经济表现是决定2012年美国大选的关键因素
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2012美国大选的7R传播策略探析
2012美国大选的7R传播策略探析摘要：2012年11月6日，美国总统奥巴马竞选连任成功，激情澎湃的2012年美国大选终于落下帷幕。
美国总统竞选就像是一场大规模的信息传播活动，要想达到最佳效果，传播策略的选择至关重要。
本文运用7R传播模式理论对此次美国大选的传者、受众、内容、时机、地点，渠道和效果进行剖析。
指出，只有适当的人在适当的时机，适当的地点通过适当的传播渠道向适当的对象传播适当的信息，才可能达到最好的传播效果。
关键词：7R传播；美国大选；传播策略在2012年美国大选这场没有硝烟的战场上，世界再次见识了美国总统候选人强大的自我宣传、传播之道。
若将本次美国大选视作一次大型信息传播过程，传播与劝服的成功与否将直接关系到竞选的成功与否[1]，因而制定有效的传播方案，选择适当的传播策略，综合运用各种传播手段，对竞选双方而言都显得十分重要。
这也恰恰是7R传播策略强调的对各项传播要素的适当选择与多种传播策略间的互动，即Right communicator send right message to right audience through right methods in right time and right place to get right effect。
本文以美国大选为例，探析7R传播策略在打造良好传播效果时的具体应用。
一、从“5W”到“7R”传播模式5W传播模式是由美国政治学家拉斯韦尔最早对人类社会的传播活动进行分析的成果，模式由谁（Who）→说什么（Says What）→通过什么渠道（In Which Channel）→对谁（To whom）→取得什么效果（With what effects）五个要素组成。
这五个要素又构成了后来传播学研究五个基本内容，即控制研究、内容研究、媒介研究、受众研究和效果研究，影响极为深远。
但这种模式属于单线传播模式，没有考虑到反馈的问题，7R传播模式则是在其基础上的完善和发展，具体是指Right communicator send right message to right audience through right methods in right time and right place to get right effect。
2012美国大选
2012美国大选：奥巴马的3大难题当地时间12月3日，饱受性丑闻困扰的美国共和党总统竞选人、商人赫尔曼·凯恩宣布退出2012年美国总统竞选。
共和党预选版图迅速明朗化，奥巴马明年的对手似乎即将浮出水面。
难题一：金里奇12月1日，《纽约每日新闻》公布了一项出人意料的民意调查。
民众投票倾向调查显示，前众议院议长金里奇处于共和党候选人排行榜的顶端，与前马萨诸塞州州长罗姆尼的民意支持比率为38%∶17%，具有21个百分点的领先优势。
根据另一项全国性的民意测验，这位前众议院议长甚至以微弱的优势领先现任总统奥巴马。
金里奇对奥巴马微弱的优势为45%∶43%，具有2个百分点的领先优势。
这是金里奇第一次在全国性民意测验中超过奥巴马。
纽特·金里奇是坚定的共和党人，在1995年到1999年期间担任美国国会众议院议长。
他率领共和党在1995年取代民主党成为美国众议院的最大党派，终结了民主党在国会下院长达42年的第一大党的历史，被《时代周刊》选为当年的年度风云人物。
在今年11月30日美国共和党总统参选人的新一轮电视辩论中，金里奇表现出色。
辩论之后，他至少在3个全国性民调中位居第一，获得了共和党主流保守派人士的支持。
凯恩退选后，金里奇在第一时间向凯恩表示慰问，拉拢凯恩支持者的意图十分明显。
凯恩的支持率有8%，金里奇若能获得这部分选票，那么他最终战胜罗姆尼、赢得共和党总统候选人提名的可能性就会大大增加。
难题二：经济总统大选中，经济无疑是最关键的指标之一。
民意调查显示，美国人对奥巴马处理经济问题的能力感到不满的人超过一半。
经济增长缓慢、失业率高让人不敢对奥巴马的连任之路过于乐观。
最近，奥巴马收获了一些好消息。
美国劳工部12月2日公布的最新就业数字：美国11月的失业率为8.6%，比10月下跌了0.4个百分点，是两年半以来的最低。
奥巴马当天发表讲话说，过去一年零9个月的时间里，美国经济在私有领域创造了约300万个工作岗位，其中的50万个岗位是在最近4个月之内创造的。
日本7—11便利店美国取经
龙源期刊网
日本7—11便利店美国取经
作者：
来源：《世界博览》2014年第01期
据路透社报道，柒和伊控股集团掌门人铃木敏文在将旗下7-11打造为全球最大的连锁便利店之后，如今有了一个新的使命：将日本逾5万家便利店转变为网上零售帝国的门户。
40多年前，铃木敏文开启了日本零售业的革命，将7-11便利店从美国引入日本，最终又从美国公司手中购得7-11便利店的所有权。
而为了实现新的使命，现年81岁的铃木敏文将目光又对准了美国。
铃木敏文派出集团各公司约50名高层负责人前往美国调研，他们将参观梅西百货等零售商、购物中心以及互联网公司，借鉴实体店铺与互联网融合的例子，并且弄清如何将美国模式应用在日本市场。
根据铃木敏文的远景规划，消费者在线预订柒和伊旗下的百货商店、超市以及合作伙伴的商品后，商品将被运往就近的7-11便利店，消费者可以直接前往便利店取货。
铃木敏文表示，公司已经与日本主要的在线零售商洽谈便利店取货的事宜，但是亚马逊不在其中。
在日本，亚马逊与7-11的主要对手全家便利商店及劳森公司合作，提供线上订单到门店取货的服务。
2012美国总统大选咖啡杯
2012美国总统大选咖啡杯
佚名
【期刊名称】《印刷技术》
【年(卷),期】2012(000)022
【摘要】7-Eleven向来是美国总统大选最热衷的参与者，每逢大选之年都会推出咖啡民调活动。
今年也不例外，当大洋彼岸的奥巴马和罗姆尼的总统之争进入最后的关键阶段，7-Eleven联合美国《洋葱报》在全美7-Eleven便利店内推出了“2012美国总统大选咖啡”活动。
【总页数】1页(P55-55)
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TQ174.73
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
2012年美国总统大选 奥巴马罗姆尼第二场辩论完整文本
2012年美国总统大选：奥巴马罗姆尼第二场辩论完整文本2012年美国总统大选第二场辩论（字幕完整版）Transcript: Second presidential debatePresident Barack Obama and Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney met in Hempstead, New York Tuesday evening for the second of three presidential debates, moderated by CNN Chief Political Correspondent Candy Crowley.CROWLEY: Good evening from Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. I'm Candy Crowley from CNN's "State of the Union." We are here for the second presidential debate, a town hall, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates.CROWLEY: The Gallup organization chose 82 uncommitted voters from the New York area. Their questions will drive the night. My goal is to give the conversation direction and to ensure questions get answered.The questions are known to me and my team only. Neither the commission, nor the candidates have seen them. I hope to get to as many questions as possible.CROWLEY: And because I am the optimistic sort, I'm sure the candidates will oblige by keeping their answers concise and on point.Each candidate has as much as two minutes to respond to a common question, and there will be a two-minute follow-up. The audience here in the hall has agreed to be polite and attentive - no cheering or booing or outbursts of any sort.We will set aside that agreement just this once to welcome President Barack Obama and Governor Mitt Romney.(APPLAUSE)Gentlemen, thank you both for joining us here tonight. We have a lot of folks who've been waiting all day to talk to you, so I want to get right to it.Governor Romney, as you know, you won the coin toss, so the first question will go to you. And I want to turn to a first-time voter, Jeremy Epstein, who has a question for you.QUESTION: Mr. President, Governor Romney, as a 20-year-old college student, all I hear from professors, neighbors and others is that when I graduate, I will have little chance to get employment. What can you say to reassure me, but more importantly my parents, that I will be able to sufficiently support myself after I graduate?ROMNEY: Thank you, Jeremy. I appreciate your - your question, and thank you for being here this evening and to all of those from Nassau County that have come, thank you for your time. Thank you to Hofstra University and to Candy Crowley for organizing and leading this - this event.Thank you, Mr. President, also for being part of this - this debate.College kids all over this country. I was in Pennsylvania with someone who had just graduated - this was in Philadelphia - and she said, "I've got my degree. I can't find a job. I've got three part-time jobs. They're just barely enough to pay for my food and pay for an apartment. I can't begin to pay back my student loans."So what we have to do is two things. We have to make sure that we make it easier for kids to afford college.ROMNEY: And also make sure that when they get out of college, there's a job. When I was governor of Massachusetts, to get a high school degree, you had to pass an exam. If you graduated in the top quarter of your airlines, we gave you a John and Abigail Adams scholarship, four years tuition free in the college of your choice in Massachusetts, it's a public institution.I want to make sure we keep our Pell grant program growing. We're also going to have our loan program, so that people are able to afford school. But the key thing is to make sure you can get a job when you get out of school. And what's happened over the last four years has been very, very hard for America's young people. I want you to be able to get a job.I know what it takes to get this economy going. With half of college kids graduating this year without a college - excuse me, without a job. And without a college level job, that's just unacceptable.And likewise you've got more and more debt on your back. So more debt and less jobs. I'm going to change that. I know what it takes to create good jobs again. I know what it takes to make sure that you have the kind of opportunity you deserve. And kids across this country are going to recognize, we're bringing back an economy. It's not going to be like the last four years. The middle-class has been crushed over the last four years, and jobs have been too scarce. I know what it takes to bring them back, and I'm going to do that, and make sure that when you graduate - when do you graduate?QUESTION: 2014.ROMNEY: 2014. When you come out in 2014, I presume I'm going to be president. I'm going to make sure you get a job. Thanks Jeremy. Yeah, you bet.CROWLEY: Mr. President?OBAMA: Jeremy, first of all, your future is bright. And the fact that you're making an investment in higher education is critical. Not just to you, but to the entire nation. Now, the most important thing we can do is to make sure that we are creating jobs in this country. But not just jobs, good paying jobs. Ones that can support a family.OBAMA: And what I want to do, is build on the five million jobs that we've created over the last 30 months in the private sector alone. And there are a bunch of things we can do to make sure yourfuture is bright.Number one, I want to build manufacturing jobs in this country again. Now when Governor Romney said we should let Detroit go bankrupt. I said we're going to bet on American workers and theAmerican auto industry and it's come surging back.I want to do that in industries, not just in Detroit, but all across the country and that means we change our tax code so we're giving incentives to companies that are investing here in the United States and creating jobs here.It also means we're helping them and small businesses to export all around the world to new markets.Number two, we've got to make sure that we have the best education system in the world. And the fact that you're going to college is great, but I want everybody to get a great education andwe've worked hard to make sure that student loans are available for folks like you, but I also want to make sure that community colleges are offering slots for workers to get retrained for the jobs that are out there right now and the jobs of the future.Number three, we've got to control our own energy. Now, not only oil and natural gas, which we've been investing in; but also, we've got to make sure we're building the energy source of the future, not just thinking about next year, but ten years from now, 20 years from now. That's why we've invested in solar and wind and biofuels, energy efficient cars.We've got to reduce our deficit, but we've got to do it in a balanced way. Asking the wealthy to pay a little bit more along with cuts so that we can invest in education like yours. And let's take the money that we've been spending on war over the last decade to rebuild America, roads, bridges schools. We do those things, not only is your future going to be bright but America's future is going to bright as well. CROWLEY: Let me ask you for more immediate answer and begin with Mr. Romney just quickly what - what can you do? We're looking at a situation where 40 percent of the unemployed have been unemployed have been unemployed for six months or more. They don't have the two years that Jeremy has.What about those long term unemployed who need a job right now?ROMNEY: Well what you're seeing in this country is 23 million people struggling to find a job. And a lot of them, as you say, Candy, have been out of work for a long, long, long time. The president's policies have been exercised over the last four years and they haven't put Americans back to work.We have fewer people working today than we had when the president took office. If the - the unemployment rate was 7.8 percent when he took office, it's 7.8 percent now. But if you calculated thatunemployment rate, taking back the people who dropped out of the workforce, it would be 10.7 percent.We have not made the progress we need to make to put people back to work. That's why I put out a five-point plan that gets America 12 million new jobs in four years and rising take-home pay. It's going to help Jeremy get a job when he comes out of school. It's going to help people across the country that are unemployed right now.And one thing that the president said, which I want to make sure that we understand, he said that I said we should take Detroit bankrupt. And that's right. My plan was to have the company gothrough bankruptcy like 7-Eleven did and Macy's and Condell (ph) Airlines and come out stronger.And I know he keeps saying, you want to take Detroit bankrupt. Well, the president took Detroit bankrupt. You took General Motors bankrupt. You took Chrysler bankrupt. So when you say that I wanted to take the auto industry bankrupt, you actually did.And I think it's important to know that that was a process that was necessary to get those companies back on their feet, so they could start hiring more people. That was precisely what I recommended and ultimately what happened.CROWLEY: Let me give the president a chance.Go ahead.OBAMA: Candy, what Governor Romney said just isn't true. He wanted to take them into bankruptcy without providing them any way to stay open. And we would have lost a million jobs. And that - don't take my word for it, take the executives at GM and Chrysler, some of whom are Republicans, may even support Governor Romney. But they'll tell you his prescription wasn't going to work.And Governor Romney's says he's got a five-point plan? Governor Romney doesn't have a five-point plan. He has a one-point plan. And that plan is to make sure that folks at the top play by a different set of rules. That's been his philosophy in the private sector, that's been his philosophy as governor, that's been his philosophy as a presidential candidate.You can make a lot of money and pay lower tax rates than somebody who makes a lot less. You can ship jobs overseas and get tax breaks for it. You can invest in a company, bankrupt it, lay off the workers, strip away their pensions, and you still make money. That's exactly the philosophy that we've seen in place for the last decade. That's what's been squeezing middle class families.And we have fought back for four years to get out of that mess. The last thing we need to do is to go back to the very same policies that got us there.CROWLEY: Mr. President, the next question is going to be for you here.And, Mr. Romney - Governor Romney - there'll be plenty of chances here to go on, but I want to...ROMNEY: That - that Detroit - that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: We have all these folks.ROMNEY: ... that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: I will let you absolutely...ROMNEY: ... and the rest of the answer, way off the mark.CROWLEY: OK. Will - will - you certainly will have lots of time here coming up.Because I want to move you on to something that's sort of connected to cars here, and - and go over. And we want to get a question from Phillip Tricolla.QUESTION: Your energy secretary, Steven Chu, has now been on record three times stating it's not policy of his department to help lower gas prices. Do you agree with Secretary Chu that this is not the job of the Energy Department?OBAMA: The most important thing we can do is to make sure we control our own energy. So here's what I've done since I've been president. We have increased oil production to the highest levels in16 years.Natural gas production is the highest it's been in decades. We have seen increases in coal production and coal employment. But what I've also said is we can't just produce traditional source of energy. We've also got to look to the future. That's why we doubled fuel efficiency standards on cars. That means that in the middle of the next decade, any car you buy, you're going to end up going twice as far on a gallon of gas. That's why we doubled clean - clean energy production like wind and solar and biofuels.And all these things have contributed to us lowering our oil imports to the lowest levels in 16 years. Now, I want to build on that. And that means, yes, we still continue to open up new areas fordrilling. We continue to make it a priority for us to go after natural gas. We've got potentially 600,000 jobs and 100 years worth of energy right beneath our feet with natural gas.And we can do it in an environmentally sound way. But we've also got to continue to figure out how we have efficiency energy, because ultimately that's how we're going to reduce demand and that's what's going to keep gas prices lower.Now, Governor Romney will say he's got an all-of-the-above plan, but basically his plan is to let the oil companies write the energy policies. So he's got the oil and gas part, but he doesn't have theclean energy part. And if we are only thinking about tomorrow or the next day and not thinking about 10 years from now, we're not going to control our own economic future. Because China, Germany, they're making these investments. And I'm not going to cede those jobs of the future to those countries. I expect those new energy sources to be built right here in the United States.That's going to help Jeremy get a job. It's also going to make sure that you're not paying as much for gas.CROWLEY: Governor, on the subject of gas prices?ROMNEY: Well, let's look at the president's policies, all right, as opposed to the rhetoric, because we've had four years of policies being played out. And the president's right in terms of the additional oil production, but none of it came on federal land. As a matter of fact, oil production is down 14 percent this year on federal land, and gas production was down 9 percent. Why? Because the president cut in half the number of licenses and permits for drilling on federal lands, and in federal waters.So where'd the increase come from? Well a lot of it came from the Bakken Range in North Dakota. What was his participation there? The administration brought a criminal action against the peopledrilling up there for oil, this massive new resource we have. And what was the cost?20 or 25 birds were killed and brought out a migratory bird act to go after them on a criminal basis.Look, I want to make sure we use our oil, our coal, our gas, our nuclear, our renewables. I believe very much in our renewable capabilities; ethanol, wind, solar will be an important part of our energy mix.But what we don't need is to have the president keeping us from taking advantage of oil, coal and gas. This has not been Mr. Oil, or Mr. Gas, or Mr. Coal. Talk to the people that are working in thoseindustries. I was in coal country. People grabbed my arms and said, "Please save my job." The head of the EPA said, "You can't build a coal plant. You'll virtually - it's virtually impossible given our regulations." When the president ran for office, he said if you build a coal plant, you can go ahead, but you'll go bankrupt. That's not the right course for America.Let's take advantage of the energy resources we have, as well as the energy sources for the future. And if we do that, if we do what I'm planning on doing, which is getting us energy independent, North America energy independence within eight years, you're going to see manufacturing jobs come back. Because our energy is low cost, that are already beginning to come back because of our abundant energy. I'll get America and North America energy independent. I'll do it by more drilling, more permits and licenses. We're going to bring that pipeline in from Canada. How in the world the president said no to that pipeline? I will never know.This is about bringing good jobs back for the middle class of America, and that's what I'm going to do.CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me just see if I can move you to the gist of this question, which is, are we looking at the new normal? I can tell you that tomorrow morning, a lot of people in Hempstead will wake up and fill up and they will find that the price of gas is over $4 a gallon.Is it within the purview of the government to bring those prices down, or are we looking at the new normal?OBAMA: Candy, there's no doubt that world demand's gone up, but our production is going up, and we're using oil more efficiently. And very little of what Governor Romney just said is true. We've opened up public lands. We're actually drilling more on public lands than in the previous administration and my - the previous president was an oil man.And natural gas isn't just appearing magically. We're encouraging it and working with the industry.And when I hear Governor Romney say he's a big coal guy, I mean, keep in mind, when - Governor, when you were governor of Massachusetts, you stood in front of a coal plant and pointed at itand said, "This plant kills," and took great pride in shutting it down. And now suddenly you're a big champion of coal.So what I've tried to do is be consistent. With respect to something like coal, we made the largest investment in clean coal technology, to make sure that even as we're producing more coal, we'reproducing it cleaner and smarter. Same thing with oil, same thing with natural gas.And the proof is our oil imports are down to the lowest levels in 20 years. Oil production is up, natural gas production is up, and, most importantly, we're also starting to build cars that are moreefficient.And that's creating jobs. That means those cars can be exported, 'cause that's the demand around the world, and it also means that it'll save money in your pocketbook.OBAMA: That's the strategy you need, an all-of-the-above strategy, and that's what we're going to do in the next four years.ROMNEY: But that's not what you've done in the last four years. That's the problem. In the last four years, you cut permits and licenses on federal land and federal waters in half.OBAMA: Not true, Governor Romney.ROMNEY: So how much did you cut (inaudible)?OBAMA: Not true.ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by, then?OBAMA: Governor, we have actually produced more oil –ROMNEY: No, no. How much did you cut licenses and permits onfederal land and federal waters?OBAMA: Governor Romney, here's what we did. There were a wholebunch of oil companies.(CROSSTALK)ROMNEY: No, no, I had a question and the question was how much did you cut them by?OBAMA: You want me to answer a question –ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by?OBAMA: I'm happy to answer the question.ROMNEY: All right. And it is –OBAMA: Here's what happened. You had a whole bunch of oil companies who had leases on public lands that they weren't using. So what we said was you can't just sit on this for 10, 20, 30 years,decide when you want to drill, when you want to produce, when it's most profitable for you. These are public lands. So if you want to drill on public lands, you use it or you lose it.ROMNEY: OK, (inaudible) –OBAMA: And so what we did was take away those leases. And we are now reletting them so that we can actually make a profit.ROMNEY: And production on private - on government land –OBAMA: Production is up.ROMNEY: - is down.OBAMA: No, it isn't.ROMNEY: Production on government land of oil is down 14 percent.OBAMA: Governor –ROMNEY: And production on gas –(CROSSTALK)OBAMA: It's just not true.ROMNEY: It's absolutely true. Look, there's no question but the people recognize that we have not produced more (inaudible) on federal lands and in federal waters. And coal, coal production is not up; coal jobs are not up.I was just at a coal facility, where some 1,200 people lost their jobs. The right course for America is to have a true all-of-the-above policy. I don't think anyone really believes that you're a personwho's going to be pushing for oil and gas and coal. You'll get your chance in a moment. I'm still speaking.OBAMA: Well –ROMNEY: And the answer is I don't believe people think that's the case –OBAMA: - (inaudible).ROMNEY: That wasn't the question.OBAMA: OK.ROMNEY: That was a statement. I don't think the American people believe that. I will fight for oil, coal and natural gas. And the proof, the proof of whether a strategy is working or not is what theprice is that you're paying at the pump. If you're paying less than you paid a year or two ago, why, then, the strategy is working. But you're paying more. When the president took office, the price of gasoline here in Nassau County was about $1.86 a gallon. Now, it's $4.00 a gallon. The price of electricity is up.If the president's energy policies are working, you're going to see the cost of energy come down. I will fight to create more energy in this country, to get America energy secure. And part of that isbringing in a pipeline of oil from Canada, taking advantage of the oil and coal we have here, drilling offshore in Alaska, drilling offshore in Virginia where the people want it. Those things will get us theenergy we need.CROWLEY: Mr. President, could you address, because we did finally get to gas prices here, could you address what the governor said, which is if your energy policy was working, the price of gasoline would not be $4 a gallon here. Is that true?OBAMA: Well, think about what the governor - think about what the governor just said. He said when I took office, the price of gasoline was $1.80, $1.86. Why is that? Because the economy was on the verge of collapse, because we were about to go through the worst recession since the Great Depression, as a consequence of some of the same policies that Governor Romney's now promoting.So, it's conceivable that Governor Romney could bring down gas prices because with his policies, we might be back in that same mess. What I want to do is to create an economy that is strong, and atthe same time produce energy. And with respect to this pipeline that Governor Romney keeps on talking about, we've - we've built enough pipeline to wrap around the entire earth once.So, I'm all for pipelines. I'm all for oil production. What I'm not for is us ignoring the other half of the equation. So, for example, on wind energy, when Governor Romney says "these are imaginary jobs." When you've got thousands of people right now in Iowa, right now in Colorado, who are working, creating wind power with good-paying manufacturing jobs, and the Republican senator in that – in Iowa is all for it, providing tax breaks (ph) to help this work and Governor Romney says I'm opposed. I'd get rid of it.That's not an energy strategy for the future. And we need to win that future. And I intend to win it as President of the United States.CROWLEY: I got to - I got to move you on –ROMNEY: He gets the first –CROWLEY: - and the next question –ROMNEY: He actually got –CROWLEY: - for you –ROMNEY: He actually got the first question. So I get the lastquestion - last answer –CROWLEY: (Inaudible) in the follow up, it doesn't quite work like that. But I'm going to give you a chance here. I promise you, I'm going to.And the next question is for you. So if you want to, you know, continue on - but I don't want to leave all –ROMNEY: Candy, Candy –CROWLEY: - sitting here –ROMNEY: Candy, I don't have a policy of stopping wind jobs in Iowa and that - they're not phantom jobs. They're real jobs.CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: I appreciate wind jobs in Iowa and across our country. I appreciate the jobs in coal and oil and gas. I'm going to make sure –CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: - we're taking advantage of our energy resources. We'll bring back manufacturing to America. We're going to get through a very aggressive energy policy, 31/2 million more jobs in thiscountry. It's critical to our future.OBAMA: Candy, it's not going to –CROWLEY: We're going to move you along –OBAMA: Used to being interrupted.CROWLEY: We're going to move you both along to taxes over here and all these folks that have been waiting.Governor, this question is for you. It comes from Mary Follano – Follano, sorry.ROMNEY: Hi, Mary.QUESTION: Governor Romney, you have stated that if you're elected president, you would plan to reduce the tax rates for all the tax brackets and that you would work with the Congress to eliminate some deductions in order to make up for the loss in revenue.Concerning the - these various deductions, the mortgage deductions, the charitable deductions, the child tax credit and also the - oh, what's that other credit? I forgot.OBAMA: You're doing great.QUESTION: Oh, I remember.The education credits, which are important to me, because I have children in college. What would be your position on those things, which are important to the middle class?ROMNEY: Thank you very much. And let me tell you, you're absolutely right about part of that, which is I want to bring the rates down, I want to simplify the tax code, and I want to get middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes.And the reason I want middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes is because middle-income taxpayers have been buried over the past four years. You've seen, as middle-income people in this country, incomes go down $4,300 a family, even as gasoline prices have gone up $2,000. Health insurance premiums, up $2,500. Food prices up. Utility prices up.The middle-income families in America have been crushed over the last four years. So I want to get some relief to middle-income families. That's part - that's part one.Now, how about deductions? 'Cause I'm going to bring rates down across the board for everybody, but I'm going to limit deductions and exemptions and credits, particularly for people at the high end, because I am not going to have people at the high end pay less than they're paying now.The top 5 percent of taxpayers will continue to pay 60 percent of the income tax the nation collects. So that'll stay the same.Middle-income people are going to get a tax break.And so, in terms of bringing down deductions, one way of doing that would be say everybody gets - I'll pick a number - $25,000 of deductions and credits, and you can decide which ones to use. Your home mortgage interest deduction, charity, child tax credit, and so forth, you can use those as part of filling that bucket, if you will, of deductions.But your rate comes down and the burden also comes down on you for one more reason, and that is every middle-income taxpayer no longer will pay any tax on interest, dividends or capital gains. No tax on your savings. That makes life a lot easier.If you're getting interest from a bank, if you're getting a statement from a mutual fund or any other kind of investment you have, you don't have to worry about filing taxes on that, because there'llbe no taxes for anybody making $200,000.00 per year and less, on your interest, dividends and capital gains. Why am I lowering taxes on the middle-class? Because under the last four years, they've been buried. And I want to help people in the middle-class.And I will not - I will not under any circumstances, reduce the share that's being paid by the highest income taxpayers. And I will not, under any circumstances increase taxes on the middle-class. The president's spending, the president's borrowing will cost this nation to have to raise taxes on the American people. Not just at the high end.A recent study has shown the people in the middle-class will see $4,000.00 per year in higher taxes as a result of the spending and borrowing of this administration.I will not let that happen. I want to get us on track to a balanced budget, and I'm going to reduce the tax burden on middle income families. And what's that going to do? It's going to help those families, and it's going to create incentives to start growing jobs again in this country.CROWLEY: Thanks, Governor.OBAMA: My philosophy on taxes has been simple. And that is, I want to give middle-class families and folks who are striving to get into the middle-class some relief. Because they have been hit hardover the last decade. Over the last 15, over the last 20 years.So four years ago I stood on a stage just like this one. Actually it was a town hall, and I said I would cut taxes for middle- class families, and that's what I've done, by。
浅谈2012美国总统选举
浅谈2012美国总统选举-----奥巴马的胜利摘要：在2012美国总统选举中，奥巴马与罗姆尼竞争总统位置，在经过一系列的选举过程后，奥巴马的投票总数略胜一筹，成功连任。
关键字：美国总统选举，奥巴马，罗姆尼美国实行总统制，总统选举每四年举行一次。
美国总统选举制度复杂，过程漫长。
选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。
在今年美国举行了4年一度的美国总统选举，最后经过一系列的选举过程，贝拉克·奥巴马达到了270票，率先获胜，击败了米特·罗姆尼，连任美国总统。
奥巴马于1961年8月4日出生在夏威夷檀香山，父亲是来自肯尼亚的留学生，母亲是堪萨斯州白人。
奥巴马两岁多时，他的父母婚姻破裂。
6岁时，奥巴马随母亲和继父前往印度尼西亚生活。
四年后，其回到夏威夷。
中学毕业后，他进入加利福尼亚州西方文理学院学习，两年后转入哥伦比亚大学学习。
1985年毕业后，奥巴马从事社区工作。
1988年，他进入哈佛大学法学院深造。
1991年获得法学博士学位。
哈佛毕业后，奥巴马返回芝加哥，成为一名律师，并在芝加哥大学法学院教授宪法。
奥巴马是民主党人。
1997年，奥巴马进入政坛，当选伊利诺伊州参议员，并连任8年。
2000年，他竞选联邦众议员，没成功。
2004年11月，当选伊利诺伊州联邦参议员。
2008年，他在民主党全国代表大会上获得总统候选人提名。
11月4日，他在美国大选中获胜，当选美国总统。
2012年，奥巴马谋求连任，并顺利击败罗姆尼，成功连任。
罗姆尼于1947年出生于密歇根州，毕业于哈佛大学。
2002年11月，当选为马萨诸塞州州长；妻子安·罗姆尼是他的高中同学，目前，他们拥有五个儿子和十一个孙子女。
2012年8月28日，被正式提名为总统候选人。
奥巴马是民主党人，个人资产约260W到830W美元；为人亲切，深受选民喜欢，不吃炸鸡，爱看星际迷航，是个顾家的男人；2012年选举口号为“前进”；主打社会公平牌，针对罗姆尼亿万富翁；女性选民支持率高为62%，30岁以下选民偏好奥巴马；他的竞选优势是其一作为中产阶级，女性和部分移民的利益代表，有很强的筹集经费能力，其二击毙拉登，一洗民主党人外交懦弱的形象，经融危机后美国有改革思潮；他的劣势其一为任期内国内经济疲软，汽油价格飞涨、房价停滞甚至下降，其二在利比亚的人道主义行动不力、民调先是明星光环逐步淡去。
前驻华大使洪博培正式宣布参加2012年美总统竞选
前驻华大使洪博培正式宣布参加2012年美总统竞选
前驻华大使洪博培21日上午在新泽西州的自由女神公园正式宣布了参加2012年总统竞选的决定。
《纽约时报》认为，驻华大使的经历是洪博培参选的有用捷径。
美国媒体分析，与其他的共和党参选人不同，洪博培成为共和党中唯一一位有直接外交政策经验的候选人。
在洪博培的竞选网站上，最醒目的宣传词是：“这一次，我们能够拥有一个了解世界的总统。
”
在一段竞选视频上，洪博培说，是时候美国应该“重新获得力量”和“拥有21世纪”。
他称，自己的优势是曾经为三个总统的外交政策做出贡献，特别是之前一段时间作为奥巴马总统的驻中国大使。
现年51岁的洪博培出生于商人家庭，能说一口流利的中文。
2004年，洪博培当选犹他州州长，在他任期内，犹他州成为美国少数几个预算盈余的州之一。
2009年8月，刚开始第二任州长任期的洪博培，接受奥巴马总统的提名，北京担任美国驻华大使，于今年4月卸任。
2012年美国总统竞选
美国总统竞选2004年1月至3月，克里从网上筹得的竞选捐款高达2 670万美元，创下美国总统竞选人单季度网上获筹款数目最多的历史记录。
克里希望其筹款总额能在7月底民主党总统候选人提名大会之前达到1. 05亿美元，而共和党阵营期望筹得的捐款总额比这要多一倍。
4月21日，小布什的竞选队伍展开新一轮的广告造势，预算目标是花费5 000万美元，将克里描绘成增税和花钱的夸夸其谈者。
然而对小布什来说时局却并非对他那么有利，在2004年愚人节美国“最愚蠢的人”评比中，他以50％的选票“荣获”第十位，而恰在此时，他就做了一件蠢事。
伊拉克战争已经一年了，美国至今还在伊拉克“挖地三尺”，查找也许根本就不存在的大规模杀伤性武器，这种尴尬就是小布什当选“愚人”的原因。
3月24日，在美国国会广播电视记者协会年度晚宴上，为了表现风趣幽默，小布什播放了一组自编自演的幻灯片。
当幻灯片打出一个他透过白宫办公室的窗户向外张望的画面时，小布什在一旁的配音说：“那些大规模杀伤性武器肯定在什么地方！”惹得在场的记者哄堂大笑。
随后又出现一个他在家具下面找东西的镜头，小布什又在一旁说：“哎，武器也不在那儿！”会场又响起一片笑声和掌声。
接着又是一个他在办公室翻找东西的画面，小布什又说：“或许在这下面。
”记者再次捧腹大笑。
6月17日，小布什又在一次会议上称：“伊拉克与基地组织有联系，原因是我觉得他们有联系。
”再次让人啼笑皆非。
小布什演技不俗，却给自己带来不小的麻烦。
美国全国广播公司最新民意调查显示，在近14 000名被调查者中，67％认为不应该拿战争开玩笑。
他的对手、民主党总统候选人克里指责说，过去一年有近6 000名美国士兵在伊拉克死亡或者受伤，美国至今仍未在那里找出大规模杀伤性武器，而小布什居然用这么严肃的事情当笑料。
小布什目前处境尴尬，但其支持率却出人意料地超过了克里，美国最新民意调查显示，他的支持率比4月初上升5个百分点，已达48％，克里为43％，另一民调结果则为50％∶44％。