英语《旅游英语》部分课堂讲义

09级英语《旅游英语》部分课堂教学笔记英语系：王玉明Travel shortens distances and broadens minds.--Wang Yuming说明：09级英语各位同学，你们好！本材料中的英语公示语部分和一些景点介绍为网上材料，部分中英文菜单为同学搜集材料，其他材料均为我自己的私人教学笔记，考虑到有些同学课堂未记录完整，现提供给大家参考。

考虑到材料的不完整性、凌乱性、经不起推敲性和随意性，本人认为材料最好供各位同学个人使用，因为我们毕竟师生一场，无论有什么不妥，你们总能担待，若与他人交流，则有可能贻笑大方的。

谢谢大家理解与合作！王玉明拜托另：期终考试题型与分值1．旅游英语相关术语英汉互译（15*1%：均为课堂上我提到过的常用表达）2．导游词（2*20%：将两段正式严谨且用词讲究的景点介绍翻译成导游的现场解说词）3．旅游指南（1*25%：将某一景点的旅游指南与推介翻译成英语）4．课程相关的问题（2*10%：回答两个与旅游英语和导游职业相关的问题）5．考试时间定在2011年1月4日晚7:00-9:00各位班长，烦请务必将考试信息及时传达给每一位同学，将材料及时转发给每一位同学。

多谢啦！Part 1学生课间提问：家常菜comfort fish, home cuisine, home cooking, home-made dishes, potluck ，刷卡punch, slot, swipe, stamp，clip cards脑经急转弯wit killer, mind twister，农家乐farm fun，发烧友enthusiast, fancierPart 2 HotelW ays of categorizing Hotels: commercial hotels for transients (city hotels and motels); resort hotels in vacation areas; Hotels for convention trade; resident hotels which rent accommodations on seasonal bases.1)accommodation(s) and reservation2)accommodation allowance3)airline confirmation4)airport pick-up service5)airport shuttle bus (airport transfer, minibus, limousine, tourist coach, van)6)occupancy7)housekeeping8)bath/shower9)steps front, doorway, janitor‘s room, ballroom, banquet hall, bar, beauty salon,body-building hall, health club, business center, multi-functional room, (revolving)restaurant, shopping center, money exchange,10)bed and breakfast11)bed clothes/bedding (bedwear, bed spread, bottom sheet)12)bedside control panel13)bedside table, night table, nightstand14)dressing table, toilet table, toilet bowl, toilet tissue,15)bellman16)bathroom scale17)cold and hot water tap18)floor or standard lamp19)bathtub20)bathmat, towel21)socket22)plug23)broom closet24)bubble lift25)budget hotel26)buffet27)checklist28)chef29)cloak room30)communal bathroom31)bell Capitan32)crib/cot: bed for infant or baby; stroller33)deluxe double/suite, twin double34)door man35)double room with private or semi-private bath36)floor butler37)department of housekeeping38)food and beverage department39)hair dryer40)hotel directory41)pier glass, wardrobe mirror42)room service (charge sth to one‘s account), room maid, chamber maid43)tea trolley/wagon44)ticketing service45)youth hostel46)laundry: pyjamas, Sun Y at Sen suit, Western-style clothes, coat, overcoat, robe,pants, trousers, underwears, sweaters, cardigan, dry-clean, starch, bleach, press, laundryman, laundry bagPart 3 Sample Introductions to T ourist Destinations and Scenic AreasHefei---The Hometown of Lord Baoand Northern Gateway to the Huangshan MountainHefei is the capital of Anhui Province and hometown of the famous honest and upright official in Chinese history---Bao Zheng, featuring a landscape of half mountain and half lake. The city has a total area of 7,500 km2, with a population of 4,460,000, of which 1,650,000 people are permanent residents. The city proper area is 596.01 km2.Founded as a county seat in the Qin Dynasty, Hefei has a history of more than 2,200 years. The city boasts many places of historical interest and scenic spots such as Xiaoyaojin---an ancient battlefield in the Three Kingdoms Period, the Archers ‘ Training Rostrum built by Cao Cao, the Mingjiao Temple with an ancient be ll, the Cultural Park of Bao Gong assuming the architectural style of the Song Dynasty, the thousand-year-old town of rivers and lakes---Sanhe, the former residence of Li Hongzhang, the former residence of Liu Mingchuan, the Yaogang Village ——site of the former General Front Committee for the Crossing-the-Yangtze Campaign, and so on. Standing in picturesque surroundings, Hefei is known as ―a modern garden city and ―the most suitable city for people to live in.‖ It is the among the first three cities winning the honorable title of ―city of gardens and parks.‖ The city‘s Belt Park looks like a green necklace, which ― embraces both the old town and the new urban developments.‖ The Shushan Lake, lying at the foot of the Dashu Hill, looks like a green bright pear l. Hefei Wildlife Field, characterized by ― naturalness, wildness and lingering charm of forest,‖ has become a space shared by men and animals. On Mt.Zipeng, one can not only hear the soughing of the wind flowing through the pines, but also see flocks of auspicious birds. With blue waves rippling in its immense waters, the Chaohu is a magnificent lake of myriad scenes.Hefei is a city of science and education and one of the four major bases of scientific research and education of the nation. It is the seat of more than 200 institutions of scientific research including the Hefei Matter Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as University of Science & Technology of China, the PLA Electronic Engineering Institute, and over 30 other institutions of higher learning. The city boasts nearly 200,000 scientific and technical personnel. In terms of the intellectual resources, Hefei is at the head of the list compared with cities of the same scale in China. Hefei is currently the one and only state-level selected city for experiment in scientific and technological renovation designated by the State Council. One-day excursion to the scientific and educational institutions in Hefei has become a well-known brand name in Anhui‘s tourism.The surrounding areas of Hefei abound with tourist resources. There are many tourist attractions known nation-wide within a radius of 300 kilometers of Hefei such as the Huangshan Mountain, Mt. Jiuhua, the Taiping Lake, Mt. Tianzhu, Mt. Tiantangzhai, the ancient town of Shouxian, the Imperial Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, Mt. Langya, etc. With mature regional tourist routes, Hefei is an ideal transfer station for tourists from north China who head for tourist attractions in East China.Hefei is among the first to be awa rded the title ―China Top Tourist City. In recent years, the scale of the city‘s tourist industry is expanding steadily, tourist infrastructure improving constantly, and construction of tourist attractions speeding up, which has greatly enriched the content of Hefei tourism. At present, there are in the city 42 star-level hotels, which include 3 five-star hotels and 4 four-star hotels, 95 travel services of all types, including 8 international travel services, and over 30 tourist attractions.Hefei is the core city in terms of the tourist industry in Anhui Province. It is easy of access. There are more than 30 domestic and international air routes connecting the city with the outside. Network of expressways has linked the city with the other areas in east China, which makes Hefei a hub of communications of Anhui province and even the whole country. The Hefei-Jiujiang and Beijing-Kowloon railways as well as the Nanjing –Xi ‘an and Shanghai-Chengdu railways intersect in Hefei, which makes it an important pivotal city of railway network in the country.Welcome to the open and beautiful city---Hefei!Welcome to AnhuiBrief: Anhui Province is located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River.It borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north.Origin of the province name: Anhui Province was founded in 1667 and has a proud history of over 300 years. Early in the Qing Dynasty a huge province, named Jiangnan Province, was founded. It included what are now Anhui Province, Jiangsu Province and Shanghai City.During the Qing Dynasty, in the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi (A.D.1667), Jiangnan Province was divided into two provinces: Anhui and Jiangsu. The name ??Anhui?? comes from the first Chinese characters of two prefectures, Anqing and Huizhou. In the year when Anhui was established, Anqing was the political center of the province and Huizhou was the economic center.The province abbreviation is ??Wan??, because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan River in the provinceMount Wan, now the Tianzhu MountainGeography: Anhui Province is about 570 km from south to north and 450 km from east to west. It covers an area of 139.6 thousand square kilometers, about 1.45 percent of the total area of the country. There are various landforms in Anhui. The Yangtze River and Huaihe River flow through the province and divide the whole province into three main natural area to the Huaihe River, the area between the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River and the south area to the Yangtze River. Some major mountains, such as Dabie Mountain, Yellow Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Tianzhu Mountain lie in Anhui, and the highest peak of Yellow Mountain---Lotus Peak is 1,860 metersabove sea level. Among many rivers and lakes in Anhui, Chaohu Lake is one of the five great freshwater lakes in China, with an area of 800 square kilometers.Bridge over the Y angtze River in Tongling CityHistory: Anhui is one of the most important cradles of China's pre-historical civilization. It has been discovered that even 2.5 million years ago, human beings already inhabited the site in the Inverted V Cave(the shape of the Chinese character of ??man??) in Fanchang County.The Hexian County's Sinanthropus Site of the Paleolithic Age (300,000 or 400,000 years ago) was excavated in the Dragon Pool Cave of Hexian County. These excavations have demonstrated that many generationsof people have lived in this area since remote antiquity. During the Neolithic Age (between 4,000 and 10,000 years ago), Anhui belonged to the cultural domains of Yangshao, Longshan, Qingnianand Veined Chinaware.The Xuejiagang Site, excavated in Qianshan County, has a long history of about 5,000 to 6,000 years. This ancient cultural site, revealing mostly Neolithic relics, is of great importance in the research of the primitive culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Yu, the historical reputed founder of the Xia Dynasty, had a close relation with Anhui. According to the historical records, Yu met with local lords at Tushan and all the lords paid tributes to him.Tushan is the ancient Dangtu County in today??s Horsehead Town,southeast of Huaiyuan County in Anhui. Bozhou was once the capital of the Chengtang State in the Shang Dynasty (between 1,600 to 1,100 B.C), while the ancient Shouchun (today??s Shouxian County)was the capital of the late Chu State in the Warring States Period(475-221 B.C). The ancient copper tripod caldron excavated from the tombs of the Chu Dynasty is just little lighter than Simuwu Rectangle Ding, a bronze cooking vessel with two loop handles and four legs, of the Shang Dynasty. In the Qin Dynasty, according to the administrative division at that time, the area north to the Huai River belonged to Tang Prefecture and SishuiPrefecture, the area between the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River belonged to Jiujiang Prefecture, and the area south to the Yangtze River belonged to Zhang Prefecture.During the East Han and West Han dynasties, Anhui belonged to Yang, Yu, and Xu prefectures. In the period of the Three Kingdoms(A.D. 222-280), Anhui was dominated by the State of Wu and the State of Wei, and was a battle field innumerable times. In the period of the Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern dynasties and the Sui Dynasty, Anhui belonged respectively to Yang, Xu and Yu prefectures.In the Song Dynasty, Hui merchants flourished quickly,economy and culture of Hui Prefecture created great influence on the whole nationThe inverted V cave in Fangchang CountyIn the Yuan Dynasty,Anhui was governed by Henan Province, Jiang and Zhe administrative provinces. In the Ming Dynasty, Anhui was under the direct administration of the Capital of Nanjing, and the province was subdividedinto seven prefectures and four counties: Anqing, Huizhou,Ningguo, Chizhou, Taiping, Luzhou and Fengyang prefectures, and Chu, He, Xu and Guangde counties. In the Qing Dynasty, Anhui was set up as a province with eight prefectures and five counties: Huizhou,Ningguo, Chizhou Taiping Anqing, Luyang, Fengyang, Yingzhou prefectures, and Guangde, Chu, He, Lu??an counties. At the beginning of the Republic of China (1912-1949), Anhui was divided intoWuhu, Anqing, and Huaisi prefectures. After the founding of thePeople??s Republic of China, Anhui was divided into the two prefectures of Northern Anhui and Southern Anhui, with Hefei as the capital of Northern Anhui and Wuhu the capital of Southern Anhui. In 1952, North Anhui and Southern Anhui were merged to form Anhui Province, and Hefei was selected as the provincial capital cityShouchun in Shou CountyEconomy: Anhui is a traditional agricultural province. Agriculture in Anhui varies according to the climate zones that the province crosses. North of the Huai He river wheat and sweet potatos are grown, while south of the Huai He river, it is rice and wheat instead. Natural resources of Anhui include iron in Ma'anshan, coal in Huainan, and copper in Tongling There are industries related to these natural resources (e.g. steel industry at Ma'anshan). One of the famous Anhui-based corporations is the automobile company Chery, which is based in Wuhu. Anhui's nominal GDP for 2009 was approximately 1.005 trillion yuan (US$147 billion), up 12.9% from 2008 and a per capita of 16,391 yuan (US$2,400). It is considered a mid-size economy in terms of economic output.Abundant Resources and Ecological Resources : The good environment, particularly the mild weather, plentiful precipitation and loamy soil, make Anhui an ideal habitat for many sorts of animals and plants. The province is confirmed having 4245 higher forms of plant life, accounting for 14.2 per cent of that of the whole country, among which 6 are categorized as the nation??s first class protected plants; 25 are categorized as the nation??s second-class protected plants; 44 are categorized as the province??s key protected plants. Inside the province 742 kinds of amniotes have been found that are classified into 121 sections under 44 items, accounting for 14.1 percent of all Chinese amniotes. Among which, 21 are categorized as the nation??s first-class protected wild animals; 70 are categorized as the nation??s second-class protected animals; 99 are categorized as the province??s key protected animals. The Chinese (Yangtze) alligator and Chinese river dolphin (white-fin dolphin) are rare animals in the world that live in the Yangtze River in the middle part of Anhui.At present, about thirty per cent of Anhui is covered in forest,with a planned afforested area of 61.85 million mu (4.123 million hectares); the afforested area reaches 54.01 million mu (3.6 million hectares), with a tree coverage of 30.3 percent. The total forest tree stock volume is 165 million cubic meters. At present, there are 22 National Ecological Demonstration Areas in the province. The province has designated and constructed 31 national and provincial natural protection areas. The province has 27 national forest parks. Anhui is rich in water resources. The province has a gross aquatic capacity of 68 billion cubic meters. Anhui has many ecological advantages,and is making every effort to develop them. With continued effort over the next 20 years, Anhui expects to be counted as one of the provinces with the best ecological environment.Agricultural Resources: Anhui produces a wide range of agricultural products. Its output of grain, cotton and oil ranks Anhui ahead of other provinces in the nation. Anhui is one of the most important bases for producing pollution-free staple agricultural products and green, organic food stuff in China. It has a big potential for further agricultural industrialization. On average, the province can provide 25 million tons of grain, 2.5 million tons of edible oils, and 300,000 tons of cotton, ranking Anhui respectively the sixth for these products among all the provinces in China. Anhui takes the lead in China for developing special agricultural products and high profit agricultural products,with the output of tea, tobacco, and Chinese traditional medicine ranking the province first in the nation.Mineral Resources: Anhui is rich in mineral resources. Its deposits of metal minerals and metalloid minerals are both diverse and abundant. The variety and abundance of the minerals rank Anhui ahead of other provinces in the country. About 104 different kinds of useful minerals have been discovered. To date, geologists have verified reserves of 69 different minerals. Of which, 38 minerals rank among the top ten,and 18 minerals rank among the top five in the nation. Coal, iron ore, copper ore, sulfur and alunite are especially useful for industrial purposes and can be found in large supply in Anhui.Based on its mineral advantages, Anhui has become an important base for energy,raw material, manufacturing and processing in the nation.Climate: Anhui is located in the transitional area between temperate zone and subtropical zone, so the climate here is warm and moist, and the four seasons are distinct. The north of the Huaihe River possesses a half-moist monsoon climate of warm temperate zone while the south of the Huaihe River possesses a subtropical moist monsoon climate. The annual average temperature of the province is 14?歱7?欠the average sunshine lasts 1800-2500 hours, the average frost-free period reaches 200-250 days and the average rainfall remains 800-1800mm per year.Provincial flower- azaleasProvincial Tree- guest-greeting pineAdministrative Division:: Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions, all of them prefecture-level cities:Hefei, Huaibei, Suzhou, Bozhou, Bengbu, Fuyang, Huannan, Chuzhou, Liu??an, Ma??anshan, Chaohu, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Tongling, Chizhou, Anqing and Huangshan.The seventeen prefecture-level divisions of Anhui are subdivided into 105 county-level divisions (44 districts, five county-level cities, and 56 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1845 township-level divisions (972 towns, 634 townships, nine ethnic townships, and 230 subdistricts).The Provincial Capital City is Hefei.Transportation: Thought Anui is located in the inner land, the later strides in transportation infrastructure construction, compared with other provinces in the east China, it developed quite fast so that the whole province has roughly formed an advanced cubic transportation network of water, land and sea, in which the most developed is the railway transportation with rail mileage open to traffic reaching over 2,500 kms that is the longest in east China.[Aviation]: The province's scheduled route network serves 50 domestic destinations. Scheduled flight service operates from Hefei and Huangshan to Hong Kong and Macau. In addition, chartered flights from Anhui flying to Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Korea are regularly operated. There are also airports in other cities, including Anqing, Wuhu, Bengbu and Fuyang, opening provincial and domestic airlines.[Railroads]: Both Beijing-Shanghai railroad and Beijing-Kowloon railroad run through Anhui, ranking the province's railroad coverage the highest in Eastern China. After the completion of Hefei-Nanjing railroad, Hefei-Wuhan railroad and Tongling-Jiujiang railroad, Anhui will become an important province with regard to railroad network.[Highways]: Hefei-Nanjing Expressway, Hefei-Jieshou Expressway, Hefei-Wuhu Expressway, Hefei-Xuzhou Expressway, Huangshan-Hangzhou Expressway, Lujiang-Tongling Expressway, Wuhu-Ma'anshan Expressway, and Bengbu-Mingguang Expressway have framed an all-round accessed highway network in the province. Highway network system provides a better access to the eastern part of China.[Waterways]: Anhui has fashioned a complete external transportation network with water, air and land entry and exit ports. There are entirely 9 ports of various types. Fuyang and Bengbu are land ports that open to foreign freight. Waterway ports such as Wuhu, Tongling, Anqing, Ma'anshan and Chizhou are all open to foreign freight ships. The Wuhu port has a capacity of berthing 10,000-ton freight ships. The others are all equipped with a 5,000-ton deep water wharf. The access to the oceangoing route links Anhui with many other countries and regions in the world, which are able to load and download, import and export cargoes. With the three river systems, namely, the Yangtze River, the Huai River and the Xin'an River, the mileage of the inland navigable waterways extends more than 6,000 kilometers.Impressive Hui Culture2010-08-02 11:18 China TodayDIRECTOR James Cameron of blockbuster hit Avatar once made the public comment: "The fictional world of my film uses many Chinese elements because while creating the floating specter of Mount Hallelujah I was so inspired by the gorgeous scenery of China's Huangshan Mountain."Situated in southern Anhui Province, Huangshan Mountain has been honored as a world cultural heritage, a world natural heritage and a world Geopark site, where its bizarre pine trees, exotic rock formations, majestic clouds, restorative hot springs, and enchanting winter snows all overwhelm the viewer with their beauty. Besides appreciating the enchanting natural landscape of the mountain, a tour to the namesake city and local villages and towns will also reward visitors with an unforgettable experience. In ancient times the area was under the jurisdiction of Huizhou; locals created a splendid Hui (short for Huizhou) culture, much of which can still be seen on Tunxi Old Street and in Xidi Village. Huizhou existed for about 800 years, from the year 1121 in the Song Dynasty to 1911 in the Qing Dynasty, and comprised six counties, including Yixian, Shexian and Xiuning in present-day Huangshan City. The Hui culture mirrors every aspect of the local life in the late feudal period –in its Hui-style architecture, Hui commercialism, the patriarchal clan system, Neo-Confucianism, Hui Opera and Hui cuisine. The best place to get a glimpse of the culture compressed, visitors should look in the Hui Culture Museum in Huangshan City, which is so far the only theme museum in China to comprehensively showcase this regional heritage.Hui-style ArchitectureAt the foot of picturesque Huangshan Mountain sprawl clusters of Hui-style grey-tiled and white-walled houses, forming the most typical scene captured in traditional Chinese landscape paintings. Hui architecture is one of the major Chinese architectural styles of ancient times, with the exquisite homes, ancestral halls and memorial archways as its most impressive embodiments. Distinctive elements of Hui architecture are the ubiquitous white color of all the buildings, the grey-tiled roof and the Horse-head Wall, where the wall descends staircase style, following the angle of the roof. Like northern residential architecture, Hui-style dwellings also feature storied buildings, multiple courtyards, winding corridors and upturned eaves; but all are hidden behind high horse-head walls. Externally they present tall, solid walls with only a few small windows, and inside the dwellings patios of varied kinds allow the passage of sunlight. Generally speaking, the exterior appearance of Hui-style buildings differs little while their interior can vary a lot based on the wishes of the owners. Home decor is characterized by three types of Hui carving: stone carving, wood carving and brick carving. The average homeowner would expend less effort on decorating the interior rooms than their facades. The windows and gates facing outward would normally require delicate workmanship, and the gatehouse in particular served as an important banner of wealth and social status, so worthy of the most ornate designs.To take a look at the Hui architecture, Xidi Village in Yixian County is the best place to go. It is a site of typical Hui residences, and one of the "Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui" that have been collectively listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO. With a history of over 950 years, the village came into being in the Huangyou Period (1049-1054) of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) and had itssalad days in the early part of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Historical records suggest that in its heyday it supported a population exceeding 10,000 people and saw the construction of over 40 public buildings, mostly schools and temples, and more than 1,000 dwellings. Today over 240 well preserved residences from the Ming and Qing dynasties still house some 300 households of more than 1,100 residents. The tourist attractions in the village include Lingyun Pavilion, Cishi Archway (or known as the Memorial Archway of the Governor), Taoli Garden, East Garden and the Hall of Respect. These centuries-old structures have made the village a microcosm of traditional Chinese culture and an open-air museum of Ming- and Qing-style residences.No Town Without a Hui MerchantHui merchants were one of the ten powerful merchant groups in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911), and exerted a strong influence in the countr's business circles for about 300 years. It is said that it was natural in the past for most Huizhou male adults to choose business and trade as their means to make a living because Huizhou was a mountainous area with limited arable land and overabundant manpower. Hui merchants rose to commercial prominence as early as the middle of the Ming Dynasty and maintained this status to the end of Emperor Qianlong's reign (1736-1796) in the Qing Dynasty. During that period of time over 70 percent of Hui males were engaged in business and Hui merchants topped all the merchant groups across China in terms of their population, economic power and the spectrum of their trading activities. Their traces can be found everywhere around the country, and a saying even went: "there is no town without a Hui merchant." Their business was mainly tied to the trade in salt, tea and wood, but included pawn-broking; the tea business is still flourishing today. Huizhou has been a famous Chinese tea production area since the Tang Dynasty (618-907), with three of the Ten Great Chinese Teas being produced here, namely Huangshan Maofeng, Houkui Tea of Taiping County and Keemun Black Tea. Its thriving tea business was due in part to the fine natural environment which guaranteed the tea quality, and in part to the efforts of Hui merchants. By the end of Emperor Qianlong‘s reign of the Qing Dynasty, Huizhou merchants' tea was the most popular foreign export. The following two figures might demonstrate the relative economic power of Hui merchants at the time: the total assets of the Hui merchants who engaged in salt trading in Yangzhou reached 40 million taels of silver, while the national treasury altogether held around 70 million taels of silver.Hui merchants were deeply influenced by Confucianism. Guided by Confucian philosophy, they valued honesty and morality in their business dealings. They made profits based on the Yi rules (Yi in Confucianism means duty or righteous behavior), and paid strict attention to learning new things and accumulating experience. Education, and repayment of one's hometown were righteous activities by the standards of successful Hui businessmen. After they had made their fortunes and returned home, they were bent on establishing academies and schools and involvingthemselves with projects in the public good. But no matter how rich they became, the traditions of diligent accounting and thrift prevailed all their lives; most Hui merchants started their business from nothing and they firmly believed that spendthrifts could never build up family wealth. In the late Qing Dynasty change came about: due to a series of unfavorable policies adopted by the Qing government, the keen market competition fueled by foreign counterparts, and the impediment of traditional but backward operation methods, the businesses run by Hui merchants were gradually eclipsed. Today only Tunxi Old Street, with its many old and well-preserved shops, vividly evokes images of the prosperity they once knew here. Situated in Tunxi District of Huangshan City and dating back hundreds of years, this is one of the best-preserved pedestrian commercial thoroughfares in China. Its construction was initiated in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and it gradually evolved into Huizhou trading center during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Many beautiful old shops still stud both sides of the street, with their backyards used as workshops or residences. Over ten time-honored brands still exist on Tunxi Old Street, including the Tongrende (a traditional Chinese medicine seller that opened in 1863 in the Qing Dynasty), and the Yubutou Tea House (engaged in tea production and sale since 1875 in the Qing Dynasty). Visitors wandering along the street can find various products that bear the imprints of the Hui culture, including teas, ink, ink-stones, bamboo carvings, brick carvings and woodblock prints.Families in Huizhou were formed based on a sophisticated system of lineage, which essentially meant people sharing the same lineage would live under the same roof as a big family; this basic social institution was dominated by a strict patriarchal clan system. In the past every big family in Huizhou would have its own ancestral hall, where family members honored their ancestors, discussed important events and exercised their household disciplines. The ancestral halls can be subdivided to serve smaller groups of closer kinship. A hall was regarded as a sacred place that only the male family members were allowed to enter at will, while females gained passage only on the occasion of marriage into the family or when they were being punished for transgressions. The ancestral hall, together with the family disciplines and the family tree, is the symbol of Huizhou's patriarchal clan system. In Chengkan Village of Huizhou District in Huangshan City there is the Luo Dongshu Ci (Luo Dongshu Ancestral Hall) which was built in 1539 during the Jiajing Reign (1521-1567) of the Ming Dynasty. The hall is positioned to the west and facing the east and the whole complex covers a total area of 3,300 square meters, including a screen wall facing the gate of the hall, a Lingxing Gate, the front patio, two pavilions that each shelter a stone tablet, the front gate, the main court, the hall and the bedchamber. Its majestic scale and exquisite construction has brought it fame as the "No. 1 ancestral hall of the areas south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River." Memorial arch (paifang) is a kind of monument built in feudal times mainly to commemorate figures of great virtues, such as a highest graded scholar in the imperial examination, a benevolent administrator, and people of loyalty, filial piety, chastity or charity. It is also an embodiment of the patriarchal clan system. Memorial arches in Huizhou are divided。