1.word,phrase,sentence

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语言学简明教程Chapter 7

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Polysemy
Polysemy----the same one word may have more than one meaning, e.g. “table” may mean: A piece of furniture All the people seated at a table The food that is put on a table Orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc. …… (The word ‘table’ here is polysemous.)
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My son saw that gasoline can explode.
My son saw that
Hyponymy----the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Superordinate(上义词): the word which is more general in meaning. Hyponyms(下义词): the word which is more specific in meaning. Co-hyponyms(同级下义词): hyponyms of the same superordinate. E.g. Superordinate: flower Hyponyms: rose, tulip, lily, chrysanthemum, peony, narcissus, … Superordinate: furniture 14 Hyponyms: bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe, sofa, …

大学英语语法 unit 1 Sentence Structure

ion infix: foot/feet, goose/geese b) Composition—to form compound by combining two or more free morphemes.(see P 6)
Ex: explain the meanings of the prefixes and suffixes in the following words: astir, awhir, deplane, disambiguate, ecocide, megajet, mini-budget, nonnovel, outsmart, supertax, anti-Marketeer cinerama, meritocrat, interviewee, racketeer, topsider, gangsterese, hawkish, narrowish, nuclearism, golfitis, beatnik, protestnik, dopester, huckster, weatherwise.
stem– is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.
Ex: analyze the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains: specialize, pretentious, unsympathetic, crudity, indisputable, individuality, halfhearted, bird’s-eye, gaslight, backburner, officer-in-charge, a man of letters, downfall, dining-room, power-drunk.

大学语言学基础英语复习资料

Chapter 1:1.What are the design features of language?The features that define our human language can be called Design Features.2.What is Arbitrariness?Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs(symbol forms) bear no natural relationship to their meaning.3.What are onomatopoeia words?Words that sound like the sounds they describe.4.How do you understand of clauses language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level?The order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules,and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings.5.What is duality?By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(Lyons)6.What is the advantage of duality?It lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with.A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements.And out of the huge number of words,there can be endless number of sentences,which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.7.How do you understand language is a system?In terms of internal structure,language is hierarchical.There are 6 level.Speech sounds,morpheme,word,phrase,sentence,text.8.What is creativity?By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(Chomsky Noam).The recursiveness refers to the potential of language to create endless sentences.9.What is displacement?Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.10.What is the benefit of displacement?Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.11.What are the 3 theory concerning to the origin of language?First,the divine origin theory:Language is created by God.Second,the invention theory:Language is created by man.(①The bow-wow theory拟声说the evidence is onomatopoeic words.②The pooh-pooh theory感叹说the evidence is interjections③The yo-ho-yo theory劳动喊声说some rhythmic grunt.)Third,the evolutionary theory:when men involved in a certain degree,they have the cognitive ability.There are two basices:Psychical basic(speech organ) and social basises(cooperate communication ),then language came into being.12.What are the seven functions of language?Informative信息功能,Interpersonal人际，Performative施为，Emotion感情，Phatic communion 交感,recreational娱乐，meta-lingual元语言。

英语语法层次

$语法层次语言（Language）是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。

语法（Grammar）是语言的组织规律，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇（Vocabulary）则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。

作为社会交际工具的语言首先是有声语言，它所传递的信息首先是通过语音系统表达出来的，所以语音是语溢的物质媒介，是语言赖以存在和发展的物质基础。

在语言的结构体系，语音系统和语义系统中，结构系统（即语法）是中心成分，是结合语音系统和语义系统的枢纽，在书写中则是结合文字系统和语义系统的枢纽，可以用公式表示如下：语义——语法——语音系统/文字系统英语的语法结构具有层次性。

它可分为五个不同的层次，即句子（Sentence）、分句（Clause）、词组(Phrase）、词（Word）和词素（Morpheme）.句子是语法的最高层次，由一个或一个以上的分句构成；分句由一个或一个以上的词组构成；词组由一个或一个以上的词构成；词由一个或一个以上的词素构成。

既然句子是语法的最高层次，我们就可以通过切分法（Segmentation）把句子一层一层地切分到它的最小组成部分-——词素。

例如：0.1词素词素（Morpheme）是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。

词素分为两大类；自由词素（Free Morpheme）和粘附词素（Bound Morpheme）.1)自由词素自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词（Simple Word）.而单独使用的词素，比如boy(男孩)，girl(女孩)，desk(书桌)，chair(椅子)，kind(仁慈的)，cruel(残酷的)，give （给），take(拿)等都属于这一类。

自由词素可以充当词根（Root）加上词缀（Affix）构成派生词(Derivative),例如：kind: kindness, unkind, unkindness, kindlyfriend: friendly , friendship , friendless, unfriendly, unfriendliness自由词素还可以和其他自由词素相结合，构成复合词（Compound Word）.例如：book: bookmark, bookshop, bookstalltake: intake, take-home, take-over, take-off, takeaway, undertake2)粘附词素粘附词素指本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，而必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。

语言学Morphology形态学课件

语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.

小学一年级英语 NOUN PHRASE

Dogs can be vicious
Some dogs can be vicious
Some of the dogs can be vicious
Some of the bigger dogs can be vicious
Some of the bigger dogs in the dog pound can be vicious
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
We gave a clear definition of what a NOUN is in an earlier slide, but now we need to consider this in more detail taking into account what nouns might look like, what their purpose is, where they occur in sentences and how they interact with other words. The first thing to note is what spaces they can occupy in a sentence - they can take on the role of:
1. with an article: the government, an insect
2. with an adjective: good times, legal wrangle
3. with a preposition: by car, under duress
4. with a quantifier: many dangers, loads of friends
A NOUN can be extended to a NOUN PHRASE. In the example phrases given below, the noun (in the first example) and the noun phrase (in the remaining examples) is in bold. Note how much the noun phrase can be extended by adding extra information each time.

2015年1月GET研究生学位课考试题

2015年一月硕士英语考试真题PAPER ONEPART ILISTENING COMPREHENSION(25 minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1. A. Try job agencies.B. Read newspaper ads.C. Receive extra training.D. Contact other people.2. A. About six and a half hours.B. About seven and a half hours.C. About seven hours.D. About eight hours.3. A. Live a simple life for 30 years.B. Rent a three-bedroom flat in 1984.C. Buy a three-bedroom flat in 1984.D. Save money for 30 years.4. A. Those with a degree in Education earn more.B. Not everyone with a degree earns more.C. Those with a degree in Media Studies earn more.D. It is hard to get a degree in Media Studies.5. A. The man‘s wife.B. The man‘s car.C. The man‘s dog.D. The man‘s boss.6. A. At a fast food restaurant.B. At home.C. At a delivery company.D. At a post office.7. A. She is too young to travel alone.B. Her husband has just left home.C. Her husband has passed away.D. She doesn‘t love her husband.8. A. She took a long walk.B. She stayed up late.C. She felt very sad.D. She had a cold.9. A. A doctor and a patient.B. A teacher and a student.C. A police officer and a driver.D. A customer and a waiter.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10: A. Help them with their homework.B. Emphasize the importance of education.C. Attend school events.D. All the above.11. A. By limiting the time a child spends watching TV.B. By talking about school with their children.C. By reminding a child of his psychological problems.D. By respecting a child‘s need to watch screens.12. A. Because they enjoy flying in a helicopter.B. Because they promote parent-school programs.C. Because they push the child to improve academically.D. Because they make efforts to reduce class size.Mini-talk Two13. A. 25 percent cheaper.B. 2.5 percent cheaper.C. 2.3 percent cheaper.D. 1.7 percent cheaper.14. A. To make international calls.B. To assign calls local numbers.C. To ensure the quality of calls.D. All the above.15. A. America.B. China.C. Britain.D. Holland.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16.But before we talk about it, let‘s first take a look at the ________ (2 words) of sleep.17. …it is particularly vital to those learning a physical skill, such as mastering a ________ (2w ords) or a sporting skill….18. Deep sleep stages are vital to your mood because they are ________ (2 words) the productionof growth hormones that help repair damaged tissue.19. This stage plays a vital role in ________ (3 words).20. …and this sequence repeats itself again and again ________ (3 words).PART IIVOCABULARY(10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.21. One of the most demanding jobs facing middle-aged males is how to control their weight.A. requiredB. difficultC. voluntaryD. amusing22. Experts are working hard to seek better and safer ways to dispose of nuclear waste.A. facilitiesB. designsC. hazardsD. necessities24. Universities turn out students who know how to give answers, but not how to ask questions.A. recruitB. assembleC. verifyD. produce25. Because of the penetrating rain, further outdoor exercise was now out of the question.A. accessibleB. impossibleC. consecutiveD. awkward26. More businesses look to cloud-based collaboration as a means to gain a competitive edge.A. advantageB. borderC. awarenessD. innovation27. Police in plain clothes tried to disperse the crowd that was gathered outside the city council.A. break outB. break downC. break offD. break up28. Officials at the grass-roots level are expected to care about the daily lives of local people.A. superiorB. intermediateC. fundamentalD. utmost29. There is much clinical evidence that smoking adversely and irreversibly affects human health.A. unfavorablyB. chronicallyC. temporarilyD. sentimentally30. After the students put up Christmas decorations, the classroom assumed a holiday appearance.A. took upB. took inC. took toD. took onSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the correspondingletter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored AnswerSheet.31. The nuclear industry produces radioactive waste ________ contaminated items like clothing.A. in the event ofB. in the form ofC. at the mercy ofD. for the sake of32. It is suspected that regular use of ________ messages and email can lower one‘s IQ.A. testB. textureC. textD. textile33. Some cancers are ________ to be cured if detected in the early stage and treated without delay.A. possibleB. easyC. worthD. likely34. This high school is well-located, where the ________ of teachers to students is excellent.A. ratioB. proportionC. percentageD. rate35. Jeff realized that he would have no personal life without his daughter; everything he did________ round her.A. involvedB. evolvedC. revolvedD. resolved36. Mr. Stevens managed to ________ his business by cell phone while he was in the hospital.A. give way toB. keep track ofC. be skeptical aboutD. come up with37. It is generally believed that ________ behavior is quite commonplace in the streets of Beijing.A. incompetentB. inexhaustibleC. inestimableD. indecent38. There is evidence that fish breathe in ________ much the same way as humans do.A. quiteB. fairlyC. prettyD. rather39. The presence of elements ________ iron greatly affects the physical properties of steel.A. but forB. other thanC. rather thanD. up to40. The United Kingdom ________ England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.A. comprisesB. consistsC. composesD. constitutesPART IIICLOZE TEST(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank inthe passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosenwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Small business owners can sometimes feel like it‘s a dog-eat-dog world out there. If you fall behind, even ___41___, a more tech-shrewd business with greater resources could appear from nowhere and take your customers. But competition among businesses does not ___42___ mean war. ___43___ viewing other companies only as competitors, business owners should look at them as potential collaborators. Collaboration is ___44___ to every business, as there are so many opportunities out there for businesses to work together to exchange ideas and increase purchasing ___45___.There are plenty of ways that small business owners can use the neighbor principle and collaborate to ___46___ mutual growth. An independent Web development company can offer their website design services to other local businesses ___47___ a link back on the homepage. Small businesses with similar inventory needs can combine their orders to receive ___48___ wholesale prices. An entertainment company can host an event at a restaurant in town to bring in business ___49___ marketing its own services. These real-life examples from win-win users prove that working for and with other small businesses can be more powerful than ___50___ them.41. A. in the past B. at your disposal C. for a moment D. on your own42. A. necessarily B. hardly C. solely D. infinitely43. A. Because of B. Apart from C. As for D. Instead of44. A. vicious B. vital C. vocational D. vacant45. A. strength B. force C. might D. power46. A. come about B. bring about C. look about D. inquire about47. A. in exchange for B. in relation to C. in comparison with D. in case of48. A. discouraged B. dissatisfied C. dismissed D. discounted49. A. while B. unless C. if D. though50. A. working out B. working up C. working against D. working onPART IVREADING COMPREHENSION(45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices givenand mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Passage OneHospitals are packed full of valuable information about patients, but doctors often struggle to use it effectively. A London-based start-up wants to change all that with a new suite of iPad apps called Medopad.The idea is to link up every data-making system and machine in a hospital to a central service which can deliver the collection of a patient‘s records – from historical medical files to X-ray and scans –at the touch of a doctor‘s iPad.A number of Medopad apps help doctors utilize this data. For example, one app broadcasts the readings from a patient‘s heart monitor to their doctor‘s iPad screen, so a check-up can be carried out from anywhere in the hospital building. Another app uses voice-recognition to letdoctors create written notes on patients just by speaking.For BMI Healthcare, Medopad could be about to transform how their doctors work. BMI has been piloting the software and testing integration with its hospitals‘ existing databases and is now deciding whether to roll it out for use with actual patients. ―It‘s intuitive, and it kind of works the way doctors think,‖ says group medical director, Mark Ferreira.With Medopad in place, doctors will be able to refer cases to one another for a second opinion from within the app suite. Photos of a patient‘s visible symptoms can be taken using an iPad and shared, for example. Another Medopad app features integration with the Google Glass headset, which allows up to five clinicians to collaborate in real time, take pictures and share them, and access a patient‘s records simultaneously. A pathology app can even do some analytical work for doctors, with abnormal blood-test results flagged automatically.The system has a number of security features. For example, it can be set up so that when a doctor‘s device physically leaves the hospital network, patient data will no longer be available on it.Doctors and patients alike should benefit from this kind of system, says Stevan Wing, who co-hosts a podcast on medical apps called The Digital Doctor. ―If you increase the doctor‘s information as well as their ability to share it with patients and make joint decisions, then I think the qualit y of care must improve,‖ he says.Charles Lowe, president of the Telemedicine and eHealth section at the Royal Society of Medicine in London, has been following Medopad‘s progress. ―It‘s going to speed up treatment,‖ he says.51. As used in this passage, the word ―app‖ probably means ________.A. an advertisement about medical facilitiesB. a mobile phone with special functionsC. a website that supplies medical dataD. a computer program or a piece of software52. The biggest advantage of Medopad lies in ________.A. improving access to the InternetB. reducing the medical cost at a hospitalC. effective use of information on patientsD. quick exchange of data between hospitals53. It can be concluded from Paragraph 4 that BMI Healthcare ________.A. has started to use Medopad clinicallyB. is using Medopad on a trial basisC. has changed the way doctors workD. knows what each doctor thinks via Medopad54. As said in Paragraph 5, Medopad can help doctors to do the following EXCEPT ________.A. to test the blood of patients for abnormalitiesB. to take and share photos of patients‘ symptomsC. to use a patient‘s information at the same timeD. to ask for the opinion from another doctor55. The last two paragraphs suggest that doctors are likely to ________ Medopad.A. welcomeB. fearC. opposeD. improve56. The central idea of this passage is that ________.A. iPads will replace doctors in future healthcareB. iPads will be readily available in many hospitalsC. doctors with iPads could transform hospital careD. Medopad will be of financial benefit to patientsPassage TwoIn 1919 the Hotel Pennsylvania, in New York, opened its first restaurant, with offerings notable for their descriptive simplicity: ―lamb,‖ ―potatoes: boiled,‖ and so on. Nearly 100 years later, the Statler Grill, one of the hotel‘s current restaurants, offers updated takes, from a ―lollipop Colorado lamb chop‖ to ―buttered mashed potatoes.‖You needn‘t be a linguist to note changes in the language of menus, but Stanford‘s Dan Jurafsky has written a book doing just that. In The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu, Jurafsky describes how he and some colleagues analyzed a database of 6,500 restaurant menus describing 650,000 dishes from across the U.S. Among their findings: fancy restaurants, not surprisingly, use fancier—and longer—words than cheaper restaurants do. Jurafsky writes that ―every increase of one letter in the average length of words describing a dish is associated with an increase of 69 cents in the price of that dish.‖Lower-priced restaurants, meanwhile, rely on ―linguistic fillers‖: su bjective words like delicious, unique, and soft. These are the empty calories of menus, less indicative of flavor than of low prices. Cheaper establishments also use terms like ripe and fresh, which Jurafsky calls ―status anxiety‖ words. Thomas Keller‘s Pe r Se, after all, would never use fresh—that much is taken for granted—but Subway would. Per Se does, however, engage in the trendy habit of adding provenance to descriptions of ingredients (Island Creek oysters, Frog Hollow‘s peaches). According to Jurafsk y, very expensive restaurants ―mention the origins of the food more than 15 times as often as inexpensive restaurants.‖Already, provenance-oriented menu language is spreading outward from the finer restaurants to the Subways and Applebee‘s of the world. T he first business to take provenance seriously was Chipotle, says the food developer Barb Stuckey. (―They‘ve always menuedNiman Ranch pork.‖) In turn, high-end food supplier may head in a different direction. ―As this stuff trickles down, the rich need a way to be different again,‖ says Jurafsky, who notes the flourishing menu trend of extreme minimalism, seen at the Michelin-starred San Francisco spot Saison, where the set price starts at $248 and the menu comes after the meal, as a souvenir. In some ways, this is ―a return to 200 years ago, when you‘d say, ‗Give me dinner,‘ and they‘d just give you what they‘d cooked,‖ Jurafsky says.57. What does Dan Jurafsky find out about the language of menus?A. More expensive restaurants tend to use simple words in their menus.B. Cheaper restaurants tend to use longer words in their menus.C. The longer the words in the menu, the more expensive the dishes.D. The shorter the words in the menu, the more expensive the dishes.58. What does Dan Jurafsky t hink of the words like ―delicious‖ and ―fresh‖ in the menu?A. They indicate high quality of the food.B. They are hollow words of little value.C. They are more than necessary in the menu.D. They will be out of fashion sooner or later.59. T he underlined word ―provenance‖ (Para. 3) probably refers to ________.A. the calorie count of the foodB. the special flavor of the foodC. the source of the foodD. the way the food is made60. Which of the following is probably the most expensive restaurant?A. Subway.B. Per Se.C. Chipotle.D. Applebee.61. As stated in the last paragraph, the latest menu trend is ________.A. simplicityB. creativityC. practicalityD. extravagance62. What is the major topic of the passage?A. A comparison of various menus.B. The messages hidden in a menu.C. Dish price and menu trend.D. The evolution of menu language.Passage ThreeIt is impossible to confidently predict what will happen should Scotland decide to declare independence. But some factors will come into play.The first is an unavoidable fact of life: we are all getting older. Developed nations are set to struggle with the effects of an ageing population over the next 50 years, but population projections suggest the impact will be felt even harder in Scotland. The problem for Scotland is that its under-65 population will shrink while its over-65s increase, putting big pressure on public finances.The Scottish government says independence will allow the nation to pursue a very different immigration strategy to the rest of the UK. But if working-age migrants don‘t come as hoped, Scotland will find it more difficult to support its ageing population. Things get worse when North Sea oil and gas are taken into account. ―Oil revenues will almost certainly fall over the longer term,‖ says David Phillips at the IFS. ―If it takes decades, that would give Scotland time to adjust, although it would still involve some potentially painful choices.‖Addressing the shortfall in revenues will mean higher taxes or a fall in living standards –something Scotland can ill afford: life expectancy is already 2.3 years lower for Scottish men than those in the rest of the UK. The difference is particularly striking in Glasgow. ―Health isScotland‘s Achilles‘ heel,‖ sa ys Gerry McCartney of NHS Scotland. And it‘s a relatively recent phenomenon.The Scottish government says a vote for independence will reduce inequality. But a study suggests that new Scottish powers to increase taxes or benefits may have little effect. That‘s because small nations can find it difficult to implement radically different policies to their larger neighbors: people can simply decide to cross the border in search of lower taxes, for example. This is particularly problematic when it comes to funding pensions, which depend on a thriving workforce. ―Raising tax rates to provide pensions could be a self-defeating policy if it leads to mass departure of workers,‖ says Comerford.The voting age for the Scottish referendum has been lowered to 16 from the normal UK voting age of 18, to let teenagers have a say in their country‘s future. If independence goes wrong, a youthful yes vote could prove a big mistake.63. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that ________.A. Scotland will soon have a much smaller populationB. an ageing population will be a big trouble for ScotlandC. elders will make up more than half of Scottish populationD. independence will add to the ageing population64. The author believes that revenues from oil ________.A. will fall dramatically in a short timeB. have nothing to do with living standardsC. will make little difference to elders‘ lifeD. are critical to supportingthe ageing population65. The expression ―Achilles‘ heel‖ u sed in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.A. an vulnerable spotB. a big advantageC. a source of prideD. a future problem66. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 implies that ________.A. higher tax rates can provide enough pensionsB. raising tax rates will help win independenceC. tax rates are subject to change if necessaryD. increasing taxes may possibly harm the workforce67. The author seems to ________ the potential declaration of independence by Scotland.A. completely supportB. strongly opposeC. be concerned overD. be neutral about68. A proper title for this passage might be ________A. It Is Time That Scotland Declared Independence.B. Scotland: What if Independence Goes Horribly Wrong?C. Independence – Both a Blessing and a Curse.D. What‘s the Best Way to WinIndependence in Scotland?Passage FourDolphins are believed to have succeeded where mainstream physicians have not. The long-standing myth about the extraordinary powers of dolphins as healers has been passed down from the first written records of encounters with these animals. Much of our attraction to these animals derives from their so-called combination of intelligence and communications skills.Dolphin-assisted therapy (DAT) typically involves several sessions of customers swimming or interacting with captive dolphins, along with performing more conventional therapeutic tasks such as puzzle solving and motor-skills exercises. The standard price of DAT sessions, whose practitioners are not required by law to receive any special training or certification, is steep, reaching into thousands of dollars. DAT practitioners say that the sessions are particularly successful in treating depression and motor disorders in addition to childhood autism. But DAT can sometimes be less honestly advertised as being an effective treatment for everything from cancer to infections and development delays.Even when they don‘t promise any complete cure, DAT facilities market themselves as offering real therapy. They often use technology that suggests scientific legitimacy. But true therapy must have a relationship to a specific condition and result in quantifiable effects. While there are some published studies claiming to demonstrate positive results from DAT, few include a control group, which would help measure whether general, short-term results are due to interacting with the dolphins or caused by other factors, like being in the water, being given tasks, receiving increased attention from other people.The loved ones of children with autism and other people who appear to benefit from DAT tend to accept these explanations as scientifically sound. And even those suspicious of DAT may ask, ―What‘s the harm if a child who typically experiences little enjoyment and accomplishment fin ds some happiness and connection with dolphins?‖The sad fact is that they are being harmed –along with the humans who believe in them. Captive dolphins spend their lives under tremendous stress, as they struggle to adapt to environments different from the wild. Unlike their natural habitats, the shallow pools are only six feet deep and 24 feet long, filled with chemicals but empty of plants, sand, and other forms of life. The outcome of this treatment is devastating. Dolphins in the wild can live 30 or 50 years, but captive ones are prone to a much shorter lifespan and other stress-and immune-related diseases.69. Paragraph 1 reveals the author‘s ________.A. admiration for dolphins as healersB. faith in the therapeutic effect of dolphinsC. disbelief in the healing effect of dolphinsD. intense resentment to dolphins70. Which of the following is true about DA T?A. DAT is sometimes advertised in a misleading manner.B. DAT sessions are cheap enough to be popularized.C. DAT practitioners need special training before work.D. DAT doesn‘t involve conventional therapeutic tasks.71. In Paragraph 3, the author expresses doubt about ________.A. the availability of DAT facilitiesB. the allegedly negative effect of DATC. the real intention of DAT criticsD. the reliability of results of studies on DAT72. This passage implies that many people are________.A. indifferent to the benefit of DATB. unaware of the harm to captive dolphinsC. concerned about the captive dolphinsD. quite justified in receiving DAT73. The author believes that captivity ________.A. keeps most dolphins healthy and happyB. leaves dolphins unhealthy and unhappyC. can contribute to protection of dolphinsD. causes dolphins to do harm to humans74. The central idea of this passage is that ________.A. dolphin-assisted therapy is quite effective for some diseasesB. captive dolphins have a shorter lifespan than those in the wildC. dolphins are lovely animals worthy of careful protectionD. the belief that dolphins can heal is actually an illusionPassage FiveBack in the 1950s and ‗60s, an American woman typically planned on getting her degree and getting properly married upon graduation. Sometimes she would work to support her new husband until he got his next degree and was well started in a job; but after that, with so few exceptions, the wife stayed at home raising the children.But a new study shows that that rock of experience upon which we built our families and our moral lives is crumbling beneath us. The majority of women are no longer in the home; men are slowly giving up their previous workplaces to their wives. Four in ten American households with children under 18 now include a mother who is either the sole or primary earner for her family. It is the record-high share of working women in this position, having quadrupled since 1960.―While most of these families are headed by single mothers, a growing number are married mothers who bring in more income than their husbands,‖ according to the study. But single mother ―providers‖ are at a severe disadvantage. They earn an average of $23,000 and are likely to be young or black, and to have a lower level of education than married women breadwinners, whose family income averages $80,000.In 1960, only 4 percent of single mothers had never been married; today that figure is 44 percent. Meanwhile, 40 percent of all births are to single mothers. The figure is 80 percent in the African-American community.These changes also date back to the 1960s, when the United States allowed its greedy corporations to locate their offices and factories overseas so as not to pay taxes. Working-classjobs for men started disappearing. As ―globalization was good,‖ factories might move to Chengdu or Jakarta, but the U.S. would come out of the turmoil by becoming a ―service economy.‖But no one ever suggested how strong former steelworkers would transform overnight into a doorkeeper at the Plaza or sell a trip to Bhutan to a choosy lady at a travel agency. There is no embarrassment in saying that we are not all fit for all jobs.But above all, I think of culture. Women were always the culture-carriers and the nurturing sex. Today, I look around and see America‘s popular culture degrading, and I yearn for some motherliness in our society. Who will take those roles?75. It can be learned from the first paragraph that in the 1950‘s or 60‘s ________.A. men started to work at a younger age than womenB. women were mostly better-educated than their husbandsC. the husband normally became the sole breadwinnerD. most women got married before they finished college76. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 probably means that ________.A. the divorce rate is getting increasingly high in the United StatesB. partnerships or relationships are improving in American familiesC. our families and moral lives are undergoing tremendous changesD. living costs are becoming unbearably high for American couples77. Which of the following is true according to this passage?A. About 10% of breadwinners with children under 18 were women in 1960.B. Most families in the United States depend on the wife for a living.C. Globalization has put more women out of work in the United States.D. 80 percent of the mothers are single in the African-American community.78. Paragraph 6 implies that ________.A. men can switch to another job easilyB. sometimes men can‘t find a suitable jobC. women are more adaptable than menD. a woman can do different jobs equally well79. The author believes that the high rate of employment among women ________.A. has nothing to do with the trend of globalizationB. shows the superiority of women over menC. can contribute to the happiness of a familyD. has negative effects on the U.S. culture80. A proper title of this passage might be ________A. For Better or Worse, Women‘s Roles Are Changing.B. Why the Rate of Unemployment Is High among Males?C. A Closer Look at Relations between Marriage and Income.D. The Impact of Globalization on Women‘s Education.。

新编英语综合教程练习册unit2 vocabulary同义近义词

• 2, chat [tʃæ t] • n. • 1. a friendly informal conversation闲聊；闲谈；聊天 I had a chat with John • 2. talking, especially informal conversation （尤指非正式的）谈话，讲话 • That’s enough chat from me—on with the music • v. • 1.talk in a friendly informal way to sb 闲聊；闲谈；聊天 What were you chatting about? 2.to exchange messages with other people on the internet, especially in a CHAT ROOM（尤指在网上聊天室）闲聊，聊天，交谈 he’s been on the computer all morning, chatting with his friends.
• 8, issue ['iʃju:, 'isju:]
• n. • 1. an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about重要议题；争论的问题 • This is a big issue; we need more time to think about it. • 2.a problem or worry that sb has with sth（有关某事的）问题，担忧 • Money is not an issue. • question ['kwestʃən] • n. • 1. a sentence, phrase or word that asks for sth, especially for information 问题；疑问 • Question 3 was very difficult • 2. a matter or topic that needs to be discussed or dealt with（待讨论或处理的）事情；议题；课题 • Let’s look at the question of security

沪教版小学六年级英语下册 Unit 1 You and me 教学设计

3. 复习字母和字母组合a, o-e, ai, ay, eigh, i, i-e, y, igh, ie的准确发音。
过程与方法：
1.以阅读、对话等方式推动对语言的感知和理解。
2. 以阅读教学为主线，在所创设的日常活动情境中运用本单元目标语谈论个人的日常活动。
3. 情感态度价值观：
在“Love our life”的主题中体验运动和休闲娱乐在日常生活中的重要性，进一步巩固目标语，体验在城市和乡下生活的不同乐趣。
板书
设计
Unit 1 You and me
Joe is visiting his cousin George in the countryside.
Weight(kg) 47 40 Joe is heavier.
Height(cm)150 152 George is taller.
Hobbies:play football play basketball and table tennis,
第二课时
Look and read
Culture corner
单词
theatre
运用目标语对比城市和乡下生活的不同。
Life in different places
句型
There are a lot of tall buildings in the city.
Some people enjoy themselves.
Weight 56
Hobbies Watching TV
My cousin is 30 years old. She is younger than me. She is 160 centimetres tall. I’m taller. She weighs 56 kilograms. I’m heavier than her. She likes watching TV at home when she is free. But I like doing sport after work. I often play badminton with my daughter.

现代语言学自考题-19_真题-无答案

现代语言学自考题-19(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. Semantics can be defined as the study of ______.A. naming B. meaning C. communication D. context2. "There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world)". This is the ______ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theory B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviourist3. Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A. contextual B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. naming4. The meaning of a language form is the "situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer" is proposed by ______.A. Plato B. Firth C. Chomsky D. Bloomfield5. ______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the physical world.A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought6. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ______ dialects.A. personal B. regional C. social D. professional7. "Expensive, valuable, precious" are a group of words bearing the same meaning but indicating the different attitude of the user toward what he is talking about. They are ______ synonyms.A. stylistic B. semantic C. emotive D. dialectal8. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which "girl" and "lass" belong is called ______ synonyms.A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive D. collocational9. "Sweets" and "candy" are used respectively in Britain and in America, but refer to the samething. The words are ______ synonyms.A. collocational B. dialectal C. complete D. stylistic10. A word with several meanings is a ______.A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym D. complete hyponym11. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are ______.A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophones12. Antonyms are divided into several kinds. Which of the following is not a kind of antonyms?A. complementary. B. relational. C. superordinate. D. gradable.13. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is ______.A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy14. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. word B. lexical item C. superordinate D. hyponymy15. We call the relation between "animal" and "horse" ______.A. synonymy B. polysemy C. homonymy D. hyponymy16. "Interviewer" and "interviewee" are a pair of opposites ______.A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. relational17. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites.A. "buy" and "sell" B. "male" and "female" C. "hot" and "cold" D. "alive" and "dead"18. The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" are ______.A. gradable B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms19. "I bought some roses," ______ "I bought some flowers".A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with20. "Can I borrow his bike?" ______ "He have a bike."A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes21. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ______.A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis22. The **ponents of the word "gentleman" can be expressed as ______.A. +ANIMA TE, +MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT B. +ANIMA TE, +MALE, +HUMAN, +ADULT C. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT D. +ANIMATE, -MALE, +HUMAN, -ADULT23. Predication analysis is a way to analyze ______ meaning.A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence24. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called ______.A. selectional restrictions B. grammatical rules C. phrase structure rules D. phonological rules25. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence.A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate26. Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning, which is proposed by the British linguist ______.A. John Firth B. Bloomfield C.G. Leech D. Wittgenstein27. An ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.A. argument B. predicate C. predication D. agentPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.28. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s______.29. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to he labels of the objects they stand for.30. According to Wittgenstein, for a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is its u______ in the language.31. B______, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.32. R______ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.33. S______ is one aspect of meaning which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.34. Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are c______ synonyms.35. C______ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is a matter of usage.36. S______ synonyms are the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean.37. P______ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.38. The various meanings of a p______ word are related to some degree.39. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. Theword that is more general in meaning is called s______.40. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r______ opposites.41. X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married all his life. X is s______ with Y.42. That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c______ antonyms.43. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of g______ antonyms.44. In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship between X and Y is i______.45. E______ is a relation of inclusion.46. C______ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into **ponents.47. S______ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.48. Linguists have proposed different ways to analyze the meaning of sentences. They might differ in their framework of analysis, but they share the aim to a ______ the meaning of sentences.49. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.。

phrase,clause and sentence

phrase,clause and sentence
phrase
clause sentence
4.5.1phrase
A single element of structure [containing more than one word ]and [lacking the subjectpredicate structure typical of clauses]. Traditionally seen as part of a structure hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.
features of phrase
A phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than clauses. simple clauses may(and usually do) contain phrases,but simple phrases do not(in general) contain clauses.
4.5.2clause
A constituent [with its own subject and predicate], if it is [included in a larger sentence], is a clause. with its own subject and predicate conditions
classification of phrase
nominal phrase: the black cat verbal phrase: has been doing adjectival phrase : extremely difficult prepositional phrase: to the door adverbial phrase: very fast

翻译技巧7 长句的翻译

But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. 但是艺术历史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术反映的不单是一个民族的政治价值观，而且还有他们的宗教信仰、情感和心理特点。
倒译
It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply world economy which would have grown by 500 percent. 如果世界经济真的比原来增长5倍，那么原材料的储备是否能充分满足其需求，尚不得而知。
英语长句的翻译
为什么英语句子如此之长
1. 并列结构多 2. 定语长 3. 状语长 4. 插入成分多
我们的问题
1. 句子短，成分简单； 2. 中国学生写长句的方法：增加并列成分、加长定语和状语。很少用插入语。 3. 中国学生的长句不紧凑，语境性不强。
造成阅读、翻译困难的除了单词之外，还包括句式。很多句子结构十分复杂，其中插入语便是其中之一。中国学生写的英语句子喜欢一通到底，没有任何语气的间歇，像一根笔直的竹竿。而英美人士写的句子则不同，他们偏爱插入语，通过插入语表现出作者语气的间歇和停顿。有了插入语，读者眼中的句子有一种跌宕起伏的感觉，这种句子像海浪一起忽起忽落。
One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups, but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself. 一种普遍为人们接受的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是许多人宁愿等打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止嗝的方法”往往比打嗝本身更糟。

repeat的用法及搭配 (2)

repeat的用法及搭配一、repeat的基本用法repeat是一个常见的英语动词，其基本含义是“重复”或“再做一次”。

在日常生活中，我们经常使用repeat来表达某个动作、事件或任务的重复发生。

例如，当我们想要重复播放一首歌曲时，我们可以说：“Can you repeat that song?”二、repeat表示行为和动作的重复1. repeat后接名词：当repeat后接名词时，表示重复进行某项工作或行为。

例如，“He repeated the experiment several times to ensure accuracy.”（他进行了几次实验以确保准确性。

）2. repeat后接动词不定式：当repeat后接动词不定式时，表示重复做某事。

例如，“She repeated to herself that everything would be fine.”（她反复对自己说一切都会好起来的。

）3. repeat oneself：这是一个习语用法，表示某人反复讲同样的话或陈述同样的观点。

例如，“The teacher got annoyed because the studen t kept repeating himself during class.”（学生在上课期间反复讲同样的话使老师感到恼火。

）三、repeat与其他动词搭配1. repeat a phrase/sentence/word：表示重复某个短语/句子/单词。

例如，“Could you please repeat that sentence? I didn't catch it."（你能再说一遍那句话吗？我没有听清楚。

）2. repeat an action/task：表示重复某个动作/任务。

例如，“The coach asked the players to repeat the exercise three times.”（教练要求球员们将这个练习重复三次。

英语语言学试题1

英语语言学试题1I. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2’×10=20’)1.An i________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in sayingsomething.2.L_____ is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3.Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, and so they thinkand speak differently: this is the well-known linguistic r_________.4.Clear ［1］and dark［ł］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the sameposition in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c__________ distribution.5.Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items, such as “father”and “son”, are called r________ antonyms.6.The ways words are formed are called m_______ rules and these rules determine how morphemesare combined together to form words.7.The study of the linguistic meaning of word, phrase and sentence is called s_________.8.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concreteand context-dependent.9.Sound a___________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In this process,successive sounds are made identical and similar to one another in terms of place and manner of articulation.10.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Ⅱ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. (2’×10=20’)1.Which of the followings is not a design feature of language? ( )A. ArbitrarinessB. MeaningfulnessC. DualityD. Displacement2.The consonant /b/ in English can be correctly described as having the following phoneticfeatures___________. ( )A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless labiodental affricativeC. voiced bilabial stopD. voiced labiodental affricative3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to beA. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. linguisticD. analytic4.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”. ( ) A.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalponential analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence6.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit (promise) the speaker tosome future course of action are called _______.( )A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studieslanguage change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.( )A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative8.________ refers to the relationship between a more general word and a more specific one，such asbetween color: red, green ,blue, white and black. ( )A. SynomymyB. HyponymyC. PolysemyD. Homonymy9.A_______ is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by peoplewho speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Nobody takes it as his mother tongue. ( ) A creole B diglossia C pidgin D dialect10.________ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional,social, gender, and age variations.A. Ethnic dialectB. SociolectC. IdiolectD. Regional dialectⅢ. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (1’×15=15’)1.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concept,theories, descriptions, models and method applicable in any linguistic study.2.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.3.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.4.The sentence that “it is hot” is no-place predication because it contains no argument.5.A sociolect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.6.An important distinction between traditional grammar and modern linguistics in their study oflanguage is that the former tend to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate “the best author”for language usage.7.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.8.Judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic variety are entirely linguistic.9.When the two forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but alsothe combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussre.12.Despite the cultural differences, there exist a greater and lesser degree of cultural overlap betweentwo societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.13.Once a maxim of cooperation principles is violated, the “conversational implicature” occur.14.The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components, that is, themeaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up the meanings of all its constituent words.15.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.Ⅳ. Explain three terms of the following four ones, using one or two examples for illustration. (5’×3=15’)1.Head movement2.Speech act theory4. The naming theory3.Inflectional morphemesⅤ. Answer the following questions. (15’×2=30’)1.What are the major branches which form the core of modern linguistics? And what does each ofthem study?2.Draw a tree diagram of the following sentence “I bought three books about linguistics in thebookstore.”答案I. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2’×10=20’)11.illocutionary 2. Language 3. relativity 4. complementary 5. relational7.morphological 8. semantics 9. utterance 9. assimilation 10. bilingualismⅡ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. (2’×10=20’)1-5：B;C;B;B;B 6-10:A; B; B;C;CⅢ. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (1’×15=15’)1-5: F; T; T; T; F; 6-10: T; F; F; F; F 11-15: F; T; F;T; TⅣ. Explain three terms of the following four ones, using one or two examples for illustration. (5’×3=15’)4.Head movement: The type of inversion operation involving the movement of a word from the headposition in one phrase into the head position in another is also known as head movement, such as the auxiliary movement.5.Speech act theory: It is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language, which wasoriginated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50s of the 20th century. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.6.The naming theory: it is proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names and labels for things.7.Inflectional morphemes: There are bound morphemes which are for the most part purelygrammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Such bound morphemes are called inflectional morphemes.Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (15’×2=30’)3.What are the major branches which form the core of modern linguistics? And what does each ofthem study?The are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.Phonetics : is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology: as linguists became interested in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication, they developed another branch of study related to sounds called pholology.Morphology: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study is called morphology.Syntax: the study of these rules which govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is called syntax.Semantics: the study of meaning is known as semantics.Pragmatics: when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study, it is called pragmatics.2 Draw a tree diagram of the following sentence “I bought three books about linguistics in the bookstore.”N. V. Adj. N. Prep. N. Prep. Det. N.I bought three books about linguistics in the bookstore.。

翻译的单位

翻译的单位（T H E U N I T O F T R A N S L AT I O N）一、几种单位划分(t o s e e k a r e a s o n a b l y s i z e d p o r t i o n o f t h e t e x t f o ra t t e n t i o n a l f o c u s a t a n y o n e t i m e)1．单词（s i n g l e w o r d）2．短语(p h r a s e)3．分句(c l a u s e)4．句(s e n t e n c e)5．段(p a r a g r a p h)6．整篇(t h e w h o l e t e x t)二、整体与细节的辩证统一1．首先要有整体概念，整体统帅细节2．细节要与整体融为一体，为整体服务3．语篇分析(D i s c o u r s e a n a l y s i s c a n b e d e f i n e d a s t h e a n a l y s i s o f t e x t s b e y o n d a n d“a b o v e”t h es e n t e n c e—t h e a t t e m p t t o f i n d l i n g u i s t i cr e g u l a r i t i e s i n d i s c o u r s e)三、互文性I n t e r t e x t u a l i t yE x a m p l e s:1.m y t w o b r o t h e r s,a m a r r i e d s i s t e r,t w ob r o t h e r s-i n-l a w2.S t r a u s s a p p r o p r i a t e d t h e g i m m i c k.四、意群（S e n s e g r o u p）I l o s t m y s i g h t/w h e n I w a s f o u r y e a r s o l d/b yf a l l i ng o f f a b o x c a r i n A t l a n t i c C i t y/a n d f a l l i n g o n m yh e a d.译例分析1．E a c h o f m y s o n s m a d e t h e d i s c o v e r y.译文1：很早以前，我的每个儿子都有了这样的发现。

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are usedtoname objects, qualities, actions, processes or states,and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning handcan derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of alanguage may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixeshave been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms 首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its fullform or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with achange in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense:there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it isusually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugatedandgradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or aphrase suggests in one ’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudesof the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such ananalysis is called componential analysis.1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every directionlike rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word movesgradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain,until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and theprimary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more wordswhich once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extentthat there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as anotherword: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaningand interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that theycan be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition sothat the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field arejoinedtogether by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any wordin an act of communication. But, in broadersense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only tothe actual speech situation in whichawordis usedbut alsotothe entire cultural backgroundagainst which a word, or anutterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemousword.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or evenan entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or groupof sentences with morethan one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or aphrase.1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaningrefers tothe alteration of the meaningof existingwords as wellas the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaningor specialization of meaningmeans that a wordof widemeaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word ’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration.One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift toa less respectable, oreven derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakeningof meaningresultingfrom habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.1. Idiom 习语An English idiomis a groupof words with a special meaningdifferent fromthe meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words whichare usually structurally fixedandsemantically opaque, andfunction as a single unitof meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverbas thecentral word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in aconcise and witty style.。

英语课中常用的英语表达法

英语课中常⽤的英语表达法英语中常⽤的表达法语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句⼦sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word派⽣词derivative复合词compound词性part of speech名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb ⾮限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb ⽅式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun ⼈称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反⾝代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指⽰代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form ⾮限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form 从句clause 从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause 宾语从句object clause 主语从句subject clause 同位语从句appositive clause 时间状语从句adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句adverbial clause of place ⽅式状语从句adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause 结果状语从句adverbial clause of result ⽬的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose 条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition 真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition ⾮真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition 句⼦sentence 简单句simple sentence 并列句compound sentence 复合句complex sentence 并列复合句compound complex sentence 陈述句declarative sentence 疑问句interrogative sentence ⼀般疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special question 选择疑问句alternative question 附加疑问句tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive question 修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句existential sentence 肯定句positive sentence 1. Good morning(afternoon, evening),class(everyone,students). 同学们,早晨好。

第一讲汉译英翻译过程及意义对等

汉英翻译第一讲
过程和意义分类
八级汉译英大纲要求
能翻译相当于我国《人民日报》能翻译相当于我国《人民日报》等报刊上各种文章题材包括： 1）日常生活记叙 2）一般政治、经济、文化方面的文章 3）文学作品翻译速度为每小时250~300汉字翻译速度为每小时250~300汉字能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录翻译速度为每小时250~300词翻译速度为每小时250~300词
符号三角理论（ the Semiotic Triangle）符号三角理论（ Triangle）
Thought or Reference （思想或所指关系）概念 Symbol 间接的联系 Referent (符号）（所指）语言客观世界
符号学的三分法
句法学（研究言内意义）研究符号与符号之间的关系语义学（研究指称意义）研究符号与所指事物之间的关系语用学（研究语用意义）研究符号与符号使用（者）之间的关系六、三类符号学意义言内意义词语成分之间、句子成分之间和篇章成分之间的关系所反映的意义。它在语音、词汇、句子和篇章等层次均有体现指称意义（概念意义）词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界语用意义（蕴涵、联想、象征意义）语言符号与使用者的关系，是语言符号对人产生的影响
语用意义
表征意义：话语中揭示发讯人身份及其地理、历史和阶级背景、年龄、在交际中的态度等等的成份。表达意义：语言符号的情感内容及其表达发讯人个性或个人创造性的成份。联想意义：语言符号唤起的联想以及它所暗示的、或者作为它一部分的概念和印象。祈使意义：发讯人企图改变收讯人行为或心态的意向，具体表现为命令、敦促、说服或乞求。社交意义：又叫“情境意义” 社交意义：又叫“情境意义”、“人际意义”，是语言符人际意义” 号同建立、保持某种社会关系有关的方面。

初中英语阅读训练

1。通读全文、把握整体。如遇到不认识的单词或难懂的句子，只要对全文理解影响不大，可跳过再说，待全文阅读完毕，再根据全文的意思以及前后句子之间的时间、因果、逻辑关系等推测它的意思。
2。抓住中心、注意开头和结尾。（包括每个段落的开头和结尾句，它们都是表达短文意思的关键。）
3。注意方式、准确理解。浏览正误题、选择题 ---带着问题阅读---确定答案。对短文所提供的线索或暗示，则要进行分析、归纳和推理。
A yellow room makes us feel more cheerful and comfortable than a dark green one, and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand, black is depressing. Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active. It is a fact that factory workers work better, harder, and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange than when they are painted black or dark gray.
People can communicate in many other ways. An artist can use his drawing to tell about beautiful mountains, about the blue sea and many other things. Books are written to tell about all the wonderful things in the world and also about people and their ideas.