The notion of culture in foreign language education
中西方文化差异汉译英
中西方文化差异(汉译英)（翻译要求：英文单词字数达到4000字）中西方文化差异摘要：随着经济全球化的不断发展，中西方国家之间的交流与合作越来越密切。
由于中西文化差异一直是制约中西方国家的人们进行交流的重要因素，对中西文化差异缺乏必要的了解，在交际过程中就会遇到一些交际障碍和误解。
分析和比较中西方在饮食、礼仪、语言方面的文化差异，了解和熟悉中西方文化内涵和特点，才能增强对他国文化的适应力，促进双方文化的融合汇通，从而实现跨文化交际。
关键词中西文化差异比较促进交流前言文化是人类社会特有的现象，是人们社会实践的产物。
文化又是一个非常广泛的概念，它包括一个国家或民族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维特点和价值观念等。
中西方文化都有着悠久的民族传统，在漫长的社会发展和历史沉淀中也都创造了千秋各异的辉煌。
饮食、礼仪和语言是中西方国家的人们在日常交际中首先接触到的东西，它们犹如一面镜子，反映着一个民族的文化传统，揭示民族文化的内容。
不同的民族文化造就了中西方在饮食、礼仪和语言文化等方面的差异。
在当今跨国域、跨民族的经济、文化和社会交往与日俱增的时代，如何发扬中国民族传统文化，与西方文化进行合理有效的融合，已成为人们思考和探讨的话题。
因此，深入了解中西方文化差异的表现及找出其深层次的原因,避免文化冲突显得非常必要。
一、饮食文化的差异不同的民族和国家都有各自的饮食文化特色，具有浓郁的民族性和多样性的特点。
中西方烹调方式和饮食习惯受气候环境、生活习俗等因素的影响也存在不同程度的差异。
下面我们就从营养口味、烹调方式、餐饮习惯等方面来了解中西饮食文化的差异。
(一)营养口味的差异。
西方饮食是一种理性观念，烹调讲究营养而忽视味道。
他们生吃西红柿、青瓜、生菜，甚至是洋白菜、西兰花等蔬菜，认为蔬菜只有生吃才能保证它原有的营养和原有的味道，而生炒煎煮会破坏蔬菜的维生素。
他们食用半生不熟的牛排、猪排和炸鸡，以冷饮佐餐，翻来覆去总是那么几个花样，一道菜在不同的地区不同的季节面对不同的食者都是同一味道，因而厨师的工作就成为一种极其单调的机械性工作，有如自动化装配线上的一名工人，甚至可由一机器人来代行其职。
英汉谚语的文化差异及翻译
英汉谚语的文化差异及翻译第一篇：英汉谚语的文化差异及翻译英汉谚语的文化差异及翻译谚语在字典中的定义是短小精练的民间智慧警句，一般形式严谨，经常包括鲜明的形象和使人难忘的韵律。
谚语多风趣幽默，饱含哲理，因而经得起时间的考验，广为流传。
英汉两种语言历史悠久，包含着大量的谚语，由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉谚语承载着不同的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。
1.与基督教有关的谚语宗教是谚语的重要来源之一。
汉语的谚语“平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”明显与曾在中国广泛流传的佛教有关。
包括英语在内的西方国家的主要宗教是基督教。
许多英语谚语和基督教有着这样那样的关系是十分自然的。
例：Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。
God help those who help themselves.自助者天助之。
God sends meat and the devil sends cooks.上帝赐给食物，魔鬼派来厨师。
Each cross hath its own inscription.每个十字架都有自己的铭文。
以上谚语明显与基督教有关，因为谚语里出现的“上帝”或“十字架”都是基督教的象征。
非常有意思的一点是英语中的God经常与汉语中的“天”相对应。
基督教徒崇拜上帝，英语中God save the Queen是家喻户晓的句子。
当一个说英语的人突然从紧张、焦急、或压力下解脱出来的时候，会脱口而出：Thank God!中国人崇拜“天”。
中国古代的皇帝是“天子”，运气好的人是“天之骄子”。
只要好心人得到报答而恶人受到惩罚，我们就会说“苍天有眼”英国人和中国人都要有寻求帮助的对象。
只是说英语的人找的是上帝，而中国人找的是“天”而已。
2.出自《圣经》和英语文学巨著里的谚语《圣经》是最广为阅读的书之一，也是包括英语国家在内的西方世界最有影响力的宗教作品。
大学英语跨文化交际总结
Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on thecharacteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes. One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a fewpeople or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成) of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编码।/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to matchthe appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style. The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedbackof the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping(definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication—anxiety and uncertainty,assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problemsEthnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles 不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of differentlanguages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to aspecial or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication （repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics 时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various ways of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the same nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment—these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver.Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger, sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or suppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction.Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world.Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and armsare the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent.Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values 价值观3.norms 行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation(mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation(value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation(value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time andthat lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably boundup with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3)Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d, omg onentat10n; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is how gender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specificculture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is notdevoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Context may consist of the social, political, and historical structuresin which the communication occurs. Communication in three areas is most influenced by context: business, education and health care.In the business field, management has become a crucial issue and the managing styles vary from culture to culture. These differences are apt to cause troubles for intercultural communication. In add 山on to management, many concrete business practices such as appointment seeking, greeting, gift giving and negotiation are also posing problems for the business interaction. People need to understand and practice the rules in intercultural business context to be competent communicators.The educational context is another significant area where intercultural communication frequently occurs. All participants in the educational context—teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff—bring their cultures' beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them. All of these can influence behaviors on how students and teachers relate to each other in the classroom.。
大学英语跨文化交际chapter 1 Culture
DEFINITIONS OF ‘CULTURE’
1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective 2. Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective 3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective 4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective 5. Our Definition of Culture
3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In
3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In Human cannot live without culture. Culture is what the world is like for us. We take for granted the culture whe 1 Culture
Chapter Outline
The nature of culture The definition of culture The characteristics of culture Cultural identity Cultures within culture
Text A: The Nature of Culture
Think about the following similes and metaphors, how do you think culture is related to the references? 1. Culture is like an iceberg. 2. Culture is our software. 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in. 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
cultural difference
What are the most important culture differences and elements of intercultural communication发布: 作者: 语言文化来源: 不详查看: 2249次【字体：变小变大】TAG:语言文化文化差异As we all know, different countries have different cultures. 'Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.' (Hofstede, 1991)It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company having meeting, the word "table" in American English that means to put something on the agenda. But in British English it means to put something off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business.There are four cultural dimensions that were defined in Hofstede's research: Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity, and recently Hofstede add one more: long-term-short-term orientation.What I think the most significant influence in cultural difference is the power distance. (Hoecklin,1995:28)"It would condition the extent to which employees accept that their boss has more power than they have and the extent to which they accept that their boss's opinions and decisions are right because he or she is the boss." It is the distance between a manager and subordinate. Among most oriental corporate cultures, there is hierarchism, greater centralization, sometimes called 'power-oriented culture', due to the historical reasons. That is a high power distance culture that mangers make the decision and superiors appeal to be entitled more privileges. Their decision always close supervision positively evaluated by subordinates. In this situation, it is not be regarded if a subordinates have a disagreement with their managers, especially in Malaysia, Japan, China, India.In the oriental, power distance is also associated with 'the family culture' (Trompernaars, 1993:139). In this kind of corporate culture the manager is like the "caring father" who knows better than his subordinates what should be done and what is suitable for them. The subordinates always esteem the managers. Because of themanagers age and experience. it is an easy managing system，but sometime it is hard to get young creative employees work well because of the hierarchy. In family culture, the power distance can be viewed as the subordinates respect the superiors.That is the corporate culture in orient. Let us take a look at the western way. It is not a whole converse phenomenon. There is 'the Eiffel Tower culture' (Trompernaars, 1997:166) in the international management. About the Eiffel tower Trompenaars (1993: 148) told us " Its hierarchy is very different from that of the family. Each higher level has a clear and demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath it." German, Austrian have the characteristic of the Eiffel Tower Culture, which is a low power distance. In the lower power distance, (Hoecklin, 1995:31) 'higher-educated employees hold much less authoritarian values than lower-educated ones.' The obedience showed from the subordinates to the superiors is not as much as the oriental way. The leadership can be called as hierarchy and consensus. Employee can have different opinion with his/her boss. And when he/she got different ideas, he/she can go all the way up to the boss and discuss the problem. This is a good thing usually company may explore all the potentials of its employees, because sometime the subordinates may have the better idea of the business.because of the different realization of power distance, people behave completely different in business. So conflict and misunderstanding must be emerged when two or more intercultures meet up. Under this situation, the international managers must pay attention to the clashes and be aware of. How to work the subordinates together efficiently and more cooperatively is important too.And then there is also a large discrepancy on the uncertainty avoidance. (Hoecklin, 1995:31) defined 'Uncertainty avoidance is the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules.' That means people trying to setup rules to face to the uncertainty. There is high uncertainty avoidance in most oriental countries such as Japan, China. In these countries, people prefer a stable job. They feel safe and prideful when they keep working hard at the one place. Under this circumstance, an excellent manager should keep his employee away from unpredictable risk. And the employee would like to be worked within groups rather than independently cause ofthe less risk-taking. But in most western countries, there is low uncertainty avoidance showed, whereas high job mobility occurs in those countries such as USA, Denmark, Singapore. The western people think that when they change their jobs, they can get more experience cause they like challenge. I believe that the divergence of the uncertainty avoidance is from different basic social ideology. A competent manager should pay attention on the rules setting between different uncertainty avoidance. The misreading of that may affect the initiative and the aspiration of the subordinates.The third dimension Hofstede indicated is the individualism. It is a concern for yourself as an individual as opposed to concern for the group. The priority of self-concern or group-concern varies from different cultures. For example, most western employees like to work with their own plan for defending their interest. That is a high individualism. Because of the different attitude to work, 'the incubator culture' (Trompernaars, 1997:175) arises when cross-cultural individuals work together as a group. Trompenaars (1993: 158) told us "the incubator is both personal and egalitarian." People do not cooperate at all. They just simply work in their own ways, follow their own rules, and achieve their own objective. They do not like to be interfered by others. It is good for a company to gather as much ideas as they can when starting a new program. But how to manage these individuals to reach the group goal should be the awareness for managers. I think who is good at this should be good at grouping, troubleshooting, and coordinating skills.Finally Hofsted pointed out the masculinity. That is about the sexual inequality. According to Hofstede's definitions, masculine societies define gender roles more rigidly than feminine societies. In business, managers should take a big concern of the treatment to different sex under different cultural influence. In today's world, because of the masculine value and point of view, males take most senior managing positions. But a experienced manager suppose knew that it is harmonious that men work with women since women sometimes are more sensitive. Therefore, how to balance the masculinity/femininity from different culture and background in order to maximize the team power is worth considering by managers.The above four dimensions illuminated the most important culturaldifferences that affect on business. International managers should be able to aware not only the cultural difference but also the intercultural communication.Another part is the concept of time. From that, punctuality is the same but reflects different reality. We all know time is money. But when there is a conference, the German usually presents 5 minutes before the start. Spanish will be late for 15 minutes. But in their mind they are both on time. That is something that managers should understand. In my mind, there is another aspect of time, called 'the use of time'. The American and Northern European have a linear time concept. These societies are referred to as Time-Bound societies. Southern Europeans and Arabs regard time in a linear way but more things they can do or handle at the same time. That can be called 'multi-active time'. And then there is the Asian view of time, cyclical time. Asian thinks time will come around again when it pass away, also the opportunities and risks. Besides the above three aspects of communications, there left the space. It is a big concern of in intercultural communications. When you have a conversation with a foreign business partner, the space between you and him are referred to the personal boundary of every culture. Ignorance of space can be lead to real bad impression from other side.In this essay, I wrote about the cultural differences. There are four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. After that, I talked about the intercultural communication, which contains language, non-verbal communication, time and space concept. The conclusion is different cultures do cause problems in business. We cannot change or solve the cultural difference. To avoid misunderstanding, clashes, and bias, the international managers should realize and understand the different cultures, adapt themselves to fit into the business environment in order to get the best achievement in business.BibliographyGudykunst, W. B. & Kim Y. Y. (1992). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc.Hoecklin L. (1995). Managing Cultural Differences: Strategies for Competitive Advantage. Essex: Addison-WesleyHofstede G. (2001). Culture's Consequence. London: Sage Publications. Trompenaars F. (1993). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: The Economist Books.Trompenaars F. and Hampden-Turner C. (1997). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey。
四六级翻译(文化艺术)新题型练习
文化篇饮茶中国人饮茶，注重一个"品"字。
"品茶"不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。
在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择雅静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、涤烦益思、振奋精神，也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受，使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界。
品茶的环境一般由建筑物、园林、摆设、茶具等因素组成。
饮茶要求安静、清新、舒适、干净。
中国园林世界闻名，山水风景更是不可胜数。
利用园林或自然山水间，搭设茶室，让人们小憩，意趣盎然。
中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。
凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。
当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。
主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致，水温适宜。
在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味和点心之功效。
The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of "savoring." "Savoring tea" is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their reverie and in tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule, making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and frustration, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it slowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are the elements that form the ambiance for savoring tea. A tranquil, refreshing, comfortable and neat locale is certainly desirable for drinking tea. Chinese gardens are well known in the world and beautiful Chinese landscapes are too numerous to count. Teahouses tucked away in gardens and nestled beside the natural beauty of mountains and rivers are enchanting places of repose for people to rest and recreate themselves.China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups. In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle. Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking. Snacks, sweets andother dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one's hunger.注释：1. 神思遐想：reverie。
《新编英汉翻译教程》配套辅导书笔记及习题（翻译中的文化意识）【圣才出品】
《新编英汉翻译教程》配套辅导书笔记及习题（翻译中的⽂化意识）【圣才出品】第9章翻译中的⽂化意识9.1 复习笔记⼀、语⾔是⽂化的产物，也是⽂化的载体语⾔和⽂化是⼀个互为依存、密不可分的整体。
语⾔是⽂化的⼀部分，⼜是⽂化的映像。
翻译时，译者必须具有⽂化意识。
⽂化意识，就是译者要认识到翻译既是跨语⾔、⼜是跨⽂化的信息交流，⽂化的差异跟语⾔的差异⼀样，可能成为交流的障碍。
⼆、翻译不仅是语际转换，也是跨⽂化转换翻译不仅是语际转换，更是⼀种跨⽂化转换。
在某种意义上，语⾔的转换只是翻译的表层，⽽⽂化信息的传递才是翻译的实质。
译者应把尽量保存原⽂的异国情调、进⽽忠实地传达原⽂的内容，视为翻译的“⾸先的⽬的”。
翻译作为⽂化交流的⼯具，是⽆法做到“语⾔传真”的，但却可以要求“⽂化传真”。
“⽂化传真”，指译者不要轻易改变原⽂中所蕴涵的异国情调，特别是要切忌把异域的⽂化特⾊改换成译语的⽂化特⾊。
三、跨⽂化转换的策略⽆论在英语中，还是在汉语中，都有不少⽂化特⾊浓郁的词语，特别是在许多成语、谚语、俚语、⽅⾔中，⽂化内涵尤其丰富。
这样的词语，或是称作“富有⽂化特⾊的词语”（culture-specific term），或是称作“⽂化内涵丰富的词语”（culture-loaded word）。
对于富有⽂化特⾊的词语，可以采取以下三种策略：（1）移植法：对于英语中⽂化内涵丰富的词语，但凡有可能，应尽量采取保留形象的移植译法，使之成为汉语中的“新鲜⾎液”。
这种移植译法也就是直译法。
⽐如，英语谚语In the country of the blind, the one eyed man is King，意思有点近似汉语的“蜀中⽆⼤将，廖化充先锋”，译成“⼭中⽆⽼虎，猴⼦称霸王”倒还可以接受，可远不如“盲⼈国⾥，独眼⼈称王”来得形象。
不过，由于英汉在语⾔⽂化上的差异，有时仅仅采取直译法还不能完全达意，⽽必须进⾏⼀定的增补。
（2）借⽤法：所谓借⽤法，就是借⽤汉语现成的俗语来传译英语的俗语。
文化与语言英语作文
the relationship between english culture study and englishlanguage studyLanguage and culture are interdependent and affect each other. Language is an important carrier of culture. Culture has a restraining effect on the language. In this paper, the internal system of language, were analyzed from the form and structure of the language, and the social function of language and other things Among the factors discussed.Small cultural perspective, language and culture are synchronized happen, there would be no culture without language. Language is a prerequisite for the formation and development of culture, cultural development also contributed to the extensive development of language. With language, humans have a culture language is an important indicator of the difference between humans and animals. from a biological point of view, there are many primitive animals similarities, but people have a language, but not animals. primitive religious beliefs, morals, customs, belongs to the cultural context of things, it is not possible to have animals. human use of language to create a culture, culture in turn affects human beings, human urge toward greater progress. Since ancient times, the accumulation of human society down to the language left a deep cultural heritage imprint of human language is the language of human society and culture, it is human society, human culture has a lot of close relationship.Teaching language only emphasizes the structural form and internalstructure, fragmented language forms and language meaning and function of contact. In this teaching to teach students may be specifically measured do grammatical form, structure of questions, but inevitably lack the ability to use language to communicate, there miscommunication, and ultimately will reach the real purpose of learning a foreign language.The ultimate aim should be to cultivate foreign language teaching language proficiency, communicative competence is inseparable from the understanding of the national culture, learn the language, learn a language is bound to a culture of learning this language it represents. Outline of the new high school teaching language knowledge and communicative ability, describes the relationship between language teaching and culture reflects the basic nguage is an important carrier of culture, is the main manifestation of culture. It is like a mirror, reflecting the culture of a nation, through the national language, people can understand the cultural identity of the ethnic lifestyles.Culture Teaching in fact present in every stage of language teaching, language teaching and cultural education is not unfathomable difficulty, language teaching and cultural education is emphasized in order to better master the language in order to communicate. Students learning English and reviews cultures, bound to the native language and culture were compared, therefore, in the process of teaching, English teachers should guide correctly, do not allow students to have the kind of "moon than theChinese Y uan" thinking, not self-deprecating, nor conceited. To properly treat between Western culture and language, to correctly understand the differences between the two.Simple English language teaching for students is tedious, students will have a lack of interest in learning and English culture curiosity will encourage students to actively explore and learn. Want to learn the culture and knowledge of an English-speaking countries, reading English presentations and communicating with foreigners is essential through. Students who are interested in certain things, then they will be motivated to understand and learn to read in order to enhance their understanding of English by English presentation on the books network, from the Internet can be a good conversation with a foreigner exercise their spoken and how to get along with foreigners.So learning English culture can help us to learn English.the relationship between english culture study and englishlanguage study水利与环境工程学院给水1242张志远1206441239。
超实用高考英语复习：文学文化—新高考英语“中国元素”之书面表达
文学文化—新高考英语“中国元素”之书面表达距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的文学文化—新高考英语“中国元素”之书面表达希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附靠前30天复习方法。
一、假如你是红星中学高三(一)班学生李华。
你的笔友Christ中文学得很好,对中国历史文化很感兴趣,他来信让你推荐适合的中国读物。
请根据下面的要求给他写一封回信,内容包括:1. 推荐读物的名称及内容;2. 推荐理由;3. 邀请他来中国体验文化。
注意:1.词数100左右;2.开头和结尾己给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Christ,_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 二、假定你是李华,你校将举办“中国古典名著研讨会”活动。
文化在跨文化交流的英语四级作文
文化在跨文化交流的英语四级作文English: Culture plays a crucial role in cross-cultural communicationas it shapes a person's values, beliefs, behaviors, and communication styles. When engaging in cross-cultural interactions, individuals must be aware of cultural differences in order to effectively communicate and avoid misunderstandings. For example, certain gestures or phrases that are considered polite in one culture may be offensive in another. In addition, cultural differences in communication styles, such as direct vs. indirect communication, may lead to misinterpretations if not understood. Therefore, having a basic understanding of different cultural norms and practices is essentialfor successful cross-cultural communication. By actively listening, showing respect, and adapting to the customs of other cultures, individuals can build connections, foster understanding, and bridge the gap between different cultural groups.中文翻译: 文化在跨文化交流中起着至关重要的作用，因为它塑造了一个人的价值观、信仰、行为和沟通风格。
文化在跨文化交流的英语四级作文
文化在跨文化交流的英语四级作文English:Cross-cultural communication plays a crucial role in the exchange and understanding of different cultural values, traditions, and beliefs. It provides a platform for individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds to share their experiences, learn from each other, and build mutual respect and appreciation. Through cross-cultural communication, people can gain insights into various cultural practices and customs, which can help break down stereotypes and misconceptions. Additionally, it also promotes the celebration of diversity and fosters a sense of global citizenship. Overall, cross-cultural communication is essential in promoting cultural awareness, understanding, and acceptance in our increasingly interconnected world.中文翻译:跨文化交流在交换和理解不同文化价值观、传统和信仰方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
它为来自不同文化背景的个人提供了一个平台，可以分享彼此的经验，相互学习，建立相互尊重和欣赏。
在国际传播优秀传统文化英语作文
在国际传播优秀传统文化英语作文Traditional culture is an essential part of a country's identity and heritage. It reflects the values, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down from generation to generation. In the era of globalization, it is importantfor countries to promote and preserve their traditional culture in order to maintain their unique cultural identity and promote mutual understanding among nations.One of the benefits of promoting traditional culture internationally is that it helps to enhance a country'ssoft power. Soft power refers to a country's ability to influence others through its culture, values, and policies rather than through military or economic means. By showcasing their traditional culture to the world, countries can attract people from different backgrounds to learn more about their history and traditions. This can help to build positive relationships with other countries and promote cultural exchange and cooperation.Furthermore, promoting traditional culture can also help to boost tourism and economic development. Many tourists are attracted to countries with rich cultural heritage, asthey are interested in experiencing traditional customs, festivals, and arts. By promoting traditional culture internationally, countries can attract more tourists and generate revenue from cultural tourism. This can also create job opportunities for local artisans, performers, and other cultural practitioners, contributing to economic growth and development.Preserving and promoting traditional culture can also help to preserve cultural diversity and promote intercultural dialogue. In today's globalized world, there is a risk of cultural homogenization, where traditional cultures are overshadowed by dominant Western cultures. By promoting traditional culture internationally, countries can raise awareness about the importance of preserving cultural diversity and encourage people to respect and appreciate differences in beliefs, values, and practices. This can help to promote mutual understanding and respect among people from different cultural backgrounds.In conclusion, promoting traditional culture internationally is important for preserving a country's cultural identity, enhancing soft power, boosting tourismand economic development, and promoting cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue. It is essential for countriesto invest in cultural diplomacy and cooperation in order to protect and promote their traditional culture on the global stage.传统文化是一个国家身份和遗产的重要组成部分。
在国际传播优秀传统文化英语作文
在国际传播优秀传统文化英语作文Preserving and Promoting Traditional Culture in International CommunicationIntroductionCulture is an essential part of a nation's identity and heritage. It represents the beliefs, values, customs, art, and social institutions that are passed down from generation to generation. Traditional culture plays a crucial role in shaping the identity and promoting the diversity of a country. In the era of globalization, the importance of preserving and promoting traditional culture in international communication cannot be underestimated. This essay aims to discuss the significance of traditional culture in international communication and explore ways to preserve and promote it effectively.The significance of traditional culture in international communicationTraditional culture reflects the unique history, values, and social practices of a nation. It serves as a window into the soul of a country, allowing people from different cultures to understand and appreciate its heritage. In international communication, traditional culture plays a crucial role in building bridgesbetween nations and fostering mutual understanding and respect.Moreover, traditional culture is a source of creativity and inspiration for artists, writers, musicians, and filmmakers around the world. By showcasing traditional art forms, music, dance, and literature, countries can attract tourists, investors, and cultural enthusiasts from all corners of the globe. Traditional culture has the power to captivate and engage audiences, making it a valuable tool for promoting a country's image and soft power on the global stage.Preserving and promoting traditional culture in international communicationTo preserve and promote traditional culture effectively in international communication, countries need to adopt amulti-faceted approach that includes education, cultural exchange programs, digital platforms, and creative collaborations. Here are some strategies that can help in this regard:1. Education: Schools and universities play a vital role in preserving and promoting traditional culture. By incorporating traditional art, music, dance, and literature into the curriculum, students can develop a deeper appreciation for their culturalheritage. Educational institutions can also organize cultural events, workshops, and exhibitions to engage students and foster a sense of pride in their traditions.2. Cultural exchange programs: Governments and cultural organizations can facilitate cultural exchange programs that allow artists, musicians, and performers to showcase their traditional culture in foreign countries. By hosting cultural festivals, exhibitions, and performances, countries can promote cross-cultural dialogue and strengthen diplomatic ties with other nations.3. Digital platforms: In the digital age, social media, websites, and online platforms offer a great opportunity to promote traditional culture globally. Countries can use these platforms to share traditional music, art, dance, and cuisine with a global audience. By creating engaging multimedia content, countries can attract followers, generate interest, and raise awareness about their cultural heritage.4. Creative collaborations: Collaboration between artists, designers, filmmakers, and writers from different countries can help in promoting traditional culture in innovative ways. By blending traditional art forms with contemporary styles, artists can create new and exciting cultural products that appeal to amodern audience. Collaborative projects can also help in preserving traditional skills and techniques that are at risk of being lost.ConclusionIn conclusion, traditional culture plays a vital role in international communication by promoting mutual understanding, fostering creativity, and enhancing a country's cultural identity. To preserve and promote traditional culture effectively, countries need to adopt a multi-faceted approach that includes education, cultural exchange programs, digital platforms, and creative collaborations. By investing in traditional culture, countries can showcase their rich heritage to the world and strengthen their global presence. It is essential to recognize the value of traditional culture in international communication and work together to protect and promote it for future generations.。
中华文化探源英文版第一章
中华文化探源英文版第一章In the vast and profound landscape of human history, the cultural heritage of China stands as a unique and enduring monument. Spanning thousands of years, its legacy is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the Chinese people, who have preserved and nurtured a rich tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and arts. Unveiling the Origins of Chinese Culture: A Journey through Antiquity aims to delve into the depths of this ancient civilization, tracing its roots and exploring the elements that have shaped its distinct identity.The journey begins with the prehistoric era, when the earliest traces of human settlement in China can be found. The Neolithic Revolution, marked by the development of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals, laid the foundation for the subsequent growth of civilization. This period is also notable for the emergence of complex social structures and the development of early crafts and ceramics.As we delve deeper into history, the influence of mythology and religion becomes increasingly apparent.Legends such as the creation myths of Pangu and the Divine Emperors provide a window into the ancient worldview and the values that guided early Chinese society. The evolution of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, and theirintegration into daily life, is another crucial aspect of Chinese cultural identity.The artistic expressions of China's ancient past are equally fascinating. Calligraphy, painting, and pottery are just a few examples of the art forms that have thrived over the centuries, each reflecting the aesthetic sensibilities and cultural values of their respective eras. The Great Wall, the Terracotta Army, and the Forbidden City are monumental examples of ancient Chinese architecture, embodying not only the technological prowess of their builders but also the political and social aspirations of their times.The influence of Chinese culture extends beyond its borders, having had a profound impact on the civilizations of East Asia and beyond. The Silk Road, a network of trade routes that connected China with the rest of the world,facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures,thus contributing to the rich tapestry of global history.In conclusion, Unveiling the Origins of Chinese Culture: A Journey through Antiquity offers a comprehensive overview of the diverse and dynamic heritage of Chinese civilization. It is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the Chinese people, who have preserved and nurtured their cultural traditions for generations. As we delve into the depths of this ancient civilization, we are reminded of the enduring power of culture and the important role it playsin shaping our world.**探寻中华文化之源：穿越古老的旅程**在人类历史的广袤而深邃的画卷中，中华文化的遗产独树一帜，历久弥新。
语言和文化是相辅相成的英语作文
语言和文化是相辅相成的英语作文Language and culture are complementary. Language is a kind of inheritance system, its purpose is to expressfeelings and transmit knowledge, culture is a kind of transmitted system, its purpose is to inherit experience and value. In this context, language and culture are interdependent, the formation and development of each other.On the one hand, language can facilitate the formation and development of culture. Language is the culture to communicate, communicate key. Through language, people exchange their own experience and evaluation for things, so as to form a consensus about the same experience and ideas, so as to form a common point of view and value system of experience finally formed a culture. The diversity and richness of language adds a vivid color to the culture.On the other hand, culture also affects the development of language. Because culture is the carrier of language, language is the expression of culture. Different cultures lead to different language forms. Language is different in different countries and regions, just like Chinese and English. Because of the interference of culture, the form and grammar of language in each country and region are not the same. For example, the expression of polite and impolite to others in Germany and China is totally different.In conclusion, language and culture are synergistic and interdependent, and each influences the other. Culture accumulates the wisdom of human beings and language is a medium of expression and dissemination of culture. Thedevelopment of both is indispensable, which is of great significance to the survival and development of the nation. Without culture and language, human beings would not have the foundation for development and progress.。
文化是民族的根基英语作文
文化是民族的根基英语作文Culture is the foundation of a nation. It shapes theway people think, behave, and interact with each other. Itis the essence of a society, reflecting the values, beliefs, and traditions that have been passed down through generations.Every culture has its own unique customs and ritualsthat are deeply rooted in history. These traditions are a way for people to connect with their ancestors and maintain a sense of identity and belonging.Language is an integral part of culture, as it is the primary means of communication and expression. Through language, people are able to convey their thoughts, emotions, and experiences, as well as pass down stories and folklore that are significant to their cultural heritage.Art and music also play a crucial role in preservingand promoting culture. They serve as a form of creativeexpression and are often used to celebrate and showcase the traditions and values of a particular society.Cuisine is another important aspect of culture, as it reflects the unique flavors and ingredients that are indigenous to a specific region. Food is not only a sourceof nourishment, but also a way for people to come together and share in the joys of cooking and eating.Religion and spirituality are often central to a culture, influencing the way people perceive the world and their place in it. These beliefs and practices provide a sense of purpose and meaning, as well as a framework for moral and ethical decision-making.In conclusion, culture is the fabric that binds asociety together, providing a sense of unity and continuity. It is a rich tapestry of customs, traditions, and valuesthat gives people a sense of belonging and pride in their heritage.。
外国文化的的英语作文
外国文化的的英语作文Cultural Differences between China and the United States。
China and the United States are two of the largest and most influential countries in the world. Despite the fact that they are both superpowers, they have very different cultures. These cultural differences can create misunderstandings and challenges when people from these two countries interact with one another. In this essay, I will discuss some of the major cultural differences between China and the United States.One of the biggest cultural differences between China and the United States is the way people communicate. In China, people tend to be more indirect when expressing themselves. They often use euphemisms and polite language to avoid offending others. In contrast, Americans are more direct and straightforward in their communication. They tend to say what they mean and mean what they say, even ifit may come across as rude or offensive to others.Another major cultural difference is the way people view time. In China, punctuality is not always a top priority. People may arrive late to meetings or appointments without feeling guilty or embarrassed. In the United States, however, being on time is considered very important. Americans value punctuality and expect others to be on time as well.Family is also viewed differently in China and the United States. In China, family is considered the most important aspect of life. Children are expected to take care of their parents as they age, and family gatherings are frequent and highly valued. In the United States, individualism is more highly valued, and children are encouraged to be independent and pursue their own goals. Family gatherings are important, but not as frequent or highly valued as in China.Finally, food is another area where there are significant cultural differences between China and theUnited States. Chinese cuisine is known for its use of spices and flavors, while American cuisine is often more bland. In China, meals are often shared and eaten family-style, with a variety of dishes served at once. In the United States, meals are often served individually and people tend to eat quickly and move on to their next activity.In conclusion, China and the United States have very different cultures. These cultural differences can create misunderstandings and challenges, but they can also be a source of fascination and learning. By understanding and appreciating each other's cultures, people from these two countries can build stronger relationships and work together more effectively.。
不同国家民族文化英语作文
不同国家民族文化英语作文The world is a tapestry woven with diverse cultures, each contributing unique colors and patterns to the global mosaic. From the bustling streets of Tokyo to the serene villages of Africa, every nation's cultural tapestry tells a story of traditions, values, and heritage that shape its identity.One of the most fascinating aspects of cultural diversity is how it manifests through customs and rituals. For instance, in Japan, the art of tea ceremony reflects a deep respect for aesthetics and mindfulness, while in India, vibrant festivals like Diwali symbolize the triumph of light over darkness and the victory of good over evil. These rituals not only connect people to their past but also strengthen community bonds and transmit values to future generations.Language also plays a pivotal role in culturalidentity. Across the globe, languages serve as vessels carrying the histories, philosophies, and worldview of different peoples. From the lyrical romance of French to the tonal intricacies of Mandarin, each language encapsulates a unique way of understanding the world and communicating emotions and ideas.Moreover, cuisine offers a delectable journey into the heart of a culture. Whether savoring the spices of Thai cuisine or the hearty flavors of Italian pasta, culinary traditions reflect local ingredients, historical influences, and regional preferences. Sharing a meal becomes a celebration of identity, hospitality, and the joy of communal dining.Art and music further enrich the cultural landscape of nations. From the haunting melodies of Middle Eastern oud to the rhythmic beats of Latin American salsa, music transcends borders, evoking emotions and preserving culturalnarratives. Similarly, art forms like Chinese calligraphy or African beadwork showcase craftsmanship and symbolism that reflect cultural aesthetics and values.Despite these rich differences, cultural diversity also fosters understanding and unity among nations. Through cultural exchange programs, festivals, and global events, people can appreciate and learn from each other's traditions, promoting mutual respect and peaceful coexistence.In conclusion, the tapestry of global cultures is a testament to humanity's creativity, resilience, and interconnectedness. Embracing cultural diversity enriches our collective experience, broadens our perspectives, and reminds us of the beauty found in our differences. As we celebrate the myriad cultures that color our world, we honor the richness of our shared human heritage.。
Foreign cultures
Foreign culturesNowadays our life is more international. When China opened our door to the world, we have begun to connect with foreigners. From the ancient, foreign cultures have been entering into Chinese life little by little. We can’t deny the great effects by foreign countries. Also many foreign countries like America, England and Canada are accepting our culture. We just want to absorb the quintessence in their cultures. Wherever in daily life or etiquettes or language, there are a lot we should learn. We are trying to develop ourselves, at the same time, we should open our mind to the world.Every county has their own long history. Different history has different culture. Also there are different derivative things. All of them are walking forward to the civilization. We are not specialists, so we don’t know most of their original history. But we just know some about foreign cultures. I think English history is about political institution and imperial household. They seized power by various means. The nobles murdered each other. They advocated capitalism and the capitalists were stubborn. The European countries always had campaigns and revolutions about capitalism. While Chinese history eventually controlled by proletariat and now is communism. We all have class contradictions and we will know the people’s power is stronger. A country should work for their citizens.Somebody has great mind. Just like Chinese great four masterworks, such as Journey to the West the Three Kingdoms and the Story of Stone. There are many foreign masterworks, like Jane. Eyre, Pride and Prejudice and Tales of two cities. Some foreign masterworks describe the humanity, social phenomenon and moral mind. Lots of literatures are famous, for example Romeo and Juliet. We all know some litterateurs, inclusive of Shakespeare, Hugo and Tagore. Every literature reflects any cultural mind and when we read more, we will benefit from the literatures. We will learn more deep thoughts.Except for the literary culture, we all know some foreign diet culture, etiquette and language culture. Most people only remember their taboos, such as prohibitive number and food. Western people don’t like ask other s’ ages, especially ladies’. We should distinguish Britain and American English. Otherwise we can’t understand foreigners’ words because of some key words. We should know some foreigners’ characters so that we can have good communication. We need to learn to respect alien customs when we are in foreign countries. What all of us should do is to be friendly and considerable with foreigners. We have similarity in our daily life and we can understand them just like our natives. Cultural difference is inevitable, but we can seek common points while reserving difference.Cultural scopes are wide. The cultures are different not only in language, diets and literature, but also in architecture, clothes and religions. Lots of humans like European architectural styles, due to the classic beauty. There are also some other styles like ancient Roman architecture, its character is round and arch. We have known the coliseums. Other styles are Gothic architecture and Baroque architecture. They all have their special cultures. And now we Chinese prefer houses of European style and the decoration is more and more western. Everyone has their preference about their styles.Moreover some clothes cultures have existed in our daily life. We like jeans very much now. We can see that foreign music have a great influence on our daily life. We can listen to more English style music in the streets and we are fond of their styles. Chinese minds are no more thanconservative. We can accept their stimulating entertainments. Said the musical culture, we have to talk about movies. We have watched some famous films, like Avatar and Titanic. We learned that their romantic love and something else they think. We can compare our movies with theirs, we can know the difference clearly.In addition, more people have belief and religions. Most of Chinese don’t have any belief. They believe God and Jesus. So they will repent if they have any guilt. There are many beautiful churches in western countries. They can control their behaviors and minds with religious belief. We should believe God must look at humans when they have guilty. So we will do everything more sympathy and conscientiously. We all know the Bible, there are so many truth in it. That’s why foreigners are more moral than us. They can have regular law and better life standard. Maybe we need more introspection about ourselves.As far as I am concerned, we should treat foreign culture correctly. Out of question firstly we should develop our national culture well. Then we should absorb some good mind from other developed countries. As we all known, some foreign educational systems are deserved to adopt. Some of us have experienced their festival and diet culture. We all hope that the world will be a real global cottage.Reference1.李明月，”Foreign cultures”, December 1st, 2014。
英语口译——文化交流
现代化的交通、电信与大众传媒手段使世界越来越小，国际社会如同一个地球村，居住在地球村里的各国人民在文化交流和冲撞中和睦相处、彼此尊重、共求发展。
Modern means of transportation, telecommunication and mass media have shortened the geographical distance of the world. The international community appears to be no more than a global village, in which peoples of all nations experience the inevitable cultural exchanges and clashes, while seeking common development in a harmonious and respectful relationship.我赞同这种的看法：当代社会的民族文化不可能在自我封闭的状态下得到发展。
在我看来，不同的文化应该相互学习，取长补短。
当然，在广泛的文化交流中，一个民族的文化必须保持本民族的鲜明特色。
我认为，文化交流不是让外来文化吞没自己的文化，而是为了丰富各民族的文化。
I’m with the view that in this modern world, the culture of any nation cannot develop in isolation. And I believe that different cultures should learn from each other’s strengths to offset their own weaknesses. Of course, the culture of a nation must withhold its own distinctive national characteristics in its extensive exchange with other cultures. Cultural exchange, I think, is by no means a process of losing one’s own culture to a foreign culture, but a process of enriching each other’s national curltures.Welcome to the“International Seminar of Chinese and Its Character System”. It’s my great pleasure and privilege to have invited so many Sinologists from all over the world. The next 3 weeks will see us engage in intensive and constructive studies and exchanges of opinions.欢迎各位参加“汉语及其汉字体系国际研讨班”。