The Research and Industrialization of an Accelerator Control System for Large Container on-
学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：***学号：**********专业班级：新能源材料与器件1312015年 6月16 日The current development of genetically modified crops ofChina and its safety issuesZhang Qingfei(College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts:GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed.Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; ChinaIntroduction:As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton.The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed.The current development of genetically modified crops in chinaGM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality.China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops.As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinesesociety. Since the 1990 s, China's major cotton producing areas often suffered insect outbreaks and the effect conventional control is poor. In 1994, under the impetus of the country, Bt gene was successfully imported into The main plant cotton species .China has become the second country with the independent development of insect-resistant cotton.In 1999, China began to commercial cultivation of cotton. In 2010, gm cotton planting and product in China reached 3.45 million hectares, accounting for 69% of the total cotton planting and product. The planting of insect-resistant cotton have effectively controlled the damage caused by the cotton bollworm .The insect-resistant cotton also reduced pesticide use, protect the farmland ecological environment.Cotton yield and growth of calendar year in China:China's research on genetically modified (gm) rice have got rich achievements. In August 17, 2009, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated transgenic rice security certificate for the two anti-lepidopteran pests transgenic rice -----"Hua Hui 1" and "Bt Shan You 63" .In addition, China has produced the anti-amino phosphonic herbicide Bar gene rice lines, the new salt tolerance strains which represented by T22-77. Compared with ordinary rice, these transgenic rice has unmatched superior properties .It will bring huge economic benefits to Chinese farmers if these rice be planted on large-scale .For example, each 667m2 planting salt-tolerant transgenic rice can increase the income of 100 yuan. Transgenic rice can reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which is benefical to the environment.GM soy is the world's first commercialization, promotion and application of the fastest growing GM crops .Dates from Agropages shows that show in 2012 , global soybean acreage reached 107 million hectares, of which GM soybeans accounted for 79 percent (84.5 million hectares). As the world's first four major soybean producing countries, China is planting soybeans which are non-GMO soybeans. The transgenic soybean was still in the research stage, failed to achieve commercial GM soy production and large-scale demonstration.Analysis about safety issuesGM technology could efficiently improve crop yield, quality and resistance to meet growing human material needs. Transgenic technology is a double-edged sword, both its positive and beneficial side, also has its negative, the negative side, The biggest potential hazards of transgenic technology is the escape of target gene and gene pollution. With the genetically modified plants wide spread around the world ,the gene of interest may vary pollen spread to other species, or spread into the environment, which may causing unpredictable results. Canada's "superweeds" event and Mexican’s “corn genetic pollution” incident has sounded the alarm for us. Besides, certain genetic traits like instability of some transgenic plants are instability, transge nic plants’ good traits will become weaken over time. Another possibility is that some transgenic plants will produce some harmful variations which will endanger human health.Effects of transgenic expression products on humans is a problem that people are most concerned about. Some of the transgene expression product will make people allergic to. But for the most expression product we are lack of direct evidence to affirm their effects on human health and the environment.In order to verify the impact of Bt proteins on animal health. Since 1999, scientists feed white mouse with genetically modified food which containing the Bt protein for many years, the results showed that mice genetically modified agricultural products containing Bt protein is safe to the mouse. However, in the short-term animal feeding trials data can not prove the Bt protein is safe to us.Because human is the long-term consumer of rice. Recently, Canadian scientists discovered, Bt proteins can enter any place of the body. Even the in baby's umbilical cord blood were also found the Bt proteins. Therefore, this discovery had to let the people worried about the safety of transgenic Bt crops.Since the transgenic technology used gene beyond the conventional sexual hybridization gene scope, and for the problem that whether transgenic plants will affect human health and the environment or not we are also lack of systematic knowledge and experience .By the current level of science ,we can not be completely accurate prediction of the results of an outer genes in the new genetic background would cause.Currently, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants primarily relates to environmental safety and food safety aspects. The core issue of environmental safety assessment is after transgenic plants released into the field, whether it will evolve into weed, whether the genes will transfer to wild plants drift or not ; whether it will destroy the natural environment and break the original biological populations homeostasis ; whether it will destroy biodiversity, and so on. Ecological effects of GM crops may arise mainly in the gene flow, non-target effects, the target pest resistance evolution, etc.ConlusionFor security issues, by taking the right measures and scientific management system is able to solve these problems. We can improve the safety of transgenic plants from the following aspects:(1) Carrying out propagandas about genetically modified technical and transgenic plants.Cultivating people’s objectivity awareness of security issues to genetically modified(2) Improving the legal system transfer plant genes and their products;(3) The establishment of transgenic crop management technology system and risk assessment system; and(4) Using food processing technology to process raw materials of transgenic food, remove the transgene expression product that exist in the raw materials of transgenic food.In addition to cultivation of crops, we can also use transgenic technology to cultivate some asexual reproduction and non-food plants. This concept have two advantages .On the one hand, it is a good solution to the genes escape and genes pollution problems. Because the escape and contamination of genes mainly through plants’ pollen s, and asexual reproduction plants will not produce pollen. On the other hand, people do not worry about the transgene expression products will affect human health, because these transgenic plants is not food crops. Transgene expression products don’t enters the body. For example, we can cultivate forestry trees which with high resistance; foliage plants which can glowing; Aquatics which can absorb the harmful heavy metals in water and so on. These plants will bring great benefits to humanity. Prospects of transgenic technology is unlimited, as long as strengthen supervision and follow scientific methods, can be avoided completely turn the negative effects of human gene technology may bring.Reference:[1] Deng Xu, Wei Bin, Hu Zhang Li. Transgenic Chlamydomonas resistance to heavy metals and enrichment of cadmium ions. Biotechnology, 2007 ,17(6):66-68[2] Li Ligong ,Ye Weijun, Guo Longbiao. The research progress and commercialization of transgenic rice prospect analysis. Chinese Rice., 2012, 18(6):1-4[3] Wangren Xiang. The development and application of gm cotton in China. Crop Research , 2001 , Cotton Album:6-9[4] Yu Yongliang, Liang Huizhen, Wang Shufeng, Lian Yun, Wei Yanli, Wang Tingfeng. The research progress of transgenic soybeans and its industrialization in China. Soybean Science, 2010, 29, (1):143-148[5] Zhuyan Tao, Xu Hong, Guo Aiguang, Li Dianrong. Plant transgenic technology and contemporary social development. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(4):509-522。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译600自动变速器换档规律的研究
附录the research of amt shifting schedulesVehicular Automatic Transmission can be divided into three types: Automatic Transmission (AT), Automated Mechanical Transmission (AMT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). AMT has become a kind of transmission that is full of potentiality, due to its high transfer efficiency, low cost and easiness to manufacture.The research on AMT shifting performance is key technology in the developing. Shifting performance directly influence the market competition and industrialization of AMT.AMT has good market expectation, but during the shifting procedure, the power must be cut off which causes the poor shifting performance than AT and CVT. Only through improving the shifting performance can the commercial competence be established. So the virtual important thing is to find the way to improve shifting performance.The development of AMT can be divided into three phases: semi-automatic, automatic and intelligent. The two major part of AMT are: the hardware including the mastered object, executor, sensors and TCU; and the software performing the control strategy.The performance of AT shift influences greatly the performance of the vehicle. So the research on at shift quality is an important problem in the domain of AT researching. Shift quality control of AT is accomplished by electronic and hydraulic system. To shift smoothly, according the real time throttle valve opening and vehicle speed signal, the controller sends electronic signals to control oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements. this paper analyzes and research detailed shift quality control system，the analyzing model of shifting process and pressure changing curve of the applying elements Firstly this paper summarizes the existing evaluated quota of shift quality, and fully analyzes and introduces the existing control manner of AT shift quality.To meet the needs of research of vehicle starting and the real time control of shift, this paper puts forward a simplified model of engine-torque and a dynamics model of AT shifting process. Through the applying of the established model, this paper fully analyzes the process of the AT shifting.This paper drafts the proper oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements which can improve the AT shift quality, and gives the material calculated methods of the AG4 AT. This paper simulates the AG4 AT’s shifting process of 2H to 3H.The results of the simulation validate the established simplified models and the expected oil pressure changing curve.This paper fully analyzes the mechanism of the pressure regulating and flow controlling system of the AG4 AT, and preparatory discusses the design of the block-diagram of the shift quality control. This paper test the control system and hydraulic system of the AG4 AT by the AT hydraulic-electronic testing-bed. The result of the test validates the correction of these analyses.Automated Mechanical Transmission, as so called AMT, is a new-style transmission system. AMT technology applies the automatic technology to the manual mechanical transmission and makes the selection-gear, shift, clutch and throttle implement automatically.AMT technology is suitable for the situation of our country, and has an expansive market and development foreground. Shift schedules decide the time to shift and are the soul of the AMT. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedules, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically.This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. At the same time, the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle can also be improved. The author chooses the shift schedule as the key technology problem to be researched and the main study aim of this thesis is to getthe optimal shift schedules for the AMT and so improve the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle. Through analyzing the influence factors of power and fuel-economy for the automobile, the author get the establishment methods for the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule. In order to solve the influence of mass on the shift schedule, the author presents a variable-structure-controlled shift system. This enriches the theory of shift schedules. Because the computer simulation can save a lot of manpower and material resources comparing with the true-car test, so in this thesis, the author uses the simulation toolbox Matlab/Simulate to setup the simulation model for shift schedules. Using this model, the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule above are simulated and proved to be reasonable.Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the life of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle.The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance.Shifting schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shifting schedule. At present, shifting schedule of two controlling parameters (vehicle speed and opening on throttle) is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly through the whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, vehicle speed and loading. The mainControlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, fast. Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shifting concussion, even flame out; if engaging more slowly, it will make the friction time longer and reduce its longevity. The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it can guarantee shifting time and not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe.Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily. In order to decrease the shifting time, the time that is spent on the friction of the clutch should be decreased first. If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-load stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period if the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also be shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways. The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear. The second is to increase the shifting force. If realizing the union control between ECU and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the bestcontrol and the best shifting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU.Influence on shifting performance by hardwareThe elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influences on shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of vital important to improvement of shifting performance.With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the car power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Company’s publicity slogan of" person, car, life"," make people the center" etc.On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity.In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic gearbox embodies at the establishment of the shift regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, for competitive advantage of the car type, at present, each big factory in world worked very much in shift regulation of new car type. Among those, the most arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PEUGEOT/CITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 10 kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person—car —road, the good and bad of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment (road), the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so, the electronic automatic control system can save various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation, motive (call to sport the type again) regulation, but also still having the general (usual) regulation, environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety etc. Namely, the point of shifting can be freely enacted for every kind of regulation. In the intelligence direction of the shift regulation, everyone has made much work up to now, parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shift regulation still is hard, this is mainly because of:1. The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment is not high and to identify the driver’s driving can't give satisfaction.2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically shift system is an open system; it must be continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the driver’s lab or strength, increasing the performance of the whole vehicle.Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters' design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work, and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high-quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the truck's gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a optimum method based on K-T equation to improve the design level of automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gear box is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile. According to the design request and character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model oftruck's gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease its weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. And we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing it's parameter for instance.Synchronizer is a important part of automobile gearbox, it make drive gear and driven gear engaged after their synchronized, so it can decrease engaged shock and noise, it can decrease shift forcing and make it comfort to gear shift and increase the life of synchronizer.The synchronized process of synchronizer is analyzed in this article; we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its influence parameter for instance when the synchronized time is the shortest. The optimum toolbox of MATLAB is a convenient of ware of modern optimization with fast speed and powerful function. The algorithms of different mathematical subsets are divided into different librarians in the form of functions in MATLAB optimum toolbox. When we use them, we just call the functions and give special parameters to solve the problems and this will be fast and accurate. The author gives an optimum design for automobile gearbox and synchronizer by using the optimum toolbox of MATLAB and receives a satisfaction result.自动变速器换档规律的研究车辆自动变速器通常分为液力机械式自动变速器（简称AT）、电控机械式自动变速器（简称AMT）和机械式无级变速器（简称CVT）。
科技英语翻译自动化
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.自动化是指通过控制系统和信息技术的使用来减少人类在生产商品和服务中的需求。
在工业领域里，自动化是超越机械化的一步。
而机械化为操作员提供了机械设备来协助他们日常劳动工作，自动化大大的减少了人类感官和精神上的需求。
自动化在世界经济和日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyondmanufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems.Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.自动化在广泛的工业领域已经产生了比在制造业中更显著的影响。
中国海水淡化处理流程
中国海水淡化处理流程1.海水淡化处理是指将含盐海水转变为淡水的过程。
Desalination treatment of sea water refers to the process of converting saline seawater into fresh water.2.海水淡化处理通常采用蒸馏或反渗透技术。
Desalination treatment of sea water typically employs distillation or reverse osmosis technology.3.在蒸馏法中，海水先被加热蒸发，然后冷凝成淡水。
In the distillation method, sea water is first heated to evaporate, and then condensed into fresh water.4.反渗透则是通过高压将海水通过半透膜过滤，以分离盐分。
Reverse osmosis involves using high pressure to filter seawater through a semi-permeable membrane to separate salt.5.海水淡化处理需要大量能源，因此成本较高。
Desalination treatment of sea water requires a large amount of energy, thus the cost is high.6.海水淡化处理厂通常采用多级过滤和添加化学物质来处理海水。
Desalination plants typically use multi-stage filtration and chemicals to treat seawater.7.海水淡化处理的废水通常需要经过处理后排放到海洋中。
The wastewater from desalination treatment usually needsto be treated before being discharged into the ocean.8.海水淡化处理对环境可能会造成一定影响，如废水排放和能源消耗。
新能源汽车-ppt分析
New energy car
What is new energy vehicle
New energy vehicle, namely a kind of car using the new clean energy as power, replacing the high -pollution fuel oil commonly used in automobile and diesel based.
Classification Types of new energy vehicles mainly in the following categories:
Hybrid electric vehicle
Gas vehicle based on petroleum and natural gas
Pure electric vehicle
The dual challenges and technical innovation of China's automobile power
In the face of more strict emission regulations, and major technical changes just like engine electronic control, gasoline, diesel cleaning and so on. Faced with the challenge of oil shortage and emission reduction, and major technological changes such as power electrification, energy diversification and so on.
岩藻黄素产业化技术研究进展
岩藻黄素产业化技术研究进展周小叶，蔡路昀*（浙江大学宁波科创中心，工程师学院，浙江宁波 315100）摘要：岩藻黄素（Fucoxanthin），又称岩藻黄质、褐藻黄质、褐藻黄素，是一种具有抗氧化活性的天然类胡萝卜素，主要来源于褐藻、微藻（如微藻、金藻）等海洋藻类。
岩藻黄素具有较大的市场开发潜力，但产业化程度较低，针对这一问题，该文首先概述了岩藻黄素物化特性及抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗肥胖、抗炎等功能特性，并对岩藻黄素生产的上游开发和下游加工技术研究现状进行综述性介绍，详细介绍了岩藻黄素的上游开发（生物合成途径、生产藻类筛选、培养方法及条件）和下游加工技术（提取纯化方法、稳态化制剂、产品生产技术），指出目前存在的技术瓶颈并提出可能的解决方案，最后分别介绍了岩藻黄素在食品、化妆品和医药等领域的应用现状。
该文将为未来岩藻黄素产业化技术研究提供借鉴价值。
关键词：岩藻黄素；规模化生产；生物合成；提取方法；产业化技术文章编号：1673-9078(2024)03-361-372 DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.3.0061Research Progress on Industrializable Technologies for FucoxanthinZHOU Xiaoye, CAI Luyun*(Ningbo Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China)Abstract: Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid with an antioxidant activity, is mainly from marine algae such as brown algae and microalgae (e.g. diatoms and chrysophyta). Fucoxanthin has great potential for market development, but its industrialization degree is relatively low. In view of this problem, this review firstly provides an overview of the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties (such as antioxidative, anti-tumor, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects) of fucoxanthin. The research progress on the upstream development and downstream processing technologies for fucoxanthin production is comprehensively reviewed. The upstream development of fucoxanthin (biosynthetic pathway, screening of fucoxanthin for production, and culture methods and conditions), and downstream processing technologies (extraction and purification methods, steady-state preparation, and product manufacturing technology) are introduced in detail. The currently existing technical bottlenecks are pointed out and possible solutions are proposed. Finally, the application status of fucoxanthin in food, cosmetics, medicine is presented. This paper will provide reference value for future research on industrializable technologies of fucoxanthin.Key words: fucoxanthin; large-scale production; biosynthesis; extraction method; industrialization technology引文格式：周小叶,蔡路昀.岩藻黄素产业化技术研究进展[J].现代食品科技,2024,40(3):361-372.ZHOU Xiaoye, CAI Luyun. Research progress on industrializable technologies for fucoxanthin [J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2024, 40(3): 361-372.收稿日期：2023-01-17基金项目：国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFD0901106）；温州市重大科技项目（ZN2021002）；宁波市3315系列计划（2020B-34-G）作者简介：周小叶（2000-），女，本科，研究方向：水产品加工、功能食品，E-mail：通讯作者：蔡路昀（1981-），男，博士，教授，研究方向：水产品贮藏与加工、功能食品，E-mail：361362海洋约占地球表面积的70%，蕴含丰富的生物资源[1] ，而海洋藻类是数量和种类最多的一类海洋植物。
中国的繁荣之路英语作文
中国的繁荣之路英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1China's Path to ProsperityAs a young student in China today, I cannot help but feel immense pride and gratitude for the remarkable progress my nation has made over the past few decades. From a country once stricken by poverty and political turmoil, China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, a leader in innovation, and a beacon of hope for millions of its citizens aspiring for a better life.The transformation of China is a testament to the unwavering determination of its people and the visionary leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Through a series of bold reforms and pragmatic policies, China has embraced a unique development path that has propelled it to unprecedented heights of economic success, social stability, and international influence.One of the defining features of China's path to prosperity has been its steadfast commitment to opening up to the worldand embracing global cooperation. In the late 1970s, under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping, China embarked on a historic journey of reform and opening up, marking a pivotal shift from the previous era of isolation and rigid central planning. This courageous move paved the way for the integration of China into the global economy, attracting foreign investment, fostering technological exchange, and facilitating the free flow of ideas and knowledge.The impact of this open-door policy has been nothing short of transformative. China's coastal regions, once lagging behind in development, became vibrant economic hubs, attracting multinational corporations and igniting a wave of industrialization and urbanization. The establishment of special economic zones, such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai, served as experimental grounds for market-oriented reforms, showcasing the potential of a hybrid system that blended elements of capitalism with socialist principles.Underpinning China's economic miracle has been its unwavering commitment to reform and innovation. The CPC has consistently demonstrated a willingness to adapt and evolve, discarding outdated models and embracing new approaches that align with the ever-changing global landscape. Thispragmatic approach has enabled China to navigate through complex challenges, such as the transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented system, and the integration of cutting-edge technologies into its industrial fabric.One of the crowning achievements of China's reform agenda has been the alleviation of poverty on an unprecedented scale. Through targeted policies and initiatives, such as the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, the government has lifted millions of citizens out of destitution, providing access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. This monumental feat not only demonstrates China's commitment to social equity but also serves as a testament to the effectiveness of its development strategies.Beyond its economic prowess, China has also made remarkable strides in the realms of science, technology, and innovation. From cutting-edge research in fields like artificial intelligence and renewable energy to ambitious space exploration programs and groundbreaking infrastructure projects, China has positioned itself as a global leader in driving technological progress. The construction of world-class universities and research institutions, coupled with significant investments in research and development, has fostered anenvironment that nurtures innovation and encourages the pursuit of knowledge.Moreover, China's path to prosperity has been underpinned by a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability and ecological preservation. Recognizing the urgent need to address climate change and environmental degradation, the Chinese government has implemented ambitious policies to promote green development, reduce carbon emissions, and invest in renewable energy sources. The Belt and Road Initiative, a grand vision for global connectivity and cooperation, has also incorporated principles of environmental stewardship, aiming to foster sustainable development across participating nations.As a student in China, I am deeply inspired by the remarkable achievements of my nation and the unwavering determination of its people. The path to prosperity has not been without challenges and setbacks, but China's resilience and adaptability have enabled it to overcome obstacles and emerge stronger than ever before.Looking ahead, China's future holds immense promise and potential. The country's commitment to reform and innovation, coupled with its emphasis on sustainable development and global cooperation, positions it to play an increasingly influentialrole on the world stage. As young citizens, it is our responsibility to carry forward the torch of progress, embracing the values of hard work, creativity, and resilience that have defined China's remarkable journey.In a rapidly changing world, China's path to prosperity serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative impact that visionary leadership, pragmatic policies, and a steadfast commitment to reform can have on a nation's trajectory. As I look to the future, I am filled with hope and optimism, knowing that China's best days still lie ahead, and that our nation's remarkable story of progress and prosperity will continue to inspire generations to come.篇2China's Path to ProsperityAs a student witnessing the tremendous growth and development my country has undergone in recent decades, I can't help but feel immense pride and amazement at China's journey to prosperity. From a largely agrarian society grappling with widespread poverty to an economic powerhouse and global influencer, China's transformation has been nothing short ofremarkable. This essay aims to explore the key factors that have propelled China's ascent and the challenges that lie ahead.The genesis of China's prosperity can be traced back to the pivotal economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. Recognizing the stifling effects of the centrally planned economy, Deng's "reform and opening-up" policy introduced market mechanisms and welcomed foreign investment. This paradigm shift laid the foundation for China's transition from a closed, state-controlled system to a more market-oriented economy.A cornerstone of China's success has been its unwavering focus on economic development, which has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in coastal cities like Shenzhen and Xiamen served as laboratories for market-oriented policies and attracted foreign direct investment (FDI). These SEZs became engines of growth, generating employment opportunities and fueling industrialization.China's staggering economic growth can also be attributed to its vast labor force and the migration of rural workers to urban centers. This internal migration facilitated the development of robust manufacturing and export sectors, allowing China tobecome the "world's factory." The country's ability to produce goods at low costs, coupled with an increasingly skilled workforce, made it an attractive destination for foreign companies seeking to outsource production.Furthermore, the Chinese government's strategic investment in infrastructure has played a pivotal role in supporting economic expansion. Ambitious projects, such as the construction of high-speed rail networks, modern highways, and state-of-the-art ports, have facilitated the movement of goods, people, and resources across the vast nation. This infrastructure overhaul has not only boosted domestic productivity but also enhanced China's global connectivity and trade capabilities.China's prosperity has also been fueled by its embrace of innovation and technological advancements. The government's efforts to promote research and development (R&D), coupled with heavy investment in sectors like renewable energy, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence, have positioned China as a leader in various cutting-edge technologies. Companies like Huawei, Alibaba, and Tencent have emerged as global powerhouses, showcasing China's ability to foster homegrown innovation and compete on the world stage.Despite these remarkable achievements, China's path to prosperity has not been without challenges. Environmental degradation, income inequality, and demographic shifts pose significant hurdles that must be addressed to ensure sustainable growth.The rapid industrialization and urbanization that fueled China's economic boom have exacted a heavy toll on the environment. Air pollution, water scarcity, and soil contamination are pressing issues that threaten public health and long-term ecological sustainability. Addressing these environmental challenges will require a concerted effort to transition towards cleaner production methods, promote renewable energy sources, and implement stringent environmental regulations.Income inequality has also emerged as a significant concern, with a widening gap between the affluent urban population and the rural poor. This disparity not only undermines social cohesion but also hinders the development of a robust domestic consumer market, which is crucial for rebalancing China's economy away from its heavy reliance on exports.Additionally, China's rapidly aging population and declining birth rates pose demographic challenges that could strain the country's social welfare system and labor force. Addressing thesedemographic shifts will necessitate reforms in areas such as healthcare, retirement policies, and education to ensure a productive and sustainable workforce.Looking ahead, China's path to continued prosperity will require a delicate balancing act between economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. The country must embrace sustainable development practices, promote innovation and technological breakthroughs, and cultivate a highly skilled and adaptable workforce to stay competitive in an increasingly knowledge-based global economy.Moreover, China's global engagement and diplomacy will play a pivotal role in shaping its future prosperity. By fostering mutually beneficial relationships with other nations, promoting international cooperation, and upholding principles of fair trade and respect for intellectual property rights, China can further integrate into the global economic system and facilitate continued growth.In conclusion, China's path to prosperity has been nothing short of extraordinary, characterized by rapid economic growth, strategic policy decisions, and a relentless pursuit of development. However, this journey has also brought forth significant challenges that must be addressed to ensuresustainable and equitable progress. As a student witnessing these transformative changes, I am confident that China's resilience, innovation, and pragmatic approach will enable it to navigate these hurdles and continue on its path to prosperity, while contributing to global economic stability and development.篇3China's Path to ProsperityWhen my grandparents were young, China was one of the poorest countries in the world. Decades of war, political turmoil, and economic stagnation had left the nation impoverished and backward. My grandfather still vividly remembers the hardship and hunger of those times. However, in just a few generations, China has undergone an extraordinary transformation, rapidly developing into the world's second largest economy and a major global power. This remarkable journey from poverty to prosperity is one of the greatest economic success stories in modern history.China's rise began in the late 1970s when Deng Xiaoping instituted a series of sweeping reforms known as the "Open Door Policy." This new approach opened up China to foreigninvestment and trade, while also introducing market-based economic policies. The creation of special economic zones like Shenzhen attracted businesses from abroad and allowed a form of market-driven capitalism to take root in limited areas. Simultaneously, Deng pushed for the modernization of China's industrial capabilities, infrastructure, and technology.These reforms ushered in a period of breakneck economic growth that propelled hundreds of millions of people out of poverty at an unprecedented rate. From 1978 to 2015, China's GDP grew at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. Major cities like Shanghai were transformed into global financial centers, while rural villages rapidly industrialized. The economic miracle was fueled by cheap labor, high personal savings rates, investment in production capabilities, and a pragmatic approach of implementing market reforms in a gradual, controlled manner.However, China's development was about more than just economic numbers. Hundreds of millions gained access to modern amenities like electricity, clean water, housing, education and healthcare that had been lacking for generations. Great leaps were made in increasing life expectancy, reducing infant mortality, and raising overall living standards. China'sleaders embraced a philosophy of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" that blended state control with market incentives to lift the nation out of poverty.Of course, China's growth story is not without its controversies and criticisms. Many have raised concerns about human rights, lack of democracy, environmental damage, and the effects of breakneck industrialization. China's mercantilist trade policies, intellectual property violations, and tight restrictions on information have also drawn international criticism. And there are serious demographic challenges ahead like an aging population and gender imbalances.Looking ahead, China faces the immense challenge of transitioning from an investment and export-driven economy to one powered by domestic consumption and innovation. Nurturing a skilled workforce, entrepreneurship, and moving up the value chain will be key for maintaining growth. China must also address wealth inequality as prosperity has been unevenly distributed, with rural areas still lagging behind.Yet, when I consider my grandparents' stories of hardship and then look at the modern China I live in today, I am awed by the scale of transformation in such a short period of time. The cities my generation has grown up in bear no resemblance to thepoor nation of the past. Skyscrapers, high-speed rail, world-class infrastructure, and technological marvels are now a normal part of life for today's Chinese youth.We are the first generation to grow up witnessing China's reemergence as a major world power. The economic renaissance has not only lifted hundreds of millions from poverty but has restored a sense of national confidence and pride. China's meteoric rise is heralded as a great patriotic achievement and renaissance after centuries of warfare and domination by foreign powers.At the same time, this newfound prosperity and power comes with immense challenges and responsibilities, both at home and abroad. China must find a balance between pursuing further economic development while also addressing domestic inequalities, environmental crises, and social stability. On the world stage, China is expected to play a larger role in global institutions and international affairs befitting its status as a great power.Only time will tell what the next chapters hold in China's unfolding story. But there is no doubt that the economic awakening and material progress of the past few decades has irrevocably transformed the nation. For my generation, ourformative years were shaped by this rapid trajectory of growth and modernization.Gone are the days when China was mired in poverty and deprivation. We are the heirs of an economic miracle that has reshaped the global balance of power. While much work remains, China's path from a poor, developing nation to an emerging superpower is an historic achievement that will be studied and analyzed for generations to come. We are the witnesses and beneficiaries of this great national rejuvenation.。
甲醇制烯烃招商项目(MTO)详细英文摘要
甲醇制烯烃招商项目(MTO)详细英文摘要The feasibility investigation of the Hua-ting MTO project with annual production of 500,000 T olefin (ethylene and propylene) (Summary)1. Marketing investigationThe proved oil reservoir in the world is around 1,030,000,000,000 kL, and if current annual consumption rate of 35,000,000,000 is kept, world oil will be used up in 30 years, the situation is worse in China: Chinese oil reserve will be used up in 20 years at the current rate. It is forecasted that in 2010 China will import 61% of its oil consumption (around 335,000,000~368,000,000 L). Natural gas reserve in China (7,100,000,000,000 m3) is around 2% of that of total world, and China will run out it in 47 year with annual production of 1,520,000,000,000 m3. Transportation is the major user of oil and gas (more than 50%). On the other hand, the coal reserves and production are the top 1 in the world, the coal reserves in China which can be recoverable is around 1,886,000,000,000 T, which can be exploited in 100 years with annual production of 19,000,000,000 T, almost one magnitude larger than oil and gas. As a result, for Chinese energy structure, the ratio for the first energy consumption in China among coal, oil, gas and hydro-power is 76.2%:16.8%:2.5%:4.5%.As the oil and gas prices will be inevitably increased due to the fact that they are non-renewable, the cost for the petrochemical industry will be so expensive that it will not be sustainable. Due to the energy and resource characters and structure in China, the chemical industry using black coal as the raw materials is showing competent advantages, so coke coal industry, ammonia and methanol from syn-gas made from black coal are developing rapidly, and the technology research and industrialization process of coal liquefaction for gasoline, methanol transformed to olefin (MTO), dimethy ether (DME) and polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and other integrated coal chemical productions are in blooming. In 20 years, coal chemical industry will become a very important developing direction for energy industry in China, and China will become the largest coal chemical industry country in the world.Ethylene and propylene are the very important basic raw industrial materials for the petrochemical industry, the ethylene production in the world is only less than ammonia, the amount of ethylene and propylene production symbolizes the petrochemical industry development level for a country. From ethylene and propylene, many downstream derivatives and products can be made such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), EO, etc., and these downstream plants are concentrated in East China such as Jiangsu Province and Shanghai where there lacks the natural resources and raw materials. In 2005, the consumption of ethylene in China is 16,000,000 T while the domestic production is 7,550,000 T, in 2006, it is 9,600,000 T. In 2005, the consumption of propylene in China is 7,853,700 T while the domestic production is 7,673,700 T, in 2006, the propylene consumption is 8,720,000 T and the production capacity is 8,400,000 T. Thus, China imported large amount of ethylene and propylene from abroad. The domestic ethylene production capacity will reach 17,000,000~18,000,000 T and market demand will bearound 23,800,000 T in 2010, similar situation is also true for propylene.The price for ethylene in domestic market has been increased steadily from 3726 Yuan/T in 1995 to 9000 Yuan/T in 2006, especially since 2004, the price jumped significantly due to the oil price hike. For propylene, the price was raised from 3900 Yuan/T in 2001 to 10,000 Yuan/T in 2006. It can be expected that the price for ethylene and propylene will be increased in long term due to the larger market demand, less natural resources and higher cost.In summary, the market potential for MTO is very promising.2. Technical availabilityTraditionally ethylene and propylene are produced by cracking petroleum or prolysis of hydrocarbon, for example, taking ethane as the original cracking materials, around 80% of the original material can be transformed into ethylene while other 20% are methane, H2 and trace amount of C4, benzene, propylene, etc.. When propane is used as the original material, the percentage for the ethylene production will be halved while that for propylene is increased significantly.There are also other ways to produce olefin, for example, ethanol can be dehydrated with proper catalyst to be transformed into ethylene, or, the gas from refinery factory or coke coal plants can be used to produce ethylene and propylene although the production is very limited.As the demand for olefin in the world is increased dramatically, the original cracking materials for producing olefin have evolved to heavier hydrocarbon. Due to the shortage of oil and/or high oil price as well as very abundant coal reserve in China, it is very promising to use coal as the original material to produce ethylene and propylene. There are two pathways to produce olefin from black coal: from syn-gas (F-T reaction) and from methanol made from coal. For syn-gas pathway, although some research and development show industrial potential, it can not be adapted by industry and business in near future. On the other hand, the technology and equipment for producing ethylene and propylene, using the methanol produced from coal by F-T reaction as the raw materials, are available for industrial production in large scale. For such a pathway, methanol molecules are combined and transformed to dimethy ether (DME) through dehydration and with aid of catalysts firstly, then ethylene and propylene are synthesized by the reaction between methanol and DME, finally the ethylene and propylene are separated and refined properly. It is worth to emphasis that the molecular sieves such as ZSM-5, SAPO-34, SAPO-17 play an essential role during such a MTO procedure, the huge amount of surfaces of these molecular sieves not only facilitate the reaction, but also constrain the sizes of the products so that mostly only ethylene and propylene are produced.Currently UOP/Hydro, Lurgi and Mobil (Exxon Mobil) can provide the MTO technology and equipment. A MTO plant in Nigeria with capacity of 800,000 T/year is under construction using the UOP/Hydro process technology and facility, and it will start operation in 2009. Fanavaran Company in Iran is using Lurgi company installation to build up MTO plant with capacity of 100,000 T/year, and it is expected to operate fully in 2009 too. In China, Dalian Institute ofChemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed the DMTO technology, the corresponding installation and technology was passed the industrial middle-stage test in Feb of 2006. As a key project of state as well as of Shanxi Province during the 11th five-year plan, an industrial demonstration project with capacity of 3 million T/year using DMTO system is under construction in Yulin city of Shangxi Province. However, there exist some engineering problems and such installation has not been adapted by industry yet, thus, there exists business risk due to the lack of the industrial test for such technologies and installation. In China, the total capacity for the MTO projects under planning and the under construction is around 3.25 million T/year, which will consume 9.96 million T methanol annually (ratio of 3:1).We assume that UOP/Hydro company techniques and equipments will be adapted for our MTO project because UOP/Hydro company techniques and equipments have some obvious advantages: (1) both raw and refined methanol can used as the reactant material; (2) the reaction conditions such as temperature and pressure are mild; (3) the reaction system is similar to flow catalytic cracking (FCC); (4) the ratio between ethylene and propylene produced can be controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature and catalyst composition, so the market risk is small; (5) the whole system is flexible and easy to operate; (6) the energy efficiency is high. Such a system mainly is comprised by two units: the MTO unit for transforming methanol into olefin and LORP unit for selecting and refining the light olefin compositions such as ethylene and propylene.The equipments from UOP/Hydro Company are briefly described as following. For MTO unit, the reactor and regenerator parts are the patented products of UOP/Hydro Company which should be bought and shipped to the Hua-ting Industrial Park in Hua-ting County. The reactor is designed in a form of fast flowing bed (FFB), after the methanol entering the bottom of the reactor, the reaction starts at the aid of catalyst, and the reaction temperature is adjusted by the catalyst cooler which uses the reaction heat to produce high pressure vapor. The catalyst and production are separated at the top of the reactor. Because of the small amount of coke produced as a by-product, it will adhere to the surface of catalyst and poison the catalyst, so the catalyst must be regenerated and activated again, such a procedure is implemented by the regenerator. Other parts of the MTO unit for the UOP/Hydro Company system are cans (heaters), pipes, pumps, separators, etc.LORP unit process flow is followed by compressing, recycling DME, washing with water and alkali solution, drying, acetvlene transformation (to ethylene), ethylene and propylene fractionation (with series towers) and deeply freezing process.In summary, the MTO installation system from UOP/Hydro Company includes 262 devices, among which there are 147 no-standard devices, 62 pumps, 2 ovens or furnaces, and 51 mechanical devices. For those equipments, there are five devices with patent (MTO reactor, MTO regenerator, 2 catalyst cooler and a group of separators) which should be brought and shipped from UOP Company. Parts of key pumps and compressors also need to be shipped from abroad, others will be ordered and manufactured in China.Another important part of the installation is the control system, this MTO project will adaptdiscrete control system (DCS), at the same time, independent emergency stop system (ESD), emergency stop control button and external alarming auxiliary console are also necessary for the control system. The process flow control system will guarantee the whole installation is running under safe, stable conditions with maximum efficiency and lowest consumption of raw materials. Thus, based on the request of patent products provider, the software package with patent may be needed to operate the control system.During the MTO production, it will consume methanol (3 T methanol will be used for 1 T production of olefin, and consuming 187.5 T methanol per hour, 150 million methanol T per year for this proposed MTO project), alkali solution with concentration of 42% (0.03 T alkali solution for 1 T olefin, consuming 1.875 T per hour, 15000 T per year, brought from Ni-Xia Hui Autonomous Religion for this proposed project), catalyst and absorbent (bought from UOP/Hydro, 185 T annually for this proposed project). At the same time, the process will consume electricity power, water, nitrogen, air, vapor and others, for example, it is expected that 4415 kWh power, 3,360 Nm3 nitrogen, 1,118.75 Nm3 air and 12,017 m3 water will be used per hour for such a 500,000 T MTO plant.The investment also covers the transportation cost for the installation, especially for those equipments with no-standard size such as reactor, regenerator and many towers.In summary, the cost for the equipment, raw materials, construction, land, labors and other assets will be 2,797,450,000 Yuan.3. Favorable conditions of Hua-ting County for the project (abundant black coal, adequate water and power supply, complete upstream and downstream coal chemical and engineering industries, convenient transportation, solid industry foundation, people, etc.)Hua-ting County is very suitable for such a MTO project, the reasons are listed as below:Firstly, Hua-ting is one of the 13 coal mining bases in China and one of the three largest coal mines in North-West China. The black coal reserve in Hua-ting is 3,470,000,000 T which is distributed in an area of 150 km2, most importantly, Hua-ting coal mine is part of the Ordos basin reserve, which contains more than trillion tons coal and this basin plays an strategic role in Chinese energy structure and coal chemical industries, as an example, the Chinese base of coal liquefaction for gasoline is located at this basin. The prominent property for the coal in Hua-ting mine lies in that it is most suitable for coal chemical industries due to its high heat capacity, high chemical mobility, high volatile compositions, low amount of sulfur, low melting point and low amount of ash.Secondly, the upstream methanol plant (produced from the syn-gas of coal) in Hua-ting will be operated fully in 2009. The investment for this methanol plant is around 2,900,000,000 Y uan and it is the key project for Gansu Province, basically this plant will use the black coal in Hua-ting as the raw material to produce 600,000 T methanol annually. The MTO project with the capacity of 500,000 T ethylene and propylene is the prerequisite for PE and PP projects, and such a MTO will be integrated with the PE and PP projects. There will be more downstream industries to concentrate in the Hua-ting Industrial Park.Thirdly, Hua-ting is becoming the transportation hub which connects Shanxi Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Area and Gansu Province, the distances between Hua-ting to the three metr opolis cities of Xi’an, Lanzhou and Yinchuan are 300, 390 and 400 km, respectively. Bao-zhong railway and two provincial roads (304, 203) pass Hua-ting, which link Hua-ting with neighboring provinces, areas and cities. However, two other highways and one railway which interconnect with each other and link Hua-ting to neighboring cities and provinces are under construction right now. Thus, Hua-ting can be assessed easily, and the transportation of materials, products, goods and people to and from Hua-ting is very convenient with very low cost.Fourthly, the weather in Hua-ting is very mild and vegetation is good (forest covers 37% of the Hua-ting land), and rainfall is around 607 mm annually, runoff is 190,000,000 m3, the three reservoirs in Hua-ting County contain 17,500,000 m3 water, the total water resource is 192,000,000 m3, so there is abundant water resource for coal chemical industries, such a situation is very rare for Gansu Province which is famous for the dry weather and bare land.Fifthly, people in Hua-ting is the most valuable asset, people here work hard with good ambition, motivation and high tolerances, they are proud of being open-mind, innovative and cooperative. Hua-ting also has the solid industrial foundation and industrial tradition, and infrastructure such as power, transportation is improving significantly in recent years will be adequate for the proposed MTO and other coal chemical industries.Sixthly, the government of Hua-ting county has formulated, promulgate and implement the official regulations which list the favorable conditions for attracting investments, and those conditions can be negotiated further. The favorable conditions cover almost every aspect of an investment such as land usage, taxation, fiscal policy, power and water supply, labors, etc., Hua-ting government will provide these documents on request.Seventhly, Hua-ting has two stable power plants with the total capacity of 2×600 MW and 2×135 MW, respectively, which will provide enough power for plants. There are two 110 kV substations with the capacity 40 MV A. There are also six 35 kV substations with capacity of 34.2 MV A. The power in Hua-ting is connected to the state power grid and plays an important role in the North-west power grid.Finally, the industrial park of Hua-ting is a provincial level park where the upstream plants of methanol (600,000 T/year) and downstream plants such as MTO, DME and others are under construction, among them the methanol plant will be in full operation in 2009. The infrastructure in the park such as transportation, water and electric supply and water drainage, office buildings and communication systems as well as the environment are being improved significantly.4. Environmental protection, energy saving plans, labor protection and rightsThis project will take full considerations of environment and eco-system protection. The energy efficiency can be achieved by FCB reactor and regenerator, DSC control and monitorsystem and heat recycling to produce high pressure vapor. The state regulation and standard for environment protections will be followed strictly. Totally 250,000,000 Yuan will be invested to monitor, remedy and recycle the waste gas, water and solid as well as the noise, special equipments and processes will be used to minimize the pollution from the MTO plant.The MTO plant will also follow strictly the state regulations about occupational health, work place safety and labor policy. The building and the site layout will consider the safety and health hazards, advanced equipment such as DCS, ESD will be installed to monitor any leakage, special installation for dealing with emergencies such as the pool to collect waste water due to accidents will be set up. Plans for all possible emergencies will be made, emphasis will be placed on electricity and fire safety.5. Cost breakdown, plant organization, profit expectation and other parametersThe MTO plant area is 136,950 m2 with 168 personnel, annually consume 1,500,000 T methanol, hourly 11,924 T water and 4,415 kWh power. The whole plant includes MTO installation, auxiliary facilities and infrastructure. Auxiliary facilities includes liquid material can area, central control area, central analysis and test area, compressing station, coal transportation, comprehensive warehouse, safety equipment (occupational health, fire department) and maintenance. Infrastructure includes water supply and drainage system, road, environmental facility and transportation system for the plant, power distribution station, thermal power generator, communication system, heating and ventilation system and living area such as office building, dorm building etc..The total investment will be 2,934,820,000 Yuan, among which 2,797,450,000 Y uan will be used for fixed assets, 137,370,000 for liquidity assets. The average cost for the major products is 8,342 Yuan/T (taking 2500 Yuan/T as the methanol price), so the annual profit is expected to be 335,290,000 Yuan, and the total investment can be claimed back in 8.71 years, the profit margin for the investment will reach 6.42%, IRR will be 13.56% (before taxation) and 12.16 (after taxation), and BEP will be 62.95%.。
提高科技成果转化和产业化水平的重要意义
提高科技成果转化和产业化水平的重要意义1.提高科技成果转化和产业化水平对于推动经济发展具有重要意义。
Improving the level of technology transformation and industrialization is of great significance for promoting economic development.2.高效的科技成果转化和产业化可以带动创新型产业的发展。
Efficient technology transformation and industrialization can drive the development of innovative industries.3.科技成果转化和产业化水平的提高可促进科技创新成果的应用。
Improving the level of technology transformation and industrialization can promote the application oftechnological innovation achievements.4.促进科技成果转化和产业化有利于提升企业的竞争力和创新能力。
Promoting technology transformation and industrialization is conducive to enhancing the competitiveness and innovation of enterprises.5.提高科技成果转化和产业化水平可以推动产业升级和转型。
Improving the level of technology transformation and industrialization can promote industrial upgrading and transformation.6.加强科技成果转化和产业化工作有利于优化产业结构。
锆合金的研发历史、现状及发展趋势
㊀第41卷㊀第5期2022年5月中国材料进展MATERIALS CHINAVol.41㊀No.5May 2022收稿日期:2021-12-15㊀㊀修回日期:2022-03-22基金项目:国家自然科学基金优青项目(51922082)第一作者:贾豫婕,女,1997年生,博士研究生通讯作者:韩卫忠,男,1981年生,教授,博士生导师,Email:wzhanxjtu@DOI :10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.202112010锆合金的研发历史㊁现状及发展趋势贾豫婕,林希衡,邹小伟,韩卫忠(西安交通大学金属材料强度国家重点实验室,陕西西安710016)摘㊀要:锆合金作为一种重要的战略材料,被誉为 原子能时代的第一金属 ,由于其低中子吸收率㊁抗腐蚀㊁耐高温等优点,被广泛用作核反应堆关键结构材料㊂我国锆合金基础研究及工业化发展起步较晚,锆合金种类较少,因此,锆合金的研发受到了学术界及工业界的广泛重视㊂回顾了核用锆合金研发的历史进程㊁应用现状及未来发展趋势,阐明了锆合金基础研究和开发应用的重要性,简要介绍了新兴的高性能锆合金,包括医用锆合金㊁耐腐蚀锆合金㊁高强高韧锆合金和锆基非晶合金㊂随着核反应堆的升级换代和非核用应用需求的多样化,发展新型锆合金㊁拓展锆合金的应用范围,是锆合金未来研发的着眼点㊂关键词:锆合金;包壳;强韧化;耐蚀性;抗辐照性中图分类号:TG146.4+14;TB31㊀㊀文献标识码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1674-3962(2022)05-0354-17引用格式:贾豫婕,林希衡,邹小伟,等.锆合金的研发历史㊁现状及发展趋势[J].中国材料进展,2022,41(5):354-370.JIA Y J,LIN X H,ZOU X W,et al .Research &Development History,Status and Prospect of Zirconium Alloys[J].Materials China,2022,41(5):354-370.Research &Development History ,Status andProspect of Zirconium AlloysJIA Yujie,LIN Xiheng,ZOU Xiaowei,HAN Weizhong(State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials,Xi a n Jiaotong University,Xi a n 710016,China)Abstract :Zirconium alloys,as an important strategic material,also widely known as the first metal in the atomic-energyage ,are widely used in nuclear reactors as key structural components because of their small thermal neutron capture cross-section,excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature mechanical properties.The fundamental research and industrial-ization of zirconium alloy in China is later than that of the developed countries.As a result,our zirconium industries have less variants of products,which attract broad attentions from the academic communities and industry sectors.In this review,we retrospect the development history,application status and future trends of nuclear-related zirconium alloys,and empha-size the importance of accelerating fundamental research and developing new zirconium alloys.The design and development of advanced high-performance zirconium alloys are also briefly introduced,including medical-used zirconium alloys,corro-sion-resistant zirconium alloys,high strength-high toughness zirconium alloys and zirconium-based amorphous alloys.With the requirements of further upgrading of nuclear reactors and the diverse applications,the development of new zirconium al-loys and the broadening of their applications are key points in future research &development of advanced zirconium alloys.Key words :zirconium alloy;fuel cladding;strength-ductility;corrosion resistance;irradiation resistance1㊀前㊀言锆元素的地壳丰度约为1.30ˑ10-4,处于第18位㊂然而,锆矿石全球储量分布不均,如图1a 所示,供需市场严重错位[1]㊂锆的熔点为1852ħ,具有低毒㊁耐腐蚀㊁热中子吸收截面小㊁高温力学性能优良㊁与人体相容性好等优点;其化合物如氧化锆㊁氯氧化锆等具有独特的化学和物理性能㊂因此,锆及锆制品被广泛应用于核工业㊁化学工业㊁陶瓷工业㊁耐火材料工业㊁铸造业㊁航空航天㊁医疗行业等㊂目前,我国锆产业的生产和发展主要有2个特点:一是锆矿石严重依赖进口(图1a);二是主要消费品集中在陶瓷等领域,初级产品占比高㊁产能过剩,整体产业污染高㊁效益低㊁高端产品占比少㊁All Rights Reserved.㊀第5期贾豫婕等:锆合金的研发历史㊁现状及发展趋势自主化程度低[2-4](图1b)㊂因此,亟需合理规划和布局锆行业的发展,提高锆相关产品的技术含量和附加值,打破锆合金高端市场的国际垄断,在国内建立完整高效的锆合金供应链,对整个锆合金行业进行深入思考和规划㊂图1㊀锆资源分布及生产分析:(a)全球锆矿资源分布[1],(b)国内锆合金产业结构分析及预测[2-4]Fig.1㊀Zr reserves and production:(a)world Zr reserves [1],(b)analysis and forecast of China Zr industry [2-4]2㊀核用锆合金的研发现状2.1㊀国外锆合金研发历程核燃料包壳材料选择的多重设计约束包括抗蠕变性能㊁强度㊁韧性㊁抗中子辐照㊁热中子吸收截面㊁高温性能㊁化学兼容性等各种综合性能的限制[5]㊂锆合金在高温材料中具有较低的热中子吸收截面和较为优良的抗辐照能力,自20世纪50年代开始作为核反应堆中重要的结构材料延用至今㊂美国㊁俄罗斯㊁法国及德国等国家自20世纪50年代起先后研发出一系列锆合金㊂受当时的冶炼条件限制,高纯锆在冶炼及加工过程中会不可避免地引入Ti,C,Al,N,Si 等有害杂质,降低了合金的耐腐蚀性能㊂Sn 作为α相稳定元素,能吸收合金中有害杂质[6]㊂因此,美国于1951年研发出了Zr-2.5Sn 合金,即Zr-1合金[7-9]㊂并在Zr-1合金基础上调整合金成分研制出了Zr-2合金(Zr-1.7Sn-0.2Fe-0.1Cr-0.05Ni),但Ni 元素的加入导致Zr-2合金吸氢量增加㊂于是,在Zr-2合金基础上去掉Ni 元素,增加Fe 元素,研制出了Zr-4合金[10]㊂锆合金中较高含量的Sn 不利于进一步提高合金的耐腐蚀性能,之后,随着冶炼技术的发展,通过将Zr-4合金中的Sn 含量控制在较低水平,并通过增加Fe 和Cr 的含量,改进型Zr-4合金得到了发展㊂此外,不同于美国侧重于研发Zr-Sn 系合金,依据Nb 元素较小的热中子吸收截面和强化合金的作用,前苏联发展了E110等Zr-Nb 系合金[11],加拿大开发了Zr-2.5Nb 合金用作CANDU 重水反应堆的压力管材料[12]㊂随着各国不断提高燃料能耗㊁降低循环成本,改进型Zr-4合金已不能满足50GWd /tU 以上的高燃耗要求[13],各种新型高性能锆合金相继被研发并且部分合金已投入生产,如法国的M5合金[14]㊁美国西屋公司的Zirlo 合金[15]㊁前苏联的E635合金[16]㊁日本的NDA 合金[6]㊁韩国的HA-NA 合金[6]等㊂2.2㊀我国锆合金研发历程面对国外长期的技术封锁及国家核工业发展的急需,我国从20世纪60年代初开始了锆合金的研究及工业化生产,期间成功制取了原子能级海绵锆,建设了西北锆管有限责任公司等具有先进水平㊁与中国大型核电站配套发展的现代化企业,生产制造的国产Zr-4合金完全满足工程要求㊂自20世纪90年代初开始,我国研制了以N18(NZ2)和N36(NZ8)合金为代表的具有自主知识产权的第三代锆合金[17,18]㊂21世纪初开始,一批性能优异的CZ 系列㊁SZA 系列锆合金先后启动研发㊂国内外几种典型核用锆合金的成分对比如表1所示[19]㊂作为核工业的重要材料,核级锆材的国产化生产至关重要㊂将国内外重要的锆合金牌号及其相应的研发年份汇总至图2中[6-17],可以发现我国目前已经具备了各类核级锆材的供应能力,建立了较为完整的自主化核级锆材产业体系,但产能较低㊁自主化水平较弱㊂据中国核能行业协会‘2021年核电行业述评及2022年展望“可知,截至2021年12月底,我国大陆地区商运核电机组53台,总装机容量为5463.695万千瓦;在建核电机组16台,总容量是1750.779万千瓦㊂因此,我国的核电产业每年所需锆材约为1071.6~1268.4t,海绵锆约为2143.2~2536.8t [20]㊂目前国核宝钛锆业㊁中核晶环锆业㊁东方锆业的海绵锆年产能分别约为1500,500和150t,总体产能低于每年海绵锆的需求量㊂总体来看,通过加强锆矿石进口海外布局,推动核用锆合金自主化,提高锆合金企业研发能力和生产效益,是突破我国核工业关键材料卡脖子问题㊁确保我国能源安全的关键一步㊂553All Rights Reserved.中国材料进展第41卷表1㊀几种典型核用锆合金的成分[19]Table 1㊀Composition of several typical nuclear Zr alloys [19]Alloy Chemical compositions /wt%Sn Nb FeCrNi Cu Country Zr-2 1.5 0.150.10.05 USA Zr-41.50.220.1 USAE110 1.0USSR E1252.5Canada Zr-2.5Nb-0.5Cu2.5 0.5Canada Zirlo1.01.00.1USAE635 1.20 1.00.4USSR N18(NZ2)1.00.30.30.1ChinaN36(NZ8) 1.01.00.3China图2㊀国内外锆合金研发历程[6-17]Fig.2㊀Research history of Zr alloys [6-17]2.3㊀核用锆材发展趋势锆合金的研发周期长㊁服役要求高,从研发到批量化生产需要经过大量的性能测试和工序调整(见图3),因此,近20年内核反应堆服役的锆合金种类及应用结构部件近乎不变[21-23],目前核反应堆常用锆合金应用情况如表2所示[21-25]㊂但随着三代核反应堆的逐渐发展及应用,在保证核反应堆安全㊁高效㊁经济的前提下,其燃耗㊁服役寿命及可用性需求不断提升[24],如华龙一号平均燃耗达到45000MWd /tU 以上㊁CAP1400的目标燃耗为60000MWd /tU㊁锆合金的换料周期从12个月延长至18个月及以上,这些要求使得各国密切关注锆合金服役性能的提升㊂其中,拟采取的主要措施为多元合金化和改进加工工艺[25]㊂同时,在现有锆合金的基础上进行成分调整也是发展方向之一,如美国西屋电气公司通过将Zirlo 中Sn 的含量从1%下调至0.6%~0.8%,从而得到耐腐蚀性能和抗蠕变性能更加优异的Optimized Zirlo (OPT Zirlo)[26]㊂我国核用锆合金发展现阶段的目标是实现先进压水堆燃料组件用锆合金结构材料的自主产业化㊂目前,我表2㊀核反应堆常用锆合金应用情况[21-25]Table 2㊀The application of representative zirconium alloys in thenuclear reactor [21-25]Designation of zirconium alloy Reactor types UsageZr-2,Zr-4,BWR (boiling water reactor)Fuel cladding,spacers,fuel outer channel,et al .Zr-4,Zirlo,duplex,M5,MDA,NDAPWR (pressurized water reactor)Fuel cladding,guide tube,grid spacers,plug,fuel outer channel,access port,et al .Zr-2,Zr-4,Zr-2.5NbCANDU Pressure tube,calandria tube,fuel cladding,garter springs,plug,et al .E110VVER-440㊁VVER-1000Fuel cladding,grid spacersE110,E635RBMKFuel cladding,guide tube,fuel outer channel,spacers653All Rights Reserved.㊀第5期贾豫婕等:锆合金的研发历史㊁现状及发展趋势图3㊀新型锆合金的研发历程[22]Fig.3㊀The research and development route of a new zirconium alloy [22]国的锆合金研发及应用现状如下:不同型号核反应堆所用的Zr-4合金㊁M5合金和Zirlo 合金已经具备全流程的国产化制造能力,其中Zirlo 合金的入堆服役标志着我国核级锆材国产化目标的实现;国内自主研制的SZA 系列和CZ 系列锆合金堆内测试基本完成,工程化生产及性能评价已进入尾声,预计在2025年之前完成该系列新型锆合金的工程化应用;N36作为 华龙一号 中CF3核燃料组件的指定包壳材料,已在巴基斯坦卡拉奇核电站2号机组运行使用[27,28]㊂在自主产业化目标即将实现的同时,我国核用锆合金发展的部分问题仍未解决,例如自主研制的核用锆合金种类少,堆内测试地点少,堆内模拟数据库急需建立,针对锆材加工工艺㊁组织分析与堆内外服役性能之间的机理联系研究尚有不足等㊂2.4㊀核用锆材的生产加工技术进展及新型锆合金的开发改进锆合金的生产加工工艺与研制新型锆合金是发展核用锆材的关键㊂近年来,国内外在锆合金的生产加工技术以及合金成分优化方面都取得了重要进展㊂2.4.1㊀锆合金的加工技术进展核用锆合金管件的加工一般采用如图4所示的工艺流程[29],依次包括锆合金铸锭的熔炼㊁铸锭锻造㊁β相区淬火㊁热轧㊁反复的冷轧及退火,最终达到尺寸要求㊂改进锆合金的加工工艺是推动锆合金国产化的重要方面㊂目前,各个核发达国家均建成了从原子能级海绵锆到核图4㊀锆合金管件常规的加工热处理工艺流程图[29]Fig.4㊀Conventional processing and heat treatment process of Zr alloy tube[29]753All Rights Reserved.中国材料进展第41卷级锆合金结构材料的完整产业链㊂其中,美国的华昌㊁西屋电气,法国的法玛通等公司代表了锆合金产业化的世界先进水平㊂近年来,我国在锆合金的加工工艺方面取得了极大进展㊂在锆合金的熔炼工艺方面,采用非自耗真空电弧熔炼法可以得到组织均一㊁性能良好的锆合金,且铸锭的实际化学成分与预期的成分也相吻合;在锆合金的生产方面,通过工程化研究,我国已系统解决了Zr-4合金大规格铸锭(Φ=650mm 及以上)的熔炼技术及成分的均匀化调控技术㊁铸锭低温开坯技术㊁管材低温加工技术及织构调控技术㊁管材的表面处理技术㊁精整及检测技术等;在锆合金的热加工工艺方面,累积退火参数A 为锆锡合金管的加工提供了有效指导[30]㊂国内多家锆合金企业在生产加工技术方面也取得了很大的进步[31]㊂2010~2013年,中国核动力研究设计院联合西北有色金属研究院研制了采用国产两辊轧机两道次轧制㊁配合进口KPW25轧机生产Φ9.5mm ˑ0.57mm 管材的生产工艺,攻克铸锭均匀化熔炼㊁挤压感应加热等技术难题,推动了N36合金科研成果的转化㊂此外,国核锆业股份公司通过消化吸收美国西屋公司Zirlo 合金生产技术,成功熔炼得到核级Zr-4铸锭㊁R60702铸锭及Zirlo 返回料铸锭,实现了锆合金铸锭大规模国产化的新突破,建立了完整自主化的锆材加工生产线㊂综上所述,在锆合金生产加工工艺改进方面,国家还需加大投入力度,强化生产条件建设,加快具有自主知识产权锆合金的产业化生产步伐,实现核用锆合金研发生产加工的自主化,积极参与国际市场竞争㊂2.4.2㊀新型锆合金的研究与开发新型锆合金研发的主要趋势是开发多元合金,在Zr-Sn-Nb 系合金的基础上通过加入多种合金元素,同时提高锆合金的耐腐蚀性能及力学性能等㊂国内外新型核级锆合金的牌号及详细成分详见表3[31,32]㊂由表3可知,近20年来,随着核电技术的进一步发展,各国在新型锆合金成分筛选方面继续探索,美国㊁法国㊁韩国等在已经成功应用的锆合金基础上,开展了成分优化及新合金成分锆合金的研究㊂为打破国外核级锆合金厂商对锆合金成分的垄断,以中国核工业集团有限公司㊁国家核电技术有限公司㊁表3㊀国内外新型锆合金牌号及成分[31,32]Table 3㊀New Zr alloys developed by different countries [31,32]Designation of zirconium alloyChemical compositions /wt%SnNbFeCr Other Country OPT Zirlo0.60~0.790.80~1.200.09~0.13USAX5A0.500.300.350.25USA Valloy0.10 1.10~1.20USA VB 1.00 0.50 1.00USAM5 1.00 Sʒ(0.10~0.35)ˑ10-2Oʒ0.13~0.17France OPT M50.10~0.301.000.10~0.30France J11.80Japan J2 1.60 0.10 Japan J32.50 JapanHANA-40.40 1.500.200.10 Korea HANA-61.10Cuʒ0.05Korea N18(NZ2)0.80~1.200.20~0.400.30~0.400.05~0.10China N36(NZ8)0.80~1.200.90~1.100.10~0.40ChinaC7 0.10 Cuʒ0.01Sʒ0.025China CZ-10.800.250.350.10Cuʒ0.05China CZ-2 1.000.15 Cuʒ0.01China SZA-4/60.50~0.800.25~1.000.20~0.350~0.10Geʒ0.05or Cuʒ0.05or Siʒ0.015China 853All Rights Reserved.㊀第5期贾豫婕等:锆合金的研发历史㊁现状及发展趋势中国广核集团㊁西北有色金属研究院等为代表的核电材料龙头企业及研究机构从20世纪90年代初开始注重开发具有自主知识产权的锆合金㊂在前期研究的基础上,西北有色金属研究院进行了锆合金中试研究,确定了新一代锆合金的合金成分范围和加工工艺,研制出2种新型锆合金NZ2(N18)和NZ8(N36)㊂2009~2011年,西北有色金属研究院依托国家 863 计划项目成功研发了一种Zr-Nb 系锆合金 C7合金㊂2016年,由中广核集团自主研发设计的4组STEP-12核燃料组件和4组高性能核级锆合金(CZ 锆合金)样品管组件正式装入岭澳核电站二期1号机组,随反应堆进行辐照考验,这也标志着中广核集团全面掌握了核燃料组件的研究㊁设计㊁制造和试验技术㊂同时,国核宝钛锆业股份公司自主研发的SZA 新型锆合金紧跟锆合金发展趋势,在Zr-Sn-Nb 系合金的基础上添加微量合金元素Ge,Si 和Cu㊂试验结果表明,SZA 系列合金具有优良的耐腐蚀㊁吸氢和力学性能,有望用于CAP1400燃料组件中㊂2018年,在经过8年的技术攻关之后,我国突破了N36锆合金制备的核心技术环节,成功掌握了具有自主知识产权的完整N36锆合金工程化制备技术,已实现批量化生产,并成功应用于 华龙一号 CF3燃料组件的制造,打破了国外长期垄断的局面,解决了我国长期的锆合金出口受限问题[27,28]㊂2.5㊀锆合金的微观组织演化锆合金的再结晶行为,第二相粒子的种类㊁尺寸及分布对锆合金的抗腐蚀性能㊁力学性能有很大的影响㊂此外,锆合金在加工过程中形成的强织构不仅影响锆合金中氢化物的分布特征,还是辐照生长㊁应力腐蚀开裂等的重要诱因㊂因此,锆合金的合金成分和加工工艺对其微观组织和织构演化有重要影响,系统研究锆合金的微观组织演化规律与加工工艺之间的关系是优化锆合金综合性能的基础㊂2.5.1㊀锆合金的微观组织特征核反应堆的极端服役条件要求加工后的锆合金具有均匀的微观组织㊁充分再结晶的晶粒和弥散分布的第二相颗粒等㊂研究表明,通过增加加工变形量或提高热处理温度都会加速Zr-1Nb 合金的再结晶进程[33](见图5)㊂合金元素Mo 的添加大大延缓了Zr-Nb 合金的再结晶过程[34],并且会显著降低Zr-Nb 合金的晶粒尺寸,进而降低合金的塑性㊂含Nb 锆合金的第二相大小及弥散程度与累积退火参数的相关性不强㊂因此,如何在Zr-Nb 合金中获得均匀弥散分布的第二相成为生产加工的重点问题㊂实验表明,N36(NZ8)锆合金中第二相粒子的尺寸㊁数量㊁分布与终轧前热处理的保温温度和保温时间相关[35]㊂经580ħ保温的N36(NZ8)锆合金具有细小且分布均匀的第二相粒子,其耐腐蚀性能较好㊂反之,保温温度的升高或保温时间的延长导致第二相粒子逐渐演化为带状分布,颗粒尺寸增加,耐腐蚀性能显著降低㊂此外,亦有研究发现在650~800ħ保温时,Zr-Nb-Fe 第二相粒子因结构不稳定发生溶解,同时基体析出β-Zr 相[36](见图6)㊂图5㊀Zr-1Nb 合金在580ħ下保温不同时间后的显微组织结构[33]:(a)冷轧变形态,(b)10min,(c)30min,(d)180min;(e)再结晶Zr-1Nb 试样在不同加工变形量㊁热处理温度及退火时间条件下的平均晶粒尺寸Fig.5㊀Microstructures of Zr-1Nb alloy annealed at 580ħfor various time [33]:(a)as-deformed,(b)10min,(c)30min,(d)180min;(e)average grain size of the recrystallized Zr-1Nb specimens subjected to different rolling stain,annealing temperature and annealing time953All Rights Reserved.中国材料进展第41卷图6㊀Zr-Sn-Nb 合金在不同温度保温后淬火得到的显微组织[36]:(a)原始组织,(b)590ħ保温50h,(c)650ħ保温15h,(d)800ħ保温40min,(e)900ħ保温10min,(f)Zr-Nb 二元合金相图富Zr 端Fig.6㊀Microstructure of Zr-Sn-Nb alloy after different temperature of heat preservation [36]:(a)as-received microstructure,(b)590ħ/50h,(c)650ħ/15h,(d)800ħ/40min,(e)900ħ/10min,(f)rich Zr zone of Zr-Nb binary alloy phase diagram2.5.2㊀锆合金的织构锆合金用于核燃料包壳管时,加工织构不仅影响其力学性能,还会影响其辐照生长㊁应力腐蚀开裂和氢脆等行为,因此,加工过程中对锆合金管材织构的控制是十分重要的[37,38]㊂对Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe 新型锆合金管冷轧后的织构分析结果表明[39],管材的织构类型与织构含量随冷加工变形量的变化而变化(如图7所示)㊂冷轧变形前,管材中的主要织构类型为<0001>//周向(TD)和<1120>//轧向(AD)㊂随变形量的增加,<1120>//AD 织构的含量急剧减少,同时<1010>//AD 织构的含量则快速增加,表明取向为<1120>//AD 的晶粒随变形量的增加逐渐转至<1010>//AD㊂图7㊀锆合金管材冷轧变形中织构组分的演化[39]:(a)管材变形锥体示意图,(b)织构组分变化曲线Fig.7㊀Variation of texture component in Zr cladding tube during cold rolling [39]:(a)deformation cone of Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe cladding,(b)tex-ture components evolution with strain [39]㊀㊀Zr-4合金带材是重要的核燃料组件定位格架结构材料,其织构影响辐照生长的倾向,进而影响格架的夹持力[40],因此,如何在生产中控制锆合金带材的织构是一个重要的课题㊂研究发现,β淬火板坯厚度㊁热轧总变形量㊁热轧温度等均会影响Zr-4合金板带材的织构,但热轧变形量的影响最显著[41-43],因此在工业生产中,应主要考虑通过调整热轧变形量来控制锆合金板带材的织构㊂此外,热轧变形量也会对锆合金板材的织构因子,即轧面法向织构因子f n ㊁轧向织构因子f 1以及横向织构因子f t 产生影响㊂增大板材的热轧总变形量能够增大织构因子f n ,同时减小织构因子f 1和f t [43]㊂2.6㊀核用锆合金的堆内(外)性能锆合金在服役过程中始终处于高温㊁高压㊁高应力㊁强辐照的服役环境,且锆合金在高温下极易与用作冷却63All Rights Reserved.㊀第5期贾豫婕等:锆合金的研发历史㊁现状及发展趋势剂的水发生反应,进而引发腐蚀㊁吸氢等一系列问题,因此锆合金的堆内外性能研究受到了广泛的关注㊂2.6.1㊀锆合金的腐蚀性能金属材料的腐蚀反应包括扩散㊁迁移㊁吸附㊁解吸㊁氧化还原和相变等步骤,如图8a所示,其中,影响腐蚀速度的关键因素是氧离子在氧化层中的扩散速率[44]㊂因此,依据Wagner-Hauffle假说[21],可以初步确定锆合金的合金化元素㊂随着锆合金合金成分多元化的发展趋势,腐蚀增重从单一的转折过程变成了复杂的多阶段性过程,如图8b所示,因此,阐明不同成分第二相粒子的耐腐蚀机理变得非常重要㊂通常,第二相的腐蚀速率比基体慢[45,46]㊂当基体被氧化时,内部的第二相被氧化锆包围,均匀弥散分布的第二相可以释放四方相氧化锆内应力,稳定致密柱状晶结构,减缓腐蚀增重转折点的出现㊂而在复杂的服役环境中,中子辐照会造成第二相的溶解和重新分布[47],基于此,有研究[48]建议选择尺寸较大的第二相,从而增加致密氧化层的稳定时间,提高合金耐腐蚀性能㊂图8㊀锆的腐蚀过程示意图[44]:(a)腐蚀中的物质传输,(b)不同合金的整体腐蚀增重曲线Fig.8㊀Illustration of corrosion mechanisms in Zr alloy[44]:(a)ions transportation in corrosion,(b)corrosion weight gain curves of different Zr alloys㊀㊀下面以含Nb(Nb>0.6%,质量分数)锆合金为例简要分析第二相对其腐蚀行为的影响㊂对于含β-Nb的锆合金,延长保温时间以增加β-Nb的析出不一定能够提高基体的耐腐蚀性能,因此,关于β-Nb对基体耐腐蚀性能的影响存在争议[49-52]㊂这种争议的主要原因在于,当合金中含有Fe,Cr,Cu等元素时,其扩散系数比Nb元素高,第二相析出更快,长时间的时效反而会导致其余第二相的析出长大,从而抵消β-Nb的抗腐蚀作用,最终基体的耐腐蚀性能升高不明显㊂总体而言,均匀弥散的β-Nb是具有耐腐蚀作用的,退火参数的选择需要综合不同的合金成分和加工工序进行调整,最终使β-Nb保持弥散㊁均匀的分布㊂近期的研究[53]阐明了β-Zr抗腐蚀能力提高的原因,由于β-Zr会发生共析反应,逐步分解为α-Zr和抗腐蚀性较好的β-Nb,保障了氧化层结构中致密而稳定的四方相氧化锆不断形成,从而降低了基体腐蚀速率㊂除却整体的腐蚀规律,局部腐蚀特征也是研究人员关注的重点,如疖状腐蚀和横向裂纹的产生㊂目前,关于疖状腐蚀的微观机理主要有2种:KUWAE氢聚集模型[54]和周邦新形核长大模型[55](如图9所示)㊂KUWAE氢聚集模型的机理解释为氢聚集在Zr/ZrO2界面上之后巨大的氢压导致氧化膜的破裂,从而使得腐蚀的进一步加剧㊂该模型主要适用于沸水堆[56],这一理论也可以解释大粒径的第二相粒子如何通过影响局部氢传输速度从而导致疖状腐蚀的产生[56]㊂周邦新形核长大模型的机理图9㊀疖状腐蚀机理整体认知:(a)KUWAE氢聚集模型[54],(b)周邦新形核长大模型[55]Fig.9㊀The mechanisms of nodular corrosion:(a)KUWAE model[54],(b)Zhou Bangxin model[55]163All Rights Reserved.中国材料进展第41卷解释是表面取向㊁合金元素㊁析出相局部不均匀导致了氧化膜的局部增厚现象,而氧化膜与基体的内应力不协调使得氧化膜的进一步长大,从而形成了疖状腐蚀㊂而氧化膜与基体的不协调也是横向裂纹产生的主要诱因㊂基于此,研究者[57,58]认为在ZrO2/Zr界面上由于晶体取向的各向异性,引发了第二相的偏聚及氧化层的各向异性生长,从而导致疖状腐蚀的形成[58]㊂随着锆合金合金化元素种类的增加,在今后的研究中,需重点关注不同合金元素带来的腐蚀性能差异,进而建立全面的腐蚀调控理论㊂此外,随着核反应堆向更高堆芯功率密度和更长服役寿命方向发展,对包壳和堆芯结构材料的服役可靠性提出了更高要求,尤其是对锆合金的超高温耐腐蚀性能提出了需求㊂日本福岛核事故中锆包壳与高温水蒸气反应引发氢爆,对现有核燃料组件的安全可靠性敲响了警钟,同时加速推动新型包壳和核燃料组件的研发㊂因此,研发事故容错燃料组件,预防失水事故(LOCA)时锆包壳与高温水蒸气反应引发重大安全事故,是当前的研究热点之一㊂目前,事故容错燃料领域主要包括3种研发思路[59]:①在现有包壳材料表面涂覆涂层,包壳涂层需具备抗氧化性㊁高附着性㊁热膨胀系数匹配㊁耐辐照㊁自我修复㊁高保护性以及制造工艺的稳定性等指标[60],目前的研究主要集中在铬涂层㊁SiC陶瓷涂层㊁高熵合金涂层等;②研究新型燃料包壳材料替换当前的锆合金㊂经过多年的研究,研究者们普遍认为钼合金㊁先进不锈钢[61]㊁SiC基陶瓷复合材料[62]㊁高熵合金[63]等具备代替锆合金的潜力;③研发新型核燃料组件以替代目前的整体UO2基燃料组件,从而大幅度提升核燃料组件的传热效率,降低堆芯温度㊂目前高性能燃料组件的设计思路主要包括美国提出的环形燃料组件[64]和 麻花型 扭转组件[65]等,其中环形燃料组件的发展较为成熟㊂2.6.2㊀锆合金的抗辐照损伤性能核用锆合金在核反应堆中的服役周期一般为12个月及以上,长时间高剂量中子辐照对锆合金的结构和性能产生重要影响,因此,锆的辐照损伤行为是评价其服役可靠性的关键问题之一㊂如图10所示,锆合金在中子辐照下容易引发辐照生长[66]㊁辐照硬化[67]和辐照蠕变[68]等㊂这些辐照效应会使锆包壳产生一系列服役安全问题,澄清其微观机制是调控锆合金抗辐照性能的关键㊂图10㊀锆合金的辐照效应:(a)辐照生长[66],(b)辐照硬化[67],(c)辐照蠕变[68]Fig.10㊀The irradiation damage of Zr alloy:(a)irradiation growth[66],(b)irradiation hardening[67],(c)irradiation creep[68]㊀㊀研究表明,辐照生长与<a>型和<c>型位错环密切相关,其中<c>型位错环的形成机理存在争议㊂最新研究[69]揭示了一种<c>型位错环形成的可能机制㊂纯锆在辐照后间隙型位错环的比例高于空位型位错环,额外的空位形成了二维三角形空位型缺陷㊂通过比较三角形空位缺陷与<c>型位错环的尺寸以及两者的能量,发现当三角形空位型缺陷达到临界尺寸后,会塌陷形成能量更低的<c>型位错环㊂氢的存在会降低表面能㊁稳定空位,促进了二维三角形空位型缺陷的形成㊂界面工程是提高材料抗辐照性能的重要方法㊂界面的引入可以加速辐照缺陷的湮灭,降低辐照缺陷的聚集,提高材料的抗辐照性能[70]㊂此外,界面还具有吸收辐照缺陷[71]㊁通过 空位泵 [72]机制调控辐照点缺陷分布的作用㊂如何在锆合金设计中引入大量相界面是一个重要的挑战㊂研究者曾采用连续叠轧[73]和磁控溅射[74]技术制备层状锆合金,然而这些方法得到的材料各向异性强㊁加工成本高㊁工艺重复性差㊂近期,研究者采用热机械相变法[75],成功制备出了多级三维纳米层状双相锆铌合金,该合金具备优异的力学性能和抗辐照损伤能力㊂锆合金在服役过程中的辐照蠕变和辐照生长等严重影响其服役安全性㊂通常入堆后的锆材放射性较强,难以进一步细致表征,因此,模拟计算成为了研究和评价新型锆合金抗辐照性能的重要手段[76]㊂在宏观尺度上,一般采用有限元方法进行模拟㊂在介观尺度上,研究者通过VPSC(Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent)方法评估多晶蠕变和生长行为[77,78],通过速率理论[79]模拟缺陷演化并预测辐照硬化㊂在原子尺度上一般采用第一性原理计算和分子动力学模拟的方法研究点缺陷及其复合体的性质㊂最终,通过建立模拟平台实现对锆合金服役性能的跨尺度预测㊂综上所述,加强锆合金辐照损伤机理的研究,有利于促进新型抗辐照锆合金的设计㊂此外,加强多功能测试用263All Rights Reserved.。
生物法合成胞苷的研究进展
摘 要院胞苷作为重要的抗肿瘤尧抗病毒药物中间体袁其合成方法与工业化进程可以说直接影响药物产品的研究和生
产遥而胞苷的合成方法上主要分为化学合成法与生物法袁其中生物法是当今研究的热点袁常见的方法有核糖核酸水解
法尧前体物添加发酵法和直接发酵法遥而直接发酵法则以产率高尧成本低等诸多优势成为研究重点袁其研究核心在于
MA Ruo-shuang1袁2袁 FANG Hai-tian1袁2*袁 LIU Hui-yan1袁2袁 WANG Ru1袁2袁 LIU Yu-xuan1袁2袁 LI Jin-na1袁2袁 ZHAO Bei-bei1袁2袁 MA Jiang-tao1袁2
渊1.Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-A pplications Technology and Safety Control袁Ningxia University袁 Y inchuan Ningxia 750021袁China曰
通过现代分子生物技术进行稳定高产菌种的培育遥本文简单概述了生物法合成胞苷的主要方法与途径袁对解淀粉芽
孢杆菌育种的实例进行了综述遥
关键词院胞苷曰合成曰酶法曰发酵法
中图分类号院TQ464
文献标识码院A
文章编号院1674-506X渊2019冤01-0071-0005
Research Progress in the Synthesis of Cytidine by Biological Methods
胞苷渊Cytidine冤袁全称胞嘧啶核苷渊Cytosine Ri鄄 boside冤袁 是由胞嘧啶的 N-1 和 D-核糖的 C-1 位置
收稿日期院2018-10-09 基金项目院国家自然科学基金项目渊31301542袁31560445袁31860020冤曰中央财政支持地方高校改革发展资金-食品学科建设项目曰
The_Application_of_AI_Big_Model_Will_Usher_in_the_
The Application of AI Big Model Will Usher in the “Wave Y ear”By Guo Yan2023 was known as the year of artificial intelligence, and the application of large models emerged one after another. From the beginning of the year, the cognitive intelligence model repre-sented by ChatGPT was born, which quickly detonated the market. In the second half of the year, large-scale models quickly entered a new stage. Many large-scale models moved from technology to commercialization, and each family seized the high ground of data, computing power, scenarios and applications to compete for the right to speak in the large-scale model market.The vertical big model landed fastestWith the increasing popularity of the market, many enterprises are devoting themselves to the research and development of large-scale modelapplications. According to enterprise survey data, since New Year’s Day in 2023, there were 104 enterprises whose trademark names, patent names and patent abstracts contained key words such as “big model, big language model, model training, text generation model, visual model and neural network model”.At present, the application fields of AI big models involve natural language processing, computer vision, manufacturing, the cultural industry, finance, medical care, education, retail, etc. In addition, AI big models in the fields of architecture, household appliances and semiconductors have also appeared one after another.“2023 is known as the year of artificial intelligence. This evaluation mainly stems from the continuous breakthroughs in core technologies such as deep learning and machine learning and the wide application of large models in various fields. Large models, such as GPT-4 and Tongyi Qianwen, have made remarkable ac h ie v ement s i n te x t c re at ion , intelligent customer ser vice and programming assistants with their powerful language generation and understanding abilities, which has left a deep impression on people. This is due to the high global investment in AI technology, the improvements in computing power, the richness of data resources and the continuous expansion of application scenarios,” Hong Yong, an associate researcher at E-commerce Institute of the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, stated in an exclusive interview with our reporter.For example, Miaobi Edition, the writer’s assistant of Yuewen Group,is positioned as “the industry’s first19large model of web fiction”, which provides functions such as assisting with creation, content diagnosis and answering questions. Hi Echo, the “world’s first virtual human oral private education experience” under Netease Youdao, was off icially launched in October, 2023, and has already been iterated to version 2.0. Baidu serves customers at three levels: by training big models, using big models and trialing their applications, and exploring big models in government, finance, transportation and other fields. Huawei Cloud built the Huawei Pangu model with the idea of “5 + N + X”, and formed industry solutions which have been in implemented in fields such as government affairs, finance, mining and intelligent driving.Fan Zhicong, Head of Yang Wuyou AI, is optimistic about the application of large models. He said: “It is possible to generate new and almost unlimited content based on the given input. The progress of this technology benef its from the development of powerful computing power, big data and deep learning a l gor it h ms. At t he s a me t i me, with the improvements in data and computing power, the performance of the model in natural language processing, visual recognition, question answering, and other tasks is also cont i nuously bei ng opt i m i z ed. The development seen over this yea r benef ited f rom t he globa l attention and investment in artificial intel ligence and the continuous innovation of related technologies.”In addition, at present, major provinces are developing large-scale models, with Beijing, Guangdong, Z he ji a n g, S h a n gh a i a nd ot he r places being the most active, with the largest number of large models. China’s New Generation Artificial Intelligence Technology Industry Development Report 2023 shows that Beijing accounts for 28% of the 2,200 artificial intelligence enterprises in China, with 618 artificial intelligence enterprises, ranking f irst among all provinces and cities in China. According to data from the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Economy and Information Technology, as of the beginning of October, 2023, thenumber of large models released inBeijing reached 115.Accord ing to t he Resea rc hReport of the China AI Big ModelMap released by the Institute ofScientific and Technical Informationof China, there are 79 large modelsabove the scale of 1 billion parametersin China, including 20 in GuangdongProvince, and accounting for 25.3%of the whole country. In November2023, t he People’s Gover nmentof Gu a ngdong Prov i nce is suedthe Implementation Opinions onAccelerating the Construction ofthe General Artificial IntelligenceIndustry Innovation Leading Place,proposing to strengthen the keytechnology research on large models.The commercialization ofbig models still faces manychallengesAlthough the AI big model industryis in full swing, insiders admit thatthe commercialization of domesticbig models is still in its infancy, andthe commercialization process stillfaces many challenges.“T h e c h a l l e n g e s f a c e d b yA I appl icat ions ma in ly inc ludetechnical bottlenecks, ethics, datasecurit y and privacy protection.First, although the large model has astrong performance, how to furtherimprove its reasoning ability, solvethe long tail problem and reduce thecalculation cost is still a technicalproblem. Secondly, the transparencyand controllability of AI’s decision-making need to be improved to avoidthe social risks caused by algorithmd i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d b l a c k-b o xoperation. Comparing China withEurope and America in this field,Europe and America have certainadvantages in basic research andoriginal technology, while China hasan outstanding performance record inindustrial application and marketing.For supervision, it is suggested tobuild a legal and regulatory systemthat adapts to the development ofAI, not only to encourage innovation,but also to ensure that data securityand personal privacy are effectivelyprotected. In the application field,we should pay attention to guidingAI to develop in the direction ofpeople’s livelihood and social welfaresuch as in education, medical careand env ironmenta l protection,”Hong Yong explained.At present, the data securityinvolved in the application of AI bigmodels and how to balance supervisionand technological innovation are thefocus of attention in the general industry.L i a n g Z h e np e n g, a s e n i o rindustrial economic observer, told thisreporter that, first, the acquisitionand processing of data is an importantcha l lenge, especia l ly for la rge-scale and high-quality labeled data.Secondly, the interpretability, securityand privacy protection of AI technologyalso need to be solved urgently. Inaddition, the standardization ofartificial intelligence in ethics andlaw is a lso a problem that mustbe faced. He said: “In response tothese challenges, and in terms ofsupervision, I believe that an A Ilaws and regulations system shouldbe establ ished and improved toensure the development of artificialintelligence on a compliant and safetrack. In the application field, it isimperative to encourage innovationand practice, and promote the deepintegration of AI technology acorssvarious industries.”Although the AI bigmodel industry isin full swing, thecommercialization ofdomestic big models isstill in its infancy, andthe commercializationprocess still faces manychallenges.20O n J u n e20,2023,t h e Cy b er s p ac e A d m i n is t r at ion of China issued an announcement on releasing the filing information of deep synthesis service algorithms, and announced the filing list of domestic deep synthesis service algorithms. The industry believes that with the release of the filing list, the regulatory rules are further being clarified. The big model license is expected to accelerate the landing and promote the transition of the supply side of the big model to a new stage.Fan Zhicong believes that for the application field, it is first necessary to st reng t hen t he resea rc h a nd development and optimization of AI technology to improve its performance and reliability. Secondly, we need to pay attention to the social impact and ethical issues of AI application to ensure that it operates within the legal and moral framework. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen data protection and privacy, and avoid the abuse of data and infringement on individual rights.Earlier, Li Yanhong, Founder, Chairman and CEO of Baidu, said at the Shenzhen 2023 X-Lake Forum that there are too many domestic big models, and there are too few AI native applications developed on the models. The industrialization mode of big models should combine the general capabilities of the basic models with the proprietary knowledge in the industry.Lu Yanxia, Research Directoro f I D C C h i n a, w a s f r a n k i nan inter v iew w ith our repor ter:“Although the popularity of the bigmodel exceeded expectations andgarnered great attention, there werenot many successful practices andmany fell short of expectations. TheB-end is not very impressive. On theC-end, the search interaction of thebig model can avoid the trouble ofchecking multiple apps once on thelarge model, which is more practical.However, the accuracy of the modeland the value of its application inthe actual scene need to be optimizedfor the scene, or it takes time tooptimize the iteration.”More industries will achievefurther landingsT h e i n d u s t r y g e n e r a l l yb e l i e v e s t h a t i n2024,t h eproductization, industrializationa n d c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n o f A Itechnology will be the top priorityof the development of large models.Fu Sheng, Chairman and CEO ofCheetah Mobile, said recently that2024 will be the wave year of AI bigmodel application.A few days ago, at the AIGCDevelopers Conference in China,Li Yang, the Ecological Director ofBaidu Big Model, expressed theirthoughts that with the development ofa big model in 2024, the improvementof high probability parameter orderis no longer the main theme of bigmodel development, traditiona lapplication software and big modelswill be better combined, and industryparticipants need to think aboutcompliance and localization issues.“In 2024, AI and big modelswill achieve further landings in moreindustries. For example, in the fieldof biomedicine, A I will aid newdrug research and development andprecision medical care. In intelligentmanufacturing, the big model willfurther optimize the productionprocess and improve the automationlevel. There will also be greaterbreakthroughs in smart cities andautonomous driving,” Hong Yong said.At the same time, he also pointed outthat it is necessary to pay attention todealing with potential social impactsand ethical challenges, promote thehealthy development of AI technology,and truly serve the progress of humansociety.Zhang Xuefeng, a f inancia lcommentator, believes that in 2024,the application of AI and big modelswill be more popular, involving morefields, such as medical care, educationand finance. The performance andeffect of the model will be furtherimproved, mak ing the artif icia lintelligence system more accurate andreliable. The driving factors for thistrend include the increasing amountof data, more eff icient algorithmdesign and the continuous progress ofhardware technology.According to Zhou Hong yi,t he fou nder of 360 Group, t hedevelopment direction of big modelsin China is industrialization andverticalization. In 2024, many realvertical big models will emerge. Thegovernment and enterprises willtrain vertical big models with theirown data, which proves that bigmodels can really solve problems.Regarding investment in the fieldof AI big models, Su Lianjie, ChiefAnalyst of Omdia AI, a researchinstitution, believes that investment inthe field of AI big models in China willincrease in 2024, and may focus on thetwo fields of big model algorithms andchips, that is, a more efficient algorithm21。
市场营销专业毕业论文题目
市场营销专业毕业论文题目1。
基于可持续发展的中小企业销售人员激励. ２。
郑州零售业态的现状及发展研究。
３．基于顾客体验的化妆品营销策略研究. 4。
郑州地区体育营销市场分析。
5。
中央电视台的广告经营模式。
６。
植入式广告的运作和效果研究。
7．从广告主角度看公益广告的市场化策略． 8。
基于网络媒体的广告道德研究。
9。
从××事件看企业的危机公关。
10。
基于品牌经营的企业核心竞争力研究． 11。
连锁超市在农村市场的营销策略。
12。
网络营销条件下得顾客忠诚。
13。
中小企业差异化营销策略研究。
1４。
和谐社会和现代营销研究。
15。
企业无形资产营销研究.１6.企业互联网营销理论和实践研究。
17。
跨文化营销进入策略研究。
18。
企业营销渠道冲突管理理论与实证分析。
1９。
电子采购在企业采购中的应用研究. ２0。
电子商务环境下我国企业供应链管理模式研究。
21.面向企业市场产品的营销渠道研究. 22。
对越界销售的管理研究.23.企业逆向物流运作方式研究。
２４.供应链企业通过营销策略影响市场需求之研究。
2５。
企业广告竞争决策研究。
2６。
客户知识的管理及其在营销决策中的应用。
27。
基于供应链管理的零售商-供应商合作关系研究。
2８．关于在我国构建伙伴型营销渠道关系的研究。
29。
顾客满意度测评方法及其应用。
30.营销风险预警管理研究。
3１。
营销中的智力资本管理。
32.面向新经济时代的企业市场营销策略。
3３。
网络经济下企业市场营销流程再造研究. ３4.国际绿色营销——我国企业进占国际市场战略选择。
35.营销伦理:商品“通道"中的道德“护栏"。
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中国农业科学endnote格式
我国农业科学是一门历史悠久、发展迅速的学科，其涵盖的内容十分广泛，包括农业生产、农业技术、种植业、畜牧业、农产品加工与贮藏等各个领域。
在我国农业科学中，有许多领域值得探讨和研究，其中自然也会涉及到许多相关的文献和引用。
在学术研究中，引用文献是非常重要的一环，能够有效地为研究提供支持和证据。
而正确使用EndNote格式来引用文献，则是撰写高质量学术文章时不可或缺的一环。
了解我国农业科学的发展历程，对于深入理解该学科具有重要意义。
我国农业科学的发展源远流长，可以追溯到古代农业经验的总结和积累。
在我国古代，农业就已经是人们生活中不可或缺的一部分，众多的农业科学理论和技术在农耕文化的熏陶下不断发展和完善。
到了近代，随着科学技术的进步和农业产业化的发展，我国农业科学迎来了蓬勃的发展期，涌现出了大量的杰出科学家和优秀学者，为我国农业的现代化发展作出了巨大的贡献。
对于我国农业科学的研究内容和领域进行全面的评估十分重要。
我国农业科学的研究内容包括但不限于种植业、畜牧业、农业技术、农产品加工、农业生产管理等方面。
在这些领域中，有着许多前沿研究和创新成果，这些成果在文献中有着丰富的记载。
在深入研究我国农业科学的我们需要向前人学习，借鉴他们的研究成果，并在此基础上进行更深入的探讨和创新。
在撰写关于我国农业科学的文章时，正确引用文献并遵循EndNote格式是至关重要的。
良好的引用文献和格式规范不仅能够提高文章的可信度和权威性，还能够使读者更方便地查阅原始文献，进而对文章的观点和结论形成更准确的理解。
在对我国农业科学进行全面评估的过程中，对文献的引用和格式要求也应该得到足够的重视。
通过正确引用相关文献，并按照EndNote格式规范进行排版，不仅能够为文章增添文献支持和论证，还能够提升文章整体的专业度和学术水平。
在写作关于我国农业科学的文章时，要保持谨慎和严谨的态度，确保引用文献的准确性和格式的规范性。
在总结和回顾文章内容的过程中，我们可以发现我国农业科学的发展历程十分丰富多彩，涉及的研究领域也十分广泛。
英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品加工与农业产业化研究
英语作文-农业科学研究和试验发展行业的农产品加工与农业产业化研究The intersection of agricultural product processing and the industrialization of agriculture represents a significant advancement in the field of agricultural science research and experimental development. This integration is not only pivotal for enhancing food security but also plays a crucial role in boosting economic growth, particularly in regions where agriculture forms the backbone of the economy.Agricultural product processing involves converting raw crops and livestock products into forms that are convenient for end consumers. This process includes a wide range of operations, from basic cleaning and packaging to the complex transformation of products into new forms. For example, processing milk into cheese or yogurt, or converting grains into breakfast cereals. These processes add value to the agricultural produce, extend its shelf life, and make it more marketable and palatable.On the other hand, the industrialization of agriculture refers to the application of industrial principles to farming, which includes the use of advanced technology, mechanization, and production techniques that improve efficiency and productivity. This approach to agriculture has led to the development of agribusinesses that operate on a larger scale than traditional farms, focusing on the mass production of crops and livestock.The synergy between agricultural product processing and industrialization is evident in the way these sectors support each other. Industrialized farming produces large quantities of raw materials that are necessary for processing. Conversely, the demand for processed foods encourages the adoption of industrial farming methods to meet the supply needs.Research in this area is multifaceted, encompassing studies on improving crop yields, developing new processing technologies, and creating sustainable farming practices that minimize environmental impact. Scientists and researchers work on genetic engineering to develop crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases, which are then processedusing less energy-intensive methods. They also explore ways to utilize by-products of the processing industry, such as using husks and shells for bioenergy production, contributing to a circular economy.The benefits of this integrated approach are manifold. It leads to the creation of job opportunities, both in rural and urban areas, and contributes to rural development. It also ensures a more stable food supply chain, as processed foods can be stored and transported more efficiently than fresh produce. Moreover, it encourages innovation in the agricultural sector, as farmers and processors seek to improve their products and operations to stay competitive in the market.However, this progress does not come without challenges. The industrialization of agriculture can lead to the concentration of resources in the hands of a few large corporations, potentially marginalizing small-scale farmers. There are also concerns about the environmental impact of intensive farming practices and the sustainability of current processing methods.To address these challenges, ongoing research is crucial. It is essential to develop policies that support small farmers and promote fair trade practices. Research must also continue to find ways to reduce the carbon footprint of agricultural processing and industrialization, ensuring that these advancements are sustainable in the long term.In conclusion, the research and development in the processing of agricultural products and the industrialization of agriculture are dynamic fields that hold great promise for the future of food security and economic development. As these sectors continue to evolve, they will undoubtedly shape the landscape of agriculture and influence global food systems in profound ways. The key to maximizing their potential lies in ensuring that these advancements are inclusive, sustainable, and beneficial to all stakeholders involved. 。
Fuel_of_the_Future
42CHINA TODAYWHILE stepping up the development of new materials, innovative drugs, and other cutting-edge sectors, China will also focus on hydrogen in its quest forclean, safe, and efficient energy for industry and transportation, according to the 2024 Report on the Work of the Government. Hydrogen is a clean, safe, and efficient energy source that can power industries and transportation, which makes it an attractive fuel for the future. Consequently, devel-oping hydrogen power was one of the focal points of the discussions at the recent “Two Sessions.”Building a Hydrogen Ecosystem“Hydrogen leads the new round of global en-ergy transformation,” NPC deputy and President of Beijing Yihuatong Technology Co. (SinoHytec) Zhang Guoqiang told China Today in an exclusive interview. It is a key direction for strategic emerg-ing industries and crucial for promoting green and low-carbon energy transition, driving industrial upgrading, and shaping new quality productive forces, whose nature is green development, Zhang added.China’s first guideline on accelerating the green development of the manufacturing industry, released on March 1, 2024, focuses on the energy revolution and industrial transformation under the dual carbon goals – achieving carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. The objective is to build a complete industrial chain of technolo-gies and equipment for hydrogen production, stor-age, transportation and utilization, and to improve the economic efficiency.By staff reporter ZHOU LINFuel of the FutureLawmakers call for stepping up hydrogenpower production to facilitate China’s clean and low-carbon energy transformation and create a new engine of growth.Special Report43April 2024hydrogen energy, and about 20 percent to transportation.Currently, there are over 1,000hydrogen refueling stations worldwide.SinoHytec is a national hi-tech enterprise focused on research and industrializationof hydrogen and fuel cells. Zhang said its two majorbusinesses are hydrogen and fuel cells for land transporta-tion. SinoHytec products havepowered over 4,900 vehicles whose cumulative operating mileage is over 200 million kilometers. The company has been holding the largest market share in China for seven consecutive years. Hebei Province has become a significant player in the industry. Last year it issued an action planfor accelerating the development of new energy as well as seven special plans to promote green andlow-carbon transformation of energy, with the goal of forming an integrated system for wind, solar,water, nuclear, and hydrogen energy production and storage. By 2023, a technology research and devel-opment, inspection and testing system covering the entire hydrogen energy industry chain had been formed. Core technologies such as purification ofindustrial by-product hydrogen are being promoted in fields such as transportation, steel and chemical industries, and communication base stations.Zhang said SinoHytec has created a hydrogen ecosystem in Zhangjiakou in Hebei, building the first plant in China that produces hydrogen from renewable sources and Zhangjiakou’s first hydro-gen refueling station. During the Olympic Win-ter Games Beijing 2022, over 700 fuel cell vehiclesequipped with SinoHytec’s products provided transportation for athletes as well as visitors. Zhang said Zhangjiakou already has 35 hydrogen enterprises, which have formed a preliminary hydrogen energy industrial chain.Energizing the Path to Net ZeroThe green hydrogen chemical industry is an-other important area where hydrogen energy can be used.Major countries across the globe have all rolled out national policies for hydrogen energy, with increased investment to boost advanced technol-ogy research and industrialization. According to Hydrogen Insights 2023, released by the Belgium-headquartered Hydrogen Council and McKinsey & Company, the global hydrogen economy is growing rapidly with accelerated development momentum. By 2030, direct investment in hydrogen energy is expected to reach US $320 billion. About half of the projects funded by these investments will be related to large-scale industrial employment of The global hydrogeneconomy is growing rapidly with accelerated development momentum.By 2030, direct invest-ment in hydrogen energy is expected to reachUS $320 billion.ZhangGuoqiang, an NPC deputy and president of Beijing Yi-huatong Tech-nology Co. (SinoHytec).A fuel cell vehicleequipped with Sino-Hytec’s productsprovides transpor-tation for athletesduring the OlympicWinter Games Bei-jing 2022.44CHINA TODAYXu Zixia, an NPC deputy and chief engineer of China National Chemical Engineering No. 13 Con-struction Co., said the chemical industry is both high-energy-consuming and emission-intensive. It is one of the eight key industries covered by the national carbon market. “The chemical industry needs urgent technological and industrial upgrad-ing to accelerate transformation and reach the goal of carbon reduction,” Xu said.In 2022, China’s chemical industry produced over 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon emissions, ac-counting for nearly 15 percent of the country’s total amount, she said. However, the chemical industry is a pillar of the national economy, with a large economic output, a long industrial chain and multiple products. It is key to the security and stability of the industrial and supply chains and people’s well-being. Therefore green and low-carbon development of the industry is of critical importance.“Hydrogen energy is an important part of production in the chemical industry. Using green hydrogen generated via water electrolysis for production can achieve carbon reduction at the source, during the process, and at the end of the production,” Xu pointed out. It is estimated that 10,000 tonnes of green hydrogen can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 100,000 tonnes.“Green hydrogen” means conducting electrolysis by using renewable sources such as wind, hydro, solar, and nuclear power to produce hydrogen, with no carbon emissions produced during the process. Hebei, for example, has a large amount of renewable energy resources and industrial by-product hydrogen resources, which can be tapped to develop hydrogen energy. Zhangjiakou, Chengde, and regions along the Taihang Moun-tains in Hebei have abundant wind and solar pow-er, which in turn means abundant green hydrogen resources.In April 2022, a guideline was issued for high-quality development of the petrochemical and chemical industry, urging enterprises in the two sectors to develop and utilize green hydrogen in accordance with local conditions, and promote the coupling of refining and coal chemical industries with green electricity and green hydrogen.Key enterprises and projects have started using hydrogen energy. In June 2023, the first10,000-tonne hydrogen production project in China – the Narisong Photovoltaic Hydrogen Produc-tion Industry Demonstration Project in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia – began operation. Two months later, China’s largest photovoltaic green hydrogen project – the Xinjiang Kuche Green Hydrogen Demonstration Project – was launched. Xu called them a breakthrough in the industrial applicationof green hydrogen in China.Guo Jianzeng, an NPC deputy and director of the Science and Technology Committee of the 718th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation.Special Report“The chemical industry needs urgent technolo-gical and indus-trial upgrading to accelerate transformation and reach the goal of carbon reduction.”UPGRADING45April 2024Green Hydrogen as a National StrategyGuo Jianzeng, an NPC deputy and director of the Science and Technology Committee of the 718th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding In-dustry Corporation, said green hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of water is a major solution to tackle global decarbonization. “It is vital to master the key technologies in this field,” Guo said.Water electrolysis uses renewable energy such as offshore wind energy and tidal energy for the mass production of green hydrogen. Advanced technologies are required for high-density stor-age and transportation of high-pressure hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, and metallic hydrogen. Besides enabling large-scale production, storage, and transportation, they also help lower costs. The hydrogen produced can be used in many scenarios – as fuel for ships, in the chemical industry, trans-portation, and construction.Guo pointed out the multiple advantages of having a marine hydrogen industry. It is an effec-tive way of meeting the carbon peaking and car-bon neutrality goals; it boosts the consumption ofoffshore renewable energy; it meets international green shipping requirements; and finally, it is vital to have independent and controllable technology and equipment throughout the hydrogen energy industrial chain.“Oceans are a source of abundant renewable en-ergy, which can be tapped through offshore wind, floating solar photovoltaic, and other emerging ocean energy technologies. Hydrogen obtained from these renewable energy sources is sustain-able and clean, which makes it a key component in the global energy transition,” Guo said. Hydro-gen can also be used for large-scale energy storage and peak shaving, which effectively addresses the challenges of long-term and large-scale storage of electricity, increases the flexibility of the power system, and promotes high-proportion consump-tion of renewable energy.Moreover, hydrogen is an effective intermedi-ate agent for producing green and clean fuels for ships that meet the decarbonization standards. Various forms of hydrogen energy consumption can be created, such as adding carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen into hydrogen to make ammonia and methanol, which can be an alternative fuel for the shipping industry to achieve large-scale decarbonization.“Hydrogen energy covers numerous products in preparation, storage and transportation and appli-cation, and is an important component of China’s strategic emerging industry chain. It is also a key field in China’s high-end equipment manufacturing industry,” Guo said. The electrolysis water hydro-gen production technology of the 718th Research Institute is a premier technology in China. By de-veloping hydrogen energy and promoting the local-ization of its equipment, China can both enhance its international competitiveness and ensure the security and stability of the entire hydrogen energy industry chain.After discussing all the pros and cons, the NPC deputies were unanimous that the development of hydrogen power should be stepped up so that it becomes a new engine of economic growth. It would facilitate China’s clean and low-carbon en-ergy transition and contribute to the development of new quality productive forces. CThe hydrogen stor-age tank installation area of Sinopec Xin-jiang Kuqa Green Hydrogen Pilot Project in Aksu, Xinjiang, China, on October 28, 2023.。
高三全球化与环境问题英语阅读理解20题
高三全球化与环境问题英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Globalization has had a profound impact on the environment in recent decades. With the acceleration of the industrialization process, globalization has led to a significant increase in the consumption of natural resources worldwide. Multinational corporations, in their pursuit of economic benefits, often expand their production on a global scale. This has led to a large - scale exploitation of resources in many developing countries. For example, in some African countries, there has been excessive mining of minerals to meet the global demand for various products, which not only depletes local resources but also causes serious damage to the local ecological environment.In addition, globalization has also brought about problems in resource allocation. Developed countries, with their advanced technologies and strong economic strength, tend to occupy a large proportion of high - quality resources. This unequal resource allocation further exacerbates environmental problems in developing countries. For instance, developed countries may import large amounts of timber from developing countries at a relatively low price, which may lead to deforestation in developing countries.Another serious issue is trans - national pollution. Due to the globalization of production and trade, pollutants can easily cross national boundaries. For example, some industrial waste from developed countries may be transferred to developing countries through illegal means for disposal. This not only pollutes the environment of developing countries but also has a negative impact on the global ecological balance. In conclusion, globalization has both positive and negative impacts on the environment, and it is crucial to find a balance between economic development and environmental protection in the context of globalization.1. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Globalization only has negative impacts on the environment.B. Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on the environment.C. Globalization has no impact on the environment.D. Globalization only benefits developed countries in terms of the environment.答案：B。
近十年来中国制造对中国的影响英语作文
近十年来中国制造对中国的影响英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1In the past decade, the impact of Chinese manufacturing on China has been profound and far-reaching. As the world's largest manufacturing powerhouse, China's manufacturing sector has played a pivotal role in the country's economic growth and development. From job creation to technological innovation, Chinese manufacturing has reshaped the economic landscape of the country, transforming it into a global manufacturing hub. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which Chinese manufacturing has influenced China over the past ten years.One of the most significant impacts of Chinese manufacturing on China has been the creation of millions of jobs in the country. With its large and diverse labor force, China has been able to establish itself as the world's factory, producing a wide range of goods for both domestic consumption and export. This has led to the rapid industrialization of the country, with manufacturing becoming a key driver of economic growth. As a result, millions of Chinese people have been able to findemployment in the manufacturing sector, lifting many out of poverty and improving their standard of living.In addition to job creation, Chinese manufacturing has also played a crucial role in driving technological innovation in the country. As Chinese manufacturers have become more competitive on the global stage, they have invested heavily in research and development to stay ahead of the curve. This has resulted in the development of cutting-edge technologies and processes that have helped Chinese manufacturers produce goods more efficiently and cost-effectively. From automation and robotics to artificial intelligence and 3D printing, Chinese manufacturers have embraced new technologies to improve their competitiveness and drive productivity.Furthermore, Chinese manufacturing has had a significant impact on China's infrastructure and urbanization. As manufacturing hubs have sprung up across the country, they have attracted investment in transportation, logistics, and infrastructure. This has led to the construction of new roads, railways, ports, and airports, connecting manufacturing centers to domestic and international markets. In addition, the growth of the manufacturing sector has fueled urbanization, with millions of people migrating from rural areas to cities in search of betterjob opportunities. This has transformed China's cities into bustling metropolises, with modern infrastructure and amenities to support a growing population.Moreover, Chinese manufacturing has had a profound impact on the environment and sustainability in China. As manufacturing activities have expanded over the past decade, they have also led to increased pollution and environmental degradation. The burning of fossil fuels, the release of toxic chemicals, and the generation of industrial waste have all taken a toll on China's environment, leading to air, water, and soil pollution. In response, the Chinese government has implemented strict environmental regulations and promoted sustainable practices in the manufacturing sector. From the adoption of clean energy sources to the implementation of waste recycling programs, Chinese manufacturers are now focusing on reducing their environmental footprint and promoting sustainable development.In conclusion, Chinese manufacturing has had a transformative impact on China over the past decade. From job creation and technological innovation to infrastructure development and environmental sustainability, Chinese manufacturing has reshaped the economic, social, andenvironmental landscape of the country. As China continues to strive for economic growth and development, the manufacturing sector will undoubtedly play a key role in shaping the country's future. With ongoing investments in technology, infrastructure, and sustainability, Chinese manufacturers are well-positioned to drive China's continued growth and prosperity in the years to come.篇2The Impact of Chinese Manufacturing on China in the Past Ten YearsIntroductionIn the past decade, China's manufacturing industry has experienced dramatic growth and changes. As the world's largest manufacturing hub, China has become synonymous with mass production, cheap labor, and rapid industrialization. However, this rapid growth has also brought about various challenges and opportunities for the country. This essay will explore the impact of Chinese manufacturing on China in the past ten years, examining both the positive and negative consequences of this phenomenon.Positive ImpactEconomic GrowthOne of the most significant impacts of Chinese manufacturing on China has been its contribution to the country's economic growth. The manufacturing sector has played a crucial role in driving China's rapid economic development, helping the country become the world's second-largest economy. The sector has provided millions of jobs for Chinese workers, lifting many out of poverty and improving their living standards.Technological AdvancementsChinese manufacturing has also contributed to technological advancements in the country. As Chinese companies have gained expertise in manufacturing and production processes, they have also invested in research and development, leading to innovations in various industries. China has become a global leader in areas such as electronics, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence, thanks to its advancements in manufacturing.Global InfluenceChina's manufacturing industry has had a significant impact on the global economy as well. Chinese products are nowexported to markets around the world, driving global trade and shaping consumer trends. The country's manufacturing prowess has made it a key player in the global supply chain, with Chinese companies supplying components and products to businesses across different industries.Negative ImpactEnvironmental DegradationOne of the major drawbacks of Chinese manufacturing has been its impact on the environment. The rapid industrialization and mass production have led to significant pollution and environmental degradation in China. The country has struggled with air and water pollution, deforestation, and soil contamination due to the manufacturing industry's activities. Efforts to address these environmental issues have been slow, leading to long-term consequences for China's ecosystem and public health.Labor ExploitationDespite providing jobs for millions of Chinese workers, the manufacturing industry in China has also been criticized for labor exploitation. Many workers in the sector face poor working conditions, long hours, and low wages. Labor rights violationshave been reported in factories across the country, raising concerns about worker safety and well-being. The government has made efforts to improve labor standards, but challenges remain in enforcing regulations and ensuring worker rights.Global Trade TensionsChina's dominance in manufacturing has also led to tensions with other countries, especially regarding trade practices and intellectual property rights. The country has been accused of unfair trade practices, such as dumping products at low prices and violating intellectual property rights. These disputes have resulted in trade wars and tariffs imposed on Chinese goods, affecting global trade and diplomatic relations.ConclusionIn conclusion, the impact of Chinese manufacturing on China in the past ten years has been profound and multifaceted. While the industry has driven economic growth, technological advancements, and global influence, it has also brought about environmental degradation, labor exploitation, and trade tensions. As China continues to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by its manufacturing sector, it must prioritize sustainability, innovation, and social responsibility to ensure long-term prosperity for the country and its people.篇3In the past decade, China's manufacturing industry has undergone significant changes and growth, impacting not only China but also the global economy. The rise of China as the world's manufacturing powerhouse has had wide-reaching implications in various sectors and has reshaped the global trade landscape. In this essay, we will delve into the influence of China's manufacturing industry on the country itself in the past ten years.First and foremost, China's manufacturing sector has played a vital role in driving the country's economic growth over the past decade. As the "world's factory," China has become a major exporter of a wide range of goods, from textiles and electronics to machinery and automobiles. The rapid expansion of China's manufacturing industry has created millions of jobs, fueling urbanization and lifting millions of Chinese people out of poverty. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the manufacturing sector accounts for over 25% of China's GDP and employs more than 100 million people.Furthermore, China's manufacturing industry has also contributed to the country's technological advancement and innovation. The Chinese government has made significantinvestments in research and development, leading to the rise of homegrown innovation in areas such as high-speed rail, renewable energy, and telecommunications. Chinese companies like Huawei, Xiaomi, and DJI have emerged as global leaders in their respective industries, showcasing China's capabilities in innovation and technology.On the other hand, the growth of China's manufacturing industry has also brought challenges and concerns. The rapid industrialization and urbanization have caused environmental degradation and pollution, leading to serious health issues and ecological damage. The Chinese government has taken steps to address these issues by implementing stricter environmental regulations and promoting sustainable development practices. However, more needs to be done to ensure that China's manufacturing industry grows in a sustainable and responsible manner.Moreover, the rise of China's manufacturing industry has had a profound impact on global supply chains and trade dynamics. China's low labor costs and efficient infrastructure have made it an attractive destination for multinational corporations seeking to outsource production. As a result, China has become the world's largest exporter of goods, accountingfor a significant share of global trade. The dominance of China in manufacturing has raised concerns about overreliance on a single country and the vulnerability of global supply chains to disruptions.In conclusion, China's manufacturing industry has undergone significant growth and transformation in the past decade, shaping the country's economy and influencing global trade patterns. While the industry has brought economic prosperity and technological advancement to China, it has also raised challenges in terms of environmental sustainability and global trade dynamics. It is essential for China to address these challenges and continue to foster innovation and sustainable development in its manufacturing sector. Only then can China's manufacturing industry continue to thrive and benefit both the country and the world at large.。
博士后流动站英语
博士后流动站英语Post-doctoral mobile stations are an important platform for academic research and talent training. They play a significant role in promoting the internationalization and localization of academic research. Firstly, post-doctoral mobile stations can effectively promote the integration of domestic and foreign resources, and cultivate high-level international academic talents. This can enrich the academic atmosphere of domestic universities and research institutions and enhance the international influence of academic research.Secondly, post-doctoral mobile stations provide a good platform for academic exchanges and cooperation. Through the introduction of overseas experts and scholars, they can promote the exchange of academic ideas and the introduction of advanced technologies. This can effectively promote the innovation and development of academic research in ourcountry. Besides, it can also broaden the internationalvision of domestic post-doctoral researchers, improve their ability to carry out international cooperation, and enhance their competitiveness in the international academic community.In addition, the establishment of post-doctoral mobile stations can effectively promote the transformation ofscientific research achievements. Through international cooperation and exchanges, post-doctoral researchers canbetter understand the needs and development trends of the international market. This will help to promote the transformation and industrialization of scientific research achievements, and promote the rapid application and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.Furthermore, post-doctoral mobile stations can also playa positive role in promoting the integration of production, teaching, and research. By introducing advanced teachingconcepts and methods from abroad, post-doctoral mobilestations can promote the reform of the talent training modelin domestic universities and research institutions, improvethe quality of talent training, and drive the sustainable development of the national economy.In conclusion, the establishment of post-doctoral mobile stations is of great significance for promoting the internationalization and localization of academic research.It can effectively promote the integration of domestic and foreign resources, enhance academic exchanges and cooperation, promote the transformation of scientific research achievements, and promote the integration of production, teaching, and research. Only by continuously improving the quality and level of post-doctoral mobile stations can we better promote the sustainable development of academic research and talent training.。
研究生英语课后练习答案
选词填空Unit one1. In the production of grains, fruits and vegetables, the agronomy research plays a(an) instrumental role.2. Pest--resistant and stress--tolerant crops can be developed to reduce the risk of crop failure due to drought and disease.3.Recombinant gene technology is widely employed in research and development for strain improvement.4. All these brightly colored hybrids are so lovely in the garden.5. For bacteria, they are binary（二元的）fission（分裂生殖法）and conjugation.6. Each of them has a counterpart column in the database tables.7. Plant breeding must be coupled with transgenic improvement to bring economically viable products to the marketplace.8. Crops are derived from the evolutionary process as all other living creatures, from the wild to the domestic.9.Backcross breeding is a useful method to transfer favorable alleles from a donor parent into a recipient parent.10. At the conclusion of the recurrent run, you should gather and evaluate the utilization levels for all four resources crops.Unit two1. However, what on earth has evoked four emotions of “Mona Lisa ”concurrently.2. A particular perspective is a particular way of thinking about something, especially one that is influenced by your beliefs or experiences.3. The atmosphere encompasses the Earth.4. A(An) adjunct professor is also a limited or part--time position to do research or teach classes.5. Between technical and popular science, writing is what I call “integrative science”, a process that blends data, theory and narrative.6. He announced that there would be more stringent controls on the possession of weapons.7. The efficacy of an alarm clock is explained as a very vigorous sensory input that triggers（引起）a large, synchronous（同时）assembly.8. We have derived a great deal of benefit from her advice.9. They have one of the only holistic health programs in the country.10. These discoveries may shed light on the origins of the universe.Unit four1. Increased consumption of water has led to rapid depletion of groundwater reserves.2. There are extreme arid regions where only the fittest survive.3. Moisture is drawn to the surface of the fabric so that it evaporates.4. Untrammeled industrialization, particularly in the poor countries, iscontaminating the river and aquifer.5. The pond is small but can support many aquatic plants and fish.6. Although all plants normally contain fluorine（氟）, the concentration varies greatly.7. Your body is in survival mode and needs food to replenish its energy.8. The disrupted drainage will cause whole hillsides of waterlogged or dried out peat（泥炭）to slide.9. The products may serve to protect the water tanks, engines and metal pieces, and to prevent encrustation and raise heating rate, more fuel--efficient energy.10. The erosive rain is defined as rain as rain, which can cause soil erosion.Unit six1. As a result, our incessant interaction with food takes on immense power and can define who we are.2. Finally each year we will voluntarily report to Congress when we have invoked（行使）the privilege because there must be proper oversight of our actions.3. Animal and vegetable pets propagate with extreme rapidity.4. Environmental groups say the process can contaminate drinking--water supplies, a charge the industry denies.5. Some of the comments under the video displayed how a bias can make us disregard something without even looking at what it is.6. So just one after another they made these insane departures（背离）from the corrective devices（手段）we’d put in the last time we had a big trouble and they really worked quite well.7. The government agreed to peg down（约束）the retail price of certain basic food stuffs.8. The company has focused on stem cells, not only for treatment of chronic（慢性的）conditions, but for cosmetics.9. Certain mosquitoes transmit malaria.10. To be subject to something means to be affected by it or to be likely to be affected by it.汉译英Unit one1.这可能是由于化肥缺乏、耕作技术落后和在关键时间水分过多或过少。
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The Research and Industrialization of an Accelerator Control System forLarge Container on-line InspectionHua Li Zhang HuayiDepartment of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 ChinaE-mail: zhanghy@AbstractAn economical and practical design of the accelerator control system for large container on-line inspection system is presented in this paper. The system consists of one Pentium computer and one PLC, which are connected by an RS-232C cable and forward a simple distributed system. CSMA/CD protocols are adopted to prevent data collisions in communication, and Windows95 is employed as developing platform. In order to improve the response speed of the system, several analogue modulators are used.1 IntroductionA large container inspection system THSCAN used mainly for customs has been developed by Tsinghua University in the Eighth Five Year of Science & Technology. It’s high time to industrialize this technology. As one of the most important parts of the system, the linac has to be controlled safely, efficiently and easily.The THL-9 linac consists of the following subsystems: a 9MeV traveling wave accelerator tube, a beam transport system which includes an electron gun, focusing and steering coils and magnetic quadrupole lenses, a microwave power source and a transmission system, a vacuum system, a cooling water and pressing gas system. After simplification about 86 digital signal channels and 22 analogue signal channels needing control.2 Control system overviewIn this system, the number of digital signal channels is much larger than that of analogue signal channels. Output information is less than input information. So we employed a control architecture as shown in Fig. 1.The Programmable Controller is applied as local controller. In this system, we chose CQM1 of OMRON Co., Japan. This kind of machine supports Host Links and PC Links, executes instructions quite quickly (basic executing time 0.5µS), and has a large capacity for programming (7.2K). Above all, it’s very reliable, beautiful and small. A Pentium computer is used as the inspection station. Both are connected by an RS-232C cable and form a simple distributed system. The transmission rate between them can be adjusted from 1200bps to 19200bps.The process controller fulfills real time control of the linac, which is the main task of the setup, and it has several functions:•Scanning: Sample the field data, achieve the programmed control, coordinate start, stop and breakdown detection of the machine.• Communication: Transmit required data to the inspection station and receive the command from the upper supervisor.• Alarm: Identify the status of the machine and output an alarm when necessary.Fig1. THL-9 Control System ArchitectureThe Inspection Station is comprised of a Pentium computer, an industrial TV and a stethoscope; Windows95 is selected as developing platform and VB4.0 Enterprise and VC++4.2 as tools. The operator can inspect the machine from the CRT screen, and debug the machine dynamically by employing the engineer’s keyboard. It has functions as follows:• Real time database management: Analyze the data sent from the local controller, obtain relative information and respond quickly.• Graphical display: Display the status of the machine and of some crucial parameters.• Dynamic debugging: an engineer can debug the system dynamically using the keyboard: change the baud rate, the sampling interval, and RS-232C port time; debug the subsystem one after another; adjust parameters on line; detect the breakdown.• Storing Breakdown Information: Analyze the breakdown code, display and store the breakdown Id and time.•Communication: Realize two_direction data flow.In order to keep the influence of breakdown as small as possible, the local controller can run independently.3 Software architectureIn this course of optimization, we improved the software as well. The improved software structure is shown in figure2. The data of all the subsystems of the machine are scanned and sampled by FlushSamp which runs on the PC, and the inspection station flushes the data into the real time database. DataProcess.cpp operates the data and displays them on the screen. The operator can type a command at any time. The control functions are executed mainly by StartPLC and ReadyPLC.The real-time database architecture can be described as follows:Structure Control_DB{Private:Char *Channel_Name;Char *Scan_Time;DataType Channel_Status;FieldType Field_Name;Char *SubSystem_Name;Public:void Field_Operator(FieldType *Fin);void Alarm_Detection()DataOutType Local_OutPut_Document(*);}To prevent data collisions in communication, we employed the simplified CSMA/CD protocols to coordinate the two members of the system. It proved worthwhile. At the same time, we applied some new technologies, such as self-protection and combined detection, in the programming of the PLC, which improved the reliability of the system.4 ConclusionsToday, this system has been tested in field operation. We find that the man-machine interface was improved significantly and the machine is more reliable and easier to operate. We still need improvement in the next thorough trial.Finally, we have to mention the integration of the control system. From the very beginning, one of the major goals of this optimization was to achieve miniaturization of the control system. We managed to integrate the control system in a cabinet, which is as large as three drawers. Above all, the cost of the system has been reduced dramatically.References[1]Gee Smee Poo & Wilson Ang, OSI Protocol Choicesfor LAN Environments, Vol13, No1, Jan/Feb, 1990 [2]R.Bailey. “How can operations get applicationssoftware that they want?”, Proc. ICALEPCS’95.Fig2 Software Architecture of the Control System。