David_IL3e_PPT_Ch14

合集下载

广东省2021年中考英语语法知识大盘点：第1讲-名词ppt课件(含答案)_1-18

公开课完整版
简洁
通用
第一部分语法知识盘点
第1讲名词
课件攻略
指导课件
2
一、根据句意及汉语提示完成句子。
1.He has a special __a_b_il_i_ty__ (能力) to write with two hands at
the same time. 2.David is always confident enough to make a __s_p_e_e_c_h_ ( 演
(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词，看作
单数名词。如：The New York Times(《纽约时报》)；The
Arabian Nights(《一千零一夜》)
课件攻略
指导课件
14
请在此输入您的大标题
93%
请输入文本
精品文档
请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本
请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本
请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本请输入文本
最新文档
15
(4)以-s 结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词，通常被看作单数。如：the United States(美利坚合众国)；the United
以
f
或
fe
结尾的词
一般变 f 或 v，再加-es
fe
为
leaf—leaves life—lives wife—wives
以 o 结尾的词
o 前为辅音音素时加-es，o 前为元音音素时加-s

DAVID使用方法介绍

DAVID使用说明文档一、DAVID简介DA VID （the Database for Annotation，Visualization and Integrated Discovery）的网址是/。

DA VID是一个生物信息数据库，整合了生物学数据和分析工具，为大规模的基因或蛋白列表（成百上千个基因ID或者蛋白ID列表）提供系统综合的生物功能注释信息，帮助用户从中提取生物学信息。

DA VID这个工具在2003年发布，目前版本是v6.7。

和其他类似的分析工具，如GoMiner，GOstat等一样，都是将输入列表中的基因关联到生物学注释上，进而从统计的层面，在数千个关联的注释中，找出最显著富集的生物学注释。

最主要是功能注释和信息链接。

二、分析工具：DAVID需要用户提供感兴趣的基因列表，在基因背景下，使用提供的分析工具，提取该列表中含有的生物信息。

这里说的基因列表和背景文件的选取对结果至关重要。

1.基因列表：这个基因列表可能是上游的生物信息分析产生的基因ID列表。

对于富集分析而言，一般情况下，大量的基因组成的列表有更高的统计意义，对富集程度高的特殊Terms有更高的敏感度。

富集分析产生的p-value在相同或者数量相同的基因列表中具有可比性。

DAVID对于基因列表的格式要求为每行一个基因ID或者是基因ID用逗号分隔开。

基因列表的质量会直接影响到分析结果。

这里定性给出好的基因列表应该具有的特点，一个好的基因列表至少要满足以下的大部分的要求：（1）包含与研究目的相关的大部分重要的基因（如标识基因）。

（2）基因的数量不能太多或者太少，一般是100至10000这个数量级。

（3）大部分基因可以较好的通过统计筛选，例如，在控制组和对照组样品间选择显著差异表达基因时，使用的t-test标准：fold changes >=2 && P-values <=0.05。

（4）大部分是上下调的基因都涉及到特定的某一生物过程，而不是随机的散布到所有可能的生物过程中。

Fungal Templates for Noble Metal Nanoparticles

Nadja C. Bigall, Manuela Reitzig, Wolfgang Naumann, Paul Simon, Karl-Heinz van Pée, Alexander Eychmüller*
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Experimental Section In a typical experiment the noble metal nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified Turkevich approach, similar to that of Natan et al. [9]. The metal precursors were gold(III) chloride trihydrate (SigmaAldrich, 99.9+ %), chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, ACS reagent) and silver nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9999 %). The palladium precursor was prepared by dissolving palladium(II) chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.999 %) in concentrated hydrochloric acid in the ratio PdCl2:HCl 1:2 and by subsequent dilution with deionized water. The final precursor concentration was 0.27 mmol in a total volume of 500 mL in all cases. First, deionized water was heated to boiling followed by addition of the metal precursor. After one minute 11 mL of a solution containing 1 % sodium citrate and 0.05 % citric acid were injected. Another half minute later, 5.5 mL of a freshly prepared sodium borohydrate (0.08 %) solution containing 1 % sodium citrate and 0.05 % citric acid were quickly added and the solution was left to react for 10 minutes. The silver and palladium colloidal solutions were filtered with a hydrophilic syringe filter (pore size 0.22 µm) in order to remove any residual bulk material eventually present. Before inoculation with fungal mycelium, the colloidal solutions were sterilized using a hydrophilic sterile syringe filter with 0.22 µm pore size (Milex-MP). A variety of different fungi consisting of Penicillium citreonigrum, Trametes versicolor, Fusarium, Phanaerochaete crysosporium, Trichoderma viride, Neurospora crassa, Nematolona frowardii, Bjerkandera adusta, and other fungi (in taxation) differing in morphology was selected. The fungi were grown at room temperature in a liquid medium containing sodium citrate and citric acid. The fungi were

ICP DAS ET-7202 3-ch AI、6-ch DI、3-ch Relay DAQ 模块快

ET-7202Ethernet I/O Module with 3-ch AI, 6-ch DI,3-ch Relay OutputQuick Start GuideCongratulations!This Quick Start will provide information needed to get started with ET-7202. Please also consult the User Manual for detailed information on the setup and use of ET-7202.What’s In the Box?In addition to this guide, the package includes the following items:ET-7202 Module Software Utility CD Quick StartTechnical SupportET-7202 User ManualCD:\NAPDOS\NAPDOS\ET7000_ET7200\Document\ET-7202 Websitehttps:///et_7202ICP DAS Websitehttps://Init Mode : After booting, ET-7202 will not run thedefault firmware and cannot surf the internet. Use this mode to update MiniOS7 image.Normal Mode : After booting, ET-7202 will run the default firmware and can use all ET-7200 functions. 2----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Connecting to Network, PC and PowerThe ET-7202 is equipped with an RJ-45 Ethernet port for connection to an Ethernethub/switch and PC1---------------------------------------------------------Configuring Boot ModePoE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Installing the MiniOS7 UtilityStep 1：Get the MiniOS7 Utility toolThe MiniOS7 Utility can be obtained from companion CD or our FTP site:CD:\Napdos\minios7\utility\minios7_utility\/pub/cd/6000cd/napdos/software/minios7_utility/Step 2：Follow the prompts to complete the installationAfter the installation has been completed,there will be a new shortcut for MiniOS7 Utilityon the desktop.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Using MiniOS7 Utility to Assign a New IPThe ET-7202 are Ethernet devices, which comes with a default IP address, therefore, you must first assign a new IP address to the ET-7202Item DefaultIP Address 192.168.255.1Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0Gateway 192.168.0.1Step 2：Press “F12”or choose “Search ”from the “Connection ”menuAfter pressing F12 or choosing Search from Connection menu, the MiniOS7 Scan dialog will appear, that will display a list of all MiniOS7 modules on your network.See the status tip, waiting for the search to be done.Step 4：Assign a new IP address and then choose “Set” buttonStep 5：Choose “Yes” buttonPress the Yes button in the Confirm dialog boxto exit the procedure.Your browser must support Adobe Flash Player and have it enabled in order to use the ET-7202 web site.If you do not have it installed, please go to the following website and install it.The Adobe Flash Player Download Center ： /flashplayer/6----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Go to the ET-7202 Web Site to Check out FunctionsThe ET-7202 contains an advanced web configuration system that provides users with access ET-7202 applications through a standard web browser.Step 1：Start ET-7202Make sure the switch placed in the “Normal” position.Then reboot ET-7202.5----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Enabling Adobe Flash Player in Your BrowserStep 2：Open a browserPlease use a standard internet browser to view the ET-7202 webpage, such as Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer…etc.Step 3：Type the URL address of ET-7202If you haven’t changed the default IP address of the ET-7202, please refer to “4. Using MiniOS7 Utility to Assign a New IP” to configure it.Step 4：Fill out the User name and PasswordAfter entering the IP address, the login dialog box will appear and prompt you to enter your User name and Password.The factory default User name and Password are as follows:Item Default User name Admin PasswordAdminStep 5：Welcome to ET-7202 web siteAfter logging into theET-7000/ET-7200 web site, thewelcome page will appear.Step 6：Check out the data acquisition servicesUnder the Main Menu, expand the Web HMI, and thenselect the Web HMI option to check the values of thedata acquisition.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reset to Factory Default SettingsPress the reset button for 5 seconds in order to reset the ET-7202 to factory default settings.Item DefaultIP Address 192.168.255.1Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0Gateway 192.168.0.1Login Username AdminLogin Password Admin Reset。

克罗韦尔 PanelView 5310 图形终端规格技术数据表

Technical DataOriginal InstructionsPanelView 5310 Graphic TerminalsCatalog Numbers 2713P-T6CD1, 2713P-T6CD1-B, 2713P-T6CD1-K, 2713P-T7WD1, 2713P-T7WD1-B, 2713P-T7WD1-K, 2713P-T9WD1, 2713P-T9WD1-B, 2713P-T9WD1-K, 2713P-T10CD1, 2713P-T10CD1-B, 2713P-T10CD1-K, 2713P-T12WD1, 2713P-T12WD1-B, 2713P-T12WD1-KTopic PageSummary of Changes2Product Overview3Technical Specifications4Approximate Dimensions6Accessories7Additional Resources9PanelView 5310 Graphic Terminals Technical DataSummary of ChangesThis publication contains the following new or updated information. This list includes substantive updates only and is not intended to reflect all changes.Topic PageRelocated Studio 5000 content from the Technical Data section to Product Overview section3Updated the Corrosive Atmosphere value from ‘per 3 days’ to ‘per 30 days’ in Environment Specifications5Updated the Severity Level value from ‘GX’ to ‘G3’ in Environment Specifications52Rockwell Automation Publication 2713P-TD001J-EN-P - January 2024Rockwell Automation Publication 2713P-TD001J-EN-P - January 20243Technical DataProduct OverviewThe PanelView™ 5310 graphic terminals are operator interface devices that monitor and control devices attached to ControlLogix® 5570 and 5580 controllers, and CompactLogix™ 5370, 5380, and 5480 controllers over an EtherNet/IP™ network using firmware V27 or later. Animated graphic and text displays provide operators with a view into the operating state of a machine or process. Operators interact with the control system by using the touch screen.The PanelView 5310 graphic terminals include these additional features and capabilities:•Tightly integrated control and design environment allows information to be shared between the PanelView 5310 graphic terminal and the Logix platforms.•Easily configured screen navigation menu.•Conformal coating available for all graphic terminal sizes.•Automatic Diagnostics capability.•Use of the Studio 5000® environment provides one point of access for the Studio 5000 View Designer® and Studio 5000 Logix Designer® applications (a).•Supports a maximum of 100 user-defined screens.•Supports a maximum of 4,000 Logix-based alarms (a).Studio 5000 EnvironmentUse the Studio 5000 environment to create human machine interface (HMI) applications for the PanelView 5310 terminal platform. This environment includes these major components:•Studio 5000 View DesignerYou can create and design a project for a specific PanelView 5310 graphic terminal and download the project to the graphic terminal. You can create an application for any PanelView 5310 graphic terminal and reuse that same application across the entire platform.•Studio 5000 Logix DesignerYou can develop control logic for a CompactLogix or ControlLogix controller and download the logic to the controller.(a)PanelView 5310 firmware can support up to 4,000 Logix-based alarms in a single controller if you use Studio 5000 View Designer application version 5 and Studio 5000 Logix Designerapplication version 32 or later. Of the 4,000 alarms, no more than 1,000 can be instruction-based. Earlier versions of the Studio 5000 View Designer or Studio 5000 Logix Designerapplications can support up to 1,000 Logix-based alarms.4Rockwell Automation Publication 2713P-TD001J-EN-P - January 2024Technical DataTechnical SpecificationsThis section provides technical specifications for the PanelView™ 5310 graphic terminals. Table 1 - Product SpecificationsAttribute6 in. Display7 in. Display9 in. Display10.4 in. Display12.1 in. DisplayCat. No. 2713P-T6CD1 (1)(1)Add -B to the end of a catalog number to order a terminal without the Allen-Bradley® logo and product identification, for example, Catalog Number 2713P-T7WD1-B.Add -K to the end of a catalog number to order a terminal with conformal coating, for example, Catalog Number 2713P-T6CD1-K.Cat. No. 2713P-T7WD1 (1)Cat. No. 2713P-T9WD1 (1)Cat. No. 2713P-T10CD1 (1)Cat. No. 2713P-T12WD1 (1)DisplayOperator InputTouch Conformal Coated YesDisplay Type Color thin-film-transistor (TFT), liquid-crystal display (LCD)Display Size, Diagonal5.7 in. screen 7 in. widescreen 9 in. widescreen 10.4 in. screen 12.1 in. widescreen View Area,W x H [mm (in.)]115 x 86(4.50 x 3.40)152 x 91(6.00 x 3.60)196 x 118(7.70 x 4.60)211 x 158(8.30 x 6.20)261 x 163(10.30 x 6.40)Display Resolution/Aspect Ratio 640 x 480 VGA/4:3800 x 480 WVGA/5:3800 x 480 WVGA/5:3800 x 600 SVGA/4:31280 x 800 WXGA/16:10Color Depth 24-bit color graphics (16.7 million colors)Brightness, Typical300 cd/m 2 (Nits)Backlight Light-emitting diode, non-replaceableLife: 50,000 h min at 40 °C (104 °F) to half-brightnessBacklight Power Consumption, Typical 2.4 W3 W3.5 W4 W5 WTouch ScreenAnalog resistiveActuation rating: 1 million presses Operating force: <100 gramsOverall SpecificationsNet Weight 0.79 kg (1.74 lb)Software Studio 5000 environment provides single portal to View Designer and Logix Designer applicationsInternal Components, Status Indicators, and I/O PortsRTC (Real-time Clock)Battery BackupAccuracy: +/-2 minutes per month.Battery life: 4 years min at 25 °C (77 °F)Replacement: CR2032 lithium coin cellMemoryRAM 1 GBUser Available 1 GB nonvolatile storage for projectsSecure Digital™ (SD) Card Slot SD card slot for external storage, quantity of 1 slot; supports SD cards listed in Table 5 on page 7USB PortsHost USB high-speed 2.0 host port (type A), quantity of 1; supports removable drives for external storageDevice High-speed 2.0 device port (type B), quantity of 1; supports connection to host computer (available in a future release)Ethernet Port One 10/100Base-T, Auto MDI/MDI-X Ethernet port for controller communication.Status Indicators STS (status, green), ERR (error, red)ElectricalUSB Host Port (Type A)0.5 A at 5V DCInput Voltage 24V DC nominal (18…30V DC)Power Consumption, Max 13 W 13 W 14 W 15 W 16 W Power Consumption, Typical 9 W 9 W 11 W 12 W 12 WPower Dissipation 31 BTU/hour 31 BTU/hour 38 BTU/hour 41 BTU/hour 41 BTU/hour Inrush Current, Max 15 APower SupplySupports safety extra low voltage and protected extra low voltage 24V DC supplies (2) (3)(2)DC-powered terminals support safety extra low voltage (SELV) and protective extra-low voltage (PELV) 24V DC power supplies, such as Catalog Numbers 1606-XLP95E, 1606-XLP100E, and2711P-RSACDIN.(3)Where PELV is defined in IEC 61131-2.Rockwell Automation Publication 2713P-TD001J-EN-P - January 20245Technical DataTable 2 - Environment SpecificationsAttributeValueTemperatureOperating 0…50 °C (32…122 °F)Non-operating-25…+70 °C (-13…+158 °F)Relative Humidity5…95% without condensation Vibration0.012 pk-pk, 10…57 Hz 2 g peak at 57…500 HzShockOperating 15 g at 11 ms Non-operating30 g at 11 msAltitude OperatingSea level to 2,000 m (6562 ft)Enclosure Ratings NEMA and UL Type 4X, 12, 13, and classified by UL as IP66 (when mounted on a flat surface of an equivalent enclosure)Corrosive Atmosphere ASTM B845-97Method K Accelerated Test (30 Day Exposure)For PanelView 5310 conformal-coated PCBA level products with catalog numbers that end in K, product meets or exceeds the following requirement:•Severity Level G3 per ANSI/ISA 71.04.2013, Airborne Contaminants—Gases•Up to 2100 angstroms of film growth per 30 days of copper and silver reactivity •Severity Level CX per IEC 60721-3-3 2019, Chemically Active Substances•Port plugs need to remain installed in unused ports, at all times during storage and operation, for the product to meet its corrosive atmosphere rating.Table 3 - CertificationsCertification (1)(1)When marked. See the Rockwell Automation® Product Certifications site, rok.auto/certifications , for declarations of conformity, certificates, and other certification details.Valuec-UL-usc-UL-us Listed to UL 61010-1, UL 61010-2-201, CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-1, and CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-2-201; see 2713P-CT002CE (EMC)European Union EMC Directive, compliance with:EN 61131-2; Programmable Controllers (pertinent EMC sections); see 2713P-CT004EAC Russian Customs Union TP TC 020/2011 EMC Technical Regulation; see 2713P-CT001EtherNet/IP ODVA conformance tested to EtherNet/IP specifications; see 2713P-CT005KC KC registered; see 2713P-CT001RCMAustralian Radiocommunications Act, compliance with:EN 61000-6-4; Industrial Emissions; see 2713P-CT003MoroccoMoroccan EMC Directive, compliance with:NM EN 61131-2; Programmable Controllers EMC; see 2713P-CT008RoHSChina RoHS European RoHSTurkey RoHS (EEE Yönetmeliğine Uygundur. In Conformity with the EEE Regulation.)UAE RoHS ENV-CT001Technical DataApproximate DimensionsDimensions are shown in millimeters (inches). Dimensions are not intended to be used for manufacturing purposes.The 9 in. widescreen terminal is shown for illustrative purposes. All other terminal sizes look similar. Table 4 - Approximate Dimensions [mm (in.)]Display Size Input TypeGraphic Terminal Dimensions Cutout Dimensions Height (A)Width (B)Overall Depth (C)Mounted Depth (D)Height (A)Width (B)6 in.Touch153(6.00)186(7.30)69.5(2.74)64(2.50) (1)(1)When mounted in a panel, the front of the bezel extends less than 6 mm (0.24 in.) from the panel.123(4.84)156(6.14)7 in.178(7.00)237(9.30)148(5.82)207(8.15)9 in.190(7.48)280(11.02)162(6.38)252(9.92)10.4 in.252(9.92)297(11.69)224(8.82)269(10.59)12.1 in.246(9.69)340(13.39)218(8.58)312(12.28)6Rockwell Automation Publication 2713P-TD001J-EN-P - January 2024Rockwell Automation Publication 2713P-TD001J-EN-P - January 20247Technical DataAccessoriesAdditional ResourcesThese documents contain additional information concerning related products from Rockwell Automation. You can view or download publications at rok.auto/literature .IMPORTANTThe Secure Digital™ High Capacity (SDHC) cards listed in Table 5 have been designed to meet industrial robustness and environmental requirements. Rockwell Automation recommends that you use these accessory cards with your graphics terminal to help reduce the chance of corruption. Studio 5000® View Designer software requires that SDHD cards that is inserted into a human machine interface (HMI) device have:•4 GB of free space,•a supported SDHC card type, preferably a SDHC card listed in Table 5,•an environmental rating for the PanelView 5000 environment, and•a supported format of either file allocation table 32 (FAT32) or third extended file system (ext3).Table 5 - AccessoriesAccessoryDescription For Use Display SizeCatalog Number 3-pin DC Power Terminal Block quantity of 10All2711-TBDC DIN Rail Power Supply,24…28V DC Output Voltage120 W (quantity of 1)All 1606-XLB120E 100 W (quantity of 1)1606-XLP100E 95 W (quantity of 1)1606-XLP95E Mounting Leversblack in colorAll 2711P-RMCP (1)(1)Only use Catalog Number 2711P-RMCP mounting levers with PanelView 5310 graphic terminals. Do not use gray mounting levers as they are not compatible with PanelView 5310 graphic terminals.Protective Overlay (2)(2)Although the protective overlays listed are designed for PanelView 5510 graphic terminals, these protective overlays can also be used on PanelView 5310 graphic terminals. However, when these protective overlays are used on a PanelView 5310 graphic terminal, there is an increased air gap between the protective overlay and the screen..quantity of 36 in.2711P-RGT6S 7 in. Widescreen 2711P-RGT7SP 9 in. Widescreen2711P-RGT9SP 10.4 in.2711P-RGT10SP 12.1 in. Widescreen2711P-RGT12SP Secure Digital (SD) Cards (3)(3)To help reduce the chance of corruption, when SD cards or USB drives are used with the graphics terminal, Rockwell Automation recommends that you only use either a Catalog Number 1784-SD HC8 or a Catalog Number 1784-SD HC32 SD card.8-GB SDHC card All 1784-SD HC832-GB SDHC cardAll1784-SD HC32USB Programming Cable1.8 m (5.9 ft) length programming cable that connects the device port of theterminal to a USB host port of a computerAll6189V-USBCBL2ResourceDescriptionVisualization Solutions Selection Guide, publication VIEW-SG001 Provides an overview of the visualization products (includes catalog number selections)offered by Rockwell Automation.PanelView 5310 Terminals User Manual, publication 2713P-UM001Provides information on how to install, operate, configure, and troubleshoot the PanelView5310 terminals.EtherNet/IP Network Devices User Manual, ENET-UM006Describes how to configure and use EtherNet/IP devices to communicate on the EtherNet/IPnetwork.Ethernet Reference Manual, ENET-RM002Describes basic Ethernet concepts, infrastructure components, and infrastructure features.Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1Provides general guidelines for installing a Rockwell Automation industrial system.Product Certifications website, rok.auto/certifications Provides declarations of conformity, certificates, and other certification details.Publication 2713P-TD001J-EN-P - January 2024Supersedes Publication 2713P-TD001I-EN-P - June 2022Copyright © 2024 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.Rockwell Automation SupportUse these resources to access support information.Documentation FeedbackYour comments help us serve your documentation needs better. If you have any suggestions on how to improve our content, complete the form at rok.auto/docfeedback .Technical Support CenterFind help with how-to videos, FAQs, chat, user forums, Knowledgebase, and product notification updates.rok.auto/support Local Technical Support Phone Numbers Locate the telephone number for your country.rok.auto/phonesupport Technical Documentation CenterQuickly access and download technical specifications, installation instructions, and user manuals.rok.auto/techdocs Literature LibraryFind installation instructions, manuals, brochures, and technical data publications.rok.auto/literature Product Compatibility and Download Center (PCDC)Download firmware, associated files (such as AOP, EDS, and DTM), and access product release notes.rok.auto/pcdcRockwell Automation maintains current product environmental compliance information on its website at rok.auto/pec .Allen-Bradley, expanding human possibility, CompactLogix, ControlLogix, PanelView, Rockwell Automation, and Studio 5000 are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc.EtherNet/IP is a trademark of ODVA, Inc.Secure Digital and SDHC are trademarks of SD-3C, LLC.Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Rockwell Otomasyon Ticaret A.Ş. Kar Plaza İş Merkezi E Blok Kat:6 34752, İçerenköy, İstanbul, Tel: +90 (216) 5698400 EEE Yönetmeliğine Uygundur。

IFI早期诊断幻灯片

GM试验
G试验 PCR检测联合GM检测与 CT检查
优势
可明确区分曲霉和其它丝状真菌
可获取明确的曲霉病诊断证据
晕轮征、空气-新月征等有助于早期诊断是诊断侵袭性曲霉病的替代指标是建立早期诊断的有效辅助检查，尤其
适用于存在高危因素患者的筛查时
可早期检出侵袭性真菌感染
有较好的前景提高侵袭性肺曲霉病的检出率可提示早期开始抗真菌治疗的时机
P=0.04
P=0.01
20% 0%
2%
41/42
1/42
中心静脉导管
7%
39/42
3/42
三腔中心静脉导管
一项自1993年10月至1995年11月美国6所外科ICU参与的回顾性队列研究，共入选4276例患者，其中42例患者发生念珠菌血流感染；对42例患者进行研究，目的在于分析念珠菌感染的高危因素。
念珠菌感染*1
• 严重粒细胞缺乏 • 免疫功能低下 • 移植 • 入住ICU
• 住院时间延长 • 糖尿病 • 肾功能衰竭 • 血液透析 • 使用广谱抗生素 • 中心静脉插管
侵袭性真菌感染高危因素
曲霉感染*2
• 严重粒细胞缺乏 • 免疫功能低下 • 实体器官移植 • 入住ICU
• 血液肿瘤 • 骨髓移植 • 长期应用激素治疗 • 慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)
12、Pittet D et al. ANNALS of SURGERY. 1994;220:751-758.
第十四页，共33页。
众多其它检测方法有望用于侵袭性念珠菌感染的早期诊断
• PCR检测肺泡灌洗液、血清或脑脊液中念珠菌DNA，
其结果存在一定的假阳性
• 连续多次乳胶凝集反应或酶免疫测定法(EIA)检测念珠菌抗原可增加检测念珠菌的敏感性

DAVID-让注释简单起来！

DAVID-让注释简单起来！
首先，我们先简单了解下DAVID（目前版本是 v6.8），它可以将用户输入列表中的基因关联到生物学注释上，进而从统计的层面，在数千个关联的注释中，找出最显著富集的生物学注释。

DAVID主要用于功能注释和信息链接，提供了功能注释、基因功能分类、基因ID转换等功能。

不多说直接跟小贝进入实战：
1. 登录到网站（/）的首页，点击“ Start Analysis”或者在图中模块中选择我们需要进行的分析。

2. 在“upload”标签下提交基因列表；按照step来进行提交。

上传的数据可以供所有的分析模块共享，而不需要重复上传。

3. 上传成功后，界面如下图所示。

点击 use，进入分析。

1) 点击“Functional Annotation T ool”之后，界面如下图所示：
a) Functional Annotation Clustering
b) Functional Annotation Chart
c) Functional Annotation Table
2) 点击“Gene Functional Classification T ool”之后，界面如下图所示：
3) 点击“Gene ID Conversion T ool”之后，界面如下图所示：。

Nature亮点丨DavidAllis团队拓展致癌组蛋白的突变图谱

Nature亮点丨DavidAllis团队拓展致癌组蛋白的突变图谱解读丨路超（哥伦比亚大学遗传与发育系助理教授，从事功能表观基因组学相关研究）责编丨迦溆近些年来TCGA等大规模肿瘤基因组测序发现染色质调控蛋白在各类成人和儿童癌症中都有频繁突变，而癌症细胞的染色质异常也是当前领域研究的热点之一。

这其中比较意外的是在2012/2013年几个研究组同时发现的在儿童癌症中的组蛋白突变【1-3】。

人类基因组里有多个基因编码组蛋白，但这些突变不但只影响一个组蛋白基因，并且特异性的影响H3的赖氨酸27或36号位点（K27M or K36M）以及甘氨酸34 (G34R/V/W)。

最近的研究表明, H3K27M 和H3K36M突变能够显著抑制H3K27 和 H3K36的甲基转移酶，造成甲基化下降和基因表达失调。

值得一提的是，对于这些“致癌组蛋白(oncohistone)”的研究不仅对攻克这些儿童癌症提供新的思路，而且也推动了染色质的基础研究，K-to-M突变作为一个遗传工具可以很简单特异的降低组蛋白甲基化水平，而最近的很多重要的甲基化转化酶结构也是利用了K-to-M突变独特的生化特性。

可以说oncohistone是一个经典的人类疾病遗传学推动基础生化细胞机制研究的例子，那么人类癌症中还有更多的组蛋白突变吗？2019年3月20日，纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心（Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center）以及洛克菲勒大学的David Allis教授课题组与普林斯顿大学Tom W. Muir课题组合作在Nature上以ANALYSIS（BioArt注：有点类似于Cell的Resources或者Theory）的形式发表了题为The expanding landscape of ‘oncohistone’ mutations in human cancers的论文，在人类肿瘤中拓展了致癌组蛋白的突变图谱，对于加深致癌组蛋白概念的认识，具有重要的意义。