Usefulness of semi-automatic tools for airborne minefield detection
有些东西看似没用挡在关键时刻非常重要英语作文
有些东西看似没用挡在关键时刻非常重要英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Sometimes in life, we learn things that seem pointless and useless at the time. As students, we've all had those classes or lessons that made us think "When am I ever going to need to know this?" Whether it was obscure mathematical formulas, random historical dates, or the intricacies of proper grammar usage, it all felt like a waste of time that could have been better spent on more practical skills.However, the older I get, the more I realize that even the most useless-seeming knowledge can end up being invaluable in unexpected situations. It's often those random facts and skills that save the day when we least expect it.Take my friend Marcus for example. Back in high school, he despised our French classes with a passion. He could never see himself traveling to a French-speaking country, so constantly conjugating verbs and memorizing vocabulary felt like torture. Marcus dreaded French and did the bare minimum to pass.Fast forward ten years, and Marcus is working for an international non-profit doing relief work in remote areas. On one trip to a rural part of Haiti, his team encountered a group of towns-people who only spoke French and the one local translator was sick. With no way to communicate, the mission was at a standstill.That's when Marcus' high school French unexpectedly kicked in. Even though it had been years since he practiced, enough of those vocabulary words and grammar rules came flooding back that he could roughly converse with the villagers. Hismuch-maligned French skills ended up allowing the relief mission to proceed and provide aid. Something he once thought entirely useless turned out to be utterly essential.Then there was my buddy Ted who used to groan about having to take a finance class for his economics degree. He figured he'd never need to analyze financial statements or project income valuations in his intended career path. Ted slogged through that class resentfully, feeling like it was a waste of his tuition money.A decade later, Ted's working at a creative marketing agency doing brand consulting. During a competitive pitch for a major new client, the client's CFO starts peppering him with questionsabout financial forecasting and income valuations. If Ted froze up or proved clueless about those concepts, the client would surely take their business elsewhere.Luckily, the financial acumen from that dreaded university class came back to Ted just in time. He was able to engage the CFO fluently about those topics, explain his analysis, and project profitability that exceeded the client's expectations. The partnership was secured thanks to knowledge Ted once thought he'd never need. That finance background allowed him to stand out and win the pitch despite it not being a core part of hisday-to-day work.My own personal example of unexpected usefulness stems from a journalism class I took mainly because I needed an easy elective to fill my schedule one semester. We had to produce a video news reporting project, which required learning certain videography skills like operating a camera, recording audio, and editing footage.It was a hassle to shoot and put together these video pieces, especially for someone like me pursuing a business degree. I remember wondering "When am I ever going to need this in the real world?" Little did I know that over a decade later, those skills would come in handy.These days, creating video content has become a major part of my company's marketing and communications strategy. Instead of having to hire an expensive videography crew, I'm able to handle most of our video needs myself thanks to what I learned in that class so long ago. It's saved us tons of money and allowed us to be more agile with our content creation.Just last month, we were facing a looming deadline to create a promotional video and our usual videographer was booked up. Rather than postpone the project, I was able to jump in and shoot the footage myself by dusting off my old camera and editing skills. We hit our deadline and launched a high-quality video on time.Those are just a few examples, but I could rattle off many more instances where skills or information that once seemed extraneous ended up being monumentally useful in key situations years later.The sad truth is, when we're young students, it's hard to see the bigger picture and potential value in what we're being taught. We're focused on very narrow academic or career goals, so anything outside of our perceived path feels like a distraction or waste of time. We want the most expedient road to our destination and have little patience for any potential detours.However, life is a winding journey full of unexpected twists and turns that we could never predict when we're just starting out. That's why we can't discredit or neglect any knowledge or skill set, no matter how useless it may seem in the moment. The thing you shrug off as irrelevant could hold the key to solving a future challenge. What you learn today may not pay off until decades down the road in an unforeseeable scenario.Looking back, I wish I had applied myself more diligently in some of those classes and topics I once regarded as pointless. In retrospect I see their hidden value and real-world applicability, even if it wasn't obvious at the time. While painful in the moment, the aggregate knowledge and skills we acquire through education builds a vast mental toolbox that we can draw from when the need arises, regardless of how obscure those tools once seemed.So to any students reading this frustrated with having to take classes you deem irrelevant to your goals, keep an open mind. What you're begrudgingly learning now may prove to be indispensable when circumstances abruptly change later. One day, that niche skill or random fact could mean the difference between floundering and flourishing in a pivotal situation.As the saying goes, "Knowledge is never wasted." Whether it's immediately apparent or not, everything we learn gets compiled into the mental library that we can reference and pull from at any time. Some of the most useless-seeming things turn out to be the most valuable resources when we're faced with challenges we never could have planned for. Stay curious, remain open to learning, and always strive to expand your capabilities. The most powerful tools are the ones you don't realize you need until your back is against the wall.篇2Some Things That Seem Useless Can Be Super Important When You Really Need ThemHave you ever learned something or had to study a topic that seemed completely pointless and irrelevant at the time? Maybe it was those weird biology facts you had to memorize about the lifecycle of a sea sponge. Or all those grammar rules in English class about when to use a comma or semicolon. We've all been there - stuck learning dry, boring material that we couldn't imagine ever actually using in real life.Well, let me tell you - some of that seemingly useless stuff can end up being incredibly valuable, especially in unexpectedsituations when you really need it. It's happened to me more times than I can count during my high school years so far. Allow me to share a few examples that proved how important it is to learn topics thoroughly, even if they seem pointless initially.The Punchline That Saved My LifeLet's start with a pretty crazy story from 10th grade. Our biology teacher, Mr. Hendricks, spent what felt like an eternity lecturing us about the anatomy and behavior of sponges. Talk about a snoozefest! We had to memorize endless facts like the two main groups of sponges (calcareous and siliceous), their weird modes of reproduction involving lashing cells called spongin, and on and on. I'll admit, I nodded off more than once during those classes.Fast forward to a few months later. Our class went on a snorkeling trip to the Florida Keys. On the last day, I got stung by a jellyfish and had a severe allergic reaction - my throat started closing up and I could barely breathe. The teacher and paramedics were baffled and didn't know how to treat it. Then, in a moment of panic and delirium, I remembered some of those ridiculous sponge facts from Mr. Hendricks' lessons.I was able to gasp out that venomous sponges use protein-based toxins that cause allergic inflammation, just likewhat was happening to me. One of the paramedics realized I was right - I was having a reaction to the venom, not just getting stung. They were then able to give me the proper anti-venom treatment. If I hadn't paid attention during those excruciatingly boring biology classes, I might not be here today! Those sponge facts literally saved my life on that terrifying day.Math Meets The Real WorldHere's another example, this time from my junior year. Our pre-calculus teacher, Ms. Wilson, drilled us endlessly on concepts like linear and quadratic functions, solving radical equations, and working with rational expressions with multiple variables. I'll be honest - I struggled a lot with keeping all those formulas and rules straight. Most of my classmates and I questioned when we'd ever use any of it outside of a math classroom.Then a strange opportunity came up for me to workpart-time after school at a structural engineering firm. On one of my first days, they had me helping with calculations to determine the structural load limits for a new office building design. All those nasty rational and radical equations that gave me so much grief? Suddenly they made perfect sense and were invaluable tools.If I hadn't powered through all that painful practice inpre-calc, I would have been completely lost trying to perform the required structural analysis. I shudder to think how badly I could have messed up the computations, which could have compromised the structural integrity and safety of the entire building design. Thanks to Ms. Wilson's tenacity in teaching what I once thought was useless content, I developed skills that were absolutely critical on the job.The 5 Word That Scored 5000My last example is a quick but valuable one from English class. Our teacher, Mr. Palmer, had a philosophy that we should build an impressive vocabulary to make our writing more scholarly and sophisticated. We couldn't go more than a few classes without him pounding new words into our heads through flashcards, practice sentences, you name it. I'll never forget when he spent over a week obsessing about the meaning and use cases for the strange word "eschew."Fast forward a couple years to my senior year. I entered an elite scholarship competition with a hefty 5000 prize. For the final round, we had to write a persuasive essay without any research materials or notes. The topic ended up being about avoiding overindulgence and embracing minimalism. As I waswriting, that purposefully pretentious 5 word "eschew" came shooting out from my brain's vocabulary reserves like a diamond glistening in my mind. I wrote a line explaining that we should "eschew excessive consumption of material goods."The judges loved the line, and complimented my precise and mature language during the feedback. In a tight competition decided by just a few judges' scoring marks, I'm confidentthatächewing" that fancy vocabulary wo rd is what propelled me to the win over other talented writers. Who would have thought Force-feeding us a weird word like "eschew" in 10th grade would lead to a legitimately useful application and 5000 scholarship years later?The Moral of the StorySo what's the lesson here? I could keep rattling off more examples of seemingly useless academic concepts becoming absolutely pivotal in unexpected real-world situations. But I think you get the point.Learning is an investment, and you never know when a random topic or skill might become crucial down the road. What seems like a throwaway fact or pointless formula now could miraculously provide the key solution when you face a future challenge or opportunity. If you check out and ignore subjectsjust because they don't appear relevant to your current reality, you're selling yourself short.Approach every subject with diligence, curiosity, and an open mind. You just might be amazed at how valuable it becomes when you least expect it. As I've experienced more than once, taking classes seriously - even the painfully tedious ones - can literally be a life-saver, career-booster, or windfall-creator someday. Keeping working hard, paying attention, and never assuming something is useless until you truly understand it. You'll thank yourself later when you can use your knowledge to save the day.篇3Some Things That Seem Useless Can Be Crucial at Critical MomentsHave you ever learned something that seemed entirely pointless at the time, but ended up being immensely valuable later on? I certainly have, and let me tell you, those moments when the "useless" knowledge kicks in are absolutegame-changers. It's like having a secret superpower that nobody saw coming, and it can turn the tide in the most unexpected situations.Take, for instance, the time I had to give an impromptu presentation in my English class. Now, if you'd asked me a week before, I would have sworn up and down that all those grammar lessons on the proper use of commas were a colossal waste of time. I mean, who really cares about a tiny little punctuation mark, right? Well, let me tell you, the teacher sure did.As I stood there, trying desperately to string a coherent sentence together, it hit me like a bolt of lightning – the comma rules I'd learned practically by osmosis. Suddenly, I was like a comma ninja, slicing and dicing my way through even the most convoluted phrases with surgical precision. The teacher's eyebrows shot up in surprise, and I could see the respect in her eyes. That little bit of "useless" knowledge had just saved my bacon.But it's not just about impressing teachers or acing presentations. Sometimes, the things we learn that seem irrelevant can have far-reaching consequences in the real world. Take my friend Jake, for example. He's the kind of guy who can recite entire baseball stats from memory, right down to the most obscure players' batting averages from decades ago.Now, you might think that's a pretty useless talent, but let me tell you, it came in handy when we were stranded in themiddle of nowhere with a broken-down car. As we sat there, trying to figure out our next move, Jake started rattling off baseball stats from the 1970s. At first, I thought he'd completely lost it, but then I realized he was using those seemingly random numbers as a coded message to signal for help.Sure enough, a passing truck driver picked up on the pattern and stopped to lend a hand. If it hadn't been for Jake's vast knowledge of useless baseball trivia, who knows how long we might have been stuck there?But it's not just about practical applications or survival situations. Sometimes, the things we learn that seem useless can enrich our lives in unexpected ways. Take my friend Sarah, for instance. She's a walking encyclopedia of obscure historical facts, the kind of stuff that would make most people's eyes glaze over.One day, we were wandering through an art museum, and Sarah started pointing out all these little details in the paintings that the rest of us had completely missed. Suddenly, the works took on a whole new depth and meaning, and we were able to appreciate them on a whole different level. Sarah's "useless" knowledge had just elevated our entire museum experience.Now, I'm not saying that we should all start memorizing baseball stats or obscure historical facts just for the heck of it.That would be a little excessive, even for a knowledge junkie like me. But what I am saying is that we shouldn't be so quick to dismiss the things we learn as useless or irrelevant.You never know when that random bit of trivia or that seemingly pointless skill is going to come in handy. It might be the key to acing a test, impressing a potential employer, or even saving someone's life. And even if it never serves a practical purpose, it might just enrich your life in ways you never could have imagined.So, the next time you find yourself rolling your eyes at yet another "useless" lesson or fact, think again. That little nugget of knowledge could be the thing that turns you into a real-life superhero one day. And even if it doesn't, at least you'll have something interesting to talk about at parties.Because let's face it, in a world where we're constantly bombarded with information, a little bit of "useless" knowledge can be a refreshing change of pace. It's like a mental palate cleanser, a break from the constant barrage of "useful" facts and figures.And who knows? Maybe one day, that random factoid you learned about the mating habits of the three-toed sloth will come in handy. You never know when you might find yourselfstranded in the rainforest, surrounded by sloths, and in desperate need of a way to communicate with them.Okay, maybe that's a bit of a stretch. But you get my point. The things we learn that seem useless can be surprisingly valuable, whether it's in a practical sense or just for the sheer joy of knowing something interesting and unexpected.So, the next time someone tries to tell you that you're wasting your time learning about ancient Greek pottery or the migratory patterns of the Arctic tern, just smile and nod. Because you never know when that "useless" knowledge is going to come in clutch.And who knows? Maybe one day, you'll be the one saving the day with your vast knowledge of comma placement or your uncanny ability to recite the entire roster of the 1986 New York Mets. Stranger things have happened, my friends.So, embrace the "useless" knowledge. Revel in it. Let it become a part of you. Because in this crazy, unpredictable world, you never know when that seemingly irrelevant bit of trivia is going to be the thing that saves the day.。
手部防护安全培训
Burns
灼伤
Lacerations
破口
Sprains and Strains
Dermatits
扭伤和挫伤 Fractures
皮炎 骨折
Your hands are your most valuable tools. Nothing has ever been invented that can match them for usefulness and adaptability. That’s why it’s so important to learn how to protect your hands, both at work and at home.
想想你的拇指，尽管他们看起来又短又粗，但他们比你想象的要重要得多。 试试不用拇指把鞋带系上，把门打开，启动车子。拇指是不可或缺的工具 – 且一不小心，就可能会失去他们。因此，要选用适合作业的工具，确保工具 完好，并按正确的操作方法使用。
重的箱子或其它材料都要轻拿轻放
事先检查一下门是否足够宽，过门时是否会伤到手
搬运重物过门或其它狭窄区域时，尽可能将手放在物体的 底部或上面，不要抱着两边
放桶或气瓶时千万小心，必要时要找人帮忙；
应用牵引线控制好所有重物。 牵引线不要缠在手上 或身上
Pinch points and crushing hazards are everywhere.
other skin disorders. Get prompt medical attention when required.
1. 不要把手放在可能夹到或压到的地方。处理材料，工具和设备前，一定要先
检查一下是否 有毛刺、飞边，材料表面是否粗糙、光滑。
NRS2002原文
Clinical Nutrition(2003)22(4):415–421r2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(03)00098-0SPECIAL ARTICLEESPEN Guidelines for Nutrition Screening2002J.KONDRUP,n S.P.ALLISON,y M.ELIA,z B.VELLAS,z M.PLAUTH yn Rigshospitalet University Hospital Copenhagen,Denmark,y Queen’s Medical Centre,Nottingham,UK,z University of Southampton, Southampton,UK,z University Hospital Centre,T oulouse,France,y Community Hospital Dessau,Germany(Correspondence to:JK, Nutrition Unit^5711,Rigshospitalet University,9Blegdamsvej,2100Copenhagen,Denmark)AbstractöAim:T o provide guidelines for nutrition risk screening applicable to di¡erent settings(community,hospital, elderly)based on published and validated evidence available until June2002.Note:These guidelines deliberately make reference to the year2002in their title to indicate that this version is based on the evidence available until2002and that they need to be updated and adapted to current state of knowledge in the future. In order to reach this goal the Education and Clinical Practice Committee invites and welcomes all criticism and sugges-tions(button for mail to ECPC chairman).r2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Key words:Nutritional Assessment;malnutrition;hos-pital;communityBackgroundAbout30%of all patients in hospital are under-nourished.A large part of these patients are under-nourished when admitted to hospital and in the majority of these,undernutrition develops further while in hospital(1).This can be prevented if special attention is paid to their nutritional care.Other features of the patient’s primary disease are screened routinely and treated(e.g.dehydration,blood pressure,fever),and it is unacceptable that nutritional problems causing significant clinical risk are not identified.Neglect is also beginning to have medico-legal consequences,since an increasing number of cases of nutritional neglect are being brought to the courts.There is every reason, therefore,for hospitals and healthcare organizations to adopt a minimum set of standards in this area. However,the lack of a widely accepted screening system which will detect patients who might benefit clinically from nutritional support is commonly seen as a major limiting factor to improvement.It is the purpose of this document to give simple guidelines as to how undernutrition,or risk for develop-ment of undernutrition,can be detected,by proposing a set of standards which are practicable for general use in patients and clients within present healthcare resources. Purpose of screeningThe purpose of nutritional screening is to predict the probability of a better or worse outcome due to nutritional factors,and whether nutritional treatmentis likely to influence this.Outcome from treatment may be assessed in a number of ways:1.Improvement or at least prevention of deteriorationin mental and physical function2.Reduced number or severity of complications ofdisease or its treatment.3.Accelerated recovery from disease and shortenedconvalescence.4.Reduced consumption of resources, e.g.length ofhospital stay and other prescriptions.The nutritional impairment identified by screening should therefore be relevant to these aims and outcomes and may vary according to circumstances,e.g.age or type of illness.In the community,undernutrition,with or without chronic disease,may be the primary factor determining the mental or physical function of an individual,whereas in hospital or in a nursing home, disease factors assume a greater importance with disease-associated undernutrition assuming an important albeit secondary role.Screening in the community can therefore be focused primarily on nutritional variables based on the results of semi-starvation studies such as those of Ancel Keys and his colleagues in1950(2).In hospitals,other aspects of disease need to be considered in combination with purely nutritional measurements in order to deter-mine whether nutritional support is likely to be beneficial.Randomized controlled trials of nutritional support in particular disease groups may therefore provide important evidence on which to base our criteria of nutritional risk.Methodological considerationsThe usefulness of screening tools can be evaluated by a number of methods.The predictive validity is of major importance,i.e.that the individual identified to beat 415risk by the method is likely to obtain a health benefit from the intervention arising from the results of the screening.This can be obtained in various ways,as described for the individual screening tools below.The screening tool must also have a high degree of content validity,i.e.considered to include all relevant components of the problem it is meant to solve.This is usually achieved by involving representatives of those who are going to use it in the process of designing the tool.It must additionally have a high reliability,i.e little inter-observer variation.It must also be practical, i.e.those who are going to use the tool mustfind it rapid,simple and intuitively purposeful.It should not contain redundant information,rmation about vomiting or dysphagia is unnecessary when dietary intake is part of the screening.The etiology of reduced dietary intake belongs to asssessment(see below)or is incorporated into the nutrition care plan.Several other aspects of evaluating screening tools are described in an analysis of44nutritional screening tools(3). Finally,a screening tool should be linked to specified protocols for action, e.g.referral of those screened at risk to an expert for more detailed assessment and care plans.Screening leads to nutritional careHospital and healthcare organizations should have a policy and a specific set of protocols for identifying patients at nutritional risk,leading to appropriate nutritional care plans:an estimate of energy and protein requirements including posssible allowance for weight gain,followed by prescription of food,oral supple-ments,tube feeding or parenteral nutrition,or a combination of these.It is suggested that the following course of action be adopted.1.Screening This is a rapid and simple processconducted by admitting staff or community health-care teams.All patients should be screened on admission to hospital or other institutions.The outcome of screening must be linked to defined courses of action:a.The patient is not at risk,but may need to bere-screened at specified intervals,e.g.weeklyduring hospital stay.b.The patient is at risk and a nutrition plan isworked out by the staff.c.The patient is at risk,but metabolic orfunctional problems prevent a standard planbeing carried out.d.There is doubt as whether the patient is at risk.In the two latter cases,referral should be made to an expert for more detailed assessment.2.Assessment.This is a detailed examination ofmetabolic,nutritional or functional variables by an expert clinician,dietitian or nutrition nurse.It isa longer process than screening which leads to anappropriate care plan considering indications, possible side-effects,and,in some cases,special feeding techniques.It is based,like all diagnosis, upon a full history,examination and,where appropriate,laboratory investigations.It will in-clude the evaluation or measurement of the func-tional consequences of undernutrition,such as muscle weakness,fatigue and depression.It involves consideration of drugs that the patient is taking and which may be contributing to the symptoms,and of personal habits such as eating patterns and alcohol intake.It includes gastrointestinal assessment, including dentition,swallowing,bowel function, etc.It necessitates an understanding of the inter-pretation of laboratory tests,e.g.plasma albumin which is more likely to be a measure of disease severity than of malnutrition per se.Calcium, magnesium and zinc levels may be important,and in some cases laboratory measurement of micro-nutrient levels may be appropriate.3.Monitoring and outcome.A process of monitoringand defining outcome should be in place.The effectiveness of the care plan should be monitored by defined measurements and observations,such as recording of dietary intake,body weight and function,and a schedule for detecting possible side-effects.This may lead to alterations in treatment during the natural history of the patient’s condition.munication.Results of screening,assessmentand nutrition care plans should be communicated to other healthcare professionals when the patient is transferred,either back into the community or to another institution.When patients are transferred from the community to hospital or vice versa,it is important that the nutritional data and future care plans be communicated.5.Audit.If this process is carried out in a systematicway,it will allow audit of outcomes which may inform future policy decisions.Although this document will focus mainly on the process of screening,this cannot be considered in isolation and must be linked to the pathway of care described above.Components of nutritional screeningScreening tools are designed to detect protein and energy undernutrition,and/or to predict whether under-nutrition is likely to develop/worsen under the present and future conditions of the patient/client.Therefore, screening tools embody the following four main principles:1.What is the condition now?Height and weight allowcalculation of body mass index(BMI).Normal range 20–25,obesity430,borderline underweight18.5–20, undernutrition o18.5.In cases where it is not possible416ESPENGUIDELIN ESto obtain height and weight,e.g.in severely ill patients,a useful surrogate may be mid-arm circumference,measured with a tape around the upper arm midway between the acromion and the olecranon.This can be related to centiles of tables for that particular population,age and sex.1BMI may be less useful in growing children and adolescents,and in the very elderly.Nevertheless,the BMI provides the best generally accepted measure of weight for height.2.Is the condition stable?Recent weight loss is obtainedfrom the patient’s history,or,even better,from previous measurements in medical records.More than5%involuntary weight loss over3months,is usually regarded as significant.This may reveal undernutrition which was not discovered by1.,e.g.weight loss in obesity,and may also predict further nutritional deterioration depending on3and4.3.Will the condition get worse?This question may beanswered by asking whether food intake has been decreased up to the time of screening,and if so by approximately how much and for how long.Con-firmatory measurements can be made of the patient’s food intake in hospital or by food diary.If these are found to be less than the patient’s requirements with normal intake,then further weight loss is likely.4.Will the disease process accelerate nutritional deteriora-tion?In addition to decreasing appetite,the disease process may increase nutritional requirements due to the stress metabolism associated with severe disease(e.g.major surgery,sepsis,multitrauma),causingnutritional status to worsen more rapidly,or to develop rapidly from fairly normal states of(1–3)above. Variables1–3should be included in all screening tools,while4is relevant mainly to hospitals.In screening tools,each variable should be given a score, thereby quantifying the degree of risk and allowing a direct link to a defined course of action.Screening tools recommended by ESPENThe community:MUST for adults(see appendix)The purpose of the MUST system is to detect under-nutrition on the basis of knowledge about the associa-tion between impaired nutritional status and impaired function(5).It was primarily developed for use in the community,where serious confounders of the effect of undernutrition are relatively rare.Evaluation.The predictive validity of MUST in the community is based on previous and new studies of the effect of semi-starvation/starvation on mental and physical function in healthy volunteers concurrent validity with other tools,and utilisation of health care resources.The new series of studies describe the impair-ment of function as a results of various extents of weight loss,with various rates of weight loss,from various initial nutritional statures(low or high BMI)(6).It has been documented to have a high degree of relia-bility(low inter-observer variation)with a k=0.88À1.00. Its content validity has been assured by involving a multidisciplinary working group in its preparation.Its practicability has been documented in a number of studies in different community regions in the UK(5)(Table1). The tool has recently been extended to other health care settings,including hospitals,where again it has been found to have excellent inter-rater reliability,concurrent validity with other tools,and predictive validity(length of hospital stay,mortality in elderly wards,and discharge destination in orthopaedic patients).The hospital:NRS-2002(see appendix)The purpose of the NRS-2002system is to detect the presence of undernutrition and the risk of developing undernutrition in the hospital setting(4).It contains the nutritional components of MUST,and in addition,a grading of severity of disease as a reflection of increased nutritional requirements.It includes four questions as a pre-screening for departments with few at risk patients. With the prototypes for severity of disease given,it is meant to cover all possible patient categories in a hospital.A patient with a particular diagnosis does not always belong to the same category.A patient with cirrhosis,for example,who is admitted to intensive care because of a severe infection,should be given a score of 3,rather than1.It also includes old age as a risk factor, based on RCTs in elderly patients(4)(Table2). Evaluation.Its predictive validity has been documented by applying it to a retrospective analysis of128RCTs of nutritional support which showed that RCTs with patients fullfilling the risk criteria had a higher likelihood of a positive clinical outcome from nutritional support than RCTs of patients who did not fulfill these criteria (4).In addition,it has been applied prospectively in a controlled trial with212hospitalized patients selected according to this screening method,which showed a reduced length of stay among patients with complications in the intervention group(when adjusted for occurrence of operation and death).2Its content validity was maximized by involving an ESPENad hoc working group under the auspices of the ESPENEducational and Clinical Practice Committee in the literature based validation.It has also been used by nurses and dietitians in a2years’implementation study in three hospitals (local,regional and university hospital)in Denmark(7),1Data on simultaneous measurements of BMI and mid-arm circum-ference have not been published in a form that allows comparison of cut-off points for these measurements.An analysis of RCTs,in whichmean values BMI were given together with mean values of mid-arm circumference,suggested that a mid-arm circumference o25cm corresponds to a BMI o20.5(4).The data did not allow for distinguishing between lower cut-off points for BMI.2The trial was completed in April2002and a manuscript is in preparation by N.Johansen et al.A copy is available upon request (kondrup@rh.dk)CLINICAL NUTRITION417which indicated that staff and investigators seldomly disagreed about a patient’s risk status.Its reliability was validated by inter-observer variation between a nurse,a dietitian and a physician with a k=0.67.Its practicability was shown by thefinding that99%of750newly admitted patients could be screened.The incidence of at-risk patients was about20%(7).The elderly:MNAThe purpose of MNA is to detect the presence of undernutrition and the risk of developing undernutrition among the elderly in home-care programmes,nursing homes and hospitals.The prevalence of undernutrition among the elderly may reach significant levels(15–60%) under these circumstances(8).The screening methods mentioned above will detect undernutrition among many elderly patients,but for the frail elderly the MNA screening is more likely to identify risk of developing undernutrition,and undernutrition at an early stage, since it also includes physical and mental aspects that frequently affect the nutritional status of the elderly,as well as a dietary questionnaire.It is in fact a combination of a screening and an assessment tool,since the last part of the form(not reproduced here)is a more detailed exploration of the items in thefirst part of the form. Evalution.The predictive validity of MNA has been evaluated by demonstrating its association with adverse health outcome(9),social functioning(10),mortality (11,12)and a higher rate of visits to the general practitioner(13).In a randomized trial of elderly at risk according to MNA,those given oral supplements increased body weight,but not grip strength(14),and in another similar(but small)randomized trial of elderly in a nursing home,the intervention group increased dietary intake but no functional or clinical outcome data were reported(15).The content validity has not been reported.The reliability(inter-observer variation)was estimated,with a k=0.51(8).The MNA takes o10min to complete and its practicability has been shown by its use in a large number of studies,see(8).ChildrenA universally accepted screening tool for children is not yet available(although guidelines are in preparation under the Chairmanship of Professor Bert Koletzko, Munich).It is already standard practice among paedia-tricians to maintain height and weight charts,allowing calculation of growth velocity which is high-sensitive to nutritional status.Pubertal development is also im-paired during undernutrition.Other screening systemsIn their recent guidelines,the ASPENboard of directors stated that no screening system has been validated with respect to clinical outcome(16).They also suggested that,in the absence of an outcomes validated approach,a combination of clinical and biochemical parameters should be used to assess the presence of malnutrition. They suggest using the subjective global assessment,SGA (17),which classifies patients subjectively on the basis of data obtained from history and physical examination, since this system has been validated in several ways other than with respect to clinical outcome,e.g.inter-observer variation.However,the lack of a direct connection between the observations and the classification of patients leaves the tool more complex and less focused than desired for rapid screening purposes.An analysis of a total of44screening tools for use in hospital and the community(3)indicated that tools were published with insufficient details regarding their intended use and method of derivation,and with an inadequate assessment of their effectiveness.No one tool satisfied a set of criteria regarding scientific merit. The present recommendations by ESPENmay share some of these short-comings,but in view of the massive neglect of nutritional problems in health institutions, and the explicit lack of generally accepted screening tools,the predictive validity given above is considered sufficient to provide a practical and reasonable ap-proach in the light of present knowledge.These recommendations may need to be modified in the light of future experience.Predictive validity vs meta-analyses of treatmentThe predictive validity reported here needs to be commented upon in relation to recent meta-analyses, or systematic reviews.Such analyses suggest that nutritional support by the enteral or oral route improves functional capacity and clinical outcome,and reduces length of stay and mortality,e.g.(18,19).In a recent meta-analysis of studies employing parenteral nutrition (20),it was pointed out that there are inadequate data to assess the efficacy of parenteral nutrition in patients who are severely undernourished,who have highly catabolic disease processes,or who cannot be provided with enteral nutrition for several weeks.These are in fact the patients who most commonly receive supportive par-enteral nutrition now-a-days,and for ethical reasons, there will probably not be randomized trials available in the future either.The majority of studies available deal with the grey area of patients who are less under-nourished/not undernourished and/or are mildly–mod-erately catabolic.With these studies at hand,it was difficult to identify clinical conditions where parenteral nutrition would be clinically effective(20).However,the literature analysis mentioned above(4)suggests that parenteral nutrition is clinically effective in studies of patients who rather more than just fulfill the criteria for being nutritionally at risk.Furthermore,nutrients known to be essential for healthy humans are also essential for patients,and therefore the required documentation is not to confirm418ESPENGUIDELIN ESthe essentiality of nutrients among patients,but rather to define when a certain form of nutritional support is more beneficial than leaving the patient to develop nutritional deficiences.Therefore,meta-analyses and systematic reviews of nutritional support are too simplistic,if performed by analogy with treatment using a new drug.Finally,a nutritional care plan in most cases will involve food,oral supplements,tube feeding and parenteral nutrition,often used interchangeably in the same patient,whereas the majority of randomized trials,and meta-analyses,have dealt with studies of single modality treatments.The predictive validity of a screen-ing tool therefore cannot be directly based on meta-analyses available at present.References1.McWhirter J P,Pennington C R.Incidence and recognition of malnutrition in hospital.BMJ 1994;308:945–9482.Keys A,Brozek J,Henschel A et al.The Biology of Human Starvation.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press;1950:703–748&819and 9183.Jones J M.The methodology of nutritional screening and assess-ment tools.J Hum Nutr Diet 2002;15:59–714.Kondrup J,Rasmussen H H,Hamberg O et al.Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002):a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials.Clin Nutr 2003;22:321–3365.Malnutrition Advisory Group (MAG).MAG—guidelines for Detection and Management of Malnutrition.British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,2000,Redditch,UK6.Elia M.Personal communication7.Kondrup J,Johansen N,Plum L M et al.Incidence of nutritional risk and causes of inadequate nutritional care in hospitals.Clin Nutr 2002;21:461–4688.Vellas B,Guigoz Y,Garry P J et al.The Mini NutritionalAssessment (MNA)and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients.Nutrition 1999;15:116–1229.Beck A M,Ovesen L,Osler M.The ‘Mini Nutritional Assessment’(MNA)and the ‘Determine Your Nutritional Health’Checklist (NSI Checklist)as predictors of morbidity and mortality in an elderly Danish population.Br J Nutr 1999;81:31–3610.Griep M I,Mets T F,Collys K et al.Risk of malnutrition inretirement homes elderly persons measured by the ‘mini-nutritional assessment’.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:M57–pan B,di Castri A,Plaze J M et al.Epidemiological studyof malnutrition in elderly patients in acute,sub-acute and long-term care using the MNA.J Nutr Health Aging 1999;3:146–15112.Gazzotti C,Albert A,Pepinster A et al.Clinical usefulness of themini nutritional assessment (MNA)scale in geriatric medicine.J Nutr Health Aging 2000;4:176–8113.Beck A M,Ovesen L,Schroll M.A six months’prospective follow-up of 65+-y-old patients from general practice classified according to nutritional risk by the Mini Nutritional Assessment.Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55:1028–1033uque S,Arnaud Battandier F,Mansourian R et al.Protein-energy oral supplementation in malnourished nursing-home residents.A controlled trial.Age Ageing 2000;29:51–5615.Beck A M,Ovesen L,Schroll M.Home-made oral supplement asnutritional support of old nursing home residents,who areundernourished or at risk of undernutrition based on the MNA.A pilot trial.Aging Clin Exp Res 2002;14:212–21516.ASPENBoard of directors.Guidelines for the use of parenteral,enteral nutrition in adult and pediatrc care.J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002;26:9SA–12SA17.Detsky A S,McLaughlin J R,Baker J P et al.What is subjectiveglobal assessment of nutritional status?J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987;11:8–1318.Potter J,Langhorne P,Roberts M.Routine protein energy supple-mentation in adults:systematic review.BMJ 1998;317:495–50119.Stratton R J,Green C J,Elia M E.Disease Related Malnutrition:An Evidence-based Approach to Treatment.CAB International,Oxford,UK,200320.Koretz R L,Lipman T O,Klein S.AGA technical review onparenteral nutrition.Gastroenterology 2001;121:970–1001Can be adapted for special circumstances (e.g.when weight and height cannot be measured or when there are fluid disturbances)using specified alternative measurements including subjective criteria.It also identifies obesity (BMI 430kg/m 2).AppendixMalnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)for adultsCLINICAL NUTRITION 419420ESPENGUIDELIN ESNutritional Risk Screening(NRS2002)CLINICAL NUTRITION421 r。
托福强化课件6句子简化
Unfortunately, he refused to participate in the debate, reasoning that there was no need for him to debate somebody who, in his opinion, knew nothing about the issue.
找出and并列成分 地点状语从句
A father accepting responsibility for behavior problems is linked with positive outcomes.
A father is linked with positive outcomes.
A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.
B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.
C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
如何有效使用工具英语作文
如何有效使用工具英语作文Using tools effectively is a crucial skill that can make our lives easier and more efficient. Here are sometips to help you make the most of the tools you have at hand.First, it's important to understand the basics of the tool you're using. Read the instructions or watch atutorial to get a feel for how it works. Don't be afraid to ask for help if you're stuck – there's usually someone around who's willing to lend a hand.Next, think about how you can customize the tool to fit your needs. Many tools offer settings and options that can be adjusted to suit your preferences. Take the time to explore these and make the tool work for you, not against you.Remember to stay organized when using tools. Create a system for storing and retrieving information, and stick toit. This will help you find what you need quickly and avoid wasting time searching through piles of clutter.Don't be afraid to try new tools, either. Technology is constantly evolving, and there are always new and better tools coming out. Keep an eye out for new options and give them a try if they seem like they could be helpful.Finally, don't forget to take breaks when using tools. It's easy to get caught up in a project and forget to take a step back, but it'。
国际贸易实务chapter 2 Object of Transaction
5
Sample
“小轿车”（排量2.0，Saloon cars, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1500cc but not exceeding 2500cc）；
“T恤衫”（ 棉制针织或钩编，T-shirts, knitted or crocheted）；
15
Hale Waihona Puke Automatic Filling Line
16
Capping Machine
17
Offset Printer
18
Silk Screen Printing
19
（2）Describe by processing materials 以加工原料表示货物名称
★“羊绒衫”（cashmere sweater） ★“钢制螺钉”（steel screws） ★“菠萝罐头”（pineapples in airtight
containers）
20
（3）Describe by person’s name 以人物姓名表示货物名称
★ “李宁牌运动鞋”（Li-ning brand sports shoes） ★ “王致和腐乳”（Wang Zhi-he fermented been curd） ★ “王守义十三香调料”（Wang Shou-yi multi-flavored spices）
14
（1）Describe by its usefulness 以货物主要用途表示货物名称
★ Automatic Filling Line ★ Capping Machine ★ Offset Press ★ One set of universal semi-automatic silk
构词法
英语构词法全解1976年出版的《韦氏第三版新国际英语大辞典新词续编》收录了该大辞典1961年出版后出现的6000个新词。
这些新词中有一半是人们为了适应社会新的发展依据构词法造出来的：其中五分之二属“缀合”，五分之三为“合成”。
可见，英语构词法对英语的发展具有多么大的作用。
构词（word formation）的方法主要有4类：(1) 前缀法：在词根前加前缀，多数情况下词类不变。
如：pre-determine (预订)(2) 后缀法：在词根后加后缀，多数情况下词类改变。
如：friendless (没有朋友的)(3) 转化法：词类改变但词形不变。
如：We shall carpet the room.（名词→动词）我们将在房中铺地毯。
(4) 合成法：将一词加到另一词上，前一词修饰、限定后一词。
如：blackbird (画眉) armchair (扶手椅)（一）前缀法(prefixation)（1）表示否定a-, an- (缺乏，没有)，多用以构成学术、科技方面的词。
如：amoral (非道德性的) asexual (无性别的) anarchy (无政府主义)dis- (不，反面)，如：disobey (不服从) disuse (废止) disloyalty (不忠诚)in- (有变体：在[l]前为il-，在唇音[m, p, b]前为im-，在[r]前为ir-) (不，反面)和形容词结合。
如：incomplete (不完全的) illegal (非法的) impossible (不可能的) irresponsible (不负责任的)non- (不)，和名词、形容词、副词结合，有时由连字符连接。
如：non-smoker (不吸烟者) non-perishable (不易腐败的) non-person (无关重要的人)un- (不，非)，和形容词及分词结合，其构词力在表示否定的一类前缀中最强。
如：unfair (不公平的) unexpected (想不到的) unknown (未知的)（2）表示反向或反义de-①表示动作的反向，和动词或名词结合。
短信交流工具的介绍和特点英语作文
短信交流工具的介绍和特点英语作文英文回答：Text Messaging: A Modern Form of Communication.Text messaging, also known as SMS (Short Message Service), has revolutionized the way we communicate. This convenient and accessible technology allows users to send and receive short text messages over their mobile phones. With its widespread adoption, text messaging has become an integral part of our daily lives, connecting people across distances and facilitating various forms of communication.Characteristics of Text Messaging.1. Simplicity and Convenience: Text messaging is incredibly simple to use, with a user-friendly interface that makes it accessible to people of all ages and backgrounds. Messages can be composed and sent quickly, making it an efficient way to communicate.2. Immediate Delivery: Unlike traditional mail or email, text messages are delivered almost instantaneously to the recipient's phone. This speed makes it ideal for urgent communication or situations where immediate responses are required.3. Ubiquity: Text messaging is supported by virtuallyall mobile phones, regardless of their brand or model. This widespread availability ensures that messages can reach individuals anywhere with cellular coverage.4. Versatility: Text messages can convey a variety of information, from simple greetings and reminders to complex discussions and ideas. The brevity of the messages encourages users to be concise and efficient in their communication.5. Affordability: In many countries, text messaging is relatively inexpensive, making it an accessible communication option for a wide range of people. This affordability has contributed to its widespread adoption.Applications of Text Messaging.Text messaging has found applications in numerous areas, including:1. Personal Communication: Text messages are commonly used for casual communication between friends, family, and romantic partners. They facilitate informal conversations, sharing of updates, and coordination of plans.2. Business Communication: Text messaging can be usedfor business-related tasks such as scheduling appointments, sending reminders, and providing customer support. Itsspeed and convenience make it suitable for urgent mattersor situations where quick responses are essential.3. Emergency Communication: Text messaging can play a crucial role in emergency situations. It allows individuals to send distress messages, request assistance, and stay informed during times of crisis.4. Marketing and Promotion: Businesses use text messaging as a marketing channel to reach customers, promote products, and share exclusive offers. It provides a direct and targeted way to engage with potential customers.5. Social and Community Initiatives: Text messaging has been utilized for various social and community initiatives, such as health campaigns, disaster relief efforts, and community outreach programs. Its ability to reach a wide audience makes it an effective tool for promoting awareness and mobilizing support.In conclusion, text messaging is a versatile and widely accessible communication tool that has transformed the way we connect with others. Its simplicity, immediacy, ubiquity, and affordability make it an indispensable part of modern communication, facilitating both personal and professional interactions.中文回答：短信交流工具的介绍和特点。
如何使用好工具箱英语作文
如何使用好工具箱英语作文标题，How to Utilize a Toolbox Effectively。
In our daily lives, we often encounter situations where having the right tools can make tasks easier and more efficient. A toolbox is a valuable resource that contains various tools for different purposes. Knowing how to use a toolbox effectively can save time, effort, and even money.In this essay, we will explore the importance of a toolbox and provide practical tips on how to utilize it efficiently.Firstly, let us understand the significance of a toolbox. A toolbox is like a treasure chest for any handyman or DIY enthusiast. It houses a collection of tools ranging from screwdrivers and hammers to wrenches and pliers. Each tool serves a specific function and can be indispensable in various situations. Whether it's fixing a leaky faucet, assembling furniture, or performing routine maintenance tasks, a well-equipped toolbox is essential.Now, let's delve into the strategies for using a toolbox effectively:1. Organize Your Toolbox: The first step to utilizing a toolbox efficiently is to organize it properly. Arrange your tools in a way that makes them easy to locate when needed. You can use compartments, trays, or pouches to categorize different types of tools. This organization will save you valuable time that would otherwise be spent rummaging through a cluttered toolbox.2. Familiarize Yourself with the Tools: Take the time to familiarize yourself with each tool in your toolbox. Know its name, function, and how to use it safely. Some tools may have multiple attachments or settings, so understanding their versatility can be beneficial. Additionally, learn the proper maintenance procedures for your tools to ensure their longevity.3. Plan Ahead: Before starting any task, assess the tools you will need and gather them from your toolbox. Planning ahead prevents interruptions during the task andensures that you have all the necessary equipment at hand. It also allows you to anticipate any challenges and select the most appropriate tools for the job.4. Use the Right Tool for the Job: One of the golden rules of using a toolbox is to always use the right toolfor the job. Trying to improvise with the wrong tool can lead to frustration, damage to the tool or the objectyou're working on, and even personal injury. Take the time to select the appropriate tool for each task, even if it means taking an extra trip to your toolbox.5. Maintain and Repair Your Tools: A well-maintained tool is more effective and safer to use. Regularly inspect your tools for signs of wear or damage, and repair or replace them as needed. Keep your tools clean andlubricated to prevent rust and corrosion. Investing time in maintaining your tools will prolong their lifespan and ensure optimal performance.6. Safety First: Always prioritize safety when using tools from your toolbox. Wear appropriate protective gear,such as goggles, gloves, and ear protection, depending on the task at hand. Follow the manufacturer's instructionsfor each tool and be mindful of potential hazards. When working with power tools, ensure they are switched off and unplugged when not in use to prevent accidents.7. Keep Your Toolbox Updated: As your skills and projects evolve, so should your toolbox. Periodically assess your toolbox and add new tools or replace old ones to meet your changing needs. Stay informed about advancements in tool technology and consider investing in innovative tools that can enhance your productivity.In conclusion, a toolbox is an invaluable asset for anyone who enjoys DIY projects or performs maintenance tasks around the house. By organizing, familiarizing, planning, using the right tools, maintaining safety, and keeping your toolbox updated, you can make the most of this resource. A well-utilized toolbox not only simplifies tasks but also empowers you to tackle new challenges with confidence. So, next time you pick up a tool from yourtoolbox, remember these strategies and make your work more efficient and enjoyable.。
对我有用的发明英语作文
对我有用的发明英语作文英文回答：In the realm of technological advancements, numerous inventions have emerged that have indelibly transformed our lives, providing us with unprecedented capabilities and conveniences. While it is difficult to pinpoint a single invention as the most impactful on a personal level, there are several that have had a profound influence on my daily routine and overall well-being.Foremost among these is the smartphone, a ubiquitous device that has become an indispensable tool for communication, information access, and productivity. Its compact size and wireless connectivity allow me to stay connected with friends, family, and colleagues wherever I go. The plethora of applications available on smartphones enables me to accomplish a wide range of tasks, from checking emails and managing finances to staying updated on news and entertainment. Furthermore, the smartphone's GPScapabilities have revolutionized navigation, making it effortless to find my way around unfamiliar places.Another invention that has greatly enhanced my life is the personal computer, which has become an essential tool for both work and leisure. Its powerful processing capabilities and vast storage capacity allow me to handle complex tasks with ease, from creating presentations and spreadsheets to editing videos and designing graphics. Additionally, the personal computer provides access to a world of knowledge and entertainment through the internet, allowing me to pursue my interests, learn new skills, and stay informed about current events.In the realm of transportation, the invention of the automobile has had a transformative impact on my mobility and independence. The ability to own and operate a vehicle has granted me the freedom to travel at my own convenience, explore new destinations, and connect with distant friends and family. Furthermore, advancements in automotive technology, such as GPS navigation and adaptive cruise control, have made driving safer and more enjoyable.In the realm of healthcare, the invention ofantibiotics has revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, saving countless lives and improving thequality of life for millions. Antibiotics have enabled medical professionals to combat a wide range of infectious diseases, from pneumonia and sepsis to meningitis and tuberculosis. Their efficacy has reduced mortality rates, shortened hospital stays, and prevented long-term complications.The invention of the refrigerator has had a profound impact on my daily life by preserving food and preventing spoilage. Its ability to maintain a cool temperature allows me to store perishable items for extended periods, reducing food waste and saving me time and money. Additionally, the refrigerator has enabled me to enjoy a wider variety of fresh produce, as I can purchase items in bulk and store them for later consumption.中文回答：智能手机，小巧便捷，随时随地保持联系、获取信息、提高工作效率。
未来的实用工具作文英语
未来的实用工具作文英语Possible essay:Useful Tools of the Future。
As technology advances, new tools are being developed that can help us in various aspects of our lives. From health monitoring devices to smart home systems, thesetools promise to make our daily routines easier, safer, and more efficient. In this essay, I will explore some of the most promising tools of the future and their potential impact on society.One of the most exciting areas of innovation is wearable technology. Wearables are devices that can be worn on the body, such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and augmented reality glasses. These devices can track our physical activity, monitor our health indicators, and provide us with real-time information and notifications. For example, a smartwatch can remind us to take medication,track our sleep patterns, and alert us to incoming calls and messages. A fitness tracker can monitor our heart rate, count our steps, and provide personalized workout plans. Augmented reality glasses can overlay digital information on the real world, allowing us to navigate, learn, and create in new ways.Another area of innovation is home automation. Smart home systems can connect various devices and appliances in our homes, allowing us to control them remotely or through voice commands. For example, a smart thermostat can adjust the temperature based on our preferences and schedule, saving energy and money. A smart lock can allow us to unlock our doors with our phones or biometric data, increasing security and convenience. A smart speaker can play music, answer questions, and control other devices through voice commands, making our homes more interactive and responsive.A third area of innovation is transportation. Self-driving cars, drones, and hyperloops are some of the most talked-about technologies that could transform the way wemove around. Self-driving cars can reduce accidents, traffic, and emissions, while increasing accessibility and productivity. Drones can deliver goods and services faster and cheaper than traditional methods, while also reaching remote or dangerous areas. Hyperloops can transport people and cargo at high speeds through vacuum-sealed tubes, reducing travel time and congestion. These technologies are still in development and face various challenges, such as regulatory, ethical, and technical issues, but they hold great potential for the future.A fourth area of innovation is artificial intelligence. AI is a broad field that encompasses various techniques and applications, such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics. AI can help us solve complex problems, automate tedious tasks, and augment human capabilities. For example, AI can diagnose diseases,predict weather patterns, and generate creative content. AI can also assist us in education, entertainment, and social interactions, by providing personalized recommendations, feedback, and companionship. However, AI also raises concerns about privacy, bias, and job displacement, andrequires careful regulation and ethical considerations.In conclusion, the future of technology is full of useful tools that can enhance our lives in many ways. Wearable technology, home automation, transportation, and artificial intelligence are some of the most promising areas of innovation that could shape our society in the coming years. However, these tools also require responsible and ethical use, as well as continuous improvement and adaptation, to ensure that they benefit everyone and mitigate any negative effects. As users and creators of technology, we have a responsibility to shape its future in a positive and inclusive way.。
不依赖辅助工具作文
不依赖辅助工具作文英文回答：1. What are the benefits of using assistive technology in the classroom?Assistive technology can help students withdisabilities access and participate in the general curriculum.It can provide students with tools and strategies to overcome their challenges and reach their full potential.Assistive technology can help students develop independence and self-advocacy skills.2. What are the challenges of using assistive technology in the classroom?One challenge is that assistive technology can beexpensive to purchase and maintain.Another challenge is that teachers may not be familiar with how to use assistive technology effectively.Students may also be resistant to using assistive technology, especially if they are self-conscious abouttheir disabilities.3. How can teachers overcome the challenges of using assistive technology in the classroom?Teachers can overcome the challenges of using assistive technology by getting training on how to use it effectively.They can also collaborate with other professionals,such as occupational therapists and speech-language pathologists, to develop a plan for using assistive technology with individual students.Teachers can also create a supportive and inclusive environment in which students feel comfortable usingassistive technology.4. What are the ethical considerations of using assistive technology in the classroom?One ethical consideration is that assistive technology can be used to track and monitor students.Another ethical consideration is that assistive technology can be used to exclude students from certain activities or opportunities.Teachers should use assistive technology in a way that respects the privacy and dignity of all students.5. What are the future trends of assistive technology in the classroom?One future trend is that assistive technology will become more affordable and accessible.Another future trend is that assistive technology willbecome more integrated into the general curriculum.Teachers should be prepared to use assistive technology to meet the needs of all students in the future.中文回答：1. 在课堂中使用辅助工具有什么好处？辅助工具可以帮助残障学生进入和参与通用课程。
英语作文-提高录音制作效率的实用方法与工具
英语作文-提高录音制作效率的实用方法与工具Improving Efficiency in Audio Recording and Production。
Effective audio recording and production require a blend of technical proficiency, streamlined processes, and the right tools. Whether you're a seasoned professional or just starting out, optimizing your workflow can significantly enhance productivity and output quality. Here’s a comprehensive guide to practical methods and tools that can help you achieve just that.Firstly, setting up a conducive environment is paramount. Ensure your recording space is acoustically treated to minimize external noise and echoes. This foundational step reduces the need for extensive post-processing, saving valuable time. Investing in quality microphones suited to your recording needs is equally crucial. Dynamic microphones are ideal for live recordings and vocals, while condenser microphones excel in capturing nuanced sounds and instruments.Secondly, leverage Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) to streamline your production process. Popular DAWs like Pro Tools, Logic Pro, and Ableton Live offer intuitive interfaces and a wide array of tools for recording, editing, and mixing audio tracks. Familiarize yourself with keyboard shortcuts and DAW-specific workflows to expedite tasks such as track comping, automation, and plugin management. Utilizing templates for session setup can also save time by pre-configuring commonly used tracks and settings.Next, integrating virtual instruments and plugins enhances creative flexibility and efficiency. Virtual instruments simulate real-world instruments with remarkable accuracy, enabling you to experiment with diverse sounds without the logistical challenges of physical instruments. Similarly, plugins for effects processing, equalization, anddynamics control provide powerful tools for refining audio quality directly within your DAW environment.Furthermore, collaboration tools facilitate seamless teamwork, particularly in remote or distributed production environments. Cloud-based storage solutions like Google Drive, Dropbox, or dedicated audio collaboration platforms enable real-time file sharing, version control, and feedback integration. This ensures all team members are synchronized, reducing communication delays and enhancing overall project coherence.Moreover, mastering the art of efficient audio editing techniques can drastically reduce production timelines. Utilize features such as non-destructive editing, batch processing, and crossfading to streamline repetitive tasks and maintain audio integrity throughout the editing process. Familiarity with editing tools for precise waveform manipulation and noise reduction further enhances editing precision and overall audio clarity.Additionally, employing time-saving techniques during mixing and mastering is essential for achieving polished final tracks. Organize tracks using grouping and bussing to manage multiple elements collectively, applying consistent processing across related tracks. Utilize reference tracks to benchmark your mix against professionally mastered recordings, ensuring your final output meets industry standards in terms of balance, dynamics, and overall tonal quality.Lastly, optimizing hardware configurations can significantly enhance workflow efficiency. Ensure your computer system meets or exceeds recommended specifications for running resource-intensive DAWs and plugins smoothly. Investing in external hardware such as audio interfaces, MIDI controllers, and studio monitors tailored to your specific recording and monitoring needs enhances both efficiency and output quality.In conclusion, by implementing these practical methods and utilizing appropriate tools, you can significantly enhance your audio recording and production efficiency. From optimizing your recording environment and mastering DAW workflows to integrating virtual instruments and leveraging collaborative tools, each step contributes to a streamlined process and superior audio output. Consistent practice and adaptation ofthese techniques will not only save time but also elevate the overall quality of your audio productions, empowering you to achieve professional results with greater ease and efficiency.。
如何使用商业工具英语作文
如何使用商业工具英语作文Title: Effective Utilization of Business Tools in Written Communication。
In the contemporary business landscape, effective communication is paramount for success. With the advent of various business tools and technologies, written communication has undergone a significant transformation. This essay aims to explore the utilization of business tools in written communication and how they contribute to enhancing efficiency and clarity in conveying messages.To begin with, email remains one of the most widely used forms of written communication in the business world. Its convenience and speed make it indispensable for daily correspondence. When composing emails, it is crucial to utilize business tools effectively to ensure professionalism and clarity. One such tool is the spell check feature, which helps eliminate typos and grammatical errors, thereby enhancing the overall quality of themessage. Additionally, the use of email templates can save time and ensure consistency in communication, especiallyfor repetitive tasks such as sending meeting invitations or responding to inquiries.Furthermore, document creation tools like Microsoft Word or Google Docs play a vital role in business writing. These tools offer various features such as formatting options, spell check, and grammar suggestions, which helpin creating polished and error-free documents. Moreover, collaboration features enable multiple team members to work on the same document simultaneously, fostering teamwork and efficiency. Utilizing these tools allows for seamless collaboration and ensures that the final document meets the desired standards.Another essential aspect of written communication in business is maintaining professional and visually appealing presentations. Presentation tools like Microsoft PowerPoint or Prezi offer a range of features to create engaging and informative slides. From customizable templates to multimedia integration, these tools enable presenters toeffectively convey their message to the audience. Additionally, features like slide transitions andanimations can enhance the overall impact of the presentation, making it more memorable for the audience.In addition to email and document creation tools,project management platforms play a crucial role in written communication within organizations. Platforms such as Asana, Trello, or Jira facilitate task assignment, progress tracking, and communication among team members. Byutilizing these tools, teams can streamline their workflows, ensure accountability, and improve overall productivity. Moreover, these platforms offer features like file sharing and commenting, enabling seamless collaboration on projects irrespective of geographical locations.Furthermore, the emergence of instant messaging platforms like Slack or Microsoft Teams has revolutionized real-time communication in the workplace. These platforms facilitate quick exchanges of messages, allowing team members to communicate efficiently without the formality of email. Moreover, features like channels and threads helporganize discussions and keep relevant information accessible to the team. By leveraging instant messaging tools, businesses can foster a culture of collaboration and responsiveness, leading to faster decision-making and problem-solving.In conclusion, the effective utilization of business tools plays a crucial role in enhancing written communication in the modern business environment. From email and document creation tools to project management platforms and instant messaging, these tools offer various features to streamline communication processes and improve overall efficiency. By incorporating these tools into daily workflows, businesses can ensure clarity, professionalism, and effectiveness in their written communication,ultimately contributing to their success in today's competitive landscape.。
对我有用的发明英语作文
对我有用的发明英语作文English Answer:The question is "What are some inventions that are useful to me?" Here are some inventions that I find useful:The internet: The internet has revolutionized the way we live. It allows us to stay connected with friends and family, access information, and learn new things.The smartphone: The smartphone is another invention that has changed our lives. It allows us to stay connected, access information, and get things done on the go.The computer: The computer is a powerful tool that can be used for a variety of tasks, including work, school, and entertainment.The car: The car allows us to travel quickly and easily. It is a convenient way to get around town or totravel long distances.The airplane: The airplane allows us to travel to different parts of the world quickly and easily. It is a great way to see new places and experience different cultures.These are just a few of the many inventions that I find useful. Inventions have made our lives easier, more convenient, and more enjoyable.中文回答：对于我来说有用的发明有：互联网，互联网彻底改变了我们的生活方式。
使用工具的能力作文英语
使用工具的能力作文英语Using Tools。
Tools are essential for getting things done efficiently and effectively. They help us accomplish tasks with ease and precision. Whether it's a simple hand tool or a complex software program, our ability to use tools is crucial in today's fast-paced world. Let's explore the diverse ways in which we can harness the power of tools.In the physical realm, tools can be as basic as a hammer or as advanced as a 3D printer. With a hammer in hand, I can confidently tackle any DIY project, from hanging a picture frame to building a bookshelf. The satisfying thud of the hammer hitting the nail is music to my ears. On the other hand, a 3D printer opens up a world of possibilities. I can create intricate designs and bring them to life, all with the push of a button. It's like having a magic wand that turns imagination into reality.Moving into the digital realm, tools take on a whole new dimension. Take Photoshop, for example. With this powerful software, I can transform ordinary photos into stunning works of art. The ability to manipulate colors, add filters, and remove imperfections is truly remarkable. It's like having a virtual paintbrush that allows me to express my creativity in ways I never thought possible.In the world of communication, tools play a vital role in connecting people across the globe. Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have become indispensable tools for staying in touch with friends and family. With just a few taps on my smartphone, I can share photos, videos, and thoughts with the world. It's like having a personal broadcasting station at my fingertips.When it comes to productivity, tools like project management software and task organizers are lifesavers. They help me stay organized, prioritize tasks, and collaborate with others seamlessly. With these tools, I can juggle multiple projects and deadlines effortlessly. It's like having a personal assistant who never sleeps.In conclusion, our ability to use tools is a valuable skill that enhances our lives in countless ways. From physical tools that help us build and create, to digital tools that unleash our creativity and connect us with others, we are empowered to achieve more than ever before. So let's embrace the power of tools and unlock our full potential.。
有用的电子设备英语作文
有用的电子设备英语作文《Useful Electronic Devices》In today’s digital age, electronic devices have become an integral part of our daily lives. From smartphones and laptops to smart home devices and wearables, these gadgets offer a wide range of benefits and conveniences. In this essay, we will explore some of the most useful electronic devices that have changed the way we live, work, and communicate.One of the most essential electronic devices is the smartphone. Equipped with advanced capabilities such as high-resolution cameras, internet connectivity, and a plethora of apps, smartphones have revolutionized the way we stay connected with the world. We can use them to make calls, send text messages, browse the web, check emails, and access social media. Smartphones also come with various productivity apps that allow us to work on the go, manage our schedules, and stay organized. The availability of navigation apps has made it easier for us to navigate unfamiliar places, and the integration of digital wallets has simplified the payment process. With the constant advancements in technology, smartphones continue to evolve and offer even more useful features.Another indispensable electronic device is the laptop computer. Laptops provide us with the flexibility to work, study, and create anywhere. They are suitable for handling tasks such as writing documents, editing photos and videos, and running complex software. The portability of laptops makes them ideal for students, professionals, and frequent travelers. Many laptops also offer long battery life, allowing us to use them for extended periods without the need for a power outlet. Some laptops even come with touchscreen capabilities and convertibility features, providing a seamless user experience.In recent years, smart home devices have gained popularity for their ability to enhance our living spaces. These devices include smartthermostats, lighting systems, security cameras, and voice assistants. With a smart thermostat, we can remotely control the temperature of our homes, ensuring comfort and energy savings. Smart lighting systems allow us to adjust the brightness and color of lights, creating the desired ambiance. Security cameras provide peace of mind by allowing us to monitor our homes remotely, and voice assistants like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant can perform various tasks, such as playing music, setting reminders, and answering questions, with just a simple voice command. Smart home devices make our lives more convenient, efficient, and secure.Wearable devices have also become increasingly common, offering a variety of benefits for health and fitness tracking. Fitness trackers can monitor our activity levels, heart rate, sleep patterns, and more, helping us stay on top of our health and fitness goals. Smartwatches not only provide fitness tracking features but also offer additional functionalities like text messaging, phone calls, and access to apps. Some smartwatches even have built-in GPS and music players, making them ideal for outdoor activities and workouts. Wearable devices not only help us stay active and healthy but also provide us with real-time information and convenience.In addition to the devices mentioned above, there are many other useful electronic devices that cater to different needs and interests. For example, e-readers allow us to carry an entire library in our pocket, making reading on the go more accessible. Gaming consoles offer entertainment and a way to unwind after a long day. Digital cameras capture precious moments and allow us to preserve memories in high quality. The list of useful electronic devices is endless, and their benefits are undeniable.Electronic devices have become an essential part of our modern lives, providing us with countless benefits and conveniences. From communicating with others to staying informed, getting work done, and enhancing our living spaces, these devices have truly transformed the way we live. However, it is important to use these devices responsibly and not become overly dependent on them. We should also be mindful of our digital privacy and security. With the right usage and moderation,electronic devices can continue to enhance our lives and make them more efficient, enjoyable, and connected.。
常用前缀后缀
常用前缀后缀常用前缀后缀一.表示否认的前缀加在名词、形容词，动词以前。
disadvantage(弊端)dishonorable(不但彩的)disagree(不一样意)加在形容词，名词以前incorrect(不正确的)，inability(无能，无力)，inaccurate(不正确的)加在字母m,b,p以前impossible(不顺能的)，impolite(不礼貌的)，impudence(恬不知耻)加在以1开头的词前illegal(非法的)，illiterate(文盲的，无文化的)illogical(不合逻辑的)加在以r开头的词前irregular(不稳固的)，irresistable(不行抵挡的)，irresolvable(不可以分解的，不可以解决的) 加在名词，形容词，副词以前unfinished( 未完成的)undoubted( 无疑的)unemployment(失业)加在形容词，名词前non-existence(不存在)，non-essential(不主要的)，non-electrical(非电的)加在动词、名词以前misunderstand(解)，misjudge(判)，misleading( )，misfortune(不幸)加在名，形容以前demobilize(驱散;使⋯复)decolor(脱色,漂白)加在名、形容以前anti-Japanese(抗日争)，anti-social(社会的，反社会的)，antidite(解毒)加在名、前counterattack(反扑，反)，counteract(抵挡，阻碍)counterrevolution(反革命)二.表示“前before”的前preconception(成)，pre-exsiting(先于⋯⋯而存在的)，pre-selection(前的)preface(序言)anteroom(前室，招待室)，antecessor(先行者，先者)forehaed(前)，foreground(远景)，foreman(工，班)，foresee(，先)，foretell(言) programme(划)，prologue(序幕)ex-president(前任)ex-wife(前妻)三.表示“后-post”的前post-war(后)，post-position(后置)，postmeridian(下午).表示“低”、“下”的前hypocrisy(善，虚)，hypothesis(假)，pypocholoride(次酸)infra-red( 外)，infrahuman(低于人的)，infrasonic(声的，次声的)sub-editou(副)，sub-way(地)，sub-conscious(下意的)，submarine(海下的)，subtropical(的)，subtitle(副)五.表示“回”、“再次”、“向后”的前refuel(⋯加油)，retranslate(再)，reinforce(加)，reconstruct(重修)，return(返回) retrograde(倒退的)，retrospect(回)六.表示“共同”、“和”的前co-exist(共存)，co-operate(合作)，co-education(男女同校)七.表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀interchangeble(可交换的)，interdipendert(相互依赖的)，international(国际的)，inter-national(交往)八.表示“出”、“高出”的前缀eclipse(蚀)，ecstasy(狂想)extraordinary(非凡的)，extramural(校外的)，extrasensory(超感觉的)九.其余的前缀自automatic(自动的)，auto-autobilgraphy(自传)坏，恶Malnutrition(营养不良)，maltreat(凌虐)Microscope(显微镜)，microtome(切片机)远Telegram(电报)，telephone(电话)，telescope(望远镜)5.Demi-,semi-hemi-Semi-circle(半圆)，hemisphere(半球)，demilune(半月，新月)6.Uni-,mono-(单一,独自)Monotone(单一)，monologue(独白)，uniform(制服)7.Bi-,di-二Biyearly(二年一次的)，biweekly(二周一次的)，dichloride(二氯化物) 三Triangle(三角)，tripld(三角架)多multi-colored(颜色多样的)，multi-national(多国的)–多Polygon(多角形)，polytomic(多原子的)领袖archbishop(大主教)，architect(建筑师)善，好benefit(利益)，benevolence(好心)同homosexual(同性恋的)，homograph(同形异义字)新neo-colonialism(新殖民主义)，neolithic(新石器时代的)正确，直orthogonal(直角的)，orthodox(正统)挚爱philosopher(哲学家)原始protohydrogen(初氢)，prototype(原型)，protoplasm(原生质)假-的,伪的,假冒的pseudonym(匿名)，pseudo-communism(假共产主义)19.a-,ab-,abs-(只有在t,c以前)从，自avoid(防止)，absent(缺乏的)，abstain(克制)，abstract(吸引)20.Apo-,aph-来自apology(致歉，赔罪)，apostle(倡言者，前驱)分别separation(分开)，secure(安全的)，sedition(煽惑反叛) 防parachute(下降伞)，全部的，公共的omnibus(公共汽车)，omnipotence(全能)全，泛Pan-American(全美的)，pancean(万妙药)，panorama(风景的全貌;万花筒)全pantisocracy(乌托邦大同世界)，pantoscopic(视线广大)经过，借以diagonal(对角的)，diagnosis(诊疗)，dialogue(对话)通，底，不利perambrlate(走来走去)，perfect极好的通，横transcript(手本,副本;)，translation(翻)，trxnsparent(透明的)，transport(运)，trans-plant(移植)-,con-,cor-,col共-同，和，完整comment()，compile()，correlation(相互关系)，collect(采集)，corruption(腐)，collaborate(合作，合著)共同synonym(同)，synchronization(同步)，syntonic(振的)，synthetic(人工的，合成的)和，在⋯⋯以后metaphor(比)，metaphysics(形而上学)在一cisatlantic(大西洋的)几乎，邻近peninsular(.住在半上的居民,半(状)的,形成半的)34.en-,em-往⋯⋯里，使⋯⋯encamp(扎)，enable(使⋯⋯能)，endear(使⋯⋯受喜),embrace(抱,抓住(时机))内在intracardiac(心内部的)，intramolecular(分子内部的)，intracelular(胞内部的)到⋯⋯中introduce(介)，introspect(反思，自察)坏dyspepsia(消化不良)，dysentry(痢疾)，美好eulogy( )，euphony(动听的声音)39.ambi-,amphi-二者amphibian(两栖的)，ambidextrous(两只手都很灵便的;心二意的;特别灵便的) 五pentagon(五角大楼)，pentagram(五角星)，pentameter(五步句)六sexangle(六角)，sexennial(六年一度的)42.sept-七September九月(古的七月)，septennial(七年一度)七heptab(七个成套之物),heptagon(七角形)44.octa-,octo,oct八octagon(八角形)，octuple(八倍)October(十月)45.nona-,ennea九-nonagon(九角形)，ennead(九个一)46.deci-,deca十-decimal(十位的)，decagramme(十克)百centimeter(厘米)，centipede(蜈蚣)千millenias(千年的)，millimeter(毫米)千kilowatt(千瓦)，kilometer(千米)后缀，-eer，-er(or)意为:从事某种职业或参加某种活动的人(personengagedinanoccupationoractivity)例词:gamester，gangster，songster，engineer，profiteer，mountaineer，auctioneer，driver，teacher，director，actor，professor意为:小或许不重要的东西(small，unimportantthings)例词:booklet，leaflet，starlet意为:1)小的东西(small)例词:cigarette2)假的东西(imitation)例词:leatherette3)女性(female)例词:usherette意为:女性(female)例词:actress，poetess，hostess，paintress意为:期间(status;etc.例)词:boyhood，childhood，manhood意为:才能，状态，资格，质量等(skill，state，condition，status，quality)例词:leadership，friendship，membership，lectureship，sportsmanship意为:量(theamountwhichnouncontains)例:cupful，handful，mouthful，spoonful，-ion意:1)状，行等(state;action;etc.)例:action，oppression，possession，education，starva-tion2)机构等(institution;etc.)例:organization，foundation意:状，行等(state;action;etc.)例:movement，enslavement，pavement意:作(action)例:arrival，refusal，revival，recital，removal意:程度，数目等(extent;amount;etc.)例:wastage，coverage，acreage，shrinkage，breakage，hostage12.-ness;-ity(ty)意:状，品(state;quality;etc.)例:happiness，usefulness，selfishness，kindness，rapidity，activity，sanity，changeability意:道，主，学等(doctrineof，practiceof)例:idealism，impressionism，absenteeism，racism二、后常的今后及其详细含以下:意:，(toturninto，tomakeorbecome)例:beautify，diversify，simplify2.-ize;-en意:使⋯⋯，得⋯⋯(tomakeorbecome;tomakeinto)例:modernize，popularize，legalize，hospitalize，symbolize，ripen，widen，heighten，threaten意:增添，使⋯⋯(giveoradd，makeorbecome)例:originate，hydrogenate，validate，differentiate三、形容后:常的今后及其详细含以下:意:充，有(full of;hav-ing;giving;etc.)例:useful，pitiful，hopeful，helpful，forgetful，thankful，fearful意:没有，无(without;notgiving)例:speechless，childless，harmless，hopeless，meaningless 意:有⋯⋯品的(havingthequalitiesof)例:beastly，manly，brotherly，friendly意:像⋯⋯的(like)例:childlike，statesmanlike，tiger-like5.-y;-ish意:像⋯⋯一般的(somewhatlike)例:meaty，sandy，silky，hairy，leafy，watery，foolish，girlish，blackish，thinnish意:像⋯⋯一的;惹起⋯⋯的;有⋯⋯品的(like;causing;havingthequalityof)例:troublesome，burdensome，wholesome，tiresome，bothersome7.-able(ible)意:能⋯⋯的;能够⋯⋯的(abletobe;capable)例:changeable，readable，drinkable，comfortable，expansible，convincible 意:有⋯⋯的(having，etc.)例:wooded，pointed，moneyed，odd-shaped意:有⋯⋯属性的，⋯⋯型的(natureof，typicalof)例:cultural，personal，regional，musical10.-ary(ory)意:属于⋯⋯的，与⋯⋯相的(belongingto;connectedwith)例:revolutionary，imaginary，contradictory意:富含⋯⋯的;有⋯⋯品的;像⋯⋯的(fullof;havingthequalityof;like)例:glorious，erroneous，malicious，gracious12.-ic(ical)意:⋯⋯的;属于⋯⋯的(typicalof;belongingto)例:historic，historical，methodic，methodical，dramatic，heroic意:有⋯⋯属性的;有某种向的(havingthenatureorqualityof;givenortendingto)例:attractive，talkative，restrictive，defensive，preventive，constructive，sensitive四、副后常的今后及其详细含以下:意:以⋯⋯方式(ina...manner;etc.)例:happily，boldly，attentive-ly，strangely2.-ward(s)意:表示方式或作的方向(manneranddirectionofmovement)例:onward(s)，backward(s)，earthward(s)，homeward(s)，eastward(s)意:1)依据⋯⋯方式(inthemannerof)例:crabwise，clockwise2)就⋯⋯而言(asfaras...isconcerned)例:weatherwise，educationwise有一个原由的单音节词，结尾只有一个单音辅音，在加以元音后缀是，要双写这个辅音 .例词:run+er=runner hit+ing=hitting。
你需要工具吗英语作文
你需要工具吗英语作文英文回答：A toolbox is an essential piece of equipment for anyone who owns a home or works on household repairs. Having the right tools for the job can make all the difference in completing a task quickly and efficiently. With a well-stocked toolbox, you can tackle a wide range of projects from basic maintenance to major repairs.Some of the most common tools included in a basic toolbox include:Hammers。
Screwdrivers。
Wrenches。
Pliers。
Tape measure。
Level。
Utility knife。
Flashlight。
Safety glasses。
In addition to these basic tools, you may also want to include some specialized tools for specific tasks, such as:Electrical tools (e.g., voltage tester, wire strippers)。
Plumbing tools (e.g., pipe wrench, drain snake)。
Carpentry tools (e.g., saw, drill, sander)。
The size and contents of your toolbox will varydepending on your needs. If you only need to perform basic tasks, a small toolbox with a few essential tools will suffice. However, if you plan on tackling more complex projects, you may need a larger toolbox with a wider range of tools.No matter what size or type of toolbox you choose, it is important to keep it organized and well-stocked. This will help you find the tools you need quickly and easily when you need them.中文回答：工具箱是一个必不可少的设备，对于任何拥有房屋或从事家庭修理工作的人来说都是如此。
创造演讲稿自动化工具,让你省时省心无忧
创造演讲稿自动化工具，让你省时省心无忧Creating an Automated Speech Writing Tool for a Hassle-free and Time-saving ExperienceWith the advancements in technology, automation has become an integral part of our daily lives. From automated cars to smart homes, automation has simplified various tasks and made our lives easier. In line with this trend, we propose the idea of creating an automated speech writing tool that will revolutionize the way speeches are prepared and delivered. This tool aims to save time, reduce stress, and ensure a worry-free experience for individuals who need to deliver impactful speeches.The automated speech writing tool will leverage artificial intelligence and natural language processing algorithms to generate speeches based on given inputs. Users will be able to provide key information such as the topic, audience, purpose, and desired tone of the speech. The tool will then analyze this data and generate a well-structured and coherent speech in amatter of minutes.One of the key benefits of this tool is the time-saving aspect. Writing a speech can be a time-consuming task, requiring extensive research, organization, and writing skills. With the automated tool, individuals can save valuable time by bypassing the need for extensive research and writing from scratch. Instead, they can focus on refining and personalizing the generated speech to suit their specific needs and style.Moreover, the automated speech writing tool will alleviate the stress associated with crafting a speech. Many people find public speaking daunting and nerve-wracking. The pressure to deliver a compelling and engaging speech can be overwhelming. By providing a ready-made speech structure, the tool will remove the anxiety of starting from a blank page and help individuals feel more confident in their delivery.Additionally, the tool will offer a wide range of speech templates catering to different occasions and purposes. Whether it's a formal business presentation, a wedding toast, or a persuasive speech, the tool will have pre-designedtemplates that users can choose from. These templates will serve as a starting point, providing a solid foundation for the speech and allowing users to customize and add their personal touch.Furthermore, the automated speech writing tool will continuously learn and improve its speech generation capabilities. As more users utilize the tool and provide feedback, the AI algorithms will adapt and refine their speech writing techniques. This will result in more accurate and tailored speeches over time, ensuring that users receive high-quality content that resonates with their audience.在创造演讲稿自动化工具方面，我们的目标是节省时间、减轻压力，并确保用户无忧。
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Usefulness of semi-automatic tools for airborne minefield detectionP. Druyts, Y. Yvinec, M. AcheroySignal and Image Centre, Royal Military Academy, Belgiumhttp://www.sic.rma.ac.beAv. de la Renaissance, 301000 Brussels, BelgiumPascal.Druyts@elec.rma.ac.beYvinec@elec.rma.ac.beAcheroy@elec.rma.ac.beAbstract - Potentialities of airborne minefield detection are nowadays investigated. Such approaches are based on the detection of minefield indicators on mono or multi-sensor airborne images. Most of the indicators will have to be located in vast area using high-resolution imagery. This leads to a tremendous amount of data to be interpreted. Hence semi-automatic detection techniques must be used to pre-filter the input information flux or the user will be flooded by the incoming data. In this paper, we illustrate and evaluate such a semi-automatic technique for the detection of un-obscured anti-tank mines. The potentiality of semi-automatic tools for the detection of other mine indicators is also discussed.IntroductionLandmines are the cause of a huge and world-wide humanitarian disaster as about 110 million landmines are scattered in 64 countries around the globe. The currently used technology is not efficient. Therefore de-mining campaigns are slow and expensive. The major problems are linked to the high rate of false alarms and the poor localisation of mine polluted areas. Most often, the really polluted area is quite smaller than the suspected one and a lot of time is lost demining clear areas [2].Nowadays, this problem is receiving an increasing attention from the international community. Research projects are launched in several complementary directions such as:q Development of new sensors [8],q Adaptation and fusion of off-the-shelf sensors[1], [3],q Airborne detection of minefields [4], [10],q Mechanisation of scanning (vehicle or robot mounted) [5],q Mine destruction or neutralisation,q Mechanical clearing (roller, flail, etc.).A survey of current technology research can be found in [1].In this paper, we will discuss more in-depth the potentiality for airborne detection of minefields. More precisely, we will focus on the description of semi-automatic tools that are needed to support such detection.Need for airborne surveyThe delimitation of mine polluted areas has to be performed before the actual demining begins. This delimitation is performed during the mine surveys level 1 and level 2. In level 1 general survey, all locally available information such as hospital casualty reports are gathered to get a first idea of the location and extend of mine polluted areas. Then in level 2 technical survey, demining teams are sent to those suspected areas to reduce their size whenever possible and mark them.Currently, the minefield marking is quite imprecise. This is due to several reasons amongst which:q Imprecise, incomplete and sometimescontradictory information is gathered,q Difficulty to collect the locally available information (limited means of communicationsetc.),q Lack of efficient centralisation of all demining related information at the country or regionallevel,q Lack of precise maps.All this leads to a significant waste of time. Indeed, the suspected area is often far larger than the really mined area. Furthermore several independent organisations are often active simultaneously and it sometimes occurs that both demine the same region due to lack of communication, centralisation of the information or inaccurate maps.Obviously, airborne sensed information might be quite valuable in this context. Indeed, it is an independent and up to date source of information. It may help to obtain a more precise localisation of thepolluted areas. As a by-product, such data allows to update the existing old and inaccurate maps.It is unlikely that airborne survey might replace on-field detection in the near future. Indeed, even if some mines may be detected using airborne sensors, the probability of detection will most probably be far too small. However, airborne survey may be quite effective for minefield detection because it is not necessary to find all the mines and furthermore, other indirect minefield indicators may be used.Need for semi-automatic detection tools To demonstrate that airborne survey may efficiently be used for humanitarian demining support, one should show that:q Reliable mine indicators may be found in the used imageryq Those indicators may be found in a reasonable timeframe using reasonable resources.Nowadays, experienced human photo-interpreters clearly outperform any automatic system when one considers the interpretation of a reasonable amount of data especially when completeness of the analysis or the handling of exceptional cases is considered. Indeed, human operators can adapt very easily to a new situation or make the best use of any collateral information.However, the evolution in the imaging technologies leads to an increase of the resolution and the number of available spectral bands. All this leads to an exponential increase of the amount of available data on one hand but on the other hand, the number of trained image analysts remains fairly stable and will certainly not grow exponentially for economic reasons. Furthermore, human beings dislike routine work.Imagine that mines may be found on 1cm-resolution images and that an area of 10 km by 10 km has to be scanned. An operator would typically spend1 minute on each 1,000 x 1,000 sub-image. The total needed time may then be estimated to 695 days or 10 man-years.In practice, the needed time may be reduced by a hierarchical approach in which some regions may first be rejected on a coarser image using other criteria. However, the above figures clearly show that human interpreters may expect to be flooded by the amount of information to treat if they are not supported by efficient semi-automatic tools.Therefore, the most promising approach for problems where the new high-resolution imaging capabilities have to be used is a semi-automatic system in which the machine pre-filters the incoming flux of information presenting regions of interest to the user. We argue that this approach leads to the best synergy between the analyst and the machine by combining the huge computation power of modern computers with the outstanding interpretation capabilities of human beings.Commercial software packages, combining aerial image manipulation with the management of vector-style geographical information, do not include such tools. What these software packages excel in, however, is low-level image processing performed by their huge libraries: filtering the image in order to obtain a smoother noise-filtered image, making the image sharper, eliminating some unwanted blurring effect, detecting edges and so one. Although we agree that tools dedicated to pure image processing may be quite useful, we believe that more‘intelligent’ semi-automatic tools are also promising.ApplicationThe project ‘airborne minefield detection: pilot project’ led by ITC is an example of an application where semi-automatic tools can be useful. The aim is to study the possibility of detecting minefields by airborne surveys. The project is divided in two phases.In phase I, the sensors and the algorithms were tested in a simulated minefield in Leopoldsburg (Belgium). This minefield is composed of several smaller minefields. For one of them, named ‘minefield C’, everything about the mines laid, including their accurate positions and depths, is known. The sensors used were colour, colour infrared and thermal infrared cameras and X- and Y-band radar. The images where mines could be found are high-resolution (around 1cm) colour and colour infrared images. In what follows, only these two images will be considered. Phase I is now completed.In phase II, the most promising sensors will be used for airborne surveys of a mine-polluted country in Africa.Selected Mine indicatorsThe detectable indicators are function of the selected sensors (spectral band, resolution, etc.). Direct and indirect minefield indicators ranging from the mine itself to an old military camp may be considered.In the first phase of the project, the semi-automatic detection of un-obscured anti-tank mines was considered. Obviously, minefields composed of such mines we are amongst the easiest to detect and other indicators have to be investigated. For complex mineindicators, it will probably be necessary to make use of a search strategy and to feed the system with expert knowledge [9].The initial choice was motivated as follows:q Ideal choice for a semi-automatic approach: simple model and high resolution needed.q Promising mine indicators have to be defined by the photo-interpreters. This was only donerecently for a test minefield simulated inLeopoldsburg (Belgium). Furthermore, semi-automatic tools do not have the humancapability to adapt to new situations. It istherefore crucial to develop detectors that aredevoted to promising indicators for the targetedregion. Hence the selection of the mineindicators was deferred to the end of this yearwhen images of real minefields are available.Building a mine (indicator) modelAny tool dedicated to the detection of mine indicators encodes (either explicitly or implicitly) a model of the searched indicator. The used model should be selected with care. The expertise of photo-interpreters is very useful for this step especially when complex indicators are considered. Due to its simplicity, the model used here was developed without their help. Therefore, the available images were visually inspected to find mine characteristic features. Most of the images were geo-referenced, and put together in a virtual image. The positions of the known mines were encoded together with their attributes. All this allows for an easy navigation through regions of interest centred on the known mines. For a recorded mine of interest the user may request the available attributes (type, depth etc.) as well as the available image channels. It is then possible to go from an available channel to another or to display all channels simultaneously in a common projection.The used mine modelSome vegetation anomalies (e.g. missing vegetation) can be seen where mines are laid. Unfortunately, a huge amount of such regions exists and to reach a reasonable false alarm rate, complementary mine characteristics (specific patterns [7], signature in different spectral bands, etc.) have to be introduced in the model. Therefore, in a first approach the typical spectral response of an anti-tank mines lying on the ground was used. A typical example of such a mine may be found in Figure 1. The image represents the blue band of a colour infrared image.The mine is the white area at the centre of the image (the blue component on colour infrared image is actually the response of the object in the green partof the spectrum).Figure 1 Mine used to tune the algorithmsAlgorithms for mine detectionThe algorithm is based on a maximum detection followed by a region growing in the blue band. The growing algorithm uses a rough model of the mine to compute a local contrast used to derive the growingstop criteria.Figure 2: Result of growing around a mine onCIR imageFigure 2 presents the results of the growingalgorithm. Figure 3 presents the blue band (on which the growing is performed) of the same area. As can be seen on the window displayed by clicking the mine location (see Figure 2), the type of the mine was encoded; it is an anti-tank mine lying on the ground. The mine is well detected but some other regions are also found. To reduce the false alarm rate, geometrical and radiometric attributes (using all available spectral bands) are computed for each mine candidate and a criterion based on those attributes is then used. Figure 4 presents the attributes used and the result after filtering. In the presented region all false alarms were rejected, keeping only the actual mine. Figure 5 presents the mine candidates found using the same approach on a part of the visibleimage.Figure 3: Blue band corresponding to Figure 2Figure 4: Attribute used and results after filteringFigure 5 Mine-like objects detected on visible imageDetection of partially occluded circlesAs explained above, the shape of the candidateregions may be used as discriminant feature. Mines lying on the ground often present circular shapes.However, the mine is often partially occluded and we developed an algorithm that is able to recognise circular shapes even if they are partially occluded.This algorithm is based on robust estimationmethods [6]. A measure of the circularity is returned together with an estimation of the radius. The radius provides a better estimation of the size of the object than the visible area (partial occlusion) and is thus more discriminating.The algorithm estimates a circle that goes through most of the pixels of a given list. This is useful when it is known that the pixels should lie along a part of a circle but some of them can be wrong and very far from the circle.Several triplets of pixels are selected in the list and the circles defined by these three pixels arecomputed. For each circle, the distances of all thepixels of the lists to this circle and the percentiles of these distances are computed. The circle selected is the one giving the smallest percentiles of errors. The number of triplets is computed to have at least one triplet without erroneous pixel, and thus a correct circle with a probability of 99 % taking into account the expected rate of erroneous pixels.Figure 6 shows a close-up of an anti-tank mine in colour infrared. Only a part of the mine is visible.The blue colour is due to the fact that the colourgreen is seen blue in colour infrared.Figure 6 Initial imageFigure 7 shows the contour of the mine detected.Because of the occluded part, the shape is notcircular.Figure 7 Contour of the mineFigure 8 shows the circle estimated from theprevious contour. It is a good approximation of the position and size of the mine. If an absolute co-ordinate system is available, it is possible to estimate the real size of the mine, which is an indication forthe type of mine.Figure 8 Circle around the mineEvaluationThe following images present the result of the automatic mine detection on the full visible and colour infrared images. Note that the size of thevisible image is about 400 MB and this image covers a region of about 500 square metres. The full image was processed in about 30 minutes on a Pentium Pro (200 MHz, 64 MB RAM) running under Linux. In Figure 9 and Figure 10, the position of known mines has been superimposed on both images (dots are known mines and crosses are mines proposed by the algorithm).On the visible image, a V-shaped minefield has been detected. Note that no mine of minefield C has been found. The anti-tank Mine 281 (lying on the ground and well visible) was first detected but rejected by the attribute based filter. Using a better filter criterion, it could be possible to keep that mine without increasing the false alarm rate but little effort was spent for this fine-tuning because we believe that an algorithm that learns from example should be used in practice. This could not be tested until now because the database contains too few examples of known and detected mines. In this context a learning scheme would probably lead to poor results (over-training).On the colour infrared image that presentsminefield C at a higher resolution but with only a small neighbouring region (the V-shaped minefield is not in the imaged region), three anti-tank mines,on and below the surface of minefield C, have been detected. Note that for the buried anti-tank mines, it is a stick lying near the mine that is detected. Even if the stick may be considered as a valid mine indicator, it was found ‘by chance’ since thealgorithm was not developed to find such objects. We concentrated our efforts on the detection of indicators that could be helpful in real situations. If it appears that such sticks are good indicators, a better detector will be developed.ConclusionA tool was developed to find anti-tank mine lying on the ground. Most of those mines were detected and the false alarm rate is reasonable. Even two buried mines were found because sticks left in the vicinity of the mines were detected. We believe that the false alarm rate could be reduced in the near future by some simple improvements. As an example many false alarms in the colour infrared are found in the trees. A tree detection algorithm could reduce the false alarm rate significantly.The human interpreters outperformed the semi-automatic system by their ability to integrate in their reasoning a great number of mine indicators: seven minefields out of nine were successfully detected with three false alarms. The most used and promising indicator was the alignment of soil perturbation.We admit that if image processing is only able to detect anti-tank lying on the ground, its usefulness in real situations would be quite limited. However, photo-interpreters are able to detect more minefields using other indicators. During phase II, the most promising indicators will be selected in collaboration with the photo-interpreters. Semi-automatic tools will then be developed to detect such indicators. Although limited, the results of the first evaluation presented in this paper have shown that significant process acceleration can be reached by means of image processing. By removing the false alarms found in the trees of the colour infrared image, the alarms found could be grouped in about 10 regions of interest. If the photo-interpreter takes 30 seconds to look at each region, 5 minutes would be needed to analyse the scene. When carrying out a full visual inspection at full resolution, the photo-interpreter would typically spend at least one minute for a region of 1,000 by 1,000 pixels. 150 such regions have to be analysed for a full coverage of the colour infrared image leading to about 2 hours of interpretation. A process acceleration of about 60 may thus be expected. Such a speed-up would be very useful in an operational context where the amount of data to be analysed would be tremendous. Without image processing and with the same assumptions as above, 650 man-hours would be needed for a complete visual inspection of a scene of 10 km by 10 km.AcknowledgementThis work has been performed in the scope of the‘airborne minefield detection: pilot project’ led by ITC and co-funded by the European Commission. More information about this project can be found at http://www.itc.nl/ags/projects/demining/.DOVO/SEDEE, the bomb disposal unit of the Belgian army, is in charge of the minefield in Leopoldsburg.Bibliography[1] C. Bruschini and B. Gros, ‘A Survey of Current Sensor Technology Research for the Detection of Landmines’, International Workshop on Sustainable Humanitarian Demining (SusDem'97),29 September-1 October 1997, Zagreb, Croatia [2] J. A. Craib. ‘Mine detection and demining from an operator’s perspective’. Workshop of anti-personnel mine detection and removal, Lausanne,30th June and 1st July 1995[3] Fritzsche, Martin ‘Detection of buried land mines using ground-penetrating radar’. Proc. SPIE Vol. 2496, p. 100-109, Detection Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets, Abinash C. Dubey; Ivan Cindrich; James M. Ralston; Kelly A. Rigano; Eds, June 1995[4] J.L. van Genderen and B.H.P. Maathuis,‘Airborne Detection of Landmines: a Review of the Techniques and some practical Results’, DGP session, Disarmament and International Security, Regensburg Germany, 26th March 1998.[5] S. Havlík and P. Licko, ‘Humanitarian demining: the challenge for robotic research’, Journal of Humanitarian demining, Issue 2.2, June 1998[6] P.J. Huber, ‘Robust Statistics’, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981.[7] D. E. Lake, B. Sadler and S. Casey: ‘Detecting regularity in minefields using collinearity and a modified Euclidean algorithm’ Proc. SPIE Vol. 3079, p. 500-507, Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Mine like Targets II, Abinash C. Dubey; Robert L. Barnard; Eds. July 1997[8] McFee, John E.; Ripley, Herb T. ‘Detection of buried land mines using a CASI hyperspectral imager’. roc. SPIE Vol. 3079, p. 738-749, Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets II, Abinash C. Dubey; Robert L. Barnard; Eds. July 1997[9] W. Mees, P. Druyts, D. Borghys, Y. Ouaghli, C.Miravet, J. Santamaria, H. Suess, C. Perneel, M.Acheroy, and J.-L. Valero. ‘Semi-automatic interpretation of airports using multi-sensorinformation ’. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, submitted .[10] K. Scheerer: ‘Airborne multi-sensor system for the autonomous detection of landmines ’. Proc. SPIE Vol. 3079, p. 478-486, Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Mine like Targets II,Abinash C. Dubey; Robert L. Barnard; Eds. July1997Figure 9: mines candidates (crosses) and actual mines (dots) on the visible imageFigure 10: mines candidates (crosses) and actual mines (dots) on the colour infrared image。