论文格式正文参考书目

Introduction章标题字号为二号，加粗，章标题与章编号之间的空格为2。

即按2下空格键即可。

下段与章标题间要空一行。

所有的起始段落首行空4字符，即按4下空格键即可。

如下所示。

本章为引言部分，只有一个标题，再没有节标题出现。

When we see these phrases as: as cunning as a fox, as fat as a pig, as mild as a lamb and so on in English, （标点后必须空一格）we Chinese find it easy to understand. Because we also have the same sayings as “像狐狸一样狡猾，肥得像猪”and “像羔羊那样温驯”.(文中汉语例句或例词用全角状态上引号标出)But when we are confronted with such kind of phrases as: a lion in the way, a drowned rat, as stupid as a goose, etc. we will feel too strange and difficult to accept them. Why do they use “lion” when we say “tiger”, and “rat” and “goose” in English instead of “chicken” and “pig” in Chinese respectively?From these phenomena, we may put forward some meaningful research. The fact is that there are so many animal words and idioms both in Chinese and English, and the understanding of the phrases and sayings are extremely difficult for language learners. Except that a fraction of them have counterparts both in Chinese and English, many animal idioms are totally different and therefore we are justified to make an attempt to investigate this phenomenon.Animals are very close to human beings. As human society develops andprogresses, some animals have become domestic fowl, some are kept in zoological gardens for people to watch, some especially lovely ones have fortunately become people’s pet animals. Animals are gaining more and more popularity among human beings.The idiom consists of metaphorical phrases, slang, colloquialism, and proverb, etc. in English. In Chinese we mean “熟语”or “习语”.Chapitre1 Similar Connotations of AnimalSayings(另起一页)Levin & Rappaport(1986) holds the view that an idiom may have a similar counterpart in the target language. Let’s see some interesting examples in the two languages first.The English has the phrase “a wolf in sheep’s clothing”. Its meaning is not so apparent as the above example, but now we only translate it directly as “披着羊皮的狼”.In Chinese, there is the saying “狗嘴里吐不出象牙”and “癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉”. In English, we just directly translate them as the following:(Examples from YUE, 1998)注释：举例采用左对齐，字符数与段落的起始行一致，字体为Times New Roman，字号为小四，正文字号为四号。

有出处的举例必须标明出处。

整篇论文的举例编号采用通号，即（1），（2），（3），。

，不分章编号。

And “拿某人当猴耍”is just like the English saying “Make a monkey out of som ebody.” Some of the connotations of animal words may coincide in Chinese and English. One more example may illustrate this. In both cultures, “hen”(母鸡) can be used to compare “wife”, and “cock”(公鸡) as “husband”. For example, “It is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock” (母鸡叫得比公鸡响的家庭，是个悲哀的家庭). And people will say this husband is “hen-packed”, which means “妻管严”in Chinese.According to Croft & Cruse (2004), there are some other animals coincide in connotations in Chinese and English. Such as “狐狸”and fox(cunning), “鹦鹉”and parrot(imitate), “绵羊”and lamb(tame), “天鹅”and swan(grace), “狼”and wolf(savage and greedy) and so on.3 Different Connotations of Animal Sayings说明：二级标题字号为三号，加粗，与上段空格，所有的节标题与下段间不空格，除四级标题外，节标题与节编号之间的空格为2。

即按2下空格键即可。

如文中所示。

An idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the target language. In GUI (桂诗春, 2004), the way a language chooses to express or not express only occasionally matches the way another language chooses to express the same meanings. It is therefore unrealistic to expect to find equivalent idioms and expressions in the target language as a matter of course(Baker, 1992). The following are some animals that have different connotations. And different expression of animal idioms is caused chiefly by different animal connotations. So in this chapter, we will discuss some animals that have different connotations.。

In English, people often refer to certain people as lucky dog, big dog, old dog, （下文为引文部分，该部分区别于正文，字号与正文同，但是用斜体以示区分；且采用左右端文字缩进的形式，即各缩进2个字符数；当引文为完整的段落时，需要在段首行采用首行缩进2字符数，即在左右缩进的前提下，再实施首行缩进。

如下所示。

）top d og, sly dog, etc. It is all right and people won’t get angry.For in most cases, dog doesn’t contain derogatory connotation inEnglish language. Let’s take old dog for example. In English, olddog often means “experiencedperson” or “old hand that advanced in years” as is reflected in the following sentences.(3) a. You cannot teach an old dog new tricks.b. An old dog cannot alter his way of barking.c. An old dog barks not in vain.(Examples from GUO & LI, 1996)(4)…..说明：当举例为同一类型时，可以采用同一数字标号，再对集合内举例用小写英语字母编号。

It wouldn’t be proper to call people a dog in Chinese, as 狗in Chinese culture is a humble animal, and is mostly associated with derogatoryconnotation. There are many such sayings as “狗头军师，狗胆包天，狗仗人势，狗急跳墙，狗尾续貂，狐群狗党，狼心狗肺，鸡鸣狗盗，鸡零狗碎，蝇营狗苟，狗血喷头，狗拿耗子，狗屁不通，丧家狗，狗腿子，狗眼看人低，狗嘴里吐不出象牙，狗改不了吃屎”, etc. The sayings above all containFrom the analysis of some animals that differ largely in their connotations in the above, we can discover that the translation of animal idioms is an arduous task. So in the next chapter, we will see how we translate various animal idioms from the angle of culture.4 Translation MethodsIn the previous chapters, we have discussed some animals that have corresponding as well as different connotations. As GUO(郭建中, 1999) concludes, similarities and dissimilarities in the connotations of animal words explanatory way so that the right meaning can be conveyed to readers. Let’s discuss them respectively.4.1 Literal translation In English, there are many characteristic colloquialism, proverbs, metaphorical phrases and so on. They reflect the cultural traditions and phraseology of thesethem, we can just do it according to literal meaning.(Doughty & Ellis, 2004)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4.3 Free translationGenerally speaking, we have two kinds of translation methods. Besides literal translation, there is the free translation. Some of the animal words need us to change or add something when we translate them. So in the following, we will introduce two kinds of free translation: image treatment and explanatory notes.4.3.1 Image treatment过渡段落4.3.1.1 Change the image三级、四级标题的字号为小三，三级标题字体加粗，与标号间空2字符；四级标题字体不加粗，与标号间只空1字符。