(St讲义ressandDisease)
《临床心理学》双语教学精品课件chapter6 understand stress and disease ii
Behavioral Signs of Stress
• Withdrawal • Suspiciousness • Excessive Humor or Silence • Increased Smoking, Alcohol or
Headaches
• The most frequent type is tension headache.
• The type of stress that people associate with headaches tends not to be traumatic life events but rather daily hassles.
Food • Change in Activity Level • Angry Outbursts • Crying Spells
Figure 3.12. The balance between the nervous system, endocrine system and immune system is quite delicate
– Increased breakdown of – Decreased immune
protein
response
– Increased blood glucose – Increased fluid
– Increased vascular
volume
constriction
– Increased sodium &
逆境生理植物生理学学习指导
1 .逆境( environmental st ress) :又称胁迫( st ress) ,系指对植物生存和生长不利的各种环境因素的总称,如低温、高温、干旱、涝害、病虫害、有毒气体等。
2 .抗逆性( st ress resistance ) :植物对逆境的抵抗和忍耐能力,简称为抗性。
抗性是植物对环境的一种适应性反应,是在长期进化过程中形成的。
3 .抗性锻炼( hardiness hardening ) :在生活周期中,植物的抗逆遗传特性需要特定环境因子的诱导才能表现出来,这种诱导过程称为抗性锻炼,例如抗寒锻炼、抗旱锻炼。
4 .抗寒锻炼( cold resistance hardening ) :植物在冬季来临之前,随着气温的降低,体内发生了一系列适应低温的生理生化变化,抗寒能力逐渐增强,这种抗寒能力逐渐提高的过程称为抗寒锻炼。
5 .抗旱锻炼( drought resistance hardening ) :在种子萌发期或幼苗期进行适度的干旱处理,使植物的生理代谢发生相应的变化,从而增强对干旱的抵抗能力,这个过程称为抗旱锻炼。
6 .交叉适应( cross adaptation) :植物经历了某种逆境后,能提高对另一些逆境的抵抗能力,这种对不同逆境间的相互适应作用,称为交叉适应。
7 .避逆性(stress avoidance) :植物通过设置物理屏障或某些特殊的代谢反应和生长发育变化,从而避免或减小逆境对植物组织施加的影响,使其仍保持较正常的生理活动,这种抵抗称为避逆性。
8 .耐逆性( st ress tolerance) :又称逆境忍耐。
植物组织虽然经受逆境的影响,但可通过代谢反应阻止、降低或者修复由逆境造成的损伤,从而保持其生存能力,这种抵抗称为耐逆性。
9 .逆境逃避( st ress escape) :指植物通过生育期的调整避开逆境,例如沙漠中的一些植物在雨季里快速生长,完成生活史,自身并不经历逆境。
细胞凋亡与疾病ppt课件
2) Sculpting
3) Adjusting cell numbers in developing tissues, e.g. the nervous system
developing neurons
NGF NGF NGF
NGF NGF NGF
target cells
target cells
21
18
坏死与凋亡细胞的扫描电镜
FIGURE 3 SEM of a necrotic cell. Numerous lesions appear on the cell surface. (original magnification: x 5,000) FIGURE 4 SEM of an apoptotic cell. Surface blebbing is
6.凋亡小体
无
7.DNA变化
弥散性降解 电泳呈均一片状
8.溶酶体改变
破裂
9.炎症反应 局部炎症反应
凋亡
细胞皱缩，核固缩 胞膜/细胞器相对完整
有 片段化（180-200bp） 电泳呈“梯”状条带
相对完整 局部无炎症反应
10
11
坏死与凋亡的形态学区别
12
CTL正在诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡
Membrane
CTL
19
evident. (original magnification: x 5,000)
生理性细胞凋亡的作用
1. 确保正常发育、生长 在器官、组织的形成、成熟中发挥作用
(细胞团 多余细胞的清除 具备复杂结构的组织器官)
20
Normal functions of apoptosis 1
1) Deleting structures that are no longer required e.g. regression of the tadpole tail
监狱狱警职业紧张程度与血糖和血脂水平的关系_陶宁
监狱狱警职业紧张程度与血糖和血脂水平的关系＊陶 宁1＊＊,刘继文1＊＊＊,连玉龙1,铁为民2(1新疆医科大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学教研室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011;2奎屯农七师监狱管理局,新疆 奎屯 833200)摘要:目的:探讨狱警职业紧张程度与血糖和血脂水平的关系,为控制职业紧张、降低职业危害提供科学的理论依据。
方法:采用工作紧张测量问卷(JSS)对某监狱工龄≥1年的95名狱警进行问卷调查,按不同的紧张水平分为低、中、高度职业紧张组,分别测定各组血清中血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白含量。
结果:3组间血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白含量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);相关性分析结果表明,紧张程度与血糖水平存在正相关(r=0.352,P<0.01)。
结论:职业紧张使得狱警血糖水平升高,血脂水平发生改变,职业紧张程度与血糖水平呈正相关。
关键词:职业紧张;血糖;血脂中图分类号:R135;R446.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-5551(2008)01-0013-03Relationship between occupational stress and blood glucose,blood lipid of prison policemenTA O Ning,LIU Ji-wen,LIAN Yu-long,et al(Department of Occupational Health and Environmental H ealth,College o f Public H ealth,X injiang Medical Univ ersity,Urumqi830011,China)A bstract:Objective:To ex plo re the relationship between occupatio nal stress and blood g lucose,and blood lipid in prison po licemen.Methods:Ninety five prison po licemen w ho had the w orking experience w ere re-cruited to the study by using the JSS.The lever o f blo od gluco se,cho lesterol,trig lyce ride,lipo pro tein of hig h density and lipoprotein of low density in se rum w ere measured.The subjects were classified into three gro ups acco rding to the sco re o f o ccupational stress.Results:The contents of blood gluco se,cho le ste ro l and trigly ceride o f low,middle and high level of stress g roups had sig nificant difference(P<0.05),The contents of lipoprotein of high density and lipoprotein o f low density had no significant difference betw een the three g ro ups(P>0.05).There was po sitive co rrelation betw een occupational stress and blo od g lu-cose.Conclusion:The results show that bloo d g lucose co ntent increases and blood lipid change because of occupatio nal stress in prison policemen.There w as po sitive co rrelation between occupational stress and blo od gluco se.Key words:occupational stress;blo od glucose;blo od lipid 处于紧张状态下的机体可出现一系列的生理、生化、内分泌、代谢及免疫过程的变化。
医学英语教程生物医学Unit 4课文翻译
Unit 4 Common Diseases and Ailments现代医疗与疾病There is no end in sight in the battle between human beings and the diseases that can destroy them. However, in the past few decades, the nature of the enemy has changed dramatically.人类与摧毁他们的疾病之间的战斗看来将永无休止的进行下去。
然而，在过去的几十年里，自然界的敌人已经发生了戏剧性的改变。
In countries where modern medical facilities are available, infectious diseases that were once widespread killers can now be prevented or diagnosed early and cured.在一些现代医疗设施齐备的国家，过去一度是大规模的杀手的传染性疾病现在已经可以被预防或者被很早地诊断出来并治愈。
Thanks to vaccines, antibiotics, and improved sanitation, most of the dreaded epidemics of the past are not likely to recur.多亏了疫苗，抗生素，还有公共卫生条件的改善，过去绝大部分令人可怕的传染病已经不大可能会卷土重来了。
Today's major killers are noninfectious diseases-especially the various forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer. As life expectancy increases, people are more likely to succumb to degenerative conditions that the aging body is susceptible to.今天人类主要的杀手是那些没有传染性的疾病---------尤其是指各种各样类型的的心血管疾病和癌症。
同等学力申硕 医学综合 讲义
同等学力申硕医学综合讲义英文回答：Epidemiology.Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive interventions.Key concepts in epidemiology:Incidence: The rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population over a specific period of time.Prevalence: The proportion of a population that has a disease at a specific point in time.Mortality: The rate at which deaths occur in a population over a specific period of time.Risk factor: A factor that increases the likelihood of developing a disease.Confounding factor: A factor that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome, and can distort the relationship between the two.Bias: A systematic error that can distort the results of a study.Methods used in epidemiology:Observational studies: Studies that observe individuals over time to identify risk factors for disease.Experimental studies: Studies that compare groups of individuals who are exposed to different risk factors.Case-control studies: Studies that compare individuals who have a disease with individuals who do not, to identify risk factors.Cohort studies: Studies that follow individuals over time to identify risk factors for disease.Cross-sectional studies: Studies that examine the distribution of a disease in a population at a single point in time.Applications of epidemiology:Disease surveillance: Monitoring the occurrence of disease in a population to identify outbreaks and trends.Identifying risk factors for disease: Determining the factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease.Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions: Assessing the impact of preventive measures and treatmentson disease rates.Developing public health policy: Informing decisions about the allocation of resources and the implementation of health promotion programs.中文回答：流行病学。
成人stills病讲课文档
实验室检查
• （1）血常规 在疾病活动期，90%以上患者中性粒细胞增高，80%左右的患
者血白细胞计数≥15×109/L。约50%患者血小板计数升高，嗜酸粒细胞无 改变。可合并正细胞正色素性贫血。几乎100%患者血沉增快。
• （2）部分患者肝酶轻度增高。
• （3）血液细菌培养阴性。 • （4）类风湿因子和抗核抗体阴性，但少数患者类风湿因子和抗核抗体
或热水浴，使得相应部位皮肤呈弥漫红斑并可伴有轻
度瘙痒，这一现象即Koebner现象，约见于1/3的
患者。 皮肤活检：血管周围单核细胞浸润，角朊细胞坏死，
中性粒细胞浸润
第十八页，共63页。
（3）关节痛及关节炎
• 几乎100%患者有关节疼痛，关节炎在90%以上。 • 膝、腕关节最常累及，其次为踝、肩、肘关节，近
第九页，共63页。
病因-免疫异常
• 近年来对于细胞因子在AOSD的作用有了进一步认识，发现
AOSD患者IL-1、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α显著增高，血
浆和组织Thl[干扰素(IFN)-γ]／Th2(IL-4)比值升高，并和疾病 活动度相关。 • 其他如IL-18、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony-
成人stills病
第一页，共63页。
Still’s病
• 幼年性类风湿关节炎（<16岁）分型，为类风湿 关节炎的一个特殊类型。
• 1. 全身型= Still’s disease • 2. 少关节型 • 3. 多关节型
属于全身结缔组织和自身免疫功能异常的疾病。
第二页，共63页。
• 1897年 病理学家George F. Still首先在幼年型RA
升高，达39℃以上，伴或不伴寒战，但未经退热处理次日清晨体温可自 行降至正常
2024执业医师辅导讲义
2024执业医师辅导讲义英文回答：2024 Physician Assistant Certification Exam Study Guide.Introduction.The Physician Assistant Certification Exam (PA-C) is a national certification exam that is required for all practicing physician assistants (PAs). The exam is administered by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA). The PA-C exam is achallenging exam, but it is also an important one. Passing the exam is a necessary step in order to become a licensed PA.Eligibility.To be eligible to take the PA-C exam, you must meet the following requirements:You must have graduated from an accredited PA program.You must have completed at least 2,000 hours of supervised clinical practice.You must be of good moral character.Exam Format.The PA-C exam is a computer-based exam that consists of 300 multiple-choice questions. The questions are dividedinto 10 sections:Medical Knowledge (100 questions)。
医学英语新教程(下册)课文翻译
医学英语新教程（下册）课文翻译UNIT1疾病的介绍1人体是一个艺术的杰作。
我们对身体的功能了解越深，就越赏识。
即使在生病时，身体在故障修复和补偿方面表现也相当出色。
身体内不断发生变化，然而，一个叫内环境稳定（稳态）的平稳状态能大抵保持平衡。
机体内环境稳定出现某种重大的紊乱，就能引起各种各样的反应，这些反应常常促使疾病的体征和症状出现。
比如，由于运动员对氧气的需求增加，他们体内的红细胞计数就会异常升高。
这是一个使更多血红蛋白循环的自然补偿机制，但它却是红细胞增多症的一个症状。
2当一个器官需要做更多工作时，它往往会增大，肥大。
心脏会因为长期的高血压而增大，因为它必须不间断地克服巨大的阻力把血液输送到全身。
当瓣膜存在缺陷时，心肌同样也会肥大，因为那些要么太宽，要么太窄的瓣膜需要额外的抽吸作用。
如果一个肾衰竭了，另一个肾就会增大以满足身体的需要，并弥补那个有缺陷的肾。
当流向这两个肾的血液不足时，它们会通过分泌荷尔蒙（激素）的方式帮助血压升高。
然而，如果某个器官或身体的某个部位没有得到使用，它就会萎缩，或者，也就是说，面积变小或功能下降。
3血液在维持内环境稳定方面发挥着几个作用。
当组织受到创伤，损伤，或者感染时，血流就会积聚在受损区域。
这是极其重要的，因为血液携带了专门用于清除有害物质和细胞碎片的细胞。
血液中的其他细胞则产生抗体，以抵抗致病生物的入侵。
5关于疾病，一个重要方面是它的病因学或病因。
许多熟悉的疾病是由病原体造成的。
普通感冒和流感都是病毒感染，但是脓肿和脓毒性咽喉炎是由细菌造成的，而真菌和寄生虫分别是运动员足部疾病和蠕虫病的病原体。
一种疾病或异常病变的原因及进展称之为疾病的发病机制。
6病理学是研究疾病特点、原因和影响的一个医学分支。
细胞病理学家研究的是细胞或显微镜的变化，而临床病理学家则利用实验室试验和方法进行诊断。
一位病理学家可能专长于验尸或手术上的研究结果。
7许多疾病是由遗传造成的，经缺陷基因遗传。
【医学ppt课件】Conspectus of Disease
(1)Etiological factors /Causes of diseases
①A etiological factor causes a disease and determines its characteristics.
② Classification of etiological factors •Biological factors •Physical factors •Chemical factors •Nutritional factors •Immunological factors •Hereditary factors •Congenital factors •Social and psychological factors
Social and psychological factors
Strong or persistent psychological stimulation or stress may
lead to mental illness and may be related to some diseases, such as hypertension, peptic ulcer, coronary heart disease, and depression.
•Gene mutation
•Chromosomal aberration
Congenital factors
The disorders result from abnormal embryonic development, and most of them are nongenetic.
For example, congenital birth defects, mental or physical, may be due to a developmental error during pregnancy. The fetus is usually susceptible to not only infectious diseases but also diet and drug-taking of the mother during intrauterine life;