2、Scientific Fraud Accused

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名校版英语语法考点解析 accuse、blame和charge用法

名校版英语语法考点解析accuse、blame和charge用法1. accuse sb of (doing)sth控告；控诉；谴责、指责某人做了某事被动语态：sb be accused of指控告某人犯了某一罪行或指责某人做了坏事，常可与介词of 连用。

accuse sb of murder/theft控告某人谋杀/ 盗窃She accused him of lying.她指责他说谎。

The government was accused of incompetence.政府被指责无能。

incompetence [ɪnˈkɑːmpɪtəns]n.无能;不称职;不胜任He was accusing her mum of having an affair with another man.他指责她妈妈与另一个男人有染。

Her assistant was accused of theft and fraud by the police.她的助手被警方指控犯有盗窃和欺诈罪。

fraud [frɔːd]n.欺诈;欺诈罪;骗子;行骗的人;伪劣品;冒牌货The postgraduate student stands accused of stealing his professor's ideas and publishing them as his own.那名研究生被指责剽窃其教授的观点拿去发表。

postgraduate [ˌpoʊstˈɡrædʒuət]n.研究生adj.大学毕业后的;大学研究院的The candidate stands accused of breaking promises even before he's in office.该候选人还未上任就遭指责违背诺言。

这里stand可以理解为系动词，构成特殊被动语态。

She accused her husband of setting the children against her.她指责丈夫唆使孩子们跟她作对。

科学造假英文作文

科学造假英文作文Science fraud is a serious issue that undermines the integrity of scientific research. It involves thedeliberate manipulation or fabrication of data, results, or conclusions to deceive the scientific community and the public. This unethical practice can have far-reaching consequences, including the waste of resources, the distortion of scientific knowledge, and the erosion of public trust in science.In some cases, scientists may be driven to commit fraud due to the pressure to publish groundbreaking research or secure funding for their projects. The competition in the scientific community can be intense, and the temptation to cut corners or exaggerate results can be strong. However, engaging in such fraudulent practices not only compromises the credibility of the individual researcher but also tarnishes the reputation of the entire scientific field.Fraudulent scientific research can have seriousimplications for public health and safety. For example, if a pharmaceutical company manipulates clinical trial data to show that a drug is safe and effective when it is not, patients may be put at risk. Similarly, if a study on the environmental impact of a certain industry is falsified to downplay its negative effects, the public may be misledinto believing that the industry is harmless. This can have disastrous consequences for both human and environmental well-being.The detection of scientific fraud can be challenging, as it often involves complex data analysis and statistical methods. However, advancements in technology and increased scrutiny from the scientific community have made it more difficult for fraudsters to go undetected. The use of plagiarism detection software, data sharing platforms, and the replication of experiments by independent researchers have become important tools in identifying fraudulent research.The consequences for those caught committing scientific fraud can be severe. In addition to damaging theirprofessional reputation, they may face legal consequences, such as being sued for damages or losing their job. Funding agencies and scientific journals may also impose sanctions, such as revoking grants or retracting published papers. These consequences serve as a deterrent to potential fraudsters and help maintain the integrity of scientific research.To prevent scientific fraud, it is crucial for scientists and researchers to adhere to ethical principles and conduct their work with honesty and integrity. This includes accurately reporting methods, data, and results, as well as acknowledging and citing the work of others. Peer review processes and independent verification of research findings also play a vital role in ensuring the reliability of scientific knowledge.In conclusion, scientific fraud poses a significant threat to the credibility and trustworthiness of scientific research. It is essential for scientists, researchers, and the scientific community as a whole to remain vigilant and committed to upholding the highest ethical standards. Bydoing so, we can ensure that scientific progress is based on sound evidence and contribute to the betterment of society.。

新视野大学英语2(第三版)unit8 textA课文翻译

Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?—A scientist's choice动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury —circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。

2020考研英语(一)真题手译

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions:the Sunday roast.1a cold winter’s day,few culinary pleasures can2it.Yet as we report now,the food police are determined our health.That this3should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure4to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority（FSA）has5a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked6high temperatures.This means that people should7crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin-crust pizzas and only8toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?9studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is11to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof12the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is13to follow the FSA advice.14,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a15.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be16up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?17,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods18,but reduce their lifetime intake.However its19risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just20with no one listening.1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed5.[A]issued[B]received[C]ignored[D]cancelled6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow12.[A]On the basis of[B]At the cost of[C]In addition to[D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate14.[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]After all15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used17.[A]To be fair[B]For instance[C]To be brief[D]In general18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition20.[A]follow up[B]pick up[C]open up[D]end upSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）Text1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture”award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in2017and has been awarded to Coventry for2021.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in￡220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,ought not to be confined to cities. Britain’town,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued，become an annual event，attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture，a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in1990and Liverpool in2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world：after town of culture,who knows that will follow—village of culture?Suburb of culture?Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all.A badly run“year of culture”washes in and out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today.A“town of culture”could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiarities-helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture”award could________[A]consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B]promote cooperation among Britain’s towns.[C]increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns.[D]focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph2，the proposal might be regarded by some as________[A]a sensible compromise.[B]a self-deceiving attempt.[C]an eye-cotching bonus.[D]an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it________[A]endeavours to maintain its image.[B]meets the aspirations of its people.[C]brings its local arts to prominence.[D]commits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph3to present________[A]a contrasting case.[B]a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D]a related topic.25.What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal？[A]Skeptical[B]Objective[C]Favourable[D]CriticalText2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need journals in which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than￡900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than￡210m in2016to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research:both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed，shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms:either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around￡500to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs”had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status，while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases，we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money”partly because________[A]its content acquisition costs nothing.[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.[D]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.27.According to Paragraphs2and3,scientific publishers Elsevier have________[A]financed researchers generously.[B]gone through an existential crisis.[C]revived the publishing industry.[D]thrived mainly on university libraries.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A]Relieved.[B]Concerned.[C]Puzzled.[D]Encouraged.29.It can be learned from Paragraphs5and6that open access terms________[A]free universities from financial burdens.[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.[C]reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D]allow publishers some room to make money.30.Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A]Trial subscription is offered.[B]Labour triumphs over status.[C]The few feed on the many.[D]Costs are well controlled.Text3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure“gender parity”on boards and commissions,provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40percent female.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities.they have proposed imposing government quotas.If the bills become law,state boards and commissions will be required to set aside50percent of board seats for women by2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California,which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure.California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an“important”policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equal protection”.But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population.but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst,between2010and2015the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by54percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic,Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt”phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity，remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will________[A]help little to reduce gender bias.[B]pose a threat to the state government.[C]raise women’s position in politics.[D]greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the California measure？[A]It has irritated private business owners.[B]It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C]It may go against the Constitution.[D]It will settle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate________[A]the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C]the pressure on women in global corporations.[D]the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to________[A]the underestimation of elite women’s role.[B]the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D]the growing tension between labor and management.35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text？[A]Women’s need in employment should be considered.[B]Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C]Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D]Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text4Last Thursday，the French Senate passed a digital services tax，which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data，and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “GAFA tax,”meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon—in other words，multinational tech companies based in the United States。

2020年研究生入学统一考试试题英语一

2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast.__1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it.Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this __3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof.__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice.__14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?__17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake.However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying.Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.1. A In B Towards C On D Till2. A match B express C satisfy D influence3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled6. A under B at C for D by7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially9. A Unless B Since C If D While10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern16. A made B served C saved D used17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end upSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1A. consolidate the town city ties in BritainB. promote cooperation among Brain's townsC. increase the economic strength of Brain's townsD. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______A. endeavor to maintain its imageB. meets the aspiration of its peopleC. brings its local arts to prominenceD. commits to its long-term growth24. “Glasgow”is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______A. a contrasting caseB. a supporting exampleC. a background storyD. a related topic25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?A. SkepticalB. ObjectiveC. FavorableD. CriticalText 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publishtheir research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing industry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C] Costs are well controlled.D] The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case inpoint.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________[A] help little to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate____[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B] the importance of constitutional guaranees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new taxon large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies' interests .[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____[A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fixactions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41. ________________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, lookingsomeone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore. Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With （the gap between）the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 thatin actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:The Student Union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upco ming singing contest.Write a notice in about100words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHE ET.Do not use your name in the notice.Part B52: Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:1)Describe the picture briefly;2)Interpret the implied meaning, and3)Give your comments。

fiscal 翻译

fiscal 翻译fiscal 这个词源于拉丁语"fiscus"，意为国库。

在英语中，fiscal 这个词通常作为形容词，用来描述与财政或国库有关的事物。

它可以用在不同的领域，例如经济、法律和政府等，具有多种用法和含义。

在经济领域，fiscal 可以指与财政政策有关的事物。

例如，fiscal policy 指的是政府通过调整税收和开支来影响经济的政策。

另外，fiscal year 是指一个国家或组织用于核算财务的一年时间，通常与日历年度不同。

在法律领域，fiscal 可以指与财政犯罪有关的事物。

例如，fiscal fraud 指的是财务诈骗，而 fiscal responsibility 指的是财政责任。

在政府领域，fiscal 可以指与财政管理有关的事物。

例如，fiscal deficit 指的是财政赤字，fiscal policy maker 指的是财政政策制定者。

以下是一些用法和中英文对照例句：1. The government implemented fiscal measures to stimulate economic growth.政府实施了财政措施以刺激经济增长。

2. The fiscal year in this country starts on April 1st and ends on March 31st.该国的财政年度从4月1日开始，到次年的3月31日结束。

3. The company was accused of fiscal fraud and is now under investigation.该公司被指控进行财务诈骗，目前正在接受调查。

4. The fiscal deficit has reached an alarming level, requiring immediate action.财政赤字已经达到了一个令人担忧的水平，需要立即采取行动。

学术诈骗英文作文

学术诈骗英文作文Title: Academic Fraud: A Persistent Challenge in Education。

Academic fraud, a pervasive issue in the realm of education, poses a significant threat to the integrity and credibility of academic institutions worldwide. Defined as any form of deception or dishonesty aimed at misrepresenting one's academic achievements, academic fraud undermines the fundamental principles of fairness, honesty, and meritocracy upon which educational systems are built. This essay explores the various manifestations of academic fraud, its underlying causes, and potential strategies to mitigate its prevalence.One of the most common forms of academic fraud is plagiarism, whereby individuals present someone else's work as their own without proper attribution. With the proliferation of online resources and the ease of copying and pasting text, plagiarism has become alarminglywidespread across educational institutions at all levels. Furthermore, the emergence of essay mills and ghostwriting services exacerbates this issue, providing students with pre-written essays for a fee, enabling them to bypass the academic rigor of research and writing.Another prevalent form of academic fraud is cheating during examinations. This may involve smuggling notes or electronic devices into exam halls, communicating with peers to obtain answers, or accessing unauthorized materials during the assessment. Cheating not only compromises the validity of academic assessments but also undermines the educational process by devaluing the importance of genuine learning and intellectual growth.Fabrication or falsification of data is another serious offense that undermines the integrity of academic research. In the pursuit of academic recognition or funding, some researchers resort to manipulating data or fabricating results to support their hypotheses or conclusions. Not only does this practice mislead the academic community, but it also erodes public trust in scientific research andimpedes the advancement of knowledge.The underlying causes of academic fraud are multifaceted and often rooted in systemic issues within educational systems. The pressure to excel academically, whether self-imposed or external, can drive individuals to resort to dishonest means to achieve success. Additionally, the lack of effective oversight and enforcement mechanisms within academic institutions can embolden perpetrators to engage in fraudulent activities with impunity. Moreover, the proliferation of online platforms and digital technologies has created new avenues for academic fraud, presenting unique challenges for detection and prevention.To address the scourge of academic fraud, concerted efforts are needed at multiple levels. Educational institutions must prioritize the promotion of academic integrity through comprehensive policies, proactive education, and robust enforcement measures. This includes implementing plagiarism detection software, conducting regular integrity workshops, and imposing strict penalties for violations. Moreover, fostering a culture of honestyand ethical conduct among students and faculty is essential in cultivating an academic community built on trust and mutual respect.Furthermore, collaboration between educational institutions, accrediting bodies, and governmental agencies is crucial in developing standardized frameworks and best practices for combating academic fraud. This may involve sharing information and resources, harmonizing policies and procedures, and coordinating efforts to investigate and address cases of fraud effectively. Additionally, raising awareness about the consequences of academic fraud and the importance of integrity in education is vital in fostering a collective commitment to upholding academic standards.In conclusion, academic fraud represents a pervasive and persistent challenge in education, threatening the integrity and credibility of academic institutions worldwide. Plagiarism, cheating, and data falsification are among the most common manifestations of academic fraud, fueled by various underlying factors such as pressure to succeed and inadequate oversight. Addressing this issuerequires a multifaceted approach, including educational initiatives, policy reforms, and collaborative efforts among stakeholders. By promoting a culture of academic integrity and holding individuals accountable for their actions, we can safeguard the integrity of education and uphold the principles of fairness, honesty, and meritocracy.。

学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 9

UNIT 9 Medical EducationTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 9, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:Teaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1.To begin with, ask Ss to brainstorm the personal attributes that a qualifiedphysician should possess. In doing so, Ss need not only to write down the words denoting these qualities such as “caring”, “compassionate”, “knowledgeable”, etc., but to provide the reasons as well. When explaining why a particular attribute is essential, Ss may recount the current healthcare situations or their past medical experiences.The following is a list of suggested key words:A good physician is usually•motivated, mature, compassionate, organized, adaptable, stress-resilient;•with high level of integrity and strong leadership;• a good listener and communicator;…2.Make a summary on the discussion and introduce the topic of Text A.Text ComprehensionSuggested teaching plan1.Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics.2.Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when the signpost language ofreformulation is covered.3.To conclude the discussion of the text, lead Ss to do Task 1 / Critical readingand thinking / Text A, which will enable Ss to not only understand individual words, sentences and paragraphs in the text, but also see its structure clearly.Language focus1.I have suggested on several occasions that in order for the medical educationcommunity to be clear about the kind of changes that are needed, the community needs to define more clearly the purpose of the educational program. (P210, Para. 1)… in order for the medical education community to be clear about … 中可以省略in order。

科学欺诈的危害英文一百字作文

科学欺诈的危害英文一百字作文英文回答：Scientific fraud is a serious threat to the integrity of scientific research and can have far-reaching consequences for society and the advancement of knowledge. Among the most significant impacts are:Erosion of public trust: Scientific fraud undermines the public's trust in science and its ability to produce credible and reliable information. This can lead to skepticism, making it more difficult to communicate important scientific findings and recommendations to the general public.Misallocation of resources: Fraudulent research can lead to the misallocation of precious funding, resources, and time, which could have been directed towards legitimate research endeavors.Impediment to scientific progress: Scientific fraud can slow down or even halt scientific progress by preventing genuine advancements, distracting scientists from pursuing promising research avenues, and undermining the reputation of the research community.Harm to human health and safety: Fraudulent research in fields such as medicine and public health can have direct impacts on human health and safety. For instance, fraudulent clinical trials can lead to ineffective or even harmful treatments being approved and widely distributed.Damage to the reputation of scientists: Scientific fraud can damage the reputation and credibility of individual scientists and the entire scientific community. It can create a perception of distrust and dishonesty, making it difficult for scientists to secure funding, collaborate, and disseminate their findings.中文回答：科学欺诈对科学研究的诚信构成严重威胁，并可能对社会和知识进步产生深远影响。

accuse的用法与搭配

accuse的用法与搭配Accuse的用法与搭配Accuse是一个常用的英语动词，意为“指责，控告”。

在日常生活和商务场合中，accuse经常被使用。

本文将详细介绍accuse的用法和搭配。

一、基本用法1. Accuse sb. of sth. 指责某人某事例如：- He was accused of stealing the money.- The company was accused of polluting the river.2. Accuse sb. (of sth.) 指控某人（犯有某罪）例如：- She was accused of murder.- The man was accused of fraud.3. Accuse sb. + that clause 指责某人做了某事例如：- She accused him that he had lied to her.- He accused her that she had stolen his wallet.二、搭配1. Accuse sb. falsely 错误指控某人例如：- He was falsely accused of theft and spent years in prison.- The company was falsely accused of bribery by its competitors.2. Accuse sb. without evidence 无证据指控某人例如：- You can't just accuse me without evidence!- They were accusing him without any proof.3. Accuse sb. of lying 指责某人撒谎例如：- She accused him of lying about his job.- He was accused of lying to the police.4. Accuse sb. of cheating 指责某人作弊例如：- The teacher accused the student of cheating on the test. - He was accused of cheating in the competition.5. Accuse sb. of being (adj.) 指责某人是（形容词）例如：- She accused him of being lazy.- He was accused of being dishonest.6. Accuse sb. of (not) doing sth. 指责某人（没有）做某事例如：- She accused him of not doing his homework.- He was accused of not following the rules.7. Accuse sb. (of) having (done) sth. 指责某人（曾经）做过某事例如：- She accused him of having stolen her purse.- He was accused of having cheated on his taxes.8. Be accused of sth. 被指控某事例如：- The company is being accused of discrimination against women.- He was accused of embezzlement by his employer.9. Accuse sb. + preposition + noun 指责某人涉及某事例如：- The police accuse him of involvement in the robbery.- The government is accusing the company of violating environmental regulations.三、常见误区1. 误区：使用accuse后不加of或that clause。

科学诈骗英语作文

科学诈骗英语作文English: Scientific fraud refers to the act of deliberately falsifying or fabricating data in scientific research. It is a serious ethical breachthat undermines the credibility and integrity of the scientific community. Such fraudulent behavior can have far-reaching consequences, including misleading other researchers, wasting resources, and ultimately harming public trust in science. Instances of scientific fraud can have devastating effects on both individuals and institutions, tarnishing reputations and potentially leading to legal consequences. To combat scientific fraud, it is essential for researchers to uphold high standards of honesty and transparency in their work, adhere to ethical guidelines, and promote a culture of accountability within the scientific community.中文翻译: 科学欺诈指的是在科学研究中故意篡改或捏造数据的行为。

accuse的用法归纳

accuse的用法归纳关键信息项：1、词性：动词2、词义：指责；控告；谴责3、常见搭配：accuse sb of sth （指责某人某事；控告某人某事）11 accuse 的基本用法111 “accuse”作为及物动词，后接宾语。

常见结构为“accuse ＋某人＋ of ＋某种罪行或错误”，表示“指控某人犯有某种罪行或有某种过错”。

例如：“The police accused him of theft”（警方指控他盗窃。

）112 也可以直接使用“accuse ＋某人”，但在这种情况下，通常上下文会明确所指责的内容。

例如：“She accused her neighbor without giving specific reasons”（她指责了她的邻居但没有给出具体原因。

）12 与 accuse 相关的短语和句型121 “be accused of” 是其被动形式，意思是“被指控；被指责”。

如：“He was accused of murder”（他被指控谋杀。

）122 “accuse sb falsely/ wrongly” 表示“错误地指控某人”。

例如：“She accused him wrongly of cheating”（她错误地指责他作弊。

）13 accuse 与 charge 的区别131 虽然“accuse”和“charge”都有“指控”的意思，但在用法上有一些细微差别。

“accuse”侧重于指责或谴责某人的过错或罪行，更强调主观的判断和情感色彩。

而“charge”则更正式、更法律化，通常用于法庭或正式的指控场合。

132 例如：“The prosecutor charged the defendant with fraud”（检察官以欺诈罪指控被告。

）这里用“charge”更能体现出法律程序的正式性。

14 accuse 在不同语境中的运用141 在日常交流中，“accuse”可以用来表达对他人行为的不满或批评。

信任危机的英语作文

Trust is a fundamental element in any relationship,be it personal or professional.It forms the bedrock upon which interactions and collaborations are built.However,when trust is eroded or shattered,it can lead to a crisis that affects all aspects of life.Here is a detailed English essay on the topic of trust crisis.Title:The Trust Crisis:A Societal DilemmaIntroduction:In the modern world,trust is a precious commodity.It is the invisible thread that weaves together the fabric of society.However,in recent times,we have witnessed a growing trust crisis that has farreaching implications.This essay will explore the causes, consequences,and potential solutions to the trust crisis that is plaguing our society.Causes of Trust Crisis:1.Misinformation and Fake News:The advent of social media has made it easier for misinformation to spread rapidly.This has led to confusion and skepticism,eroding trust in institutions and individuals.2.Corporate Scandals:Highprofile corporate scandals involving fraud and unethical practices have shattered public trust in businesses.3.Political Dishonesty:Politicians are often accused of dishonesty,which undermines the publics faith in the political system.4.Breach of Privacy:Incidents of data breaches and privacy invasions have led to a loss of trust in technology companies and government agencies.Consequences of Trust Crisis:1.Social Isolation:A lack of trust can lead to social isolation,as people become wary of forming new relationships or engaging with others.2.Economic Impact:Trust is crucial for economic transactions.A trust crisis can lead to reduced consumer confidence,affecting businesses and the economy at large.3.Political Instability:When trust in political institutions is low,it can result in political instability and a lack of faith in democratic processes.4.Mental Health Issues:The stress and anxiety caused by a lack of trust can lead to mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.Potential Solutions to the Trust Crisis:1.Promoting Transparency:Institutions,both public and private,should strive for transparency in their operations to rebuild trust.cation on Critical Thinking:Educating the public on how to discern misinformation and fake news can help combat the spread of false information.3.Ethical Leadership:Leaders in all sectors should embody ethical behavior to inspiretrust in their followers and the public.4.Regulatory Measures:Governments should implement and enforce strict regulations to prevent corporate scandals and data breaches.Conclusion:The trust crisis is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to resolve.It is essential for the wellbeing of society that we address the causes and work towards rebuilding trust.By promoting transparency,educating the public,encouraging ethical leadership,and implementing regulatory measures,we can hope to navigate through this crisis and foster a more trusting environment for all.Word Count:431。

学术造假的英语作文

学术造假的英语作文Title: Academic Fraud: A Grave Ethical Dilemma。

Academic fraud, a malpractice tarnishing the integrity of scholarly pursuits, has become a concerning issue in today's educational landscape. Its ramifications not only undermine the credibility of academic institutions but also erode the fundamental principles of knowledge acquisition and dissemination. This essay delves into the complexities surrounding academic fraud, its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.First and foremost, it is imperative to understand the various forms of academic fraud. Plagiarism, fabrication of data, falsification of results, and ghostwriting are among the most prevalent manifestations. Plagiarism, in particular, is rampant, wherein individuals pass offothers' work as their own without proper attribution. Fabrication involves inventing data or results, while falsification entails manipulating existing data to suitdesired outcomes. Ghostwriting occurs when someone else writes a piece of academic work on behalf of the credited author, often for financial gain or prestige.The root causes of academic fraud are multifaceted. Pressure to publish prolifically, especially in tenure-track positions, can incentivize scholars to cut corners and resort to fraudulent practices. Similarly, the intense competition for research funding and academic recognition contributes to the temptation to embellish or fabricate findings. Furthermore, inadequate mentorship and supervision, coupled with lax enforcement of academic integrity policies, create an environment conducive to fraudulent behavior.The repercussions of academic fraud extend far beyond the individual perpetrator. Trust in the academic community is compromised, leading to skepticism and cynicism among peers and the general public. Genuine advancements in knowledge are impeded when false or misleading information infiltrates scholarly discourse. Moreover, the reputations of institutions and researchers implicated in fraud sufferirreparable damage, tarnishing their credibility for yearsto come.Addressing academic fraud requires a multifaceted approach involving education, enforcement, and cultural change. Firstly, educational institutions must prioritizethe cultivation of a culture of academic integrity through comprehensive ethics training and workshops. Faculty members should mentor students and early-career researchers on proper research conduct and the importance of upholding ethical standards. Additionally, robust enforcement mechanisms, including stringent plagiarism detection software and transparent investigation procedures, are essential to deter fraudulent behavior and holdperpetrators accountable.Moreover, fostering a supportive research environment that values quality over quantity is paramount.Institutions should incentivize thorough, rigorous research practices rather than solely focusing on publication metrics. Encouraging collaboration and interdisciplinary dialogue can also mitigate the pressure to compete unfairly.Furthermore, promoting transparency and open science practices can help mitigate the incentives for academic fraud. Data sharing, pre-registration of research protocols, and replication studies can enhance the reliability and reproducibility of scientific findings, reducing the temptation to fabricate or falsify results.In conclusion, academic fraud poses a significantethical dilemma with far-reaching consequences for the integrity of scholarly endeavors. Addressing this issue requires a concerted effort from educational institutions, researchers, and policymakers to foster a culture of academic integrity, prioritize quality research practices, and promote transparency and collaboration. Only through collective action can we safeguard the credibility and trustworthiness of the academic enterprise for future generations.。

5 带译文Scientific Fraud Accused

Scientific Fraud Accused科研欺诈行为受到指控When taking the fast train to technical prowess，it pays to check that the drivers are competent，the engine is running smoothly and the tracks are clear．Unfortunately, China’s hunger for success in the sciences is such that some have been tempted to cut corners．Some independent researchers are sufficiently alarmed to have started the unofficial monitoring of possible frauds．The need for official reformis pressing．乘坐科技高速列车时，检查司机是否称职，发动机运行是否平稳，路轨上有无障碍物，这些都很值得一做。

不幸的是，中国太渴求科研成就了，以至于有些人竟然企图寻求捷径。

一些有独立见解的研究人员对此感到非常忧虑，并对可能的科研欺诈行为开始进行非官方性监视。

官方科研体制改革迫在眉睫。

Science is important to China．The country recently unveiled plans to increase its spending on research and development to 900 billion yuan ($112 billion)by 2020．By that time，it wants 60％of economic growth to come from science and technology．科技对中国十分重要。

Oppose scientific research fraud学术不端

Oppose scientific research fraudScientific research is at the forefront of human endeavors, aiming to expand the boundaries of our knowledge and understanding of the world.However,In the contemporary world,the problem of research fraud has become increasingly severe. It is of great necessity for scientific research to combat research fraud.Because it has seriously affected the credibility of this noble profession.Reasons and concrete evidence to support my view point are as follows.In the first place,there is no doubt that scientific research fraud is unethical. Universities and research institutes should strengthen the moral education and supervision of researchers, develop clear guidelines and policies to define and mitigate misconduct,and provide reporting mechanisms to encourage researchers to report misconduct. Secondly, incorrect data can mislead others' research, causing waste of time and economic losses, and even more serious harm Moreover,no one can deny that scientific research fraud is illegal. Where there is a law, there is credibility.Therefore, legal measures must be taken to ensure research integrity. Last but not least,I firmly believe that scientific research requires responsibility. Including proper citation and declaration of data, and avoidance of plagiarism and fraud. At the same time, strengthen the review process and increase data transparency. The more responsibilities you have,the more repay you will get.In conclusion, maintaining scientific integrity is crucial for ensuring the legitimacy and credibility of scientific research.By taking proactive measures to prevent and combat research fraud, we can restore faith in the scientific community and continue to advance human knowledge. If we spare no efforts to combat research fraud,the future of academic circle will be both hopeful and rosy.。

自考综合英语（二）下册详解第十五课上

1.Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that lectures on business ethics have been included in their syllabuses of study.——（Students taking business courses sometimes wonder why their courses include the topic of business ethics.）选修商业课程的学⽣多少感到惊讶地发现他们的课程中，还有关于商来道德⽅⾯的讲座。

1） be surprise/pleased/delighted/glad/happy/sorry， etc.to do sth.：对……感到惊讶/⾼兴/兴奋/抱歉等。

⼜如： Henry's friends were delighted to hear of his success. 亨利的朋友听说他成功了，感到很⾼兴。

I'm very sorry to tell you that you didn't pass the exam. 我很抱歉地通知你，你考试没有通过。

2） ethics：（plural） moral principles that control or influence a person's behaviours道德 business ethics： moral rules or principles governing the behaviour of people involved in the business of selling and buying， which include fair play in conducting business， not operating dishonest practices， such as swindles， fraud，bribery syllabus： a list of the topics， books， etc. that students should study in a particular subject at school or college. 商来道德 2. they may be tempted to bend their principles to get what they want.为了达到⽬的，他们可能会做出违⼼的事情。

accused的用法与搭配

accused的用法与搭配一、accused的基本意思与用法（200字左右）accused一词作为动词时，意指“指责某人犯有某事”，常用于法律领域。

在这种情况下，我们可以说某人被控告、被起诉或被指控。

举例来说，当某人触犯了法律或被怀疑涉及某个犯罪行为时，他可能会被警方逮捕并被指控。

此外，accused还可作为一个名词使用，特指“被告”或“嫌疑人”。

二、accused的搭配与表达方式（800字左右）1. 首先，我们在英语中常常使用be accused of/with来表示“因某事而受到指控”。

例如：“He was accused of stealing the money.” （他因盗窃钱财而受到指控。

“）或者“She was accused with committing fraud.” （她因涉嫌欺诈行为受到指控。

“）2. 此外，我们还可以使用accuse somebody/something of + 名词/动名词来表示对某人/某事的责备或谴责。

例如：“They accused him of lying.” （他们谴责他撒谎。

“）或者“This company is often accused of exploiting its workers.” （这家公司经常遭到指责剥削其员工。

“）3. 在正式法律文件或法庭上，也可以看到accused与defendant可以互换使用，意为“被告”。

例如：“The accused/defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges.” （被告对指控表示不认罪。

“）或者“He is the accused/defendant in a high-profile criminal case.” （他是一起高调刑事案件的被告人。

“）4. 另外，除了表示刑事犯罪行为方面的accused之外，在日常语境中，我们还可以用accuse sb of + doing sth来表达对某人某事提出指控。

accusation的用法 (2)

accusation的用法一级标题：了解“accusation”的定义和用途“Accusation”是一个常见的英文词汇，它可以作为名词或动词。

作为名词时，“accusation”指控、指责或谴责的意思；而作为动词时，“accuse”表明对某人进行指责或控告。

本文将详细介绍“accusation”的不同用法及其在日常生活中的应用场景。

二级标题1：常见用法及例句对于名词“accusation”，它可以表示一种责难、指控或舆论谴责的情况。

例如，在法庭上，“The defendant is facing serious accusations of fraud.”（被告正面临着严重的欺诈指控）这句话清楚地表述了指控行为以及被指控行为的性质。

当“accusation”作为动词使用时，通常与介词“of”连用，表示对某人进行控告或谴责。

例如：“She accused him of stealing her wallet.”（她指责他偷了她的钱包）这个例子展示了如何使用动词形式“accuse”来说明一个人对另一个人发起控告。

二级标题2：实际应用场景2.1 法律领域在法律领域中，“accusation”是一个常见的术语。

它可以描述起诉、指责和罪状等法律活动。

在刑事案件中，控方会展示对被告的指控，并提供证据来支持他们的指控。

而同时，被告也有权利反驳这些指控，并辩护自己是否确实有罪。

2.2 媒体报道在新闻报道中，“accusation”也经常出现。

媒体通常会报道各种领域内的指控事件，例如政治骚乱、腐败丑闻或性丑闻等。

这些报道旨在向公众提供相关信息，并让人们了解事件发生背后的真相与细节。

2.3 个人和社交关系在日常生活中，我们可能经历各种与“accusation”相关的情况。

无论是家庭、朋友还是工作场合，有时我们可能遭受到他人对我们的指责或谴责。

然而，在处理这些情况时，我们应保持冷静，理性地面对并回应这些指控。

二级标题3：如何恰当地使用“accusation”尽管“accusation”作为一个常用词汇存在于各种情境中，但我们在使用时仍需注意一些准则。