S-__addition__-Ketoprofen_COA_27569_MedChemExpress
非戈替尼合成路线 -回复
非戈替尼合成路线-回复非戈替尼（Fingolimod）是一种用于治疗多发性硬化症的口服药物。
它通过影响免疫系统，减少炎症反应，从而减轻多发性硬化症患者的症状和疾病进展。
非戈替尼的合成路线涉及多个化学步骤和反应，下面将逐步介绍非戈替尼的合成。
1. 异丙基甲基胺的合成：非戈替尼的合成始于异丙基甲基胺的合成。
异丙基甲基胺可以通过乙烯胺和丙酮在碱性条件下缩合得到。
这个反应可以在冷却系统中进行，其中丙酮先与碱反应形成一个亚胺，然后与乙烯胺缩合生成异丙基甲基胺。
2. 对硝基苯乙醇的合成：对硝基苯乙醇是非戈替尼合成的另一个关键中间体。
这个中间体可以通过对硝基苯酚与氯乙醇在碱性条件下反应得到。
反应过程中，对硝基苯酚首先与碱反应形成钠盐，然后与氯乙醇发生酯化反应生成对硝基苯乙醇。
3. 氯乙酰胺的合成：氯乙酰胺是非戈替尼合成的另一个关键中间体。
它可以通过氯乙酸和氨在碱性条件下反应得到。
这个反应通常在干燥溶剂中进行，并添加一定量的催化剂来促进反应进行。
4. 酰胺的合成：将对硝基苯乙醇和氯乙酰胺与活性碱金属（比如钠）反应，可以得到相应的非共轭的酰胺。
这个反应是非戈替尼合成中的关键步骤之一。
5. 氟化反应：在有机合成中，氟化反应被广泛用于引入氟原子。
在非戈替尼的合成中，氟化反应可以通过对酰胺中的一氧化碳键进行转化。
这个反应通常在氟化剂存在下进行，可以选择稳定和高效的氟化剂来实现。
6. 合成戈蒙内尔的过渡态：由于非戈替尼结构中的一环与戈蒙内尔相似，因此在非戈替尼合成中需要合成戈蒙内尔的过渡态。
这个过渡态可以通过氧化戈蒙内尔生成，然后与某种试剂反应制得。
7. 合成非戈替尼：将得到的戈蒙内尔过渡态与之前制得的酰胺进行反应，可以得到非戈替尼。
这个反应一般在适当的溶剂中进行，并合理控制温度和反应时间，以确保反应的进行和产率的提高。
通过以上的一系列化学步骤和反应，非戈替尼可以得到有效合成。
大量合成非戈替尼的研究和优化工作也是为了提高产率和减少副反应。
布洛芬片加速试验
布洛芬片BP2010加速试验检验方法一、鉴别A片剂碾碎成粉后，取0.5g溶于20ml的丙酮中，过滤，流动空气脱水滤液（不要加热），收集残留物。
残留物的红外吸收图谱要与标准品吸收图谱一致（Appendix II A；RS-186）B石油醚重结晶后（沸点范围40°到60°）A中残留物的熔点约为75摄氏度（Appendix V A.）。
二、相关物质按照液相色谱方法（Appendix III D），使用以下溶液：溶液1 ：取已碾成粉的布洛芬片0.2g，加30ml甲醇，振荡30分钟，再加入30ml甲醇后，用水定容到100ml，混匀，利用玻璃微孔滤纸（glass microfibre filter paper）过滤。
推荐Whatman GF/C这个型号的产品。
溶液2：把溶液1用流动相介质稀释100倍溶液3：用甲醇配置0.006%w/v的布洛芬杂质B标准品（欧洲标准）（可以使用1体积的杂质B欧洲标准品稀释到10体积来配置），使用2.5ml该溶液溶解50mg布洛芬英国药典标准品，甲醇定容到25ml。
色谱条件A 使用不锈钢色谱柱（15 cm × 4.6 mm），利用色谱级球形封端十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶（5µm），推荐使用Spherisorb ODS 2柱子。
B使用无梯度洗脱和下文所述的流动相C流速为2ml/minD 常温柱温E检测波长为214nmF上样量为20µlG在开始检测前先通45分钟流动相以稳定柱子H保持总保留时间是主峰位置的1.5倍；如果按照前述条件设置色谱环境，布洛芬的保留时间大约是20分钟。
流动相0.5体积的正磷酸，340体积的乙腈，600体积水，混匀平衡后，用水稀释到总共1000体积。
系统适应性使用溶液3得到的色谱峰，测量峰高a：由2-(4-butylphenyl)-propionic acid产生的峰2 - （4 - 苯基）丙酸和峰高b：由布洛芬产生的峰；这两个峰的曲线最低点必须可以分离。
德国Prospan 特效咳嗽糖浆 100ml
名称：德国Prospan 特效咳嗽糖浆100ml针对人群：新生儿起都适用产品描述：强有效的对抗严重的咳嗽现象这款专门针对婴幼儿的止咳糖浆，纯天然植物精华提取，不含酒精，有效快速的缓解感冒等各种病因引起的咳嗽，舒缓咽喉肿胀，消除炎症，有效的抑制习惯性干咳，舒缓咳嗽引起的窒息，呼吸不畅等困难，有效对抗可能转化的严重的支气管炎症。
对成人也很有效。
包装内有带有刻度的量杯，可以方便准确的给药。
这款糖浆不含任何激素，不上瘾，也不会产生药物依赖。
一岁以下的宝宝最好是在医生看护下，适量给药。
温馨提示：这款止咳糖浆是目前在德国宝宝最喜欢、效果最好的一种糖浆，口感很好，没有特别的药物味引起的宝宝特别不舒适的感觉，这款咳嗽糖浆同样适合成人。
本品为药物，切记远离儿童，不可过量使用。
产品功效有效快速的缓解感冒等各种病因引起的咳嗽，舒缓咽喉肿胀，消除炎症，有效的抑制习惯性干咳，舒缓咳嗽引起的窒息，呼吸不畅等困难，有效对抗可能转化的严重的支气管炎症。
【活性成分】常春藤叶萃取物辅助成分:柠檬酸.碳水化合物.山梨糖醇70%溶液.黄原胶.山梨酸钾纯天然的调味品，纯净水【适应症】纯植物性药物含有常春藤叶萃取物用于针对呼吸道炎症，改善慢性支气管炎和急性呼吸道感染引起的咳嗽【禁忌症】如果对产品中的任何一种成分过敏，请不要服用此药德文介绍中说明，无任何可知的副作用。
1岁以下的婴儿服用的同样适用，只要开始有些咳嗽，或者喉咙红，无论有痰没痰；德国儿科医生都先让宝宝喝这个糖浆的。
因为几乎没有副作用的。
如果医生没有特殊的建议，常规用量如下：3个月-2周岁：单剂量1.25ML相当于8.75MG常蠢藤叶萃取物，每日总剂量：2.5ML(一天早晚两次1.25ML)相当于17.5mg常春藤叶萃取物2周岁-6周岁：单剂量2.5ML相当于17.5MG常蠢藤叶萃取物，每日总剂量：5ML(一天早晚两次2.5ML)相当于35mg常春藤叶萃取物12岁以上儿童和成人：单剂量5ML相当于35MG常蠢藤叶萃取物，每日总剂量：15ML(一天早中晚两次5ML)相当于105mg常春藤叶萃取物盖子就是量杯.不需要另外准备.开盖后3个月内喝完本品为药物，切记远离儿童，不可过量【使用时间】时间根据病情而定，轻度的呼吸道感染应至少服用一星期，建议在症状消失后坚持服用2到3天，以此达到最好的效果。
QuEChERS-超高效液相串联质谱法同时测定蜂蜜中硝基咪唑类药物残留
QuEChERS-超高效液相串联质谱法同时测定蜂蜜中硝基咪唑类药物残留作者：刘兰霞解迎双寇宗红王波来源：《中国食品》2024年第06期为了治疗和预防孢子虫病在蜜蜂群体间的传播，降低蜜蜂的死亡率，硝基咪唑类药物曾被广泛应用于蜜蜂养殖过程中。
但硝基咪唑类药物的违用、滥用和误用现象导致蜜蜂体内产生药物残留，并以蜂蜜为媒介进入人体，对人体造成致癌、致畸、致突变作用和遗传毒性损害，因此各国已相继禁止硝基咪唑类药物在动物源性食品中的使用。
目前，检测硝基咪唑类药物残留的方法主要有气相色谱质谱法、液相色谱法等。
本研究建立了QuEChERS-超高效液相串联质谱法，以检测蜂蜜中多种硝基咪唑类药物的残留，对维护食品安全、保障消费者身体健康具有重要意义。
一、仪器与方法1.仪器与设备。
高效液相色谱仪，美国沃特世公司；多管涡旋振荡器，深圳逗点生物技术有限公司；低温冷冻高速离心机，德国Sigma公司。
2.试剂与材料。
甲醇、乙腈、甲酸、氨水（色谱纯），德国默克公司；丙基乙二胺（PSA）粉末、十八烷基键合硅胶（C18）粉末、石墨化炭黑（GCB）粉末，美国安捷伦公司；无水硫酸镁、无水氯化钠，国药集团化学试剂有限公司；超纯水，本实验室纯水仪制备；32种硝基咪唑类化合物（纯度＞99%），德国Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司；蜂蜜，购自当地农贸市场或超市，于-20℃冷冻保存，待用。
3.标准溶液配置。
（1）标准储备液（浓度100mg/L）。
精密称取32种硝基咪唑类化合物0.01g，用甲醇溶解后，定容至100mL容量瓶内，配制成质量浓度为100mg/L的单标准储备溶液，置于-20℃冰箱中保存6个月。
（2）混合标准工作液（浓度1mg/L）。
精密量取浓度为100mg/L的上述标准溶液100μL 于100mL容量瓶中，用甲醇-水（8∶2）定容，于4℃保存。
4.样品前处理。
（1）提取。
准确称取5.00g（精确至0.01g）蜂蜜样品于50mL具塞离心管中，加入5mL水，涡旋5min，使其充分混匀。
小儿肺炎支原体肺炎并发消化道系统损害的相关影响因素分析
小儿肺炎支原体肺炎并发消化道系统损害的相关影响因素分析*钱元原① 季卫刚① 陈艳艳① 张娟① 【摘要】 目的：探讨小儿肺炎支原体肺炎并发消化道系统损害的相关影响因素。
方法：回顾性分析2020年1月—2023年3月南通大学附属南通妇幼保健院收治的132例小儿肺炎支原体肺炎患儿临床资料，根据是否并发消化道系统损害分为消化道系统损害组（n=35）、非消化道系统损害组（n=97）。
收集患儿一般资料，包括性别、年龄、体重、发热病程、病程、大环内酯类药物开始使用时间、糖皮质激素开始使用时间、红细胞沉降率（ESR）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平、白细胞（WBC）水平、中性粒细胞百分比。
对一般资料进行单因素分析，再对有统计学差异因素的进行多因素logistic回归分析。
结果：132例小儿肺炎支原体感染患儿发生35例消化道系统损害，发生率26.52%（35/132）。
单因素分析显示，两组性别、体重、病程、糖皮质激素开始使用时间、ESR、WBC、中性粒细胞百分比对比，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
两组年龄、发热病程、大环内酯类药物开始使用时间、CRP水平比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
logistic回归分析显示，年龄≤3岁、发热病程≥7 d、大环内酯类药物使用时间<3 d、CRP≥10 mg/L是小儿肺炎支原体感染并发消化道系统损害的独立危险因素（OR>1且P<0.05）。
结论：小儿肺炎支原体肺炎患儿并发消化道系统损害与年龄≤3岁、发热病程≥7 d、大环内酯类药物使用时间<3 d、CRP≥10 mg/L有关。
【关键词】 小儿肺炎支原体肺炎 消化道系统损害 影响因素 炎症水平 大环内酯类 Analysis of Related Influencing Factors of Digestive Tract System Damage in MycoplasmaPneumoniae Pneumonia in Children/QIAN Yuanyuan, JI Weigang, CHEN Yanyan, ZHANG Juan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(09): 143-146 [Abstract] Objective: To investigate the related influencing factors of digestive tract system damagein mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Method: Clinical data of 132 children with mycoplasmapneumoniae pneumonia admitted to Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University fromJanuary 2020 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, and they were divided into digestive system damagegroup (n=35) and non digestive system damage group (n=97) according to whether complicated with digestivetract system damage. General data of the children were collected, including sex, age, weight, fever course, diseasecourse, time when macrocyclic lactones began to be used, time when glucocorticoid began to be used, erythrocytesedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP) level, white blood cell (WBC) level, and the percentage ofneutrophil. Univariate analysis was carried out for the general data, and multivariate logistic regression analysis wascarried out for the factors with statistical difference. Result: Among 132 children with mycoplasma pneumoniaeinfection, 35 cases of digestive tract damage, the incidence rate was 26.52% (35/132). Univariate analysis showedthat gender, body weight, disease course, glucocorticoid initiation time, ESR, WBC, percentage of neutrophilswere compared between the two groups, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). There werestatistically significant differences in age, course of fever, start time of macrocyclic lactones and CRP level betweenthe two groups (P<0.05). logistic regression analysis showed that age ≤3 years old, duration of fever ≥7 d, time ofmacrocyclic lactones drug use ≥3 d, CRP ≥10 mg/L were independent risk factors for mycoplasma pneumoniaeinfection complicated with digestive tract damage in children (OR>1 and P<0.05). Conclusion: Digestive tract systemdamage in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is associated with age ≤3 years old, duration of fever≥7 d, duration of macrocyclic lactones drug use ≥5 d, CRP ≥10 mg/L.*基金项目：2020年度南通市市级科技计划项目（JCZ20018）①南通大学附属南通妇幼保健院儿科 江苏 南通 226000通信作者：张娟- 143 - 肺炎支原体感染是小儿肺炎的常见病因，儿童身体免疫力与抵抗力低下，病菌容易入侵肺部，导致炎症发生[1-2]。
枸橼酸他莫昔芬原料USP32标准(英文翻译)
枸橼酸他莫昔芬原料USP32标准Tamoxifen CitrateC26H29NO·C6H8O7563.64Ethanamine, 2-[4-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyl, (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (1:1).(Z)-N,N-二甲基-2-[4-(1,2-二苯基-1-丁烯基)苯氧基]-乙胺枸橼酸盐(Z)-2-[p-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethylamine citrate (1:1)[54965-24-1].Tamoxifen Citrate contains not less than 99.0 percent and not more than 101.0 percent of C26H29NO·C6H8O7, calculated on the dried basis.枸橼酸他莫昔芬按干燥品计算，含C26H29NO·C6H8O7不得少于99.0%，不得多于101.0%。
Packaging and storage— Preserve in well-closed, light-resistant containers.包装和贮存—在密闭、耐光的容器中保存。
Description: White, fine, crystalline powder. Soluble in methanol; very slightly soluble in water, in acetone, in chloroform, and in alcohol.性状：本品为白色结晶性粉末。
本品在甲醇中溶解，在水、丙酮、三氯甲烷和乙醇中极微溶解。
Melting Point: Melts at about 142°, with decomposition.熔点：本品的熔点大约为142℃，熔融时同时分解。
Calcipotriol_SDS_MedChemExpress
Inhibitors, Agonists, Screening LibrariesSafety Data Sheet Revision Date:Sep.-13-2017Print Date:Sep.-13-20171. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION1.1 Product identifierProduct name :CalcipotriolCatalog No. :HY-10001CAS No. :112965-21-61.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised againstIdentified uses :Laboratory chemicals, manufacture of substances.1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheetCompany:MedChemExpress USATel:609-228-6898Fax:609-228-5909E-mail:sales@1.4 Emergency telephone numberEmergency Phone #:609-228-68982. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION2.1 Classification of the substance or mixtureNot a hazardous substance or mixture.2.2 GHS Label elements, including precautionary statementsNot a hazardous substance or mixture.2.3 Other hazardsNone.3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS3.1 SubstancesSynonyms:MC 903; CalcipotrieneFormula:C27H40O3Molecular Weight:412.60CAS No. :112965-21-64. FIRST AID MEASURES4.1 Description of first aid measuresEye contactRemove any contact lenses, locate eye-wash station, and flush eyes immediately with large amounts of water. Separate eyelids with fingers to ensure adequate flushing. Promptly call a physician.Skin contactRinse skin thoroughly with large amounts of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes and call a physician.InhalationImmediately relocate self or casualty to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.IngestionWash out mouth with water; Do NOT induce vomiting; call a physician.4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedThe most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling (see section 2.2).4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment neededTreat symptomatically.5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES5.1 Extinguishing mediaSuitable extinguishing mediaUse water spray, dry chemical, foam, and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureDuring combustion, may emit irritant fumes.5.3 Advice for firefightersWear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing.6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresUse full personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist, dust or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.Refer to protective measures listed in sections 8.6.2 Environmental precautionsTry to prevent further leakage or spillage. Keep the product away from drains or water courses.6.3 Methods and materials for containment and cleaning upAbsorb solutions with finely-powdered liquid-binding material (diatomite, universal binders); Decontaminate surfaces and equipment by scrubbing with alcohol; Dispose of contaminated material according to Section 13.7. HANDLING AND STORAGE7.1 Precautions for safe handlingAvoid inhalation, contact with eyes and skin. Avoid dust and aerosol formation. Use only in areas with appropriate exhaust ventilation.7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesKeep container tightly sealed in cool, well-ventilated area. Keep away from direct sunlight and sources of ignition.Recommended storage temperature: 4°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogenShipping at room temperature if less than 2 weeks.7.3 Specific end use(s)No data available.8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION8.1 Control parametersComponents with workplace control parametersThis product contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.8.2 Exposure controlsEngineering controlsEnsure adequate ventilation. Provide accessible safety shower and eye wash station.Personal protective equipmentEye protection Safety goggles with side-shields.Hand protection Protective gloves.Skin and body protection Impervious clothing.Respiratory protection Suitable respirator.Environmental exposure controls Keep the product away from drains, water courses or the soil. Cleanspillages in a safe way as soon as possible.9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical propertiesAppearance White to off-white (Solid)Odor No data availableOdor threshold No data availablepH No data availableMelting/freezing point No data availableBoiling point/range No data availableFlash point No data availableEvaporation rate No data availableFlammability (solid, gas)No data availableUpper/lower flammability or explosive limits No data availableVapor pressure No data availableVapor density No data availableRelative density No data availableWater Solubility No data availablePartition coefficient No data availableAuto-ignition temperature No data availableDecomposition temperature No data availableViscosity No data availableExplosive properties No data availableOxidizing properties No data available9.2 Other safety informationNo data available.10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY10.1 ReactivityNo data available.10.2 Chemical stabilityStable under recommended storage conditions.10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactionsNo data available.10.4 Conditions to avoidNo data available.10.5 Incompatible materialsStrong acids/alkalis, strong oxidising/reducing agents.10.6 Hazardous decomposition productsUnder fire conditions, may decompose and emit toxic fumes.Other decomposition products - no data available.11.TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION11.1 Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Skin corrosion/irritationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Serious eye damage/irritationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Respiratory or skin sensitizationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Germ cell mutagenicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2CarcinogenicityIARC: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen by IARC.ACGIH: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a potential or confirmed carcinogen by ACGIH.NTP: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a anticipated or confirmed carcinogen by NTP.OSHA: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a potential or confirmed carcinogen by OSHA.Reproductive toxicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Specific target organ toxicity - single exposureClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposureClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Aspiration hazardClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 212. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION12.1 ToxicityNo data available.12.2 Persistence and degradabilityNo data available.12.3 Bioaccumlative potentialNo data available.12.4 Mobility in soilNo data available.12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessmentPBT/vPvB assessment unavailable as chemical safety assessment not required or not conducted.12.6 Other adverse effectsNo data available.13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS13.1 Waste treatment methodsProductDispose substance in accordance with prevailing country, federal, state and local regulations.Contaminated packagingConduct recycling or disposal in accordance with prevailing country, federal, state and local regulations.14. TRANSPORT INFORMATIONDOT (US)This substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.IMDGThis substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.IATAThis substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONSARA 302 Components:No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III, Section 302.SARA 313 Components:This material does not contain any chemical components with known CAS numbers that exceed the threshold (De Minimis) reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313.SARA 311/312 Hazards:No SARA Hazards.Massachusetts Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the Massachusetts Right to Know Act.Pennsylvania Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the Pennsylvania Right to Know Act.New Jersey Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the New Jersey Right to Know Act.California Prop. 65 Components:This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or anyother reproductive harm.16. OTHER INFORMATIONCopyright 2017 MedChemExpress. The above information is correct to the best of our present knowledge but does not purport to be all inclusive and should be used only as a guide. The product is for research use only and for experienced personnel. It must only be handled by suitably qualified experienced scientists in appropriately equipped and authorized facilities. The burden of safe use of this material rests entirely with the user. MedChemExpress disclaims all liability for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with this product.Caution: Product has not been fully validated for medical applications. For research use only.Tel: 609-228-6898 Fax: 609-228-5909 E-mail: tech@Address: 1 Deer Park Dr, Suite Q, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA。
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR) 是一类由配体激活的核转录因子,属Ⅱ型核受体超家族成员, 存在3种亚型，即PPARα、PPARδ、PPARγ，这三种亚型在结构上有一定的相似性，均含DNA结合区和配体结合区等。
PPAR与配体结合后被激活，与9-顺视黄酸类受体形成异二聚体，然后与靶基因的启动子上游的过氧化物酶体增殖物反应元件(peroxisome proliferator response element，PPRE)结合而发挥转录调控作用。
PPRE 由含相隔一个或两个核苷酸的重复序列AGGTCA组成。
与配体结合后，PPAR在DNA结合区发生变构，进而影响PPAR刺激靶基因转录的能力。
PPARδ几乎在所有组织中表达，浓度低于PPARα及PPARγ，直至最近以前尚未找到此一核受体的选择性配基。
PPARδ是代谢综合征（肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血压是与脂质紊乱有关的共同的病态表现）的一个新靶点。
有不少的研究表明：GW501516可作为PPARδ的特异激动剂用于研究。
参考网址：/cjh/2003/shownews.asp?id=156/conference/preview.php?kind_id=03&cat_name=ADA2001&title_id=59219 Regulation of Muscle Fiber Type and Running Endurance by PPARδplos biology，Volume 2 | Issue 10 | October 2004/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020294NF-KB通路中的抑制剂好像有1.PDTC(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate),是一种抗氧化剂，主要作用于IκB降解的上游环节（IκBα的磷酸化或IKK的活性水平），2.Gliotoxin 是一种免疫抑制剂，机制可能从多个环节阻断NF-KB的激活，如IκB的降解，NF-KB的核移位和与DNA的结合。
远志二芥子酰基蔗糖
远志二芥子酰基蔗糖英文回答：The compound Farfugium ketosides is a natural product that can be isolated from the plant Farfugium japonicum. It is a glycoside, which means it consists of a sugar molecule attached to a non-sugar moiety. In the case of Farfugium ketosides, the sugar molecule is sucrose and the non-sugar moiety is a fatty acid derivative called acyl. Specifically, the acyl group is derived from sinapic acid, which is a common component of plant cell walls.The structure of Farfugium ketosides can be represented as follows:Sucrose Acyl.The acyl group can vary in length and saturation, leading to different derivatives of Farfugium ketosides.For example, if the acyl group is a short-chain fatty acidlike acetic acid, the compound is called acetyl Farfugium ketoside. On the other hand, if the acyl group is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid like oleic acid, the compoundis called oleoyl Farfugium ketoside. These different derivatives may have different biological activities and may be present in different proportions in the plant.Farfugium ketosides have been found to possess various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. They have been studied for their potential use in the treatment ofdiseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, studies have shown that Farfugium ketosides can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and reduce inflammation in animal models. They have also been found to have neuroprotective effects, which may be beneficial for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases likeAlzheimer's and Parkinson's.In addition to their potential therapeutic applications, Farfugium ketosides are also of interest in the food and cosmetic industries. They can be used as natural additivesin food products to enhance their nutritional value and antioxidant content. In cosmetics, they can be incorporated into skincare products for their anti-aging and skin-protective effects.Overall, Farfugium ketosides are a fascinating group of compounds with diverse biological activities and potential applications in various fields. Further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and explore their therapeutic potential.中文回答：远志二芥子酰基蔗糖是一种从远志植物中提取的天然产物。
欧洲药典7.5版
INDEX
To aid users the index includes a reference to the supplement in which the latest version of a text can be found. For example : Amikacin sulfate...............................................7.5-4579 means the monograph Amikacin sulfate can be found on page 4579 of Supplement 7.5. Note that where no reference to a supplement is made, the text can be found in the principal volume.
English index ........................................................................ 4707
Latin index ................................................................................. 4739
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPபைடு நூலகம்EIA 7.5
Index
Numerics 1. General notices ................................................................... 7.5-4453 2.1.1. Droppers...................
研究生分子生物学实验(英文)
Experimental Methods in Molecular BiologySchool of Life ScienceAnhui UniversityDecember，2005ContentsDirectional Cloning into Plasmid Vectors (3)1.Preparation of Plasmid DNA by Alkaline Lysis with SDS：Midipreparation (4)2. Quantitation of DNA and RNA (10)3. Digesting DNA With Restriction Enzymes (12)4. Gel Electrophoresis of DNA (15)5. In Vitro Amplification of DNA by PCR (20)6. Isolation of DNA Fragments from Agarose Gel (26)7. Fresh Competent E.Coli Prepared Using Calcium Chloride (27)8. Ligation Reaction (28)9. Transformation of Recombinant (30)10. Extraction of Total DNA from Plant Tissue (33)11. Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) (35)Directional Cloning into Plasmid Vectors1．Preparation of Plasmid DNA by Alkaline Lysis with SDS：MidipreparationPlasmids as vectorsPlasmids are small，extrachromosomal circular mo1ecules，from 2 to around 200 kb in size，which exist in multiple copies(up to a few hundred)wimhin the host E.coli cell。
呼吸系统的常用药物介绍
敏
气道反应性下降
反
应
药物
酮替芬 (ketotifen)
常用H1-R阻断药
主要特点
主要不良反应
阻断H1-R作用强，兼有稳 可致镇静、疲倦、 定肥大细胞膜作用，并可预 头痛、口干等。 防和逆转2受体的向下调节。 显效较快。
咳、痰、喘、炎相互关系
痰
呼吸道炎症是呼
吸道许多疾病的共同
病理, 它能促发咳、痰、
喘三大症状；而咳、
炎
痰、喘三大症状常互
为因果, 相互关联。治
疗时除对因治疗外, 应咳刺激感受器 促支气管痉挛
喘
注重消炎, 并根据病人 的情况联合使用镇咳、
祛痰、平喘药以对症
治疗。
作用于呼吸系统的药物分类
平喘药 支气管扩张药 抗炎平喘药 抗过敏平喘药
祛痰药 2
Ⅰ.恶心性(刺激性)祛痰药 【Basic effects and mechanism of action】
口服后刺激胃黏膜(引起恶心) →反射性兴 奋迷走神经→促进支气管腺体水分分泌→痰液 稀释
【Drugs used usually】 氯化铵(ammonium chloride) 愈创甘油醚(guaifenesin, 愈甘醚, 甘油愈创木酯)
均为选择性2受体激动药，口服有效，心血 管不良反应少，主要不良反应为引起肌颤。目 前最常用。
茶碱类扩张支气管的作用机理
1.抑制PDE
cAMP分解减少
支
气
胞内cAMP/cGMP
管
扩
cAMP合成
张
2.促内源性儿茶酚胺释放 激动2受体
肥大细胞释放组胺、白三烯 3.阻断腺苷受体 4.抑制胞外Ca2+内流和胞内Ca2+释放
Endoproteinase Lys-C 产品说明书
Endoproteinase Lys-C from Lysobacter enzymogenessuitable for Protein Sequencing Catalog Number P3428Storage Temperature 2–8 °CTECHNICAL BULLETINCAS RN 72561-05-8EC 3.4.21.50Synonym: Lys-CProduct DescriptionEndoproteinase Lys-C from Lysobacter enzymogenes is a serine endoprotease, which hydrolyzes peptide bonds at the carboxyl side of lysyl residues.1-6Lys-Proand Lys-Glu bonds are also cleaved.5Some minornon-specific cleavage has been reported.2,5The protease readily cleaves at aminoethylcysteineresidues.6Endoproteinase Lys-C is HPLC purified, resulting in a product that is suitable for protein sequencing. In 100 mM NH 4HCO 3, pH 8.5, or 100 mM Tris HCl,pH 8.5, Lys-C specifically cleaves peptide bonds at the carboxyl side of lysine.It is widely used for proteinsequencing work due to this highly specific cleavage of peptides resulting in a limited number of fragments.1-6Average molecular mass:127.96 kDa Optimal pH:1∼8.5Vial content: 5 µg of lyophilized Lys-C containing HEPES, EDTA, and raffinose.Precautions and DisclaimerThis product is for R&D use only, not for drug,household, or other uses. Please consult the Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and safe handling practices.Preparation InstructionsReconstitute the lyophilized product in 50 µl of water.The protease will be in a solution containing 50 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, and 5 mg/ml of raffinose.Storage/StabilityStore the lyophilized powder desiccated at 2–8 °C. The hygroscopic nature of the lyophilized powder may make it appear wet. The activity and suitability of the enzyme is not affected.After reconstitution in water, frozen aliquots can bestored for several weeks.4ProcedureFor peptide or protein digestion, a ratio between 1/20 and 1/100 (w/w) of enzyme to substrate is recommended.1.Dissolve the peptide or protein to be digested in100 mM NH 4HCO 3, pH 8.5, or 100 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.5.2.Recommended incubation time is between 2 and18 hours at 37 °C depending on the enzyme/ substrate ratio. Notes: Self-digestion of may occur if temperatures >37 °C are used.Lys-C retains most of its activity in 2.0 M urea or 0.1% SDS.2,3,6A peptide such as melittin or the oxidizedB chain of insulin should be run as a control for all experiments. Endoproteinase Lys-C may also be used for in-gel digestions of proteins.7-11ResultsThe suitability of this product is demonstrated by the digestion of melittin (Catalog Number M4171; see Figure 1). The sequence of melittin is:GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQFigure 1.Suitability Assay Of Lys-CMelittin (100 µg) was digested with 5 µg of Lys-C for 18 hours at 37 °C in 100 µl of 100 mM NH 4HCO 3, pH 8.5. A 20 µg aliquot was separated on a Discovery ®C 18column (25 cm ×4.6 mm,5 µm, Catalog Number 504971) using a 20 minute linear gradient from 5–50% B at 0.7 ml/min, and was detected in the UV at 214 nm and by mass spectrometry. Solvent A: 0.1% (v/v) TFA in waterSolvent B: 0.08% (v/v) TFA in acetonitrileThe Lys-C peptide fragments were identified as follows:Retention Time (min)Mass (Da)Fragment5.79429.3Arg(24)-Gln(26)6.08302.3Arg(22)-Lys(23)15.36656.4Gly(1)-Lys(7)22.711,512.0Val(8)-Lys(21)The two short hydrophilic peptides (retention times of 5.79 and 6.08) co-elute with the unbound buffer salts in the injection peak. The retention times for these two peptides were determined by searching for their expected masses.During the 18 hour digestion only the expected peptides were generated with no indication of other majorproteolytic activity. Under the experimental conditions the cleavage of the test peptide was complete in less than one hour.References1.Smith, B.J., Methods in Molecular Biology, Volume3, New Protein Techniques, Humana Press (New Jersey: 1988), p. 57.2.Aitken, A. et al., Protein Sequencing: A PracticalApproach, IRL Press (Oxford, UK: 1989), p. 43.3.Burdon, R.H., and Knippenberg, P.H., (eds.),Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Sequencing of Proteins and Peptides,Volume 9, Elsevier (New York, NY: 1989), p. 73.4.Stone, K.L. et al., A Practical Guide to Protein andPeptide Purification for Microsequencing, Academic Press, Inc. (New York, NY: 1989), p. 31.5.Jekel, P.A. et al., Anal. Biochem., 134, 347-354(1983).6.Tarr,G.E. Methods of ProteinMicrocharacterization: A Practical Approach, Humana Press (New Jersey: 1986), p. 168.7.Xu, S-Q. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273, 20078-20083,(1998).8.Jeno, P. et al., Anal. Biochem., 224, 75-82 (1995).9.O’Connell, K.L., and Stults, J.T.,Electrophoresis,18, 349-359 (1997).10.Patterson, S.D., Electrophoresis, 16, 1104-1114(1995).11.Fountoulakis, M. et al., Electrophoresis, 19, 1819-1827 (1998).Related ProductsHPLC Purified Products:Product Name Catalog Numberα-ChymotrypsinC6423Endoproteinase Arg-C P6056Endoproteinase Asp-N P3303Endoproteinase Glu-C P6181Endoproteinase Lys-C P3428Leucine aminopeptidase L9776TrypsinT8658Insulin Chain B, Oxidized I1764α-Melanocyte Stimulating HormoneM4135Discovery is a registered trademark of Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.GY,LKB,MAM 05/14-1©2014 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. All rights reserved. SIGMA-ALDRICH is a trademark of Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, registered in the US and other countries. Sigma brand products are sold through Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. Purchaser must determine the suitability of the product(s) for theirparticular use. Additional terms and conditions may apply. Please see product information on the Sigma-Aldrich website at and/or on the reverse side of the invoice or packing slip.Time (min)A b s o r b a n c e , 214n m (m A u )0400800120016005101520255.796.0815.3622.71。
美洛昔康 分子量
美洛昔康分子量美洛昔康（Mirtazapine）是一种抗抑郁药物，其分子量为265.37。
它被广泛用于治疗抑郁症和焦虑症，具有改善情绪和睡眠的功效。
美洛昔康是一种多效药物，通过影响多种神经递质的活动来发挥作用。
美洛昔康的分子结构中含有一个二氮杂苯环，它与药物的抗抑郁活性密切相关。
通过选择性地作用于中枢神经系统的α2-肾上腺素能受体和5-羟色胺2A受体，美洛昔康可以增加5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素的释放，并抑制5-羟色胺的再摄取，从而增强这些神经递质的活性。
美洛昔康是一种口服给药形式，广泛应用于临床治疗。
它被认为是一种相对安全的药物，通常在剂量逐渐增加的情况下开始使用，以减少不良反应的发生。
美洛昔康的剂量通常为15-45毫克/天，可以根据患者的具体情况进行调整。
与其他抗抑郁药物相比，美洛昔康具有一些独特的优点。
首先，它不会引起性欲减退和性功能障碍，这是许多其他抗抑郁药物常见的副作用之一。
其次，美洛昔康还具有镇静和催眠的作用，可以帮助改善患者的睡眠质量。
这也是该药物常用于治疗伴有睡眠障碍的抑郁症患者的原因之一。
然而，美洛昔康也有一些不良反应。
常见的副作用包括嗜睡、食欲增加、体重增加和口干。
在一些患者中，还可能出现头晕、体位性低血压和便秘等不适反应。
此外，美洛昔康在儿童和青少年中的使用有一定的限制，因为它可能增加自杀风险。
在使用美洛昔康之前，医生需要评估患者的抑郁程度和具体症状，并了解患者的过敏史和其他药物使用情况。
此外，患者还应定期复诊，以便医生评估治疗效果和调整剂量。
总的来说，美洛昔康作为一种抗抑郁药物，在临床上具有一定的应用价值。
它通过影响多种神经递质的活动来改善抑郁症和焦虑症患者的情绪和睡眠。
然而，患者在使用过程中需要密切关注副作用的发生，并根据医生的建议进行合理的用药。