Unit 23 Focus on the world's population
吉林省长春市2023-2024学年高三上学期质量监测(一)英语试题
长春市 2024 届高三质量监测(一)英语本试卷共12页。
考试结束后，将答题卡交回。
注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
2. 答题时请按要求用笔。
3.请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4. 作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5. 保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第一部分听力(1~20小题)在笔试结束后进行。
第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15 小题; 每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
ASchoolbased Vocational(职业的) Training in GermanyIf you want to do vocational training in healthcare, social services or technical professions, you can do schoolbased vocational training in Germany.What is it?Schoolbased vocational training does not take place partly in a pany, but only at a vocational school or a vocational college. Here you are not an apprentice(学徒) in a pany, but you learn practically fulltime at the school desk.What does it teach you?You will find a variety of professions that you can learn at a vocation al school or a vocational college. Offers are available for professions such as nurse, kindergarten teacher and medicaltechnical assistant. Many—but not all—of the more than 350 officially acknowledged vocational training programs in Germany are schoolbased.How long does it take?Schoolbased vocational training in Germany is usually fulltime. The duration and the curricula are fixed for the individual professions, but there are different vacation periods from school to school, which interrupt the training periods.How much does it cost?In contrast to inpany training, you will not usually receive a monthly training allowance for schoolbased training; in many cases, you will even have to pay for this training. If you go to a state vocational school or a college, there are usually no fees. However, this may not be the case with privately run vocational colleges or schools.Germany's vocational training system is known for its strong focus on practical skills and employability. According to a study by the German Federal Institute for V ocational Education and Training, around 78% of students who pleted a vocation al training program found employment within one year of graduation.21. What can most probably be learnt in schoolbased vocational training?A. Planting crops.B. Taking care of the elderly.C. Driving a vehicle.D. Mastering a foreign language.22. What should a student do to enjoy the feefree policy?A. Attend a state college.B. Receive an offer.C. Have a fulltime course.D. Apply for a private school.23. In which section of a newspaper can this text be found?A. Science.B. Education.C. Business.D. Entertainment.BHalloran has loved mountains since she was five or six, when her mother took her to Ireland during the summer holidays. They lived overlooking Annascaul lake on the Dingle peninsula. “It's a lovely viewpoint. I used to sit there as a child. I loved the freedom of going up the mountain alone, when I was nine or ten. I cried for days before going back to London because I felt I would be in a rabbit hutch (窝).”For Halloran, life had settled into a fortable rhythm. But then her fouryearold son died in a car accident; six years later, her husband also passed away. After the loss, she became a workaholic. She went into the office at 5 am, and worked until 10 pm, which was her stability. And it was time to make a change.One day last September, Ann Halloran made her way to her nearest bus stop in Hove, East Sussex. She had done plenty of travelling but, at 65, was setting off alone on her first backpacking adventure. Somewhere between her first stop in Turkey and her final destination—a yoga retreat(静修) in Mazunte, Mexico—she found a new perspective.In Nepal, climbing the 5,400 m Gokyo Ri in the Himalayas, Halloran broke her walking stick. She has osteoporosis(骨质疏松症), which makes bones more likely to break, so the stick was essential in the mountains. Losing it was a blow, but she found reserves of inner strength.Now, she says: “Whenever I get scared, I think of myself on top of that mountain, looking out over Lake Gokyo—and beyond that, Everest. I say, if you can do that, you can do anything.”Since the backpacking adventure, she understands more fully the role that work played in her life for so long. “Work was reliable. I knew what I was doing. I'm a workaholic to this day,” she says. “I've just realised on this yoga retreat that I have to let go of all that. The penny is dropping for me now."24. Why did Halloran cry before returning to London?A. Because she didn't enjoy living alone.B. Because she was unwilling to live with rabbits.C. Because she wasn't used to travelling for a long time.D. Because she couldn't bear to part from the freedom in the mountain.25. What made Halloran a workaholic?A. Her desire to earn more.B. Her goal to settle fortably.C. Her wish to overe sorrow.D. Her plan to save money for travelling.26. What can we draw from Halloran's experience in Nepal?A. It is never too old to learn.B. An idle youth, a needy age.C. East or west, home is the best.D. Success belongs to the persevering.27. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?A. Money is not necessary for Halloran any more.B. Halloran has realized something more meaningful.C. Halloran will make a tighter budget for her next trip.D. Nothing can be equal to Halloran's salary from work.CFor all of human history, eating meat has meant killing animals. But scientists behind labgrown meat say that's no longer necessary. They produce meat by growing cells obtained from an animal's body.Labgrown meat, also called “cellcultivated” or “cultured” meat, is made by feeding a mix of nutrients to animal cells in steel tanks in labs. The idea is to create an alternative to agriculturally raised meat. And unlike other meat substitutes which are made from plant proteins and other ingredients, labgrown meat is real meat. When ready, the meat is formed into shapes such as sausages or nuggets (块), and looks, smells and tastes like any other grocery store version,Recently, the U. S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) has given two panies approvalto sell labgrown chicken. The approval launches a new era of meat production aimed at eliminating harm to animals, and reducing the environmental impacts of grazing(放牧) and growing feed for animals. Scientists warn that the typical way meat is produced now, in concentrated animal feeding operations, is a risk factor for the emergence of diseases. Labgrown meat is more sustainable and can be produced without antibiotics, and without producing greenhouse gas emissions linked to animal agriculture.“Everything we know about how meat can be made is going to change. But don't expect to see cultivated meat in grocery stores just yet,” said Uma Valeti, CEO of UPSIDE Foods. Labgrown chicken is much more expensive, because it cannot yet be produced on the scale of traditional meat.“To make cultivated meat, energy use needs are high,” said Bruce Friedrich, president and founder of the Good Food Institute, a nonprofit group that promotes alternative proteins. However, the disadvantage of high energy needs will be offset by the reduction in land and water use and other benefits. If cultured meat is produced on a large scale, it could also offer a solution to feeding the world's growing population.28. What do we know about labgrown meat?A. It is abundant in plant proteins.B. It can be bought in grocery stores.C. It is generated from animals' cells.D. It tastes more delicious than traditional meat.29. What is the potential benefit of labgrown meat?A. Higher safety for eating.B. Lower costs for restaurants.C. Improvements in traditional agriculture.D. Positive impacts on climate change and animals.30. What problem does the author mention in paragraph 4?A. It is hard to produce labgrown meat in quantity.B. The USDA doesn't approve the sale of labgrown meat.C. Many people raise doubts about the safety of labgrown meat.D. Labgrown meat can disturb petition in the meat industry.31. What does the underlined word “offset” in the last paragraph mean?A. Balanced.B. Satisfied,C. Increased.D. Exchanged.DIt's a race against time, as generations of cultural heritage conservators at the Dunhuang Academy make a great effort to protect the artistic charm of the Mogao Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, despite erosion(侵蚀) by sand and wind.The team is dedicated to protecting the 45,000 square meters of murals(壁画) and more than 2,400 painted sculptures of the 735 caves of the site, the construction of which spans about a thousand years, from the 4th century to the 14th century. The cultural relics are the product of the cultural exchanges that took place over centuries on the ancient Silk Road. “Our work, repairing murals and painted sculptures, is to better preserve the caves, which promotes the great Dunhuang spirit of inclusiveness to the world and inspires modern people,” says Su Bomin, director of the Dunhuang Academy.monly seen “diseases” affecting the murals include cracking and flaking (剥落), as well as erosion that is caused by changes in temperature and humidity of the caves, and the deposition of salts. To restore a mural requires an allrounder. Restorers should know painting, master the skills of a mason and have some knowledge of chemistry and physics, to be able to recognize the problems and their corresponding causes and deliver a solution. They must also select proper materials and tools, and conduct experiments, before formally carrying out the restoration and evaluating the effect afterward.The restoration should respect the original work and aim to maintain the status quo of the murals rather than repainting them. When the restorers find some parts of murals missing or fading away, they never repaint them to create a “perfect” appearance in restoration. “Cultural relics are witnesses of history,” explains Su.“When you pursue the socalled intact(完好无损的) look for artistic reasons, you will lose their key meaning.”Cave conservation is about continuously solving problems. “It needs a longterm research to better preserve the caves, over a much wider time span that goes beyond our lifetimes," Su says. But at least, they can keep the existing look of the murals for as long as possible.32. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?A. To show the popularity of Dunhuang murals.B. To explain the history of the ancient Silk Road.C. To stress the significance of the restoration work.D. To present the ways of protecting cultural heritage.33. Which of the following best describes the restoration work?A. Creative.B. Wellpaid.C. Interesting.D. Demanding.34. What should restoring murals focus on according to paragraph 4?A. Spotting the faded murals in time.B. Fixing the missing parts of murals.C. Making preservation of the murals as they are.D. Repainting to perfect the appearance of murals.35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. The Artistic Charm of Mural Paintings.B. The Mural Restoration in the Mogao Caves.C. The Successful Experiment on Cave Conservation.D. The Role of the Dunhuang Spirit in Chinese Culture.第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
2024-2025学年陕教新版选择性必修2英语下册月考试卷538
2024-2025学年陕教新版选择性必修2英语下册月考试卷538考试试卷考试范围：全部知识点；考试时间：120分钟学校：______ 姓名：______ 班级：______ 考号：______总分栏一、选择题(共7题，共14分)1、With top class home theatre, you can watch the latest movies in the ________ of your own home.A. constructionB. limitationC. appointmentD. comfort2、She spoke very confidently because she wanted to make a great ________ on her employer.A. impactB. pressureC. impressionD. description3、The football always reminds me of my mistake in that match, so I put it away somewhere out of my________.A. sceneB. sceneryC. controlD. sight4、________to popular belief, a desert can be very cold.A. SuitableB. SensitiveC. ContraryD. Appropriate5、One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high--rise is that you can get a good ______.A. sceneryB. sceneC. viewD. look6、His plan is very ________. He wants to pass CET-4 and IELTS before he enters university.A. ambitiousB. abundantC. abstractD. appropriate7、Touched by this couple and the domestic ________, he found himself thinking of his wife.A. viewB. sceneC. sceneryD. sight二、选用适当的单词或短语(共4题，共8分)8、阅读下面小短文，根据上下文语境，从所给的A、B、C、D、E、F六个选项中，选出最佳选项填入空白处，In history, the United Kingdom went through several 【小题1】before the name formed at last. From the 16th to the 19th century, Wales, Scotland and the Kingdom of Ireland were 【小题2】 to it one after another. But in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from it, which 【小题3】 in the name today: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The four countries work together in some areas. They share the same flag, and use the same 【小题4】and military defence but have different education and【小题5】systems. Throughout history, it was taken over by four different groups.9、Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A “Pandaversary Night” party was【小题1】on Aug 24 at the Chinese embassy (大使馆) in Washington,【小题2】the 50th anniversary of giant pandas’ arriving in the US capital. And the Smithsonian’s National Zoo expects the panda craze to last for several more years.“Giant pandas are worthy ambassadors. They have much longer tenures (任期) than each of the Chinese ambassadors here, and they have many more fans than us,” Chinese Ambassador to the United States Qin Gang said at the rec eption. “Year by year, giant pandas have become an icon of mutual【小题3】and friendship between the two peoples. In particular, the arrival of Xiao Qi Ji (Little Miracle) two years ago has brought us a happy surprise.”He was referring to the cub’s birth in t he middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, 【小题4】with the deterioration of China-US bilateral relations to its lowest point in four decades.The ambassador noted that the number of giant pandas in the wild in China has increased from several hundred 50 years a go to more than 1,800, which meant the species is no longer “endangered”, thanks to unrelenting (持续的)efforts at protection and conservation.“But sadly, ‘panda-huggers’ are endangered. Now they need protection and conservation,” he said, in【小题5】 to China-US relations, with hawkish (强硬的) US politicians increasingly seeking to “outcompete” China by【小题6】the country as a challenger or even a threat to the US.“China’s approach to panda diplomacy has【小题7】to serve more of a tool to project soft power”, New York Times said in a recent article.In addition to Xiao Qi Ji, another panda – Kung Fu Panda –was also made in the US. “I still remember a/an【小题8】from it: Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift, that is why it’s called present!” Qin declared. “At present, we get together to cherish the wonderful gift of the panda. We need more pandas, and we also need more ‘panda-huggers’.”“I’m absolutely【小题9】to 50 more years of giant panda care and protection, so I look forward to working with our colleagues in China, as we are 【小题10】about the future for our giant panda program,” said Brandie Smith, director of the National Zoo.10、Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. NoteJapan saw 799,728 births in 2022, the lowest number on record. That number has nearly halved in the past 40 years; by contrast, Japan recorded more than 1.5 million births in 1982. Japan also reported a (n)【小题1】high for post-war deaths last year, at more than 1.58 million. Deaths have【小题2】births in Japan for more than a decade, posing a growing problem for leaders of the world’s third-largest economy. They now face a ballooning elderly population, along with a shrinking workforce to【小题3】pensions and health care as demand from the aging population increased.Japan’ population has been in【小题4】decline since its economic boom of the 1980s and stood at 125.5 million in 2021. Its death rate of 1.3 is far below the rate of 2.1 required to maintain a stable population, in the【小题5】of immigration.The country also has one of the highest life expectancies in the world ; in 2020, nearly one in 1,500 people in Japan were aged 100 or older. These concerning trends resulted in a warning from Prime minister that Japan is “on the edge of not being able to maintain social【小题6】” and Japan “simply cannot wait any longer” in solving the problem of its low birth rate. A new government agency will be set up to focus on the issue, with Prime Minister saying that he wants the government to 【小题7】 its spending on child-related programs.But money alone might not be able to solve the complex problem, with various social factors contributing to the low birth rate. Japan’s high cost of living, limited space and lack of child care support in cities make it difficult to ra ise children, meaning fewer couples are having kids. Urban couples are also often far from 【小题8】family in other regions, who could help provide support. In 2022, Japan was ranked one of the world’s most expensive places to raise a child. And yet, the count ry’s economy has slowed down since the early 1990s, meaning frustratingly low ages and little【小题9】mobility.The average real annual household income declined from [50,600in1995to <]43, 300 in 2020. Attitude toward marriage and starting families have also 【小题10】 in recent years, with more couples putting off both during the pandemic.11、Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. NoteJapan births fall to record low as population crisis deepensJapan saw 799,728 births in 2022, the lowest number on record. That number has nearly halved in the past 40 years; by contrast, Japan recorded more than 1.5 million births in 1982. Japan also reported a (n)【小题1】high for post-war deaths last year, at more than 1.58 million. Deaths have【小题2】births in Japan for more than a decade, posing a gro wing problem for leaders of the world’s third-largest economy. They now face a ballooning elderly population, along with a shrinking workforce to【小题3】pensions and health care as demand from the aging population increased.Japan’ population has been in【小题4】decline since its economic boom of the 1980s and stood at 125.5 million in 2021. Its death rate of 1.3 is far below the rate of 2.1 required to maintain a stable population, in the【小题5】of immigration.The country also has one of the highest life expectancies in the world ; in 2020, nearly one in 1,500 people in Japan were aged 100 or older. These concerning trends resulted in a warning from Prime minister that Japan is “on the edge of not being able to maintain social【小题6】” and Japan “simply cannot wait any longer” in solving the problem of its low birth rate. A new government agency will be set up to focus on the issue, with Prime Minister saying that he wants the government to 【小题7】 its spending on child-related programs.But money alone might not be able to solve the complex problem, with various social factors contributing to the low birth rate. Japan’s high cost of living, limited space and lack of child care support in cities make it difficult to rais e children, meaning fewer couples are having kids. Urban couples are also often far from 【小题8】family in other regions, who could help provide support. In 2022, Japan was ranked one of the world’s most expensive places to raise a child. And yet, the country’s economy has slowed down since the early 1990s, meaning frustratingly low ages and little【小题9】mobility.The average real annual household income declined from [50,600in1995to <]43, 300 in 2020. Attitude toward marriage and starting families have also 【小题10】 in recent years, with more couples putting off both during the pandemic.三、根据所给汉语提示填空(共9题，共18分)12、The bad news ______ people ______ （使……仓促行事）buying some useless things. (根据汉语提示完成句子）13、She ________________________ （陷入恐慌）when she thought the children might have a chance of drowning. (根据汉语提示完成句子）14、After a day's work, he ________________ （非常渴望）a good sleep. (根据汉语提示完成句子）15、Hearing of the emergency，a team consisting of thousands of soldiers ____________________ （赶来救援我们）. (根据汉语提示完成句子）16、She reached forward and ________________________________________ （给了他一记耳光）. (根据汉语提示完成句子）17、Finally, we won! I ___________________________ （高兴得尖叫起来），full of tears. (根据汉语提示完成句子）18、I suggested that he _________ （复习功课）for the coming exam. （根据汉语提示完成句子）19、Blaming China will not end this pandemic. _________________ (相反),the mind-set risks hurting our efforts to fight the disease. (根据汉语意思填空)20、That won’t be easy, I know, but we have to ______ (无论如何都要开始). （根据汉语提示完成句子）四、根据中英文提示填写单(共5题，共15分)21、It was a great c _________ for me to know that he is safe.(安慰) （根据中英文提示填空）22、He gave us a two-hour p _________ on the project this morning.(陈述) （根据中英文提示填空）23、Although disabled, he has always had an a _________ to be an astronaut.(抱负) （根据中英文提示填空）24、They feel that you’d better announce a t emporary suspension, a ________ (不过). (根据中英文提示填空)25、It’s no doubt that watching this screen ________ (something that is adapted) of “Norwegian Wood” will certainly be a heart-breaking experience. (根据英文提示单词拼写)五、完成句子(共2题，共12分)26、Students ________________________ and then he continued to finish the class.学生们帮助他站起来，随后他继续上完课。
甘肃省靖远县联考2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题
甘肃省靖远县联考2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题一、听力选择题1．How long does it take the woman to walk from her apartment to the bus stop?A．12 minutes.B．24 minutes.C．30 minutes.2．What’s the relationship between the speakers?A．Policeman and driver.B．Coworkers.C．Boss and employee. 3．What can be known about the doctor?A．He is very reliable.B．He will be away tomorrow.C．He has a full schedule tomorrow.4．What’s wrong with the woman?A．She has lost her way.B．She has lost her daughter.C．She has lost her luggage. 5．What does the man mean?A．It’s getting drier.B．There is a bad smell.C．A storm is on the way.听下面一段较长对话, 回答以下小题。
6．How will the woman send the package?A．By air.B．By express mail.C．By registered mail. 7．How much should the woman pay altogether?A．£20.B．£23.C．£26.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
8．Why does the man dislike the telephone sales job?A．It doesn’t pay well.B．It isn’t suitable for him.C．It needs working long hours.9．What does the man think of the job as an entertainment director assistant?A．Attractive.B．Boring.C．Exhausting.听下面一段较长对话, 回答以下小题。
外研版八年级上册英语《Module9Population,Unit1》授课说课稿
外研版八年级上册英语《Module 9 Population,Unit 1 》授课说课稿一. 教材分析《Module 9 Population, Unit 1》是人教版八年级上册英语教材的一单元，本单元主要围绕人口增长这一主题展开。
通过本单元的学习，学生能够掌握描述人口增长的相关词汇和表达方式，理解人口增长对环境和资源的影响，以及学会如何提出建议和解决方案。
教材内容丰富，贴近学生生活，有利于激发学生的学习兴趣。
二. 学情分析根据八年级学生的认知特点和英语水平，他们对人口增长这一主题可能有一定的了解，但缺乏深入的认识。
在语言技能方面，学生已经掌握了基本的英语语法和词汇，但口语表达和写作能力仍有待提高。
因此，在教学过程中，需要关注学生的个体差异，调动他们的积极性，引导他们主动参与课堂活动。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标：学生能够掌握描述人口增长的相关词汇和表达方式，理解人口增长对环境和资源的影响。
2.能力目标：学生能够运用所学的词汇和表达方式，进行口语交流和写作练习。
3.情感目标：通过本单元的学习，学生能够认识到人口增长所带来的环境问题，提高他们的环保意识。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点：描述人口增长的相关词汇和表达方式，人口增长对环境和资源的影响。
2.难点：如何运用所学的词汇和表达方式，进行口语交流和写作练习。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.教学方法：采用任务型教学法，分组合作学习，让学生在实践中掌握知识，提高能力。
2.教学手段：利用多媒体课件、图片、视频等辅助教学，增加课堂趣味性，提高学生的学习兴趣。
六. 说教学过程1.导入：通过展示我国人口增长的数据图表，引导学生关注人口增长这一主题。
2.呈现：介绍人口增长的相关词汇和表达方式，让学生进行口语练习。
3.讲解：讲解人口增长对环境和资源的影响，引导学生思考并表达自己的观点。
4.实践：分组进行讨论，提出解决人口增长问题的建议和方案。
5.展示：各组代表进行汇报，其他学生进行评价和补充。
Unit+2+Lesson+3+3+Focus+on+Language+课件
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。
这就是我们从他那里学到了很多知识的支教老师。
3.先行词指人，关系代词在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，其后一般跟
名词。
Do you know the girl _w__h_o_s_e_ Chinese is excellent?
你认识那个汉语非常优秀的女孩吗？
I prefer the room _w__h_o_se__ windows face south.
2.先行词指人，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用_w__h_o_/_t_h_a_t/_w__h_o_m__
引导，可_省__略__。
The boy (who/that/whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。
Tom is an _a_t_h_le_t_e_ _w_h_o_ has a preference for badminton.
先行词 关系词 作用
连接主句 和从句
替代先行词
在从句中充 当主语
二、关系代词的用法
先行词
关系代词
who
__w_h_o_m__
人
that
__w_h_o_s_e_
_t_h_a_t
China is a country _w_h__ic_h_/_th__a_t has a history of more than 5,000 years.
泛读英语第四册unit2课文及翻译
The Population Surprise（出人意料的人口变化）Text 1The Population Surpriseby Max SingerWill the world's population keep increasing as commonly believed? What are the factors that account for its change? Please read the following article and make out its viewpoints.Fifty years from now the world's population will be declining, with no end in sight. Unless people's values change greatly, several centuries from now there could be fewer people living in the entire world than in the United States today. The big surprise of the past twenty years is that in not one country did fertility stop falling when it reached the replacement rate －2.1 children per woman. In Italy, for example, the rate has fallen to 1.2. In Western Europe as a whole and in Japan it is down to 1.5. The evidence now indicates that within fifty years or so world population will peak at about eight billion before starting a fairly rapid decline.Because in the past two centuries world population has increased from one billion to nearly six billion, many people still fear that it will keep “exploding” until there are too many people for the earth to support. But that is like fearing that your baby will grow to 1 000 pounds because its weight doubles three times in its first seven years. World population was growing by two percent a year in the 1960s; the rate is now down to one percent a year, and if the patterns of the past century don't change radically, it will head into negative numbers. This view is coming to be widely accepted among population experts, even as the public continues to focus on the threat of uncontrolled population growth.As long ago as September of 1974 Scientific American published a special issue on population that described what demographers1 had begun calling the “demographic transition” from traditional high rates of birth and death to the low ones of modernsociety. The experts believed that birth and death rates would be more or less equal in the future, as they had been in the past, keeping total population stable after a level of 10-12 billion people was reached during the transition.Developments over the past twenty years show that the experts were right in thinking that population won't keep going up forever. They were wrong in thinking that after it stops going up, it will stay level. The experts' assumption that population would stabilize because birth rates would stop falling once they matched the new low death rates has not been borne out by experience. Evidence from more than fifty countries demonstrates what should be unsurprising: in a modern society the death rate doesn't determine the birth rate. If in the long run birth rates worldwide do not conveniently match death rates, then population must either rise or fall, depending on whether birth or death rates are higher. Which can we expect?The rapid increase in population during the past two centuries has been the result of lower death rates, which have produced an increase in worldwide life expectancy2 from about thirty to about sixty-two. (Since the maximum －if we do not change fundamental human physiology －is about eighty-five, the world has already gone three fifths as far as it can in increasing life expectancy.) For a while the result was a young population with more mothers in each generation, and fewer deaths than births. But even during this population explosion the average number of children born to each woman －the fertility rate －has been falling in modernizing societies. The prediction that world population will soon begin to decline is based on almost universal human behavior. In the United States fertility has been falling for 200 years (except for the blip of the Baby Boom3), but partly because of immigration it has stayed only slightly below replacement level for twenty-five years.Obviously, if for many generations the birth rate averages fewer than 2.1 children per woman, population must eventually stop growing. Recently the United Nations Population Division estimated that 44 percent of the world's people live in countries where the fertility rate has already fallen below the replacement rate, and fertility is falling fast almost everywhere else. In Sweden and Italy fertility has been belowreplacement level for so long that the population has become old enough to have more deaths than births. Declines in fertility will eventually increase the average age in the world, and will cause a decline in world population forty to fifty years from now. Because in a modern society the death rate and the fertility rate are largely independent of each other, world population need not be stable. World population can be stable only if fertility rates around the world average out to 2.1 children per woman. But why should they average 2.1, rather than 2.4, or 1.8, or some other number? If there is nothing to keep each country exactly at 2.1, then there is nothing to ensure that the overall average will be exactly 2.1.The point is that the number of children born depends on families' choices about how many children they want to raise. And when a family is deciding whether to have another child, it is usually thinking about things other than the national or the world population. Who would know or care if world population were to drop from, say, 5.85 billion to 5.81 billion? Population change is too slow and remote for people to feel in their lives －even if the total population were to double or halve in only a century. Whether world population is increasing or decreasing doesn't necessarily affect the decisions that determine whether it will increase or decrease in the future. As the systems people would say, there is no feedback loop.What does affect fertility is modernity. In almost every country where people have moved from traditional ways of life to modern ones, they are choosing to have too few children to replace themselves. This is true in Western and in Eastern countries, in Catholic and in secular societies. And it is true in the richest parts of the richest countries. The only exceptions seem to be some small religious communities. We can't be sure what will happen in Muslim countries4, because few of them have become modern yet, but so far it looks as if their fertility rates will respond to modernity as others' have.Nobody can say whether world population will ever dwindle to very low numbers; that depends on what values people hold in the future. After the approaching peak, as long as people continue to prefer saving effort and money by having fewer children, populationwill continue to decline. (This does not imply that the decision to have fewer children is selfish; it may, for example, be motivated by a desire to do more for each child.) Some people may have values significantly different from those of the rest of the world, and therefore different fertility rates. If such people live in a particular country or population group, their values can produce marked changes in the size of that country or group, even as world population changes only slowly. For example, the U.S. population, because of immigration and a fertility rate that is only slightly below replacement level, is likely to grow from 4.5 percent of the world today to 10 percent of a smaller world over the next two or three centuries. Much bigger changes in share are possible for smaller groups if they can maintain their difference from the average for a long period of time. (To illustrate: Korea's population could grow from one percent of the world to 10 percent in a single lifetime if it were to increase by two percent a year while the rest of the world population declined by one percent a year.)World population won't stop declining until human values change. But human values may well change －values, not biological imperatives, are the unfathomable variable in population predictions. It is quite possible that in a century or two or three, when just about the whole world is at least as modern as Western Europe is today, people will start to value children more highly than they do now in modern societies. If they do, and fertility rates start to climb, fertility is no more likely to stop climbing at an average rate of 2.1 children per woman than it was to stop falling at 2.1 on the way down.In only the past twenty years or so world fertility has dropped by 1.5 births per woman. Such a degree of change, were it to occur again, would be enough to turn a long-term increase in world population of one percent a year into a long-term decrease of one percent a year. Presumably fertility could someday increase just as quickly as it has declined in recent decades, although such a rapid change will be less likely once the world has completed the transition to modernity. If fertility rises only to 2.8, just 33 percent over the replacement rate, world population will eventually grow by one percent a year again －doubling in seventy years and multiplying by twenty in only three centuries.The decline in fertility that began in some countries, including the United States, in the past century is taking a long time to reduce world population because when it started, fertility was very much higher than replacement level. In addition, because a preference for fewer children is associated with modern societies, in which high living standards make time valuable and children financially unproductive and expensive to care for and educate, the trend toward lower fertility couldn't spread throughout the world until economic development had spread. But once the whole world has become modern, with fertility everywhere in the neighborhood of replacement level, new social values might spread worldwide in a few decades. Fashions in families might keep changing, so that world fertility bounced above and below replacement rate. If each bounce took only a few decades or generations, world population would stay within a reasonable narrow range －although probably with a long-term trend in one direction or the other.The values that influence decisions about having children seem, however, to change slowly and to be very widespread. If the average fertility rate were to take a long time to move from well below to well above replacement rate and back again, trends in world population could go a long way before they reversed themselves. The result would be big swings in world population －perhaps down to one or two billion and then up to 20 to 40 billion.Whether population swings are short and narrow or long and wide, the average level of world population after several cycles will probably have either an upward or a downward trend overall. Just as averaging across the globe need not result in exactly 2.1 children per woman, averaging across the centuries need not result in zero growth rather than a slowly increasing or slowly decreasing world population. But the long-term trend is less important than the effects of the peaks and troughs5 . The troughs could be so low that human beings become fewer than they were in ancient times. The peaks might cause harm from some kinds of shortages.One implication is that not even very large losses from disease or war can affect the world population in the long run nearly as much as changes in human values do. What we have learned from the dramatic changes of the past few centuries is that regardless ofthe size of the world population at any time, people's personal decisions about how many children they want can make the world population go anywhere －to zero or to 100 billion or more.(1916words)课文一出人意料的人口变化马克斯·辛格世界人口会象人们通常认为的那样持续增长吗？造成人口变化的因素是什么？请阅读下面的文章，并弄清其观点。
人教版高考英语一轮总复习 必修4 Unit 2 Working the land
,I can’t go to the bookstore
has achieved. 2.As we all know,too much work and too little rest often ④ lead to (导致)
illness.To live a long and active life,we should build up good relationships with each other.⑤ In addition (另外),we should make full use of new energy to ⑥ keep our environment free from/of (使……免遭)
discovered Radium,and many scientists were surprised at her __d_is_c_o_v_e_r_y__
at that time.(discover)
Ⅲ.语篇填空
1.In order to ① rid
local people of
poverty,he made up his mind to ② build up
a clean canteen and healthy food.
③I struggled to keep
(keep) my balance on my new skates.
核心词汇突破 重点句型透视
【写美】句式升级·背诵 ④Dina had struggled for months to find a job as a waitress,and finally took a position at a local advertising agency. → Having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress,Dina finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(动词-ing短语作状语)
Unit+3+The+World+Online+Language+focus+on+Reading
2. Gone are the days of searching shop after shop for the perfect pair of boots. (L19-20)为了买一双理想的靴子，一家店接一家店去找的日子已经一去不复返了。 The days of searching shop after shop for the perfect pair of boots are gone.
to
accessible
is accessible to
accessible
at one’s fingertips
at one’s fingertips
have sth. at one’s fingertips
掌握（信息），熟悉、精通（知识等），了如指掌
To a certain extent, the world’s knowledge is all at our fingertips. (P. 30)
提出
抚养
呕吐
使显示在计算机屏幕上
5. Nearly all educators believe that a challenging situation can often bring ________ the best in a person.6. The question, how to be a wise Net user, brought _________ a heated discussion.
delivery
delivered to her house
Preposition
1. With access _________ the Internet come some truly life-changing advantages. (L5)2. _________ the click of a mouse or the touch of a button, it’s possible to find out almost anything we care to know, from recipes to travel packages. (L9-10)3. The Internet has also made our lives unbelievably convenient, _________ all sorts of goods and services provided by electronic commerce. (L15-16)4. There is no need to worry-you can pay for almost everything _________ your smartphone. (L27)5. With all sorts of communication software, physical distance no longer gets ______ the way.(L30)6. No matter where we are, we are able to keep _________ contact with loved ones, ... (L32)7. An instant message, a group chat, a video call, a comment _________ an update- there are endless ways to share our view. (L35)8. We must be aware _________ these problems and be careful to use the Internet properly and responsibly. (L39)
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How do you understand?
If more girls had gone to school in the last 20 years, family size in Africa would probably not have continued to be so big.
• population problems in many European countries The birth rate… People are living longer, too. On average,… By 2050,…
continent
Asia Africa Europe Latin America and Caribbean sea
population
3.87 billion 0.87 billion 0.73 billion 0.55 billion
percentage
61%
39%
North America Australia
Coming, the challenges
• ♂Sex imbalance
• The traditional preference for sons over daughters has led to the abuse of sex-selective abortion, especially in rural areas. 1982, China recorded for the first time an imbalance in the sex ratio among newborns in the country. It became worse during the 1990s and peaked in 2004, when 121 males were born for every 100 females, according to figures from the National Bureau of Statistics. The figure stood at 118 in 2010.
family planning policy
• 1970-1980 “晚、稀、少” • 1980-1984 “晚、稀、少”调整为“晚、一 孩” • 1991-至今 现行计划生育政策（相对宽松）
• 晚：晚婚 late marriage • 稀：生育间隔 4-year birth spacing • 少：只生两个孩子 only two
(2)Look after old people and help on the land
What affects the family size?
the size of the family is connected with the standard of women’s education.
• It is estimated that 10 years later, about 24 million men will not be able to find women to get married. And male laborers will move into the industries that are traditionally dominated by the female due to oversupply of male labors.
Your company slogan
Pay attention to these sentences:
(1)This change has happened very fast within two generations. If governments had expected this change, they would have encouraged people to prepare more for old age. (2)At the moment many old people are very lonely and often very poor. If people had expected to live so long, they would probably have saved more money for their retirement.
In Africa
What are the problems?
(1)the popu. (2)Many families continue to have large numbers of children.
What are the reasons? (1) better medical services
19.77% 17.52%
4.53% 3.47% 2.8% …
无忧PPT整理发布
1.China 2.India
3.America 4.Indonesia 5.Brazil … total
People
region
In the world China Shandong Jining
population
0.33 billion 33 million
无忧PPT整理发布
The world’s population
Country population
1.3 billion 1.1 billion
0.3 billion 0.23 billion 0.18 billion … 6.5 billion
percentage
• • • • • • •
conference Brasilia aim continent look back at experience learn from
What’s the problem in Europe?
• (1)The population is getting older. • (2)Many old people are very lonely and often very poor.
6.5 billion 1.3 billion 94 million 8.22 million
无忧PPT整理发布
• Where was the population conference held? • What were the aims? look back at past countries experiences The conference was for__________ to___________________ learn from them for the future and to_____________________.
China's family plan: (1982...)
One-child policy
The newborn Philippine baby girl named Danica Camacho became the world’s symbolic "seven billionth baby" on Oct 31, 2011, according to the United Nations Population Fund.
• What are the problems? (1)population growth • in contrast (2)overcrowding in many cities • overcrowding • What are the reasons? • traditionally People are moving to the cities.
• • • • • •
double continue life expectancy large numbers of standard survive
In
Africa,…
(1)the population is … many families continue to… (2)However, better medical services… and more children survive … (3)Research shows that … If more girls …
What are the reasons? • (1)The birth rate is very low. • (2)People are living longer. • (3) Young people have only one child or none at all.
LOGO
birth rate on average around within generation encourage at the moment lonely alone retirement
Coming, the challenges
• ♂ an aging population
we can curb population growth counting on family planning policy, but we can not stop the trend that our nationals are becoming more and more elder. Some people worried that China will grow old before it grows wealthy. So some suggestions nowdays are also proposed that chinese family planning policy should be more slack to meet the challenge. This maybe need our government to take it seriously.