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Slovenské vzory dělení slov as pro změnu

Slovenskévzory dˇe leníslov:ˇc as pro zmˇe nu?Petr SojkaMasarykova univerzita v Brnˇe,Fakulta informatikyBotanická68a,60200BrnoEmail:sojka@fi.muni.czAbstrakt:Dˇe leníslov neboli algoritmickásegmentace velkémnožinyˇr e-tˇe zc˚u nˇe jakého jazyka je problémˇc astˇe jšínežby se na prvnípohled zdálo.Pro volnˇešiˇr itelnéslovenskédˇe leníslov zatím existuje pouzeˇr ešenívy-cházejícíz deﬁnice slabiky ve slovenštinˇe,bez rozsáhlého pokrytívýjimek.Z více nežmiliónu shromáždˇe ných a rozdˇe lených slov se podaˇr ilo vyge-nerovat programem P AT G EN novévolnˇešiˇr itelnévzory,kterése s nepra-videlnostmi jazyka vyrovnávajílépe neždosud dostupnéˇr ešení.Výsledekje použitelnýnejen v distribucích T E Xu,ale i v dalších systémech jako na-pˇríklad O PEN O .Použitéa diskutovanétechniky bootstrappingu,stratiﬁkace a generovánívzor˚u jsou použitelnépˇr iˇr ešeníširokého spektradalších…segmentaˇc ních“aplikací.Klíˇc ováslova:dˇe leníslov,segmentace,P AT G EN,pˇr ebíjejícívzory,bootstrapping, stratiﬁkace1MotivaceDˇe leníslov je v jádru všech aplikacípro zpracovánítext˚u.Na kvalitˇe použitého algoritmu dˇe leníslov závisímnožstvíruˇc nípráce pˇr iˇrádkovém zlomu sazby. Stáleˇc astˇe jšíjsou aplikace,kdy kontrola zlomu se neprovádív˚u bec:databázovépublikování,dávkovézpracováníXML dat m˚uže sloužit jako pˇríklad.O to vˇe tšíje poptávka po kvalitním dˇe leníslov.Obvyklépožadavky na algoritmus dˇe leníslov jsou tyto:rychlost:pˇr i optimalizaci zlomu celého odstavce naráz je potˇr eba najít dˇe lenívšech slov v odstavci.pˇr esnost:algoritmus neoznaˇcíchybnˇešvy slov pro rozdˇe lení.úplnost:algoritmus najde všechna možnádˇe leníslov.rozšiˇr itelnost:algoritmus umožníuživatelem speciﬁkovanévýjimky–napˇrí-klad slova cizího jazyka dle pravidel dˇe lenítohoto jazyka.adaptivita:jelikožseživéjazyky vyvíjejí(nedávnáreforma pravopisu v Nˇe-mecku),je potˇr ebnénemít algoritmus…zadrátovaný“a draze optimalizo-vanýtak,že pˇr i zmˇe nˇe jazyka se musízaˇcínatúplnˇe znova.68Petr Sojkaparametrizovatelnost:algoritmus umožníjinéchovánídle charakteru použití(vúzkých sloupcích napˇríklad umožníjen dva znaky na novémˇrádku místo obvykležádaných tˇrí).minimálnípamˇe t’ovénároky:aplikace typu zalomenízpráv na displeji mobil-ního telefonu je tˇr eba navrhovat s minimálními pamˇe t’ovými,a tedy energe-tickými nároky.Základním problémem tedy je vytvoˇr it algoritmus pro zvolenýjazyk,kterýv maximálnímíˇr e splˇn uje výše uvedenépožadavky.Tentoˇc lánek popisuje pˇrístup ˇr ešenítohoto problému pro slovenštinu a krátce diskutuje výsledek ve formˇe nových vzor˚u dˇe leníslov pro slovenštinu.2Stávajícístav slovenského dˇe leníslovUživatelésázecího systému T E X používajípˇr i sazbˇe výsledky dizertaˇc nípráce[16]Knuthova studenta Franka Lianga.Liang navrhl na jazyku nezávislýpopis dˇe leníslov,kterýsplˇn uje vˇe tšinu výše uvedených požadavk˚u.Dále im-plementoval program P AT G EN[17],kterýumožˇn uje tento popis generovat ze slovníku jižrozdˇe lených slov.Brzy po rozšíˇr eníT E Xu doˇCeskoslovenska zaˇc ala být otázka dˇe leníaktuálnía vznikly prvníverze slovenských aˇc eských vzor˚u dˇe lení[14,15].Obˇe byly psány ruˇc nˇe,bez použitíprogramu P AT G EN.Ruˇc nˇe psanápravidla zachycujízákladnícharakteristiky dˇe lení,tedy napˇríklad slabiˇc nýprincip,deﬁnujíco je to slabika. U etymologického pˇrístupu k dˇe leníslov,kterýje respektován v britskéangliˇc tinˇe a standardizován nakladatelstvím Oxford Universitzy Press,však je témˇeˇr každéslovo výjimkou a proto jeˇc astˇe jšígenerovánívzor˚u ze slovníku.Vˇe tšina jazyk˚u však oba pˇrístupy kombinuje,ctíse zejména zlom našvech složených slov oproti slabiˇc nému principu.Hranice mezi cítˇe ním složeného slova dle jeho etymologie však m˚uže být diskutabilní:máme dˇe lit slabiˇc nˇe ro-zumˇc i…etymologicky“a konzervativnˇe roz-um?Pro detailnívysvˇe tleníprincipu pˇr ebíjejících vzor˚u odkazujeme na[13,pˇrí-loha H]a naˇc lánky[2,22,3].Zjednodušenˇeˇr eˇc eno,vzory speciﬁkujíkontextovápravidla,kterámezi sebou soutˇežío každou mezipísmennou pozici ve slovˇe, a urˇc ují,zda na nídˇe litˇc i ne.Pravidla speciﬁkujína základˇe r˚u znˇeširokého kontextu výjimky,výjimky z výjimek,....Vzájemnˇe se pˇr ebíjejí–m˚uže existovat nˇe kolikúrovnípriorit vynuceníˇc i potlaˇc enídˇe leníslova.Vítˇe zí…nejsilnˇe jší“pra-vidlo(s nejvyššíprioritou)pro každou pozici ve slovˇe:k pozici se m˚uže vyjádˇr it pravidlo v každéúrovni.Stávajícíverze slovenských vzor˚u dˇe leníexistuje ve verzi2.0z24.4.1992 (soubor skhyph.tex):\patterns{%samohl\’asky a1\’a1\"a1e1...%dvojice spoluhl\’asokSlovenskévzory dˇe leníslov:ˇc as pro zmˇe nu?692b1b2b1c2b1\v c2b1d2b1\v d...%6spoluhl\’asok3c4v4r4n3g4n3\v s4k4v4r4k3n3\v s4k4v4\’r4k3n%koncovka-n\’yk4\v c3n\’y.k4\v c3n\’eho.k4\v c3n\’emu.k4\v c3nom.%slovn\’e z\’aklady 5alkoholauto4rkauto4rs5b4lah5b4ledn 5b4lesk...%koncovky4b4s4\v t.8c4h.8d4z.8d4\v z.4c4ht4.4j4s4\v t.4lt.4m4p4r....%cudzie slov\’a akci3a2akv\’ari3u2m gymn\’azi3umle2u3k\’emiat2ri3u2mfkli3e2nt}Z komentáˇr˚u ve vzorech je vidˇe t,jakým zp˚u sobem vzory vznikaly.Po rozge-nerovánívzor˚u popisujících slabiku jako sekvenci pˇríslušného poˇc tu souhlásek a samohlásek se vzory autorka snažila zachytit slabiˇc névýjimky na zaˇcátku a konci slov a pˇr i dˇe lenícizích slov.Lze si ale tˇežko pˇr edstavit,že by se tímto zp˚u sobem podaˇr ilo zachytit nˇe kolik milión˚u slovních tvar˚u,kteréve slovenštinˇe existují. Našvech pˇr edpon a složených slov jsou mnohévýjimky,kteréjdou proti základ-nímu slabiˇc nému principu.Tˇe ch jsou ale tisíce,ˇc i desetitisíce,a jen s enormním úsilím by se daly vypsat všechny.Proˇc eštinu byly sepsány Hallerem[10],pro slovenštinu však patrnˇe takovýsoupis neexistuje.Na archívu CTAN lze nalézt vzory vytváˇr enéjak ruˇc nˇe výše popsaným zp˚u sobem,tak automaticky z jižrozdˇe leného slovníku slov daného jazyka.Tento postup máz hlediska požadavk˚u vytˇc ených vúvoduˇc lánku mnohévýhody oproti ruˇc nˇe vytvoˇr enéverzi.Pˇrístupy se takédajíkombinovat:k ruˇc nˇe zadanémnožinˇe základních vzor˚u se dogenerujívzory pro výjimky.Nebo naopak ex post nalezenévýjimky se dajík jižvygenerovaným vzor˚u m pˇr idat jako slova–vzory s nejvyššíprioritou(úrovní),tedy rozum jako.r8o8z9u8m..3Generovánívzor˚u ze slovníku rozdˇe lených slov Problematice generovánívzor˚u na semináˇr i S L T jižbyl vˇe novánˇc lánek[1],proto zopakujeme jen hlavníprincipy a laskavéhoˇc tenáˇr e odkážeme dále na dalšíˇc lánky vˇe novanététo a pˇríbuznéproblematice[11,25,20,21].Generováníprobíháve fázích,kterése nazývajíúrovnˇe(anglicky levels). V lichýchúrovních se generujípokrývacívzory,tedy vzory,kterédle kontextu znak˚u vynucujídˇe lení,v sudýchúrovních se dˇe lenídle kontextu zakazuje.70Petr SojkaGenerovanévzory se kumulují,a výslednéchováníurˇc uje výslednámnožina vzor˚u vygenerovanáve všechúrovních.U vˇe tšiny generovaných vzor˚u pro dˇe leníslov v užívaných jazycích staˇcíˇc tyˇr iúrovnˇe,ale pro pˇr ehlednost,ale takénedostatekˇc asu vzory optimalizovat,je v ruˇc nˇe chystaných vzorechúrovnímnohem více–souˇc asnéslovenskévzory jich majínapˇríklad osm.Technologie pˇr ebíjejících vzor˚u je natolik obecná,že jejípoužitíje možnépro vˇe tšinu segmentaˇc ních problém˚u.Jako pˇríklad m˚uže sloužit problematika segmentaceˇr etˇe zce thajských znak˚u na slova–v thajském textu nejsou slova oddˇe lena mezerami[23].4Bootstrapping a stratiﬁkaceV rámci bakaláˇr sképráce[18]se podaˇr ilo shromáždit z r˚u zných zdroj˚u1 témˇeˇr milión slovenských slov.Dnešnívýpoˇc etníkapacity umožˇn ujígenerovat vzory dˇe leníi z takto rozsáhlých slovník˚u v dobách desítek minut.ˇCasovˇe nejnároˇc nˇe jšíoperaci–rozdˇe leníslovníku slov pravidly daného jazyka–lze dˇe lat pomocípˇr edchozíverze vzor˚u a místa dˇe leníslov…pouze“zkontrolovat.Jelikožvšak i tato kontrola jeˇc asovˇe nároˇc ná,lze parametry generovánívhodnou heuristikou volit tak,že vygenerovaných vzor˚u nepokrytých slov je právˇe tolik, kolik je reálnéjich v rozumnédobˇe ruˇc nˇe zkontrolovat.To znaˇc nˇe urychluje vývoj nových vzor˚u technikou bootstrappingu.Tabulka1.Výsledky jednéiterace bootstrappingu slovenského dˇe leníze slov-níku822878slovúroveˇn dobˇr ešpatnˇe chybí#vzor˚u velikost1Bohužel výslednou množinu slov nelze volnˇešíˇr it.Volnˇe pˇrístupnýseznam slov by umožnil ještˇe mnohemﬂexibilnˇe jšívytváˇr enívariant dˇe licích vzor˚u optimalizovaných pro konkrétníprojekty.Slovenskévzory dˇe leníslov:ˇc as pro zmˇe nu?71 ještˇe v tomto stoletíjedno celéˇcísloˇc asopisu TUG BOAT.Patrnˇe z d˚u vodu zpˇe tnékompatibility nejsou tyto vzory nahrazeny kvalitnˇe jšími,byt’kompatibilita je pˇr i pˇr idánívýjimek do vzor˚u ve formátu stejnˇe porušena.Dnešnívýpoˇc etnítech-nika jižumožˇn ujeˇc etnéexperimenty a generováníopakovat s r˚u znými parame-try.Vhodnými heuristikami nastaveníprah˚u akceptace adept˚u vzor˚u v jednotli-výchúrovních generováníse lze dostat na mnohem kvalitativnˇe vyššíparametry vzor˚u,nežkterédocílil pˇr ed témˇeˇrˇc tvrtstoletím Liang.Typicky je možnéza cenu mírného zvýšenívelikosti vzor˚u docílit stoprocentního pokrytíuˇcícímnožiny, nebo naopak pˇr i zadánívelikostních omezenína velikost vzor˚u lze maximalizo-vat pokrytí.A to vše s nulovou chybovostía stejnými konstantními výpoˇc etními nároky pˇr i aplikaci vzor˚u.Jinakˇr eˇc eno,poˇc et instrukcína nalezenídˇe licíchšv˚u slova je ohraniˇc en shora konstantou,nezávisle na tom,z jak velkého slovníku vzory generujeme.Dalšítechnikou,kteráse dápˇr i generovánívzor˚u použít,je stratiﬁkace.Tato technika spoˇcíváv tom,že se snažíme minimalizovat množinu slov k uˇc ení, anižbychom ale pˇr išli o funkˇc nost vzor˚u na výjimkách.Máme-li napˇríklad slovník generovanýmorfologickým analyzátorem,tedy známe od každého slovního tvaru slovnízáklad,staˇcído slovníku slov zahrnout náhodnˇe pouze pár slovních tvar˚u od jednoho lemmatu.Dˇe leníkoncovek se zgeneralizuje,nebot’koncovkovémnožiny se neustále opakujía uˇcícíalgoritmus bude mít dostatek uˇcících pˇríklad˚u,aby se pravidelnosti dˇe leníkonc˚u slov nauˇc il.Naopak se nesmív seznamu uˇcících slov zapomenout na negace a pˇr edpony.Dˇe leníza prvníslabikou slov zaˇcínajících na na-naj-,pre-pred-apod.je nutno nahlížet jako na výjimky.5Shrnutí:ˇc as pro zmˇe nu?Bylo vytvoˇr eno nˇe kolik variant nových vzor˚u dˇe lenípro slovenštinu.Vzory jsou pro testováník dispozici ve FTP archívu CSTUGu v adresáˇr i cstug/sojka/skhyp. Po nezbytnéfázi testovánípˇr edpokládáme jejich zaˇr azenído bˇežných T E Xových distribucía projektu O PEN O a budoušíˇr eny bez omezujících licenˇc-ních podmínek.Jelikožzmˇe na vzor˚u dˇe lenípravdˇe podobnˇe zp˚u sobízmˇe nu zalomeníjižvytvoˇr ených dokument˚u,je tˇr eba být v pˇrípadˇe rozšíˇr eného požadavku na zpˇe tnou kompatibilitu obezˇr etný.Jelikožna zálohováníúplných zdroj˚u vˇc etnˇe zdroj˚u potˇr ebných na generováníformátu se obvykle zapomíná,pˇr i požadavku zpˇe tnékompatibility je tˇr eba zvážit všechna pro i proti a novévzory si tˇr eba zavést jako novýjazyk(\language)spolu se starými.Jsme pˇr esvˇe dˇc ení,žeˇc as pro zmˇe nu po více neždekádˇe používánísouˇc asných vzor˚u nastal a kvalita nových vzor˚u je dostateˇc ným argumentem pro zavedenízmˇe ny.Po téjižostatnˇe nˇe kolik let volajítakéuživateléO PEN O a dalších sázecích systém˚u, kteˇrídosud používajístarévzory dˇe lení.72Petr SojkaReference1.David Antoša Petr Sojka.Generovánívzor˚u dˇe leníslov v UNICODE.V Kasprzak aSojka[12],strany23–32.2.David Antoša Petr Sojka.Pattern Generation Revisited.V Pepping[19],strany7–17.3.David Antoša Petr Sojka.Generovánívzor˚u pomocíknihovny P AT L IB a programuOP AT G EN.Zpravodaj C S TUG,12(1):3–12,2002.4.Barbara Beeton.Hyphenation exception log.TUGboat,5(1):15,kvˇe ten1984.5.Barbara Beeton.Hyphenation exception log.TUGboat,6(3):121,listopad1985.6.Barbara Beeton.Hyphenation exception log.TUGboat,7(3):146–147,ˇríjen1986.7.Barbara Beeton.Hyphenation exception log.TUGboat,10(3):336–341,listopad1989.8.Barbara Beeton.Hyphenation exception log.TUGboat,13(4):452–457,prosinec1992.9.Pat Hall a Durgesh D Rao,editoˇr i.Proceedings of EACL2003Workshop onComputational Linguistics for South Asian Languages–Expanding Synergies with Europe,duben2003.10.JiˇríHaller.Jak se dˇe líslova.StátnípedagogickénakladatelstvíPraha,1956.11.Yannis Haralambous.A Small Tutorial on the Multilingual Features of PATGEN2.dostupnéna CTAN jako info/patgen2.tutorial,leden1994.12.Jan Kasprzak a Petr Sojka,editoˇr i.SLT2001,Brno,Czech Republic,únor2001.Konvoj.13.Donald E.Knuth.The T E Xbook,volume A of Computers and Typesetting.Addison-Wes-ley,Reading,MA,USA,1986.14.Jana Chlebíková.Ako rozdˇe lit’(slovo)ˇCeskoslovensko.Zpravodaj C S TUG,1(4):10–13,1991.dislav Lhotka.ˇCeskédˇe lenípro T E X.Zpravodaj C S TUG,1(4):10–13,1991.16.Franklin M.Liang.Word Hy-phen-a-tion by Com-put-er.PhD thesis,Department ofComputer Science,Stanford University,USA,srpen1983.17.Franklin M.Liang a Peter Breitenlohner.PAT tern GEN eration program for the T E X82hyphenator.dokumentace programu PATGEN verze2.3z distribuce web2c na CTAN, 1999.18.Ján Lieskovský.Systém pro práci se seznamy slov.Bakaláˇr skápráce,Masarykovauniverzita v Brnˇe,Fakulta informatiky,2003.19.Simon Pepping,editor.EuroT E X2001,Kerkrade,The Netherlands,záˇrí2001.NTG.20.Petr Sojka.Notes on Compound Word Hyphenation in T E X.TUGboat,16(3):290–297,1995.21.Petr Sojka.Hyphenation on Demand.TUGboat,20(3):241–247,1999.22.Petr peting Patterns for Language Engineering.V Sojka et al.[24],strany157–162.23.Petr Sojka a David Antoš.Context Sensitive Pattern Based Segmentation:A ThaiChallenge.V Hall a Rao[9].24.Petr Sojka,Ivan Kopeˇc ek,a Karel Pala,editoˇr i.Proceedings of the Third InternationalWorkshop on Text,Speech and Dialogue—TSD2000,Lecture Notes in Artiﬁcial Intelligence LNCS/LNAI1902,Brno,záˇrí2000.Springer-Verlag.25.Petr Sojka a PavelŠeveˇc ek.Hyphenation in T E X–Quo Vadis?TUGboat,16(3):280–289,1995.。

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ECDIS有关国际公约规范

2.3 IEC制定的公约规范 2.3.1 IEC 61174《电子海图显示及信息系统操作与性能需求、测试方法和应达到的测试结果》
（ECDIS－Operational and Performance Requirements,methods of Testing and Required Test Results）它是相对于ECDIS测试的操作方式和所需测试结果进行认证的基础。因此，海上安全监督部门把它作为符合IMO标准ECDIS的认证基础。符合该标准的ECDIS得到型式认可（Type-Approved），从而合
（IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data）该标准源于IHO数据交换委员会（CEDD）1987年开发的数字制图数据交换与供给格式，1991年正式形成第一版，以IHO第57号特殊出版物方式出版，并命名为“数字海道测量数据传输标准”，简称S-57。目前使用的是2000年 11月发布的S-57,3.1版。为适应电子海图飞速发展而开发的新一代海道测量地理空间数据标准，2010年1月正式颁布S-100，1.0.0版。该标准与国际主流的地理信息标准ISO19100系列接轨，可以支持更多类型的数字数据源，例如遥感影像、DEM、时变数据等。S-100将在短时间内与现行的数字海道测量数据传输标准S-57同时存在，并最终代替S-57。 IHO S-57描述了用于各国航道部门之间的数字化海道测量数据的交换以及向航海人员、ECDIS的生产商发布这类数据的标准。它包括三章：一般性介绍、理论数据模型(海图信息描述的理论模型)、数据结构(电子航海图的数据格式 S-57)，以及两个附件：IHO物标目录(物标分类和编码系统)、ENC产品规范 (电子航海图产品规范、IHO物标目录数据字典产品规范)。该标准是具有法律效力的矢量形式的电子航海图的数据传输标准。

olevel试卷答案1123_s14_ms_21

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGCE Ordinary LevelMARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series1123 ENGLISH LANGUAGE1123/21 Paper 2 (Reading), maximum raw mark 50This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.Mark schemes should be read in conj unction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers.Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2014 series for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components.Passage 11(a)Identify and write down the points in the passage which describe the origins and rise in popularity of chess throughout history, and the reasons for its continuing popularity today.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark for each correct point up to a max. of 15 1 Originated in India before the sixthcentury2 It spread to Persia3 Became (integral) part of education of(young) noblemen in Persia4 (Development of) strict rules // need toadhere to rules5 When Arab countries conquered Persiait was taken up by Muslims / went toMuslim world // when Arab countriesconquered Persia Muslims wereattracted by its logical processes6 Buddhist pilgrims / Buddhists took it(from India) to Far East (along SilkRoad)7 In Europe, it became pastime associatedwith nobility8 (Became) subject for European art //necklaces / jewellery decorated withchess pieces9 Knights / high-ranking soldiers had to beable to play chess10 Invention of chequered / black and whiteboard made it easier to distinguishbetween the squares11 Writings about theories / tactics12 Chess tournaments (increase popularity)Indian Ambassadortook it as a gift toKing of PersiaP3 withoutreference to Persiaif Persia context isestablished in P2Arab / Arabcountries for‘Muslim world’ andvice versaAllow P8 withoutreference toEurope if Europecontext has alreadybeen establishedInvention…boardmade it easier toplayChess was seenas noble /prestigiousReference toexquisitelybeautifulchessboardsKnights / high-ranking soldiersplayed chess13 Chess Olympiad is international14 World Chess Federation definesrules / ratings of players15 Modern media keep spectators / people /us in touch with matches /championships16 Chess computers / technology enable(s)players to practise / improve // Chesscomputers / technology act(s) asopponents17 Different / various pieces have differentpowers / move in different ways18 Victory depends on (fate of) onepiece / the king19 Demands skill / concentration // noelement of luck20 (Gives sense of) continuity with thepast Sometournaments /somechampionships /chess Olympicsare international.Chess Olympiad,etc. linked to ‘keento see a country dowell’Uniqueness of howvictory is achievedLift in full of lines47–48 ‘belongingto…many nations’matches /championshipsbroadcast oninternet (alone) =0 (examples only)playing online(alone) = 0Belonging to agreat chess-playing family(alone) = 0Additional informationIf content point is made in the wrong box, do not award the mark.Accept own words or lifting.Accept sentences or note form.Points 1 and 12 are already given.If script is entirely verbatim lift give 0.If more than one content point appears under a single bullet point, award each content point separately if clearly made.If content point being made depends on information contained in another bullet point, withhold the mark unless a clear link is made between the two points.(b) Now use your notes to write a summary in which you describe the origins and rise inpopularity of chess throughout history, and the reasons for its continuing popularity today, as outlined in the passage.Candidates have now fleshed out their notes into a piece of formal, continuous prose.The mark for Style incorporates TWO categories of writing, namely OWN WORDS and USE OF ENGLISH. The table on page 6 provides descriptors of the mark levels assigned to these TWO categories.In assessing the overall mark for Style, first of all assign the script to a mark level under the category of OWN WORDS. Then arrive at the mark level for USE OF ENGLISH.Under OWN WORDS, key pointers are: sustained, noticeable, recognisable but limited, wholesale copying and complete transcript. The difference between wholesale copying and complete transcript is that, whereas in wholesale copying there is nothing / little that is original, the copying has been selective and directed at the question, but with a complete transcript the candidate has started copying and continued writing with little sense of a link to the question. Complete transcripts are rare.Under USE OF ENGLISH, take into consideration the accuracy of the writing, and the ability to use original complex sentence structures.Add the marks for OWN WORDS and USE OF ENGLISH together and divide by two.Raise any half marks to the nearest whole number, e.g. OW 3, UE 2, giving a mark of 3.HOW TO ANNOTATE Q1(b)Use margin (either left or right) to indicate OWN WORDS assessment, and the body of the script to indicate USE OF ENGLISH assessment. Under OWN WORDS, use either T (text), O (own words), M R (manipulated or re-worked text) and / or IR (irrelevant). Where the candidate has more or less written a wholesale copy, but has substituted an odd word here and there (single word substitution) indicate these single words with O above them. Otherwise use the margin only for assessment of OW.Under USE OF ENGLISH, use the body of the script for annotations. For accuracy assessment, use either cross or carat as appropriate for errors (over the errors). You may use carats for omission, but you are free to use crosses. Indicate only serious errors. If the same error is made more than once, e.g. omission of definite article, indicate it each time it is made. Below follows a list of serious errors:SERIOUS ERRORSWrong verb forms.Serious tense errors.Serious errors of sentence structure, especially in setting up subordination.Omission or obvious misuse of prepositions.Wholesale misunderstanding over the meanings of words used.Serious errors of agreement.Using a comma to replace the necessary full stop.Mis-spellings of simple, basic words, e.g. were / where // to / too // their / there. Breakdown of sense.Serious omissions, or serious intrusions, e.g. of definite article. Ignore what are clearly slips.For sentence structure merit, use ticks where appropriate, in the body of the script. Tick only instances where the sentence structure is both complex and original, i.e. belonging to the two top boxes in the Use of English column. Ticks, therefore, tend to be over relative pronouns, present participles and conjunctions. Do not tick vocabulary: this will be taken into consideration under assessment of OW.Irrelevance: Put IR in the margin to indicate a stretch / section of irrelevance.If script is entirely irrelevant, mark for style as normal (i.e. arrive at mark under OW and UE, then add together and halve) and give 2 max for style. Note that such scripts are extremely rare.Wrong or invented material: Put a cross in the margin to indicate a stretch / section of wrong or invented material.Short answersWhile examiners are not asked to count words, candidates have been asked to write 150 words. There is no penalty for long answers but, if a script is OBVIOUSLY short, please count the words, mark as normal (i.e. arrive at mark under OW and UE, then add together and halve) and award marks to the following maxima:51–65 = 3 marks max for style36–50 = 2 marks max for style21–35 = 1 mark max for style0–20 = 0 marks for style. No assessment of OW and UE is necessary.SUMMARY STYLE DESCRIPTORS Mark Own Words Mark Use of English5 •Candidates make a sustainedattempt to re-phrase the textlanguage.•Allow phrases from the text which are difficult to substitute. 5 •Apart from very occasional slips, thelanguage is accurate.•Any occasional errors are either slips or minor errors. There is a markedability to use original complexsyntax outside text structures.• Punctuation is accurate and helpful to the reader.4 •There is a noticeable attempt tore-phrase the text.•The summary is free fromstretches of concentrated lifting. 4 •The language is almost alwaysaccurate. Serious errors will beisolated.•Sentences show some variation,including original complex syntax.• Punctuation is accurate andgenerally helpful.3 • Therearerecognisable butlimited attempts to re-phrase thetext detail. Attempt may be limitedby irrelevance or by oblique ormangled relevance.•Groups of text expression areinterlaced with own words.•The expression may not alwaysbe secure, but the attempt tosubstitute the text will gain credit. 3 •The language is largely accurate.•Simple structures tend to dominateand serious errors are notfrequent, although they arenoticeable.•Where sentences show some variety and complexity, they will generally belifted from the text.•Serious errors may occur whenmore sophisticated structures areattempted.• Punctuation is generally accurate.2 •Wholesale copying of largeareas of the text, but not acomplete transcript.•Attempts to substitute ownlanguage will be limited to singleword expression.•Irrelevant sections of the text willbe more frequent at this level andbelow. 2 •Meaning is not in doubt but seriouserrors are becoming morefrequent. [8+ errors as a guide] •Some simple structures will beaccurate, although this accuracy isnot sustained for long.•Simple punctuation will usually becorrect.1 •Pretty well a complete transcriptof the text expression.•There will also be randomtranscription of irrelevant sectionsof the text. 1 •Heavy frequency of serious errors,sometimes impeding reading.•Fractured syntax is much morepronounced at this level.0 •Complete transcript. 0 •Heavy frequency of serious errorsthroughout.•Fractured syntax.2 From your reading of paragraph 1, decide whether each of the following statements istrue or false, and for each statement tick the box you have chosen.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark 1 mark Statement 1 is TrueStatement 2 is FalseStatement 3 is FalseAny clear indication ofchoice even if it is not atick, e.g. cross, star,asteriskIf more than one boxindicated against anystatement3 From your reading of parapgraph 3, select and write down two opinions.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark Chess boards of medievalEurope are / were(exquisitely) beautifulChess / it is a wonderfulgame(Exquisitely) beautifulchessboards of medievalEurope(Such was the popularityof) this wonderful game.Excess deniesChess was seen as aprestigious pastimeSocial value attachedto itAdditionalinformationAccept own words attempts within the parameters of the text answer.Passage 24 (a) What were Alice and her grandmother doing ‘on that particular day’?Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark (Going) shopping / tothe shops Lift of ‘one of the rituals...with her grandmother’Food shopping or any other specific shoppingReference to Alice holding the bag = 0(N)4 (b) Give two of the ways in which the writer indicates that Alice was only a little girl.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark1 mark The (shopping) bagknocked her (on the)legShe didn’t know whichthings / purchases wenttogether / went with otherthings / purchases //things / purchases thatwent together had to beexplained to her // shedidn’t know that peachesgot bruised / shouldn’t beput in a string bagShe pretended to be NetMan / she play-acted /pretended to be someoneelse // she used the stringbag as a (Net Man)costume // she could fit in /she wore the (string) bagShe didn’t know thatvegetables and soapshouldn’t be in the samebag // She didn’t know thattins and soap could be inthe same bagInclusion of ‘shewas allowed tohold the shoppingbag’ = 0(N)Lift, in whole or inpart, of ‘Alice was Man? =0(N)AdditionalinformationAward any two of three to 2 max.All 0 answers are 0(N), i.e. they do not negate an otherwise correct answer.4 (c) How can we tell that Elspeth is a caring grandmother?Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark She told Alice not to worryover and over / repeatedly(when the eggs broke) //She said ‘Don’t worry,don’t worry’ over andover / repeatedly //She reassured / comfortedAlice over and over /repeatedly (when the eggsbroke) Lift of lines 7–8 ‘Don’tworry…again’She didn’t care thatthe eggs were broken= 0(N)She took hershopping =0(N)AdditionalinformationAll 0 answers are 0(N), i.e. they do not negate an otherwise correct answer.5 (a) Before she ‘extricated her fingers from Elspeth’s’, in what two ways was Alicemisbehaving?Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark (i) She jiggled / fidgeted /hopped (as she heldElspeth’s hand)(ii) She bent back thesole of her sandal /shoe (under her foot)She was playing with hersandal / shoeRun-on into ‘Alicedidn’t like thisfriend much’ =0(W)Run-on into ‘she triednot to look bored’ =0(W)She was bending hersandal /shoe = 0(N)Reference toextricating her fingers= 0(N)AdditionalinformationA 0(W) answer negates an otherwise correct answer.5 (b) ‘Tiny beads of moisture left a ghostly imprint’ of her nose and lips on the glass.Without using the words of the passage, explain exactly what is happening here.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark MOISTURE: breath /breathing / condensation /steam / vapour / mistIMPRINT: shape / outline /image / copy / mark / traceWetness / dampness(alone) = 0(N)Picture / reflection /pattern = 0(N)AdditionalinformationThis is not a conventional own words question, but look for explanation of ‘MOISTURE’ and ‘IMPRINT’ used in a sensible context. Do not insist on synonym for ‘ghostly’ but againcontext must be sensible.A 0(N) answer does not negate an otherwise correct answerA 0(W) answer negates an otherwise correct answer5 (c) Explain in your own words how Alice’s feelings changed as she looked at the ‘glasscabinet’.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark APPREHENSION:fear / anxiety /nervousness / worry /doubt / uneasiness /disquiet / agitation /wariness / fright /misgivings / qualmsEXHILARATION:happiness / joy /delight / elation /euphoria / excitementscared / frightened / afraid Anger /embarrassment /regret / shock /irritation / terror /boredom / caution /upset 0(N)amazementAdditionalinformationThis is an OWN WORDS question. Key words are APPREHENSION and EXHILARATION.Do not insist on correct grammatical form.Accept correct synonyms in either order.She was afraid and excited = 2She was excited and afraid = 2She was excited and then afraid = 26 (a) Inside the antiques shop, Alice touched a table with a ‘polished’ surface. What did thesurface of the table remind her of?Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark Water / a lake / pond /pool Lift of ‘she thought that.....edges’ Image must be de-coded/ sea / ocean =0(N)AdditionalinformationA 0(N) answer does not negate an otherwise correct answer.6 (b) Alice thought of the antiques shop as ‘a temple of wonders’. Pick out and write downthe single word used later in the paragraph which continues this idea of ‘temple’.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark reverently The use of a correctword in a phrase orsentence provided thatit is underlined orotherwise highlighted More than one word7 (a) What effect is created by the word ‘looming’ that would not be created by, for example,the word ‘appearing’?Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark The man / shop ownerwas / seemed to be tall /big // the man / shopowner frightened Alice //Alice felt threatened The man / shop ownerseemed ominousMysterious = 0(N)Size (alone) = 0Alice is small(er) =0(N)AdditionalinformationLook for idea either of the man’s size or Alice’s fear / or idea of threat.7 (b) ‘The floor fell away and she was rising towards a low red lantern covered with thewrithing green bodies of dragons, which was hanging from the ceiling. Then the floor was coming up to meet her again.’ Explain fully what was happening here.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark The man / shop ownerwas lifting Alice / her upfrom the carousel / clothes(up) towards the ceiling //Alice / she was being liftedup from the carousel /clothes / (up) towards theceilingand put back down againLifted her out = 0(N)Put her on a chair /she sat down = 0(W)8 (a) Explain precisely the two methods, according to the shop owner, for deciding whetherpearls are real pearls or fake.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark(i) (Put them) in contactwith your / human skin(to see if) they glow /shine(ii) Rub them against(your) teeth (to see if)they feel like sand //feel gritty / grainy /roughLift of lines 35–36 ‘Thebest way to do this is to...start to glow’Lift of lines 38–39 ‘Theother way...feel likesand’. Excess deniesThey will not feelsmoothAdditional informationIf candidate gives two correct answers in one limb, award 1 mark max. However, if candidate has given two correct answers in one limb and has no response in the other limb, award 2 marks. Such answers will be rare.8 (b) Alice was ‘enchanted’. Pick out and write down the single word used later in theparagraph which continues the idea of ‘enchanted.’Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark Spellbound The use of a correctword in a phrase orsentence providedthat it is underlined orotherwise highlightedMore than one word9 ‘Don’t be ridiculous. Are you running a business or what?’ Explain fully what Elspethmeans by this.Mark Expected Answer Allow Don’t Allow1 mark 1 mark You can’t / it’s silly / he wassilly / it’s impossible to giveexpensive items / (real)pearls awayIf you want to make money /make a profit / run a business(sic) / earn a livingThe idea of losingmoney / failingbusiness, etc.Shopkeepersshouldn’t give awaymerchandise (alone)= 0Mere definition of ashopkeeper = 0, e.g.Shopkeepersshould / could sellthemAdditionalinformationLook for the expensive nature of the gift and lack of business acumen, e.g.You can’t run a business if you give expensive things away = 2You can’t run a business if you give things away = 1You can’t give expensive things away = 1You can give expensive things away = 010 Choose five of the following words or phrases. For each of them give one word or shortphrase (of not more than seven words) which has the same meaning that the word has in the passage.Mark Words Expected Answer Don’t Allow1 mark for each correct meaning 1 rituals (L1) customs / traditions / thingsthat always happen /routines// regular / common /usual occurrences / patterns ofbehaviour / actionsprocedures / processes /ceremonies / habits /purposes / objectives2 peered (L18) looked closely / intently //stared / gazedexamined / studiedscrutinised // lookedseriously / deeply3 writhing (L30) twisting / snaking / coiling /wriggling / twining / spiralling /curving / squirming / twirling /turningzigzagging4 solemnly (L33) seriously / earnestly / gravely /soberlyunhappily / bored /dejectedly / sadly /unsmilingly / blankly /directly5 whipped (L38) snatched / pulled quickly / tookquickly / seized / grasped /grabbed / yanked /commandeered6 friction (L41) scratching / scrape /roughness / rasp / grating /abrasiveness / rubbingroughly, etc.rubbing7 dilapidated (L42) tattered / damaged / ruined /decrepit / shabby / worn /battered / falling apart / tatty /in disrepairneglected / decayed / old /crumbling8 propelling (L46) pushing / shoving / driving /steering / shuntingthrowing / pulling /directing / moving / rushing /dragging / twistingAdditional informationMark only the first FIVE words attempted.For each word attempted, mark the first answer only when more than one answer is offered.A comma or the word ‘or’ indicates a second attempt.For two answers joined by ‘and’, allow one correct answer if the other answer is not wholly wrong but neutral, e.g. ‘stared and looked’ for ‘peered’.For a short phrase answer, mark the first seven words only (RUBRIC). Credit a correct element within this limit.Ignore mis-spelling if the word is phonetically recognisable.Ignore errors of tense and grammatical form but only if the meaning is correct.If answers are numbered and the question-word has been given as well, credit a correct answer even if the numbering does not agree.。

O. Schwandner 2014

ORIGINAL ARTICLERectal mucosal prolapse in males:surgery is effective for fecal incontinence but not for obstructed defecationO.Schwandner •B.SchrinnerReceived:15August 2013/Accepted:14April 2014/Published online:1May 2014ÓSpringer-Verlag Italia 2014AbstractBackground The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the functional outcome of transanal surgery in male patients suffering from fecal incontinence,soiling,and obstructed defecation associated with rectal mucosal prolapse.Methods All male patients who underwent transanal surgery (either stapled or Delorme mucosectomy)for rectal mucosal prolapse associated with fecal incontinence and obstructed defecation were prospectively enrolled in the study.The recruitment phase was 17months (April 2011to August 2012).Symptom evaluation was based on the val-idated scores preoperatively and 12months after surgery (Wexner incontinence score and Wexner constipation score).The primary end point was ‘‘success,’’which was deﬁned as a 50%reduction in ing a deci-sion-tree algorithm,patient groups with the highest and lowest chance of success were identiﬁed.Results Thirty-eight male patients (mean age 51years)underwent transanal surgery for rectal mucosal prolapse.The predominant symptoms were fecal incontinence in 31patients (82%)and obstructed defecation in 7(18%).Stapled mucosectomy was performed in 34patients and Delorme mucosectomy in 4patients.No major morbidity occurred.Symptom resolution for soiling was 77%,itch-ing and mucus secretion were improved in 47and 50%,and bleeding resolved in 89%of patients affected.Func-tional outcome was good in 90%(28/31)of the patients with fecal incontinence but in only 28%(2/7)for obstructed defecation.The Wexner incontinence scoredecreased signiﬁcantly (11.1vs.3.9,p \0.01),whereas the Wexner constipation score was not inﬂuenced (18.4vs.15.6,p [0.05).Using a decision-tree algorithm,a success rate of 96%was observed in patients with fecal inconti-nence associated with younger age (age \45years)and no presence of fecal urgency prior to surgery.Conclusions Transanal stapled mucosectomy for rectal mucosal prolapse in males is effective for fecal inconti-nence,but not for obstructed defecation.Keywords Rectal mucosal prolapse ÁMale ÁFecal incontinence ÁObstructed defecation ÁSoiling ÁStapled mucosectomyIntroductionRectal mucosal prolapse may cause a variety of clinical symptoms ranging from obstructed defecation to fecal incontinence.Moreover,it can be associated with fecal soiling or fecal leakage.However,there is no agreement about the clinical signiﬁcance of rectal mucosal prolapse and its impact on anorectal dysfunction,and generally accepted treatment proposals do not exist [1–3].Treatment modalities based on the symptoms include conservative (e.g.,medical treatment inﬂuencing stool consistency),interventional (e.g.,rubber band ligation),and surgical options (e.g.,submucosal excision,stapled mucosectomy,Sarles procedure,and Delorme mucosectomy)[4–15].However,results are conﬂicting,and poor functional out-come as well as a high incidence of recurrence has been described [16].As regards the role of transanal stapling surgery in patients in whom conservative management has failed,there is no consensus on indications for surgery and no consistent data on functional outcome are available.O.Schwandner (&)ÁB.SchrinnerDepartment of Proctology,Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brueder Regensburg,Pruefeninger Str.89,93049Regensburg,Germany e-mail:oliver.schwandner@barmherzige-regensburg.deTech Coloproctol (2014)18:907–914DOI 10.1007/s10151-014-1158-4Additionally,there is no clear information about the clin-ical signiﬁcance of‘‘symptomatic’’rectal mucosal prolapse in male patients.In contrast to females,in whom rectal mucosal prolapse is frequently associated with pelvicﬂoor disorders such as rectocele,enterocele,or perineal descent, diagnosis and treatment of anorectal dysfunction in male patients presenting with obstructed defecation,fecal incontinence,or fecal leakage remains a challenge.It was the aim of this prospective study to evaluate both the clinical and functional outcome of transanal stapled sur-gery in male patients suffering from fecal incontinence, soiling,and obstructed defecation associated with circular rectal mucosal prolapse.A further aim was to identify factors predictive of‘‘success’’or‘‘failure’’with special relation to fecal incontinence and obstructed defecation. Materials and methodsStudy designAll male patients who underwent transanal surgery(either stapled or Delorme mucosectomy)for rectal mucosal pro-lapse were prospectively enrolled in the study.The recruitment phase was17months(April2011to August 2012).Speciﬁc data on male patients suffering from fecal incontinence and obstructed defecation,as well as soiling, itching,mucus secretion,and bleeding,were prospectively recorded in a personal computer(PC)database.Surgery was indicated only after failure of conservative treatment and in the absence of any evidence of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)or inﬂammatory bowel disease(IBD). Prior to surgery,all patients were examined in the proc-tology outpatient clinic.Preoperatively,standardized assessment included patients‘history,clinical examination and proctorectoscopy,and functional assessment in patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation including dynamic imaging(defecography or dynamic magnetic resonance tomography of the pelvicﬂoor).In addition, functional assessment included anorectal manometry (SPM-2100;M&B Biomedizintechnik,Traunstein,Ger-many)and endoanal ultrasonography where appropriate. Details of diagnostic work-up have been described previ-ously[17–19].As regards conservative treatment,medical therapy inﬂuencing stool consistency,alimentary modiﬁ-cation,application of enemas or glycerin suppositories, pelvicﬂoor rehabilitation by specialized physiotherapy, and/or biofeedback was recommended prior to surgery [18–20].If these modalities did not show any positive effect on symptoms,transanal surgery(stapled mucosec-tomy)was discussed as an alternative.Details of conser-vative treatment have been described previously[17–20]. In addition to feasibility and morbidity,primary end points of the study included functional outcome(continence and defecation status)assessed by validated scores,the Wexner incontinence score,and Wexner constipation score[21, 22].In addition to the use of these scores,‘‘success’’was based on the subjective assessment of the individual patient using a visual analogue scale ranging from0to10(0:no improvement,10:100%improvement).Success was deﬁned as improvement of at least50%.Follow-up con-sisted of clinical examination and reassessment of symp-toms,scores,and function12months postoperatively (84%reassessment in the proctology outpatient clinic (n=32),26%telephone interview(n=6).Moreover, using a decision-tree algorithm,patient groups with the highest rate of success or failure were deﬁned.Diagnostic work-up,indications for surgery,procedures, and follow-up examination were performed by the authors.Assessment and grading of rectal mucosal prolapseRectal mucosal prolapse was classiﬁed by clinical exami-nation and proctorectoscopy(including straining)accord-ing to Pescatori[1].Rectal mucosal prolapse detectable below the anorectal ring on straining was deﬁned asﬁrst degree,prolapse reaching the dentate line was second degree,and prolapse reaching the anal verge or anocuta-neous line was third degree.Inclusion and exclusion criteriaSurgery was only indicated if anorectal symptoms were found,if symptoms could be related to the presence of second-degree or third-degree rectal mucosal prolapse,and if conservative treatment had failed to provide signiﬁcant improvement in symptoms.Patients had major presenting symptoms,of either fecal incontinence or obstructed defecation.The predominance of either incontinence or constipation was based on the reports of the individual patients.In addition,a cutoff value of C7points in the Wexner incontinence score was used to identify fecal incontinence Conversely,for obstructed defecation measured with the Wexner constipation score, we elected a cutoff value of C12points corresponding to a maximum value of4points in at least three scales of the score.As the differentiation between rectal mucosal prolapse and rectal intussusception is difﬁcult to make by clinical examination,all patients with predominant symptoms of obstructed defecation underwent radiologic study(either defecography or dynamic magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]of the pelvicﬂoor)to exclude rectal intussusception. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are outlined in Table1.Speciﬁcally focusing on obstructed defecation,patients were selected on the basis of recognized symptoms withevidence of an anatomical pathology(rectal mucosal pro-lapse grades II and III)assessed clinically and adequate anal sphincter function as assessed by at least digital rectal examination or anorectal manometry.As symptoms of obstructed defecation cannot be strictly differentiated from symptoms in patients suffering from IBS,a careful assessment of symptoms was performed prior to appro-priate treatment.Therefore,a standardized assessment of IBS symptoms using the Rome II or III criteria was man-datory prior to transanal surgery.Furthermore,as psychi-atric comorbidity is observed in a considerable percentage of patients with functional anorectal disease,careful assessment of symptoms,patient motivation,and psychi-atric history was carried out based on the literature[23]. Additionally,if symptoms could be related to anorectal dysfunction(e.g.,paradoxical puborectalis syndrome and dyscoordination),there was no indication for surgery at all. Details of patient selection and individual therapy based on symptoms have been described previously[18–20]. Surgical techniqueInformed consent was obtained from all patients.No bowel preparation was performed.Preoperatively,single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis was administered(cefuroxime and metronidazole).All procedures were performed with the patient in the lithotomy position under general anesthesia.Stapled mucosectomy was performed with a standardized tech-nique,using a circular stapler speciﬁcally developed for the procedure(PPH03Ò;Ethicon Endo-Surgery,Norderstedt, Germany).Brieﬂy,after circular anal dilatator insertion, the purse-string suture was placed2cm above the base of the hemorrhoidal zone.Step by step,the stapler was inserted,closed,and removed from the anus.Details of the technique have been described previously[24].If the extent of mucosal prolapse(e.g.,signiﬁcant amount of tissue)was not appropriate for the stapling technique or if speciﬁc technical or anatomical situations(e.g.,narrow anal canal)were found,the stapled procedure was‘‘con-verted’’to a Delorme excisional mucosectomy.‘‘Conver-sion’’from a stapled approach was deﬁned as an unplanned change in the surgical method to non-stapled,traditional techniques related to indication,anatomy,and technical factors[25].In general,there were few contraindications to performing a stapled transanal approach.Absolute contra-indications to stapled mucosectomy included anal stenosis, the presence of coexistent anorectal disease(perianal sep-sis,complexﬁstula,abscess),anal or rectal cancer,previ-ous coloanal anastomosis,previous sphincter reconstruction,intra-anal condylomata,proctitis(Crohn’s disease,radiation-induced),and the presence of anorectal sexually transmitted diseases[24,25].Statistical evaluationAll data were presented and calculated as mean values with standard deviation where appropriate.Graphic illustrations of alterations in incontinence and of constipation scores were made for every patient by using ExcelÒ(Microsoft Ofﬁce,version2003).Statistical evaluation was performed using the Chi-squared test,the Mann–Whitney U test,and Student’s t test to determine p values for univariate analysis and to identify factors predictive of success or failure.A p value\0.05was considered statistically signiﬁcant.The SPSS TM program version14.0was used(SPSS,Chicago, IL,USA).ResultsWithin the observation period,38male patients with a mean age of51(range27–72)years underwent transanal surgery for rectal mucosal prolapse(grade II:n=13; grade III:n=25),thirty-one(82%)suffered from fecal incontinence,whereas7(18%)had surgery due to obstructed defecation.Stapled mucosectomy was attemp-ted in all patients and completed in34patients.Conversion to a Delorme mucosectomy was necessary in4patients because of anatomical(extent of prolapse,n=2)or technical(narrow anal canal,n=2)reasons.Simultaneous minor procedures were carried out in4patients(excision of skin tags,n=3;ﬁssurectomy,n=1).No major morbidity occurred(Table2).Symptom resolution related to soiling, itching(pruritus ani),mucus secretion,and bleeding is outlined in Table3.Assessment of functional results related to continence and defecation status revealed that fecal incontinence was improved in90%and obstructedTable1Inclusion and exclusion criteriaInclusion criteria Exclusion criteriaMale gender Full-thickness rectal prolapseRectal mucosal prolapse grades II and III with symptoms ODS derived from rectal intussusception(radiologic conﬁrmation by MRI defecography)No evidence of associated pathology of pelvicﬂoor Fecal incontinence related to neurologic injury or sphincter defectNo evidence of IBS or IBD Paradoxical puborectalis syndromeFailure of conservative treatment Status after radiation or radical surgery for prostate or rectal cancerODS obstructed defecation syndrome,MRI magnetic resonance imaging,IBS irritable bowel syndrome,IBD inﬂammatory bowel diseasedefecation was improved in only28%of patients affected (Table4).Details of incontinence and constipation scores for all patients are shown in Table5.In patients with obstructed defecation symptoms,incomplete evacuation, unsuccessful attempts to defecate,and repeated defecation were unchanged.As outlined in Fig.1,the Wexner incontinence scores were signiﬁcantly lower after the procedure(11.1vs.3.9,p\0.01).Conversely,as dem-onstrated in Fig.2,there was no signiﬁcant difference between preoperative and postoperative Wexner constipa-tion scores(18.4vs.15.6,p[0.05).Manometric studies in patients with fecal incontinence showed that21patients(67.8%)had a signiﬁcant increase in mean squeeze pressures after stapled mucosectomy (mean squeeze pressure preoperatively:72mmHg vs. 98mmHg12months postoperatively,p\0.01).When patient groups with the highest and lowest chance for functional success were identiﬁed by using a decision-tree algorithm,a success rate of96%was observed in patients with fecal incontinence associated with younger age(age\45years)and no presence of fecal urgency prior to surgery.In contrast,patients suffering from obstructed defecation associated with fecal urgency prior to therapy and with unsuccessful biofeedback had the lowest chance for success(28%).However,the grade of rectal mucosal prolapse did not inﬂuence functional outcome. DiscussionThere has been much debate about whether rectal mucosal prolapse causes symptoms related to continence and evacuation[2,5,9].In general,clinical presentation ranges from fecal incontinence to obstructed defecation.More-over,soiling,mucus secretion,itching,and bleeding can be associated with rectal mucosal prolapse.Furthermore,there is controversy about whether or not surgical treatment is effective if conservative treatment modalities have failed [16,26].No speciﬁc information exists about whether or not transanal mucosectomy is effective in males.We therefore decided to analyze the outcome of stapled mucosectomy for rectal mucosal prolapse in male patients with special reference to main presenting symptoms fecal incontinence and obstructed defecation.To provide a homogenous patient population,clear inclusion and exclusion criteria were deﬁned(Table1).As regards indications for surgery,it was a prerequisite that conservative treatment had failed.All male patients suffering from fecal incontinence(n=31)underwent medical treatment inﬂuencing stool consistency or pelvic ﬂoor rehabilitation prior to surgery.If obstructed defeca-tion was the main complaint(n=7),all patients had defecography(n=3)or MRI defecography(n=4)prior to therapy to exclude rectal intussusception,full-thickness rectal prolapse,or signiﬁcant pelvicﬂoor descent.In these patients too,theﬁrst step in treatment was a conservative approach.Conservative treatment included medical ther-apy,use of enemas,and biofeedback for at least3months. The mean time interval from starting conservative treat-ment until indication for surgery was8months(range 2–24months),which underlines the signiﬁcance of con-servative treatment as the initial step within the therapeutic algorithm.One has to admit that the differentiation between rectal mucosal prolapse and rectal intussusception is the major challenge in patients who have symptoms ranging from incontinence to obstructed defecation.Despite precise clinical examination and the possibilities of dynamic imaging,clear differentiation remains difﬁcult.Moreover, there is no deﬁnitive answer to the question whether or not rectal mucosal prolapse is one of the most common causes of defecation disorders.Table2Patient characteristicsVariable Predominantsymptoms of fecalincontinence Predominant symptoms of obstructed defecationNo.of patients317 Mean age53years47yearsType of surgery, (no.of patients)Stapled mucosectomy(28)Delormemucosectomy(3)Stapled mucosectomy(6)Delorme mucosectomy(1)Additional surgery,(no.of patients)Excision of skin tags(2)Excision of skin tags(1)Fissurectomy(1)Morbidity(no.of patients)Pain(1)Anal thrombosis(1)Pain(1)Analﬁssure(1)Table3Functional results related to speciﬁc symptomsVariable Preoperatively Treatment success rateSoiling2277%(17/22) Pruritus ani(itching)1747%(8/17)Mucus secretion1650%(8/16) Bleeding989%(8/9)Table4Functional results related to fecal incontinence and obstructed defecationVariable Preoperatively Treatment success rateAll patients3878%(30/38)Fecal incontinence3190%(28/31) Obstructed defecation728%(2/7)As regards surgical technique,a stapled mucosectomy was attempted in all patients;however,‘‘conversion’’to a Delorme mucosectomy was necessary in4patients because of anatomical or technical reasons.In contrast to the sta-pled hemorrhoidopexy procedure,the suture line was placed in relation to the apex of the mucosal prolapse;Table5Wexner incontinence and constipation scores for all patientsp\0.05statistically signiﬁcant (t test)OD obstructed defecation,FI fecal incontinencea Data presented as mean with standard deviation in parentheses Patient’snumberWexner incontinencescore preop.Wexner incontinencescore postop.Wexnerconstipation scorepreop.Wexner constipationscore postop.Predominant FI11334329546313112413396593766905277285813134791554310702511136131215210513183331473571513594161323417105781895111910624201056121133102221156323182852412602251013226805427921228105012976313077443113723All a11.1(3.1) 3.9(2.7)p\0.00014.4(3.0) 3.7(1.9)p=0.14 Predominant OD32222410335318123455201835151212366328243752151838121215All a 3.6(2.2) 3.1(1.4)p=0.6718.4(6.1)15.6(4.8)p=0.35consequently,the staple line was placed in the distal rec-tum.No major morbidity was observed.Minor complica-tions were treated conservatively.However,two patients suffered from excessive pain within the ﬁrst 4weeks after the procedure (without any evidence of a staple line com-plication),which made the application of intravenous analgesics necessary.As expected,soiling and bleeding symptoms could be inﬂuenced positively in the majority of patients (77and 89%,respectively).However,mucus secretion and itching was only improved or resolved in half of the patients (50and 47%,respectively).Analysis of functional results 12months after transanal mucosectomy showed that the success rate was 78:90%for patients with fecal incontinence,but only 28%for patients with obstructed defecation symptoms.Both trends were reﬂected by the overall scores:on the one hand,the Wexner incontinence scores decreased signiﬁcantly (11.1vs.3.9,p \0.01),and on the other hand,there was no signiﬁcant change between preoperative and postoperative Wexner constipation scores (18.4vs.15.6,p [0.05).The pattern of both scores was also reproducible (Figs.1,2).However,the patient sample was small and the length of follow-up (12months)seems to be too short to permit us to express generally representative conclusions.Therefore,careful patient selection based on individual symptoms and ‘‘tailored’’approaches that have been suggested are man-datory [26].When patient groups with the highest and lowest chance for functional success were identiﬁed by using a decision-tree algorithm,the highest success rate (96%)was calcu-lated in patients with fecal incontinence associated with younger age (age \45years)and no presence of fecal urgency prior to surgery.In contrast,patients suffering from obstructed defecation associated with fecal urgency prior to any therapy and with unsuccessful biofeedback had the lowest chance for success (28%).An analysis of the poor functional outcome in male patients with rectal mucosal prolapse associated with obstructed defecation has been reported previously [16].Accordingly,there is the question of how to proceed.Based on the current results,medical treatment,the useofFig.1Individual changes in Wexner incontinence score preoperatively versus12months postoperatively in patients with main presenting symptoms of fecalincontinenceFig.2Individual changes in Wexner constipation score preoperatively versus12months postoperatively in patients with main presenting symptoms of obstructed defecationenemas or transanal irrigation,is recommended.In these patients,symptoms are presumably related to functional disease,IBS,or‘‘hidden rectal intussusception’’not con-ﬁrmed by clinical or radiological examination.Neverthe-less,diagnosis and treatment remain challenging—for both gastroenterologists and surgeons.Therefore,identiﬁcation of more reliable diagnostic assessment methods and inter-disciplinary discussion between gastroenterologists and coloproctologists are necessary.Given the encouraging results of transanal mucosec-tomy in patients with fecal incontinence as a predominant symptom,surgery for circular rectal mucosal prolapse can be advised in males if conservative treatment has failed. Of course,one could argue that differentiating between fecal incontinence and fecal leakage in males is very difﬁcult[27,28].However,reﬂecting the current inclu-sion and exclusion criteria,patients with sphincter defects were not candidates for stapled mucosectomy.Interest-ingly,previous studies demonstrated reduced anal sphincter pressures(resting and squeeze pressures)in male patients with fecal incontinence,whereas male patients with fecal leakage had normal anal sphincter pressures[27,28].However,analysis of anal sphincter pressures assessed by anal manometry in the current series showed that two-thirds of the patients with fecal incontinence had a signiﬁcant increase in mean squeeze pressures after stapled mucosectomy(mean squeeze pressure preoperatively72mmHg vs.98mmHg 12months postoperatively,p\0.01).These results clearly indicate the functional success that patients also reported.However,we can only speculate about whether or not transanal resection of rectal mucosal prolapse has a direct impact on increased squeeze pressure assessed by manometry.Perhaps,the removal of the‘‘mechanical’’propulsion of rectal mucosa leads to better function. Another explanation could be that anal manometry is not useful for predicting functional outcome.ConclusionsTransanal stapled mucosectomy for rectal mucosal pro-lapse in males is effective for fecal incontinence,but not for obstructed defecation.Conﬂict of interest None.References1.Pescatori M,Quondamcarlo C(1999)A new grading of rectalinternal mucosal prolapse and its correlation with diagnosis and treatment.Int J Colorectal Dis14:245–2492.Pescatori M,Spyrou M,Pulvirenti d´Urso A(2006)A prospectiveevaluation of occult disorders in obstructed defecation using the ‘‘iceberg diagram’’.Colorectal Dis8:785–7893.Gaj F,Trecca A,Crispino P(2009)Use of an evaluation score forrectal mucosal prolapse.Chir Ital61:77–824.van der Hagen SJ,Soeters PB,Baeten CG,van Gemert WG(2011)Conservative treatment of patients with faecal soiling.Tech Coloproctol15:291–2955.Pescatori M,Aigner F(2007)Stapled transanal rectal mucosec-tomy ten years after.Tech Coloproctol11:1–66.Regadas FS,Regadas SM,Rodrigues LV,Misici R,Silva FR,Regadas Filho FS(2005)Transanal repair of rectocele and full rectal mucosectomy with one circular stapler:a novel surgical technique.Tech Coloproctol9:63–667.Leal VM,Regadas FS,Regadas SM,Veras LR(2010)Clinicaland functional evaluation of patients with rectocele and mucosal prolapse treated with transanal repair of rectocele and rectal mucosectomy with a single circular stapler(TRREMS).Tech Coloproctol14:329–3358.Wang Y,Zhai C,Niu L,Tian L,Yang J,Hu Z(2010)A modiﬁedDelorme´s operation for the treatment of rectal mucosal prolapse.Int J Colorectal Dis25:607–6119.Zacharakis E,Pramateftakis MG,Kanellos D,Kanellos I,BetsisD(2007)Long-term results after transanal stapled excision of rectal internal mucosal prolapse.Tech Coloproctol11:67–68 10.Gupta PJ(2006)Randomized controlled study:radiofrequencycoagulation and plication versus ligation and excision technique for rectal mucosal prolapse.Am J Surg192:155–16011.Kleinu¨bing H Jr,Pinho MS,Ferreira LC(2006)Longitudinalmultiple rubber band ligation:an alternative method to treat mucosal prolapse of the anterior rectal wall.Dis Colon Rectum 49:876–87812.Regadas FS,Regadas SM,Rodrigues LV et al(2005)Newdevices for stapled rectal mucosectomy:a multicenter experience.Tech Coloproctol9:243–24613.Trentin G,Agresta F,Mainente P,Ciardo L,Michelet I,Bedin N(2002)Our experience in the treatment of haemorrhoids and circumferential mucosal rectal prolapse using Longo mucopro-lapsectomy.Chir Ital54:389–39414.Araki Y,Ishibashi N,Kishimoto Y et al(2001)Circular staplingprocedure for mucosal prolapse of the rectum associated with outlet obstruction.Kurume Med J48:201–20415.Boccasanta P,Capretti PG,Venturi M et al(2001)Randomisedcontrolled trial between stapled circumferential mucosectomy and conventional circular hemorrhoidectomy in advanced haemorrhoids with external mucosal prolapse.Am J Surg 182:64–6816.Pescatori M,BofﬁF,Russo A,Zbar AP(2006)Complicationsand recurrence after excision of rectal internal mucosal prolapse for obstructed defecation.Int J Colorectal Dis21:160–165 17.Schwandner O,Bruch HP(2006)Signiﬁcance of obstructeddefecation in hemorrhoidal disease:results of a prospective study.Coloproctology28:13–2018.Schwandner O(2012)Signiﬁcance of conservative treatment forfaecal incontinence.Zentralbl Chir137:323–32719.Schwandner O(2012)Indications and surgical strategies inobstructed defecation syndrome.Viszeralmedizin28:260–266 20.Schwandner O(2011)Biofeedback for fecal incontinence.Whatis evidence today?Chir Prax73:203–20921.Jorge JM,Wexner SD(1993)Etiology and management of fecalincontinence.Dis Colon Rectum36:77–9722.Agachan F,Chen T,Pfeifer J,Reissman P,Wexner SD(1996)Aconstipation scoring system to simplify evaluation and manage-ment of constipated patients.Dis Colon Rectum39:681–685 23.Renzi C,Pescatori M(2000)Psychologic aspects in proctalgia.Dis Colon Rectum43:535–539。

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2010书名定价探索发现：世界未解之谜生命起源未解之谜19.8一目了然的世界战争史3古罗马的繁荣与分裂23.8一目了然的世界战争史4法兰克王国与拜占庭帝国23.8优秀青少年科普趣味读物丛书：远古生物19.8优秀学生必知的化学解读23.8优秀学生必知的科技发明23.8优秀学生必知的陆地奇观23.8优秀学生必知的气象奇观23.8优秀学生必知的珍禽异兽23.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想不可思议的人体19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想动物王国大密探19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想令人惊奇的科学19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想千变万化大自然19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想日常生活大揭秘19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想异想天开好问题19.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想有趣的植物世界19.8玩转历史—大腕传记书系莎士比亚和他的戏梦人生18.5大灾难未解之谜24.8中小学快乐沟通丛书—难忘的伙伴：如何与同学沟通？16.8健康日记—扔掉小眼镜16中学数理化知识拓展丛书-手机电池中的化学25《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-歌唱新生活（一）19.8《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-歌颂祖国19.8健康日记-心理更健康16.8健康日记-远离大虫牙16.8中小学快乐沟通丛书-守护的天使：如何与父母沟通？16.8健康日记-防止意外伤15健康日记-告别小胖墩16.8中小学快乐沟通丛书-化雨的春风：如何与老师沟通？16.8大自然未解之谜24.8激发孩子想象力的1000个奇思妙想-宇宙地球大探索19.8玩转历史—大腕传记书系猫王和他的摇滚麦克风19玩转历史—大腕传记书系丘吉尔和他的光荣战役19玩转历史—大腕传记书系亚历山大和他的磅礴远征18没事儿读点英文小说吧-杰克·伦敦短篇小说精选20探索发现：世界未解之谜地球起源未解之谜19.8健康的生活18.7神的平衡器24.8小学生笔顺规范字典10小学生组词造句（双色）20学生反义词词典（双色）22赠言小词典10土地上的诗庄稼-中国农民诗人诗选25最经典的科幻故事25最经典的情感故事25雷锋精神学习读本25雷锋日记13学生常用典故词典（双色）18小学生辨字辨音手册（双色）18【中华民族优秀传统文化教育丛书】义的系列故事（连环画）29【中华民族优秀传统文化教育丛书】智的系列故事（连环画）29科学巨人18.7神奇的细胞18.7生命的基础18.7多彩的生命18.7生生不息18.7探索发现：世界未解之谜宇宙起源未解之谜19.8优秀学生必知的奇花异木23.8没事儿读点英文小说吧-马克·吐温短篇小说精选20教师口才艺术25玩转历史-大腕传记书系维多利亚女王和她的宫廷娱乐18《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-歌唱新生活（二）19.8《红色侵染-革命歌曲大家唱》-军歌嘹亮19.8破译天下谜团-飞碟谜团24.8历史深处的忧虑（二版）-近距离看美国之一19总统是靠不住（二版）-近距离看美国之二23如彗星划过夜空21破译天下谜团-宇宙谜团24.8破译天下谜团-地球谜团24.8福尔摩斯全集血字的研究24探索发现：世界未解之谜自然科学未解之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜UFO与外星人之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜百慕大未解之谜19.8鬼斧神工18.7生命的圣火18.7飞翔的中国18成语故事（彩绘版）13.8动物故事（彩绘版）13.8天鹅·光源24.8探索发现：世界未解之谜恐龙灭绝未解之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜奇趣自然未解之谜19.8探索发现：世界未解之谜人类进化未解之谜19.8【中华民族优秀传统文化教育丛书】行的系列故事（连环画）29学生同义词近义词词典（双色版）18英文书法指南（修订）16最经典的经济学常识25最经典的军事常识25牵牛花25长大不容易28中国记忆-美文卷19.8换一种方式飞行25最经典的人与动物故事25最经典的世界历史常识25中国红：中国新诗90年红色经典20探秘中国汉字18成语小词典19与青少年谈观念22如何与他人交往22从哪里来到哪里去18.7世界未解之谜发明发现未解之谜19.8大自然给人类的礼物能源20分分合合的陆地和水20探索月球的奥秘+20外星人谜团18苦乐年华24还我河山19树枝分叉中的数学19足球中的物理学25细读弟子规25探索太阳系的奥秘18探索星座的奥秘18探索宇宙的奥秘18飞碟现象未解之谜24.8探索宝藏未解之谜24.8高速智能的计算机24次级生长的木材20五彩缤纷的海洋世界20优秀生必知的航天航空20优秀生必知的人体奥秘23优秀生必知的物理奥秘23优秀生必知的宇宙奥秘23优秀生必知的昆虫王国23环境与科学23人类奥秘20恕的系列故事20两个小八路13受益终生的处世精粹16在苏州国学讲习会的讲稿20实用五线谱乐理入门18摄影基础与入门18围棋战术布局技巧18梁遇春精品文集20与青少年谈情操22如何面对灾难22好习惯成就好人生22好心态才会更健康22恐龙帝国24心心相印的磁20新型的纳米技术20细胞20陨石20钢铁20电20可回收使用的废物20爬行动物20地球20探索UFO和外星人的奥秘18探索地球的奥秘18英文小说欧·亨利短篇小说精选20近距离看美国之三25柯南·道儿短篇小说精选20载人宇宙飞船20神奇的人体结构20生活中离不开的化学20撬动地球的力20干旱缺水的荒漠-沙漠 20温暖千家的热20无处不在的纤维20五彩缤纷的光20生命的杀手病毒20与人类最亲密的哺乳动物20运输大王火车20在学习中走向成熟22挫折是成长的必修课22拥有健康的心理22与青少年谈品质22习惯是生活的基石22国际象棋人门与提高22五子棋人门与提高18象棋入门与提高18游泳入门与提高18钟启泉教育思想访谈录32感伤的科学史29吉鸿昌的故事18江竹筠的故事18孔子拜师人物传说19董存瑞的故事18刘志丹的故事18左权的故事18黑狗哈拉诺亥23永远的民族精神22与青少年谈哲理22学会思考22受益终生的美术精粹16受益终生的文学精粹16品味热的世界21化学趣味探索实验22你身边的特种部队真菌与人类22环保的过去现在22图形趣话21蓝色经济21激励小学生勤奋进取的励志故事25开拓小学生创意思维的创新故事25科学未解之谜24.8“事”说师生关系25班主任九项技能训练25优秀学生必知的水族万象23.8玩转科学-透视蓝天的秘密-飞机中的科学25玩转科学-在钢铁中注入灵魂-玩转机器人25破解科学-时间的第四维世界23.8破解科学-网络中的虚拟世界24.5科学就在你身边-探索微观世界的精灵-细菌与人类25科学就在你身边-在深海中与你同行-海洋生物点评22解码科学-微生物的世界23.8解码科学-非常探险20文化艺术大讲堂-美在自然25受益终生的诗词精粹16.9尽展青春风采-与青少年谈礼仪22酿出青春的琼浆-在成长中积累智慧22青春的哲思感悟-与青少年谈感悟22一场滋养精神的盛宴-读书与励志22黒鹤动物文学系列狼谷的孩子20马本斋的故事18.5邱少云的故事18.5方志敏的故事18.5黄继光的故事18.5刘师培：中国中古文学史19.8孟森：在北大讲明史19.8好学生是这样培养出来的-北京八中初中部得教育思考之二30王若飞的故事18.5刘胡兰的故事18.5黒鹤动物文学系列黑焰（插图版）19解码科学-图解南北极24.5科学就在你身边-让智慧点亮生活-影响你我的发明25玩转科学-做健康生活的领跑者：运动中的科学25玩转科学-再造另一个你自己-克隆与仿生25奥斯卡优秀影片阅读-大地惊雷25奥斯卡优秀影片阅读-圣安娜的奇迹24优秀青少年科普趣味读物丛书：宇宙探索19.8培养小学生真诚善良的品德故事25探究式科普丛书-最美丽的石头-宝石20探究式科普丛书-生物生存的重要能源-土壤20探究式科普丛书-天堑变通图：桥20探究式科普丛书-高超的猎手-猫科动物20探究式科普丛书-取之不尽的太阳能20探究式科普丛书-人的生物学信息-人类生物学20儿童围棋入门启蒙篇（第三版）23.8地震与防震减灾知识200问答25国家自然科学基金科普项目《信息世界与人类》科普丛书14.3探究式科普丛书-人体内的电子机器-电子生化人20探究式科普丛书-高大巍峨的山20探究式科普丛书-巨大的天然冰体-冰川20探究式科普丛书-喜忧参半的细菌20探究式科普丛书-显微镜下的微世界-微生物20启迪小学生聪明才智的智慧故事25星火燎原全集普及本之二-强渡大渡河20科学就在你身边-何以构筑美好的家园-谈环境污染22魔幻科学-头脑的魔鬼训练与思维狂欢21解码科学-世博与能源21书写时代新风尚-学好八荣八耻22征服人心的魔力-培养出众的能力22砍断白魔的黑手-拒绝毒品22奏响青春的交响乐-成功与哲理22聆听青春的心跳-寻找激励的源泉22精神放松的艺术-健康的表达情绪22海参的爱情之歌（趣味自然史系列丛书）25孟森：在北大讲清史19.8章太炎：国学的精要19.8实用电子琴基础入门18围棋入门与提高18引领青少年了解世界-政治篇-美国可以说不25为科学献身的动物们19.8校园安全与危机处理（学校管理新探索丛书）32赵一曼的故事18.5鲁班传线人物传说19沉重的社会之痛-解读青少年犯罪22让青少年远离危险22奏响和谐的青春旋律-缓解成长的压力22科学就在你身边-40亿年的风雨历程动物进化22解码科学-墓室迷踪25破解科学-生活在数字时代19宇宙空间大探秘16.9青少年法律教育丛书-帮你活学活用：别让你受伤23.8青少年法律教育丛书-打造你的思维：养成法律思维小中版23.8青少年法律教育丛书-教你怎么行为：做个懂法的小中生22.8学生普法教育丛书-中华人民共和国义务教育法注释本9方法总比问题多-名师转变棘手学生的施教艺术25智慧诊所19.8星火燎原全集普及本之六-跟随毛主席长征18星火燎原全集普及本之一-“八一”的枪声19优秀学生必知的海洋奇观23.8星火燎原全集普及本之四-红十八师突围记19优秀女孩必读的101个故事19.5兄弟树19.8名师最有效的激励细节25让语文教学有趣简单高效25学学名师那些事25综合课的整合创新教学25。

CODES, SYSTEMS AND GRAPHICAL MODELS

I NSTITUTE FOR M ATHEMATICS AND ITS A PPLICATIONSUniversity of Minnesota400Lind Hall207Church Street S.E.Minneapolis,Minnesota55455FAX(612)626-7370telephone(612)624-6066e-mail:ima-staff@IMA Schedules viaﬁnger:finger seminar@Newsletters,Updates and preprints are available viaanonymous ftp:,www:/The IMA was founded by and receives major support from the National Science Foundation.IMA NEWSLETTER#276August1–31,19991999Summer ProgramCODES,SYSTEMS AND GRAPHICAL MODELSSee /csg/for a full description of the1999Summer Program on Codes,Systems,and Graphical Models.IMA schedules are subject to revision,particularly during workshops.See /˜seminar/sched and /newsltrs/for the latest scheduling information.IMA Summer Program:Codes,Systems,and Graphical ModelsAugust2–13,1999Organizers:G.David Forney,Jr.(Massachusetts Insitute of Technology)Brian Marcus(IBM Almaden Research Center)Joachim Rosenthal(University of Notre Dame)Alexander Vardy(University of California–San Diego)Partially supported by the National Security AgencySee also /csg/News and NotesThe IMA is gradually implementing internet-based programs to improve our service to you.As a re-sult,we have changed the way we send out the Newsletter.We would like to e-mail you a notice when the next IMA Newsletter is available on the IMA Web page,instead of mailing you a hard copy.The updated version of our Newsletter is available on our IMA Web Page:/newsltrs/PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS:Centre National de la Recherche Scientiﬁque,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,Georgia Institute of Technology,Indiana University, Iowa State University,Kent State University,Michigan State University,Mississippi State University,Northern Illinois University,Ohio State University,Pennsylvania State University,Purdue University,Seoul National University(RIM-GARC),Texas A&M University,University of Chicago,University of Cincinnati,University of Houston, University of Illinois(Urbana),University of Iowa,University of Kentucky,University of Maryland,University of Michigan,University of Minnesota,University of Notre Dame,University of Pittsburgh,University of Wisconsin,Wayne State University.PARTICIPATING CORPORATIONS:Eastman Kodak,EPRI,Ford,General Motors,Honeywell,IBM,Lockheed Martin,Lucent Technologies,Medtronic,Motorola,Siemens, Telcordia Technologies,3M.Version of August16,1999TheSchedule for August1–31,1999IMA Summer Program:Codes,Systems,and Graphical ModelsAugust2–13,1999Organizers:G.David Forney,Jr.(Massachusetts Insitute of Technology)Brian Marcus(IBM Almaden Research Center)Joachim Rosenthal(University of Notre Dame)Alexander Vardy(University of California–San DiegoSee also /csg/The invention of turbo codes and other capacity-approaching codes has led to an exciting cross-fertilization of ideas be-tween researchers from different backgrounds.The aim of the workshop is to bring together mathematicians,computer scientists,and electrical engineers in the area of coding theory,systems theory and symbolic dynamics so that the techniques from one area can be applied to problems in the other area.The two weeks of the workshop will be subdivided into two main focus areas:Week1:Codes on Graphs and Iterative DecodingWeek2:Connections Among Coding Theory,System Theory and Symbolic DynamicsThe organizers plan a number of invited tutorial lectures speciﬁcally for inter-specialty communication.Leading workers in eachﬁeld will also be invited to present surveys of current research,with less emphasis on solved problems than on open ones.Finally,there will be both invited and contributed papers presenting recent research results.We expect the attendees to represent electrical engineering,mathematics and computer science departments in both academia and industry.As coding theory is the glue that holds the two weeks together,we expect that it will mostly be a subset of the coding theory participants who will attend both weeks.Week1(August2–6,1999)Codes on Graphs and Iterative DecodingBelief propagation in Bayesian networks has been extensively studied in artiﬁcial intelligence since the work of Pearl a decade ago,and turbo codes have recently become a subject of much research in coding theory.In the past year or two it has been recognized that the iterative decoding algorithm used for turbo codes and other capacity-approaching schemes are instances of belief propagation.This has led to an explosion of work devoted to understanding and exploiting this connection.A related problem is that of representing a given code by a graph,such as a Bayesian network.A centralMonday,August2All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted.History and Tutorials DayG.David Forney,Jr.(chair)8:30am Registration and Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-176 9:10am Willard Miller,Fred Dullesand G.David ForneyIntroduction and Welcome9:30–10:30am R.Michael TannerU of California-Santa Cruz Error-Correcting Codes and Graph-based Algorithms: Origins,Successes,the Current QuestsAbstract:Graphs have been used in many forms to describe the structure of codes for achieving in practical application the channel capacity predicted by Shannon.While perhaps the most versatile application has been as the language for ﬁnite-state transition-output systems for the encoding mapping of information streams to coded streams and decoding4:00pm IMA Tea IMA East,400Lind HallA variety of appetizers and beverages will be served.Tuesday,August3All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted.Low Density Parity Check Codes DayR.Michael Tanner(chair)9:15am Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-1769:30am David J.C.MacKayCambridge UniversitySparse Graph CodesAbstract:Sparse graph codes are codes whose constraints are deﬁned by sparse random graphs.The best known decoding method for these codes is the sum-product algorithm.Sparse graph codes include Gallager’s low-density parity-check codes,turbo codes and repeat–accumulate codes.I will review old theoretical results for Gallager codes,and new empirical work.Gallager codes are record-breaking codes for low signal-to-noise applications with large block-length and low rate(e.g., and).Are they also competitive for high rate,small block-length problems?We have studied the empirical performance of high rate binary and non-binary Gallager codes on three channels:the binary input Gaussian channel,the binary symmetric channel,and the16-ary symmetric channel.Weﬁnd that Gallager codes with rate and block length bits outperform comparable BCH and Reed-Solomon codes(decoded by a hard input decoder)by more than a decibel on the Gaussian channel.Even on the16-ary symmetric channel,Gallager codes have outstanding performance.10:30am Coffee Break Reception Room EE/CS3-17611:00am–12:00pm Robert J.McElieceCalifornia Institute of TechnologySome Simple Codes that Are Good in Both Theory andPracticeAbstract:In an unsuccessful attempt to prove coding theorems for the ensemble of classical turbo codes,we were forced to invent a much simpler ensemble,which we call“repeat-accumulate”(RA)codes.RA codes are an almost degenerate special case of serially concatenated“turbo”codes,but they have just enough structure to allow us to prove coding theorems for them.For example,we can show that maximum-likelihood decoding of RA codes“achieves capacity”on the AWGN channel.The really surprising thing about RA codes,however,is that their performance with a simple practical iterative decoding algorithm(belief propagation on an appropriate Tanner graph)is almost as good as maximum likelihood.Thus in applications where decoder complexity is as important as nearness to the Shannon liMassachusetts Inst.of Techology, RA codes may give turbo codes and LDPC codes a run for their money.[Research in collaboration with Sam Dolinar,Dariush Divsalar,and Hui Jin].2:00–3:00pm Thomas J.Richardson andRuediger UrbankeLucent Bell LabsAnalysis and Design of Iterative Decoding SystemsAbstract:In this talk we will try to give an overview of the current state of knowledge(and lack thereof)of iterative decod-ing systems.We will speak primarily about LDPCCs and Turbo codes.We will start by showing that virtually all known iterative decoding systems exhibit a threshold phenomenon which characterizes their asymptotic performance.Thresholds may be determined via a process we call density evolution which describes the distributions of extrinsic information pro-duced by each iteration of decoding.In the case of belief propagation,density evolution exhibits several special properties. In particular,densities which arise this way satisfy a certain symmetry condition which we call the consistency condition.FurtherContributed TalksCapacity Achieving Low-Density Erasure Codes3:30pm Amin ShokrollahiBell LabsAbstract:We give an overview of the work of Luby,Mitzenmacher,Shokrollahi,Spielman,and Stemann(1997)dealing with the construction of capacity achieving sequences of low-density erasure codes that have linear time encoders and decoders.We remark that the erasure channel is the only known channel for which we know explicit sequences of irregular degree distributions whose codes achieve capacity.The explicit sequences of Luby et al.and a new class of sequences discovered recently by the author are the only known sequences that provably approach capacity on an erasure channel.Iterative Decoding of Cycle Codes of Graphs4:00pm Gilles ZemorENST,ParisAbstract:We show that for cycle codes of graphs,the performance of iterative decoding and that of maximum likelihood decoding coincide.Analysis of Turbo Codes Using Bifurcation Theory4:30pm Dakshi AgrawalUniversity of IllinoisAbstract:The focus of this talk is on analyzing the phase trajectories of the turbo decoding algorithm as a function of signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).By exploiting the large length of turbo codes,the turbo decoding algorithm is treated as a single-parameter dynamical system,parameterized(approximately)by the SNR.In conjunction with extensive simulations, this parameterization is used to show that the entire SNR range can be subdivided into three regions with the waterfall region in the middle.These three regions have distinctive phase trajectories,and in most cases,the transient behavior of a phase trajectory can be used to accurately predict its asymptotic behavior.The existence and the properties ofﬁxed points in these three SNR regions will also be discussed.It is shown that the turbo decoding algorithm has two main types ofﬁxed points.In a wide range of SNRs(corresponding to bit-error rates less than1E-1),the decoding algorithm has‘unequivocal’ﬁxed points which correspond to mostly correct decisions on the information bits.Within this range,towards the lower values of SNR,there is anotherﬁxed point which corresponds to many erroneous decision on the information bits.Fixed points of this type are referred to as‘indecisive’ﬁxed points.It is demonstrated that the indecisiveﬁxed points bifurcate and disappear for SNRs in the waterfall region. We associate the qualitative transition of phase trajectories in the waterfall region to the bifurcation of indecisiveﬁxed points.The bifurcation of theseﬁxed points explains the quasi-periodic and periodic phase trajectory of turbo decoding as observed in simulations.Wednesday,August4All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted.Inference DayBrendan J.Frey(chair)9:15am Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-1769:30am Tommi JaakkolaMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyVariational Methods for InferenceAbstract:Variational methods have a long history as principled approximations in physics,statistics,and otherﬁelds. Techniques such as meanﬁeld approximation andﬁnite element methods are naturally viewed as variational methods.The basic idea underlying these methods is a transformation from the problem of interest such as computation of marginal prob-abilities in factor graphs to a manageable optimization problem.The objective function used in the resulting optimization problem relates(monotonically)to the estimation accuracy of the desired quantities(marginal probabilities)yielding e.g. upper and lower bounds.The purpose of this tutorial talk is to introduce a class of variational methods and demonstrate their use in probabilistic inference calculations in factor graphs.We show in particular how these methods can be read-ily combined with exact inference algorithms to maximally exploit any feasible substructures in the graphs.Numerical examples come from a large scale inference problem in medical diagnosis.10:30am Coffee Break Reception Room EE/CS3-17611:00am–12:00pm Radford M.NealUniversity of TorontoSparse Matrix Methods and Probabilistic Inference Algo-rithmsAbstract:Algorithms for solving sparse systems of linear equations seem similar to algorithms for probability propagation in networks with sparse connections.The aim of this talk is to examine the similarities and differences between these problems,and to see whether methods from oneﬁeld might help in the other.2:00pm Brendan J.FreyUniversity of WaterlooandYair WeissUniversity of California at Berkeley The Sum-Product Algorithm in Gaussian Networks with CyclesAbstract:In an attempt to better understand the behavior of the sum-product algorithm in richly-connected graphical models,we study its application in Gaussian networks with cycles.Experimentally,weﬁnd that the algorithm occasionally diverges and sometimes reaches a dynamic equilibrium.However,in most cases the algorithm converges and it turns out that theﬁxed point of the means coincides with the exact solution.Each of us will present a different approach to analyzing this problem and reveal theorems onﬁxed points,the exactness of inference and convergence to theﬁxed point.3:00pm Coffee Break Reception Room EE/CS3-176Contributed Talks3:30pm John AndersonUniversity of LundProperties of the Tailbiting BCJR DecoderAbstrThursday,August5All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted.Robert J.McEliece(chair)9:15am Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-176Binary Decision Diagrams9:30am Randall E.BryantCarnegie Mellon UniversityAbstract:Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams(OBDDs)provide an effective means of representing and manipulating Boolean functions symbolically.Functions are represented as graphs,and operations such as functional application,com-position,and equation solution are implemented using graph algorithms.OBDDs are used as the underlying representation for a wide variety of tasks in digital system synthesis and veriﬁcation,ﬁnite-state system analysis,andﬁnite logic.In many cases,they have enabled the solution of much larger and more complex problems than was previously considered possible. This talk provides an introduction to BDDs,plus a survey of some of their applications.10:30am Coffee Break Reception Room EE/CS3-17611:00am–12:00pm John LaffertyCarnegie Mellon UniversityTrellises,Decision Diagrams,and Factor GraphsAbstract:Ordered binary decision diagrams are graph-based data structures for representing Boolean functions.They have found widespread use in computer-aided design and in formal veriﬁcation of hardware and software systems.This talk will survey the striking connections between binary decision diagrams and code trellises,highlighting the difference in emphasis and the complementary methods that have been developed in the computer engineering and coding theory communities.The techniques developed for coding and veriﬁcation have been most successful for classes of Boolean functions that have special structure.To address the exponential blowup in the sizes of decision diagrams and trellises for general functions and codes,it will be necessary to explore new graphical representations and algorithms.We will conclude this talk by introducing some recent work on”projection decoding”that attempts to make a step in this direction,using randomized constructions of factor graphs to represent codes that may not have an explicit sparse representation.[This talk is the result of joint work with Alexander Vardy and Dan Rockmore.]2:00–3:00pm James L.MasseyETH Zurich and Lund University Linear Systems over Fields and Rings,Linear Complexity, and Fourier TransformsAbstract:This mostly tutorial presentation will review the deﬁnition of the linear complexity of a sequence over aﬁeld or a commutative ring,give an elementary proof that the linear complexity is the smallest dimension of a single-output linear system that can produce the sequence as its zero-input response,present a simple necessary and sufﬁcient condition for the existence of a generalized discrete Fourier Transform of a prescribed length N,and show the connection between the linear complexity of a periodic sequence and the generalized Discrete Fourier Transform of itsﬁrst period.6:00pm Workshop DinnerBona RestaurantBona is a Chinese/Vietnamese restaurant located near the IMA and the Day’s Inn at802Washington Avenue,the south side of Washington very near the intersection of Washington and Oak St.Friday,August6All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted.Coding Theory DayAlexander Vardy(chair)8:45am Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-1769:00-10:00am G.David Forney,Jr.Massachusetts Institute of Technology Codes and Systems on Graphs:Generalized State Real-izationsAbstract:In coding theory or behavioral system theory,a code or system is simply a set of possible output sequences.In a state realization of a code/system(e.g.,a trellis),a set of state variables is deﬁned as well.Conventionally,state variables are deﬁned on a sequential time axis corresponding to a subset of the integers.In a generalized state realization of a code/system,state variables may be connected according to an arbitrary graph topol-ogy;i.e.,the time axis is represented by a general graph.If the graph has cycles,then a substantial reduction in state complexity may be obtained.For example,the state complexity of a single-cycle graph realization(tail-biting trellis)can be as little as the square root of the state complexity of a conventional state realization(trellis).For another example,Reed-Muller codes have very simple generalized state realizations,in general with cycles.In general,the question of minimal generalized state realizations is wide open.TheMonday,August9All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted.8:30am Registration and Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-1769:10am ler,F.Dulles,B.Marcus and J.Introduction and WelcomeRosenthalAutomata and SystemsSession Chair:Jorn JustesenDynamical Systems and their Associated Automata9:30am Roger BrockettHarvard UniversityAbstract:Digital circuit designers have developed highly reliable techniques for associating automata with certain classes of electrical circuits described by smooth differential equations.However,the usual explanations of their methods do not give a general context for the process nor do they shed much light on alternative possibilities for constructing such associations.Because noise is ever-present and because reliability is of paramount importance,the association must becontinuousTuesday,August10All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted. 8:45am Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-176Convolutional CodesSession Chair:Karl Petersen9:00am Rolf JohannessonUniversity of Lund Woven Convolutional Codes:Encoder Properties and Er-ror ExponentsAbstract:Encoders for convolutional codes with large free distances can be constructed by combining several but less powerful convolutional encoders.This paper is devoted to constructions in which the constituent convolutional codes are woven together in a manner that resembles the structure of a fabric.The general construction is called twill and it is described together with two special cases,viz.,woven convolutional encoders with outer and inner warp.4:00pm Dharmendra ModhaIBM Almaden Research Center Art of Constructing Low-complexity Encoders/Decoders for Constrained Block CodesAbstract:A rate p:q block encoder is a dataword-to-codeword assignment from p-bit datawords to q-bit codewords,and the corresponding block decoder is the inverse of the encoder.When designing block encoders/decoders for constrained systems,often,more than codewords are available.In this paper,as our main contribution,we propose efﬁcient heuris-tic computer algorithms to(i)eliminate the excess codewords;and(ii)to construct low hardware complexity block en-coders/decoders.For(0,4/4)and(0,3/6)PRML constraints,block encoders/decoders generated using the proposed algorithms are comparable in complexity to human-generated encoders/decoders,but are signiﬁcantly simpler than lexico-graphical encoders/decoders.(Joint work with Brian Marcus).4:30–5:00pm Natasha JonoskaUniversity of South FloridaOn Encoding in DNA wordsAbstract:We discuss the problem of designing DNA codes,sets of words over alphabet A,G,C,T that satisfy certain constraints.The motivation for this problem comes from the need to reliably store and retrieve information in synthetic DNA strands.This is in particular needed in the models of DNA based computations and the design of molecular bar codes in chemical libraries.Wednesday,August11All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted.8:45am Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-176Multidimensional SystemsSession Chair:Jonathan Hall9:00am Klaus SchmidtUniversity of ViennaMulti-dimensional Symbolic Dynamical SystemsAbstract:This lecture discusses multidimensional shifts ofﬁnite type and gives examples of such systems from statistical mechanics,cellular automata and other areas.Roughly speaking,a-dimensional shift ofﬁnite type(SFT)is a closed, shift-invariant subset,where is aﬁnite set,and where a point belongs to if and only if it satisﬁes certain purely local restrictions at each coordinate.The purpose of the talk is to point out some of the new phenomena which arise in the transition from classical shifts of ﬁnite type(where)to the case where.The most notorious of these are certain undecidability problems which don’t give much trouble in practice,but which effectively prevent a satisfactory general theory of multi-dimensional SFT’s.The main emphasis of the talk will,however,be on the rigidity properties of certain multi-dimensional SFT’s which range from scarcity of isomorphism and shift-invariant measures to the appearance of unexpected intrinsic algebraic structures for certain classical SFT’s.References[1]R.Berger,The undecidability of the Domino Problem,Mem.Amer.Math.Soc.66(1966).[2]C.Cohn,N.Elkies and J.Propp,Local statistics for random domino tilings of the Aztec diamond,Duke Math.J.85(1996),117–166.[3]W.Geller and J.Propp,The projective fundamental group of a-shift,Ergod.Th.&Dynam.Sys.15(1995),1091–1118.Thursday,August12All talks are in Lecture Hall EE/CS3-180unless otherwise noted. 8:45am Coffee Reception Room EE/CS3-176Symbolic Dynamics and ApplicationsSession Chair:Uwe Helmke9:00am M.Michael BoyleUniversity of Maryland Applications of Symbolic Dynamics to the Structure The-ory of Nonnegative MatricesAbstract:I’ll discuss the two most dramatic results of the last several years in which symbolic dynamics is contributing to a deeper understanding of the“asymptotic algebra”of nonnegative matrices.Below S represents a unital subring S of the reals R(e.g.Q,R,Z)and denotes the nonnegative elements of S.Deﬁnition1The nonzero spectrum of a square matrix A is the unordered k-tuple of nonzero complex numbers such that the characteristic polynomial of A has the form.Deﬁnition2Let E be a subset of R containing0and1.Say over E if there exist matrices U,V with entries in E such that A=UV, B=VU.Then strong shift equivalence over E is the equivalence relation on square matrices over E which is generated by the relation.(We are interested in the case E=.)Question10:00am Natasha JonaskaUniversity of South FloridaMultiplicities of Representations of Soﬁc ShiftsAbstract:Given aﬁnite directed labeled graph,there is a natural mapping f:S T from the system S of all bi-inﬁnite paths on the graph to the system T of all bi-inﬁnite label sequences.T is called a soﬁc shift and(S,f)is called an cover of T.We deﬁne the multiplicity of the cover(S,f)to be the largest number of f-preimages of a point.The intrinsic multiplicity of of a soﬁc shift T is the minimum of the multiplicities over all covers of T,denoted by m(T).Is m(T)computable?We do not answer this question.However the attempt to solve this problem led us toﬁnd sharp estimates for the intrinsic multiplicity, sharpen a result of S.Williams,and solve a problem of P.Trow.Joint work with Doris Fiebig and Ulf Fiebig.References:1.M.Boyle,B.Kitchens,B.Marcus,A Note on Minimal Covers for Soﬁc systems,Proceedings of the AMS,95No.3,(Nov.1985),403-411.2.N.Jonoska:Soﬁc Systems with Synchronizing Representations,Theoretical Computer Science,1581-2(1996)81-115.3.B.Kitchens:Symbolic Dynamics,Springer19984.D.Lind,B.Marcus:An Introduction to Symbolic Dynamics,Cambridge University Press,New York(1995).5.P.Trow:Lifting covers of soﬁc shifts,preprint.6.S.Williams:A soﬁc system with inﬁnitely many minimal covers,Proc.Amer.Math.Soc.98,No.3(1986)503-505.7.S.Williams:Covers of non-almost-ﬁnite-type systems,Proc.Amer.Math.Soc.104(1988),245-252.11:00am Coffee Break Reception Room EE/CS3-17611:30am–12:30pm Selim TuncelUniversity of WashingtonCodings of Markov Chains and Weighted GraphsAbstract:When the edge weights of a weighted graph lie in a free Abelian group,for instance when they are real numbers, they may be naturally represented by monomials in one or more variables.I will pass to this representation to discuss(i) some of the objects associated with weighted graphs,such as the weight-per-symbol polytope and subgraphs arising from its faces,(ii)some related positivity issues,and(iii)the signiﬁcance of these objects and issues for coding problems.Contributed TalksSession Chair:Brian Marcus2:00pm Marie-Pierre B´e alUniversit´e de Marne-la-Vall´e eA Finite State Version of the Kraft-McMillan TheoremAbstract:We introduce the notion of super-state automaton constructed from another automaton.This construction is used to solve an open question about enumerative sequences of leaves of rational trees.We prove that any-rational sequence of nonnegative integers satisfying the Kraft inequality is the enumerative sequence of leaves by height of a-ary rational tree.This result is aﬁnite state version of the Kraft-McMillan theorem.We then use it to completely characterize the series that are the enumerative sequences of nodes in a-ary rational tree.Joint work with Fr´e d´e rique Bassino and Dominique Perrin2:30pm Olivier CartonAsynchronous Sliding Block MapsUniversit´e de Marne-la-Vall´e eAbstract:We deﬁne a notion of asynchronous sliding block map that can be realized by transducers labeled in.We show that,under some conditions,it is possible to synchronize this transducer by state splitting,in order to get a transducer which deﬁnes the same sliding block map and which is labeled in,where is a constant integer.In the case of a transducer with a strongly connected graph,the synchronization process can be considered as an implementation of an algorithm of C.Frougny and J.Sakarovitch of synchronization of rational relations of bounded delay.The algorithm can be applied in the case where the transducer has a constant integer transmission rate on cycles and has a strongly connected graph.It keeps the locality of the input automaton of the transducer.We show that the size of the sliding window of the synchronous local map grows linearly during the process,but that the size of the transducer is intrinsically exponential. In the case of non strongly connected graphs,the algorithm of C.Frougny and J.Sakarovitch does not keep the locality of the input automaton of the transducer.We give another algorithm to solve this case without losing the good dynamic properties that guarantees the state splitting process.(joint work with M.-P.B´e al).3:00pm Coffee Break Reception Room EE/CS3-176Deterministic Synchronization of Finite State Encoders 3:30pm Christiane FrougnyLIAFA,ParisAbstract:We present an algorithm which,given an input deterministicﬁnite state encoder with bounded rate,resynchronize it into an on-lineﬁnite state encoder,with rate1:1after an initial period of time where it reads the input and output nothing, and still input deterministic.This construction has applications to number representation and computer arithmetic. (joint work with Jacques Sakarovitch,CNRS,ENST,Paris).The Key Equation for One-point Codes4:00pm Michael O’SullivanUniversity College,CorkAbstract:The decoding problem for BCH codes is often translated to the problem ofﬁnding a solution for a“key equation.”There is a natural generalization of this key equation to one-point codes which also expresses the decoding problem.A solution to the key equation is a pair,where is a function on the curve used to construct the code and is a differential, and both have poles only at the one-point.K¨o tter’s generalization of the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm may be used to iteratively compute solutions to the key equation.The key ingredient in deﬁning the algorithm is the existence of bases for ,the functionﬁeld on the curve,and,the module of differentials,which are dual relative to the operator which takes the residue of a differential at.Ambiguity in Codes4:30–5:00pm Fernando GuzmanBinghamton UniversityAbstract:In this talk we present an algebraic method for measuring/controlling the ambiguity of an ambiguous code.A relation is established between codes and monoids,in such a way that to each class of codes corresponds a variety of monoids.It is this variety what measures the ambiguity of the given class of codes.This concept includes several forms of decipherability of codes,like unique decipherability,multiset decipherability and set decipherability,as introduced by Lempel in1986.We will give some examples of codes satisfying these types of decipherability,and illustrate one of the main techniques, namely the construction of the Domino Graph of a code.6:00pm Workshop DinnerCampus clubThe Campus club is located on the4thﬂoor of Coffman Student Union and serves a wide-ranging buffet.Coffman Union is located on the opposite side of Washington Avenue from the IMA and slightly to the west.。

2014-30-EU Related Standards

Commission communication in the framework of the implementation of Directive 2014/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member Statesrelating to electromagnetic compatibility(Publication of titles and references of harmonised standards under Union harmonisation legislation)(Text with EEA relevance)(2016/C 293/03)EN 61439-1:2011 does not give presumption of conformity without another part of the standard.EN 62026-1:2007 does not give presumption of conformity without another part of the standard.EN 62052-11:2003 does not give presumption of conformity without a part of the EN 62053 series.EN 62052-21:2004 does not give presumption of conformity without a part of the EN 62054 series.12.8.2016Official Journal of the European Union C 293/49(1)ESO: European standardisation organisation:—CEN: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Tel. +32 2 5500811; fax + 32 2 5500819 (http://www.cen.eu)—CENELEC: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Tel. +32 2 5196871; fax + 32 2 5196919 (http://www.cenelec.eu)—ETSI: 650, route des Lucioles, F-06921 Sophia Antipolis, Tel. +33 492 944200; fax +33 493 654716, (http://www.etsi.eu)Note 1:Generally the date of cessation of presumption of conformity will be the date of withdrawal (‘dow’), set by the European standardisation organisation, but attention of users of these standards is drawn to the fact that in certain exceptional cases this can be otherwise.Note 2.1:The new (or amended) standard has the same scope as the superseded standard. On the date stated, thesuperseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Unionlegislation.C 293/50Official Journal of the European Union 12.8.201612.8.2016Official Journal of the European Union C 293/51Note 2.2:The new standard has a broader scope than the superseded standard. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Unionlegislation.Note 2.3:The new standard has a narrower scope than the superseded standard. On the date stated, the (partially) superseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of therelevant Union legislation for those products or services that fall within the scope of the new standard.Presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Union legislation for productsor services that still fall within the scope of the (partially) superseded standard, but that do not fall within thescope of the new standard, is unaffected.Note 3:In case of amendments, the referenced standard is EN CCCCC:YYYY, its previous amendments, if any, and the new, quoted amendment. The superseded standard therefore consists of EN CCCCC:YYYY and its previousamendments, if any, but without the new quoted amendment. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceasesto give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Union legislation.NOTE:—Any information concerning the availability of the standards can be obtained either from the European standardisation organisations or from the national standardisation bodies the list of which is published in the Official Journal of theEuropean Union according to Article 27 of the Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 (1).—Standards are adopted by the European standardisation organisations in English (CEN and CENELEC also publish in French and German). Subsequently, the titles of the standards are translated into all other required official languages ofthe European Union by the national standardisation bodies. The European Commission is not responsible for thecorrectness of the titles which have been presented for publication in the Official Journal.—References to Corrigenda ‘…/AC:YYYY’ are published for information only. A Corrigendum removes printing, linguistic or similar errors from the text of a standard and may relate to one or more language versions (English, French and/orGerman) of a standard as adopted by a European standardisation organisation.—Publication of the references in the Official Journal of the European Union does not imply that the standards are available in all the official languages of the European Union.—This list replaces all the previous lists published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The European Commissionensures the updating of this list.—More information about harmonised standards and other European standards on the Internet at:http://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/european-standards/harmonised-standards/index_en.htm(1)OJ C 338, 27.9.2014, p. 31.。

2014英国数学竞赛SMC答案

C 14
D 20
E 28
Solution
C An integer is a multiple of both 20 and 14 if, and only if, it is a multiple of their least
common multiple. The least common multiple of 20 and 14 is 140. The integers between 1
3. December 31st 1997 was a Wednesday.
How many Wednesdays were there in 1997?
A 12
B 51
C 52
D 53
E 365
Solution
D As 1997 was not a leap year, there were 365 days in 1997. Since 365 = 52 × 7 + 1, the year 1997 was made up of 52 periods of 7 days, together with December 31st which was a Wednesday. So each of the 52 preceding periods of 7 days began with a Wednesday. Therefore there were 53 Wednesdays in 1997.
Since each pair of the regions labelled P, Q and R in the figure on the right shares an edge, these three regions must be painted different colours. So at least three colours are needed.

2014 第 55 届 IMO 解答s

类似,b′ ≥2蕴含a′ ≤q.
当b≤a′ ,b′ ≤a时,令s=a′ −b,t=a−b′ .显然0≤s,t≤q.于是
i+s=(a−1)(q+1)+a′ ,j+t=(a′ −1)(q+1)+a.
当b>a′ ,b′ ≤a+1时,令s=(q+1)−(b−a′ ) ,t=(a+1)−b′ .显然0≤s≤q.注意,b>a′ ≥1说明b≥2 ,故此a≤q,进而0≤t≤q.于是
BM ,CN的交点在△ABC的外接圆上．
由∠PAB=∠QCA断定
∠APB=180º−∠PAB−∠ABP=180º−∠QCA−∠ABP=∠BAC.
又因为∠ABP=∠CAQ,故△PAB∼△QCA.于是
=
因为PA=PM,QA=QN,于是
=
从
∠MPB=∠PAB+∠ABP=∠QCA+∠CAQ=∠CQN,
得知△MPB∼△CQN.进而,∠BMP=∠NCQ.
既然△NEF的外心H落在NC上,以及早已知道的∠ENC=∠SCE和∠THA=∠SCE的可以立刻写下的水到渠成的
∠ENC=∠THA,
我们可断言△HTS的外心必定位于HA上.然后,从AH⊥BD可以判定直线BD与三角形TSH的外接圆相切.
第4题锐角△ABC中，点P和点Q是在边BC上满足∠PAB =∠BCA和∠CAQ =∠ABC的两点。点M和点N分别在直线AP,AQ上满足：P是AM中点，Q是AN中点．证明：
考虑由(q+1)4个单位正方形组成的一个(q+1)2×(q+1)2棋盘.
我们仔细揣摩集合
S={((a−1)(q+1)+b,(b−1)(q+1)+a)|a,b=1,2,…,q+1}.

HL Formula Booklet (2014)

2
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2011
Mathematical studies SL: Formula booklet
3
Formulae Prior learning
Area of a parallelogram Area of a triangle Area of a trapezium Area of a circle Circumference of a circle Volume of a pyramid Volume of a cuboid Volume of a cylinder Area of the curved surface of a cylinder Volume of a sphere Volume of a cone Distance between two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) Coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment with endpoints ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) Solutions of a quadratic equation
z a ib r (cos isin ) rei r cis
r (cos isin )
n
r n (cos n isin n ) r n ein r n cis n
2
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2004
1
CONTENTS
Formulae Prior learning Topic 1—Core: Algebra Topic 2—Core: Functions and equations Topic 3—Core: Circular functions and trigonometry Topic 4—Core: Vectors Topic 5—Core: Statistics and probability Topic 6—Core: Calculus 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 9

SELF-PROPELLED SWIMMING SIMULATIONS OF SELF-ASSEMBLING SMART BOXES

NOMENCLATURE A width of the wake amax tail beat amplitude a(z) amplitude of undulation mode CF force coefﬁcient F force F force vector exerted on the swimmer’s body by the ﬂuid f frequency of undulation h vertical excursion of swimmer k wave number L characteristic length Mred non-dimensional mass m mass n normal vector P(t ) power losss due to vertical undulations p non-dimensional pressure ra non-dimensional position in the inertial frame rr non-dimensional position in the non-inertial frame Re Reynolds number S symmetrical parts of the velocity gradient St Strouhal number T thrust force
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱSMASIS2014-7654
SELF-PROPELLED SWIMMING SIMULATIONS OF SELF-ASSEMBLING SMART BOXES
Mohsen Daghooghi Iman Borazjani∗ Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering State University of New York at Buffalo State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14260 Buffalo, NY 14260 mohsenda@ iman@ Ehsan Tarkesh Esfahani M. Amin Karami Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering State University of New York at Buffalo State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14260 Buffalo, NY 14260 ehsanesf@ karami@

2014年SCI收录逻辑学学科期刊20种目录

2014年SCI收录逻辑学学科期刊20种目录2014年SCIE收录逻辑学期刊20种，其中SCI收录5种、SCI、A&HCI共同收录期刊4种。

2014年SCI收录逻辑学学科期刊20种目录SCIENCE CITATION INDEX EXPANDEDLOGIC - JOURNAL LISTTotal journals: 20注：★SCI、A&HCI共同收录期刊4种1. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL LOGIC《美国计算机学会计算逻辑汇刊》 Quarterly ISSN: 1529-3785 ASSOC COMPUTINGMACHINERY, 2 PENN PLAZA, STE 701, NEW YORK, USA, NY,10121-07011. ScienceCitation Index Expanded2. ALGEBRA AND LOGIC《代数与逻辑》Bimonthly ISSN: 0002-5232SPRINGER, 233SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA,NY, 100131. ScienceCitation Index Expanded3. ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED LOGIC《理论与应用逻辑纪事》 Monthly ISSN: 0168-0072ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE1. ScienceCitation Index2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded4. ARCHIVE FOR MATHEMATICAL LOGIC《数理逻辑文献》Bimonthly ISSN: 1432-0665SPRINGER, 233SPRING ST, NEW YORK, USA,NY, 100131. ScienceCitation Index2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded5. BULLETIN OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC《符号逻辑通报》 Quarterly ISSN: 1079-8986ASSOC SYMBOLICLOGIC, INC, 124 RAYMOND AVENUE, POUGHKEEPSIE, USA,NY, 12604-00011. ScienceCitation Index2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded6. ★HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF LOGIC《逻辑史和逻辑哲学》Quarterly ISSN:0144-5340TAYLOR &FRANCIS LTD, 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, ENGLAND, OXON, OX14 4RN1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded2. Arts& Humanities Citation Index7. JOURNAL OF APPLIED LOGIC《应用逻辑学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 1570-8683ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 1000 AE1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded8. JOURNAL OF LOGIC AND ALGEBRAIC PROGRAMMING 《逻辑与代数程序设计杂志》 Bimonthly ISSN: 1567-8326 ELSEVIER SCIENCEINC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA,NY, 10010-17101. ScienceCitation Index2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded9. JOURNAL OF LOGIC AND COMPUTATION《逻辑与计算杂志》Bimonthly ISSN: 0955-792XOXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX2 6DP1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded10. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL LOGIC《数理逻辑杂志》Semiannual ISSN: 0219-0613WORLD SCIENTIFICPUBL CO PTE LTD, 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE,SINGAPORE,5962241. ScienceCitation Index Expanded11. JOURNAL OF MULTIPLE-VALUED LOGIC AND SOFT COMPUTING《多值逻辑与软计算杂志》Quarterly ISSN: 1542-3980OLD CITYPUBLISHING INC, 628 NORTH 2ND ST, PHILADELPHIA, USA,PA, 191231. ScienceCitation Index Expanded12. JOURNAL OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC《符号逻辑杂志》Quarterly ISSN: 0022-4812ASSOC SYMBOLICLOGIC, INC, 124 RAYMOND AVENUE, POUGHKEEPSIE, USA,NY, 12604-00011. ScienceCitation Index2. ScienceCitation Index Expanded13. LOGIC JOURNAL OF THE IGPL《IGPL逻辑杂志》BimonthlyISSN: 1367-0751OXFORD UNIV PRESS, GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX2 6DP1. ScienceCitation Index Expanded14. LOGICAL METHODS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE《计算机科学的逻辑方法》Irregular ISSN: 1860-5974TECH UNIVBRAUNSCHWEIG, INST THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCI, MUHLENPFORDTSTR 22-23,BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY, 381061. ScienceCitation Index Expanded15. MATHEMATICAL LOGIC QUARTERLY《数理逻辑季刊》Bimonthly ISSN: 0942-5616WILEY-V CH VERLAG GMBH, BOSCHSTRASSE 12, WEINHEIM,GERMANY, D-694691. ScienceCitation Index Expanded16. ★NOTRE DAME JOURNAL OF FORMAL LOGIC《圣母大学形式逻辑学杂志》 Quarterly ISSN: 0029-4527DUKE UNIV PRESS,905 W MAIN ST, STE 18-B, DURHAM, USA, NC, 277011. ScienceCitation Index Expanded2. Arts& Humanities Citation Index17. REPORTS ON MATHEMATICAL LOGIC《数理逻辑报告》Annual ISSN: 0137-2904JAGIELLONIANUNIV, INST ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, GRONOSTAJOWA 7, KRAKOW, POLAND, 30-3871. ScienceCitation Index Expanded18. ★REVIEW OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC《符号逻辑评论》Quarterly ISSN: 1755-0203CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, USA,NY, 10013-24731. ScienceCitation Index Expanded2. Arts& Humanities Citation Index19. ★STUDIA LOGICA《逻辑学研究》Monthly ISSN: 0039-3215SPRINGER, 233 SPRINGST, NEW YORK, USA,NY, 100131. ScienceCitation Index Expanded2. Arts& Humanities Citation Index20. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LOGIC PROGRAMMING《逻辑程序设计理论与实践》Bimonthly ISSN: 1471-0684CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 32AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, USA,NY, 10013-24731. ScienceCitation Index Expanded本文引用地址：/blog-57081-785700.html 此文来自科学网万跃华博客，转载请注明出处。

IMO iDrive 说明书

AC variable speed ‘economy’ drives0.2-2.2kWiDriveCam Switches Din Terminals Drives EnclosuresFieldbus remote I/OIsolators & Switch Fuses MCB & RCDMotor Circuit Breakers Motor Control Gear Panel Meters RelaysSignal Conditioning Sockets TimersTransformers &Power SuppliesDrivesIntelligent Terminals/HMI Limit SwitchesPhotoelectric Switches PLCsProximity Switches Temperature ControlsData Acquisition & Control DrivesIntelligent Terminals/HMI Limit SwitchesPhotoelectric Switches Proximity Switches PLCsSignal Conditioning Temperature ControlsLightguardsSafety Limit Switches Safety Relays Jaguar VXM 0.37-500kW Jaguar VXSM 0.37-7.5kW Jaguar CUB 0.37-4kWAudible devices Chip-on-BoardDevice programmers LEDs & 7 seg. displays PCB Terminal blocks Relays - automotive Relays - power Relays - signal SwitchesY E ARG U A R A NT EEY E ARG U A R A NT EEY E ARG U A R A NT EE2All IMO products are tried, tested and approved to relevant international quality standardsEDX0754--3EPower (kW)0.20.40.751.52.20200400751502201Phase 3 Phase13100v200v400v600v1246No FilterEMC Filter built inEIP20NEMA4 (IP65)As N4 plus control switchesN4N4SExample shown:EDX-075-43-E = 0.75kW, 400V, 3 phase with integrated EMC filteractual sizeremote keypad, PDA or PC space savingprogramming options DIN rail or screw mountableside-by-side installation-iDrivePDA cableEDX-PDARemote keypad (2m cable)EDX-LEDI/O card (2 in 1 out expandable)EDX-IORS232EDX-232RS485EDX-485Memory packEDX-MPIMO Precision Controls Limited 1000 North Circular RoadStaples Corner, London NW2 7JP United KingdomTel:+44(0)2084526444 Fax:+44(0)2084502274 Email:*************Web: IMO Jeambrun Automation SAS Avenue du Mistral, ZI Athélia IV 13705 La Ciotat Cedex, France Tél : 04 42 83 82 00Fax : 04 42 83 82 75Email:*************Web : www.imopc.frIMO DeutschlandFür weitere Einzelheiten zu IMO Agenten und Distributoren in Ihrer Nähe schreiben Sie bitte ein E-mail an folgende Adresse: *************IMO ItaliaViale A. Volta 127/a 50131 Firenze, Italia Tel: 800 783281 Fax: 800 783282 Email:*************Web: www.imopc.itaccessoriesoptions and ordering codesY E A RG U A R A NT EE2iDrive is the ultimate low-cost variable speed ac drive from the home of the world famous Jaguar range.Ideal for small 3-phase motor control applications requiring flexibility, reliability and precision,iDrive is available from stock in single phase 230V or three phase 400V input models.iDrives use only twelve basic set-up parameters for standard out-of-the box operation, but for higherperformance applications the user can unlock and use the hidden advanced parameter set.An internal First Environment EMC filter makes the iDrive suitable for virtually every industrial,commercial or domestic application without the need for additional equipment.Compact, powerful, and user friendly. There is really only one small ac drive that you need to ask for… iDrive from IMO❚Integrated Class B EMC filter ❚CE and UL/cUL approvals❚Easy to install❚Basic/Advanced set-up ❚DIN rail mounting as standard ❚1-phase and 3-phase variants ❚V/F and sensorless vector modes ❚High starting torque ❚PID control as standard ❚Keypad potentiometer ❚8 pre-set speeds ❚DC braking as standard ❚IP65/NEMA 4 models available ❚Side-by-side mounting ❚Thermostatic cooling fan ❚Comprehensive inverter and motor protection functions❚Remote Keypad options with full copy facility ❚Optional multi-function card ❚PNP or NPN selectable ❚RS232/485 option cards ❚Modbus RTU/ASCII ❚PC software (option)❚PDA (iPAQ) software (option)iDrive:ultra-low cost, micro inverters for small AC motors 0.2-2.2kW...Common specificationPower Source110V model: 100~120v +10% / -15%, 50/60Hz 220V model: 200~240v +10% / -15%, 50/60Hz 440V model: 380~480v +10% / -15%, 50/60HzControl Mode Selectable V/f or Vector control (starting torque: 100% / 3Hz)Frequency Range0~200HzFrequency Setting Resolution Digital: 0.1Hz (0~99.9Hz) / Hz(100~200Hz; Analogue: 0.6Hz / 60HzFrequency Setting Method Set with wv keys or the VR on the keypad. Alternatively use the UP/DOWN (Motorised Pot) or the AIN signal Display Functions 7 segment* 3; display frequency / DC voltage / output voltage / output current / inverter parameters error code / program version / PID feedbackExternal Frequency 1. External variable resistor / 0-10V / 0-20mA / 2-10V / 4-20mA Setting2. Motorised Pot (UP/DOWN)Output frequency limit function Upper/lower frequency limits and two-stage prohibited frequencies Carrier Frequency 4~16KHz (factory setting 10KHz, 10KHz or more De-ratingAcc/Dec control 0.1~999 sec, two-stage acc./dec. time could be changed By MFIT/Acc/Dec disable DI (Digital Output)NPN/PNP toggle* four points; two points optional (S1~S4 Built in, S5~S6 option)DO (Digital Output)Terminal * 1 point (1a terminal)---setting to Multi-function output. Optional Multi-function Photo Output*1 point (open collector 24V , 600mA)AI (Analogue Input)Setting to speed command and PID feedback signal/MFIT S7 (PNP Mode)Other Function Instantaneous power loss restart, Speed search, fault restart, DC brake Torque boost, 2/3 wire control and PID functionCommunication Control RS-485 Option Card: Modbus RTU/ASCII mode, 4800~38400 bps max. 254 stations. PC-PDA software link Humidity0-95% Relative humidity (non-condensing)Overload Protection 150% / 1 minOperating Temperature -10˚C to +50˚C (in distributor) IP20; -10~40˚C IP65Other Protection FunctionOver current, over voltage, low voltage, overload, momentary power loss and restart stall prevention for acceleration/deceleration/operation, short-circuit protection for output/grounding fault, reverse restriction, restrictions for direct start after power up and error recovery International Conformance UL/cUL, CEEMCIntegrated Class B (to EN61800-3 / First Environment, unrestricted sales)0V Model data Horsepower (hp)Nominal Motor Capacity (kW)Rated Output Current (A)Rated Capacity Max. Input Voltage Max. Output Voltage Input Current (A)Net Weight (kg)Allowable momentary powerloss time (second)Frame size (see dims)Enclosure Special Order only110V/1Ø EDX-xxx-11020 040 0750.250.510.20.40.751.7 3.1 4.20.530.88 1.601Ø 100-120V+10%, -15%(50/60Hz)3Ø / 0 to V input 7.112.217.90.620.680.721.0 1.0 1.0111IP20440V/3Ø EDX-xxx-43-E 0751502201 2 30.75 1.5 2.22.3 3.8 5.21.7 2.9 4.03Ø 380-480V +10%, -15%(50/60Hz)3Ø / 0 to V input 3 4.8 6.61.68 1.7 1.731.0 2.0 2.0222IP20220V/1ØEDX-xxx-21-E 0200400751502200.250.51230.20.40.75 1.5 2.21.7 3.1 4.27.510.50.530.88 1.60 2.90 4.001Ø 200-240V +10%, -15%(50/60Hz)3Ø / 0 to V input 4.3 5.410.415.5210.710.730.73 1.25 1.31.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.011122IP20Special Order only220V/3Ø EDX-xxx-230200400751502200.250.51230.20.40.75 1.5 2.21.7 3.1 4.27.510.50.530.88 1.60 2.90 4.003Ø 200-240V +10%, -15%(50/60Hz)3Ø / 0 to V input 3.0 4.0 6.49.412.20.610.610.660.9511.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.011122IP20specification Braking Unit (optional)Power terminal 1Ø 100-120V 1/3Ø 200-240V 3Ø 380-480VPNP common Multi function digital input DC 12/24V signal NPN common Multi function analogue input • Set speed• PID feed back input10KFMM24V/0.6AS5S6T+T-1 2RA RBT1T2T3L1 (L)L2L3(N)PEPE24V S1S2S3S4COM +10V Ain COM FMMulti functional relay outputSW1: digital signal selection (NPN/PNP)SW2: Control signalselection (0-10V/4-20mA)Option interface • Multi function I/O card (2 in, 1 out)• Remote KeypadiDrivedimensions (mm) and connectionsFrame 1 Frame 2A 67108B 77118C 130.5148D 128.45144Frame 1: 1Ø 110V/220V and 3Ø 220V models up to 0.75kWFrame 2: 1Ø and 3Ø 220V from 1.5kW and all 3Ø 440V models13284 x Ø4.5A CDB123.5Multi function analogue output0-10VDCIMO。

IMO 1-46届中文版

第1届IMO1.求证(21n+4)/(14n+3) 对每个自然数 n都是最简分数。

2.设√(x+√(2x-1))+√(x-√(2x-1))=A，试在以下3种情况下分别求出x的实数解：(a) A=√2；(b)A=1；(c)A=2。

3. a、b、c都是实数，已知 cos x的二次方程a cos2x +b cos x +c = 0,试用a,b,c作出一个关于 cos 2x的二次方程，使它的根与原来的方程一样。

当a=4,b=2,c=-1时比较 cos x和cos 2x的方程式。

4.试作一直角三角形使其斜边为已知的 c，斜边上的中线是两直角边的几何平均值。

5.在线段AB上任意选取一点M，在AB的同一侧分别以AM、MB为底作正方形AMCD、MBEF，这两个正方形的外接圆的圆心分别是P、Q，设这两个外接圆又交于M、N，(a.) 求证 AF、BC相交于N点；（b.) 求证不论点M如何选取直线MN 都通过一定点 S；(c.) 当M在A与B之间变动时，求线断 PQ的中点的轨迹。

6.两个平面P、Q交于一线p，A为p上给定一点，C为Q上给定一点，并且这两点都不在直线p上。

试作一等腰梯形ABCD（AB平行于CD），使得它有一个内切圆，并且顶点B、D分别落在平面P和Q上。

第2届IMO1.找出所有具有下列性质的三位数 N：N能被11整除且 N/11等于N的各位数字的平方和。

2.寻找使下式成立的实数x：4x2/(1 - √(1 + 2x))2 < 2x + 93.直角三角形ABC的斜边BC的长为a，将它分成 n 等份（n为奇数），令α为从A点向中间的那一小段线段所张的锐角，从A到BC边的高长为h，求证：tan α = 4nh/(an2 - a).4.已知从A、B引出的高线长度以及从A引出的中线长，求作三角形ABC。

5.正方体ABCDA'B'C'D'（上底面ABCD，下底面A'B'C'D'）。

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EB001E Basic Documents: Volume I, 2010 Edition£13E490M International Bunkers Convention, 2004 Edition£6KB701E International Conference on Load Lines, 2005 Ed£22 EA007E Basic Documents: Volume II, 2003 Edition£7E500E Prevention Pollution (OILPOL), 1981 Edition£10K713E Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1970 Edition£10 E026E26th Session 2009 (Res. 1011-1032)£30KA516E Reporting Incidents under MARPOL, 1999 Edition£10E727B Special Trade Passenger Ships Conference, 1972 Biling£4 K27E27th Session 2011 (Res. 1033-1059)£35KD520E MARPOL, Consolidated edition 2011£65E734B Space Requirements for Special Trade Ships, 1972 Editi£4 KC100E IBC Code, 2007 Edition£35E530E Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS)£10EA749E Safety Code for Fishermen & F Vessels(A), 2006 Ed£18 K104E IGC Code, 1993 Edition£14E531E Guidelines of the London Convention, 2006 Edition£15EA755E Safety Code for Fishermen & F Vessels(B), 2006 Ed£18 KE110E SOLAS Consolidated Edition, 2009£75EA532E London Convention & Protocol, 2003 Edition£8EA761E Voluntary G'lines for Small Fishing Vessels, 2006 Ed£15 K116E ISPS Code, 2003 Edition£14E537E Sampling & Analysis of Dredged Material, 2005 Ed£10KC772E BCH Code, 2008 Edition£20 KA116E Guide to Maritime Security & ISPS Code, 2012 Ed£50E538M Guidance for Dredged Material, 2009 Edition£10E782E Gas Carrier Code, 1983 Edition£10 KB117E ISM Code & Guidelines, 2010 Edition£12K539E2012 Guidance for Fish Waste, 2013 Edition£10E788E Gas Carrier Code for Existing Ships, 1976 Edition£10 K128E Casualty Investigation Code, 2008 Edition£5E545E Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA), 2007 Ed£20E793E Safety of Fishing Vessels, Cons Edition 1995£18 KA155E Fire Safety Systems (FSS) Code, 2007 Edition£20E550E Internatioanl Convention on OPRC, 1991 Edition£10K800E Ship Construction Standards, 2013 Edition£12 E160E SOLAS - Bulk Carrier Safety, 1999£8E556E OPRC - HNS Protocol 2000, 2002 Edition£10EA807E Offshore Supply Vessels Guidelines, 2006 Edition£5 K175E SOLAS Amendments 2008 and 2009£12KA557E Manual on Oil Pollution - Section I, 2011 Edition£16EA808E Code of Safety Diving Systems, 1997 Edition£10 K176E SOLAS Amendments 2010 and 2011£10KA560E Manual on Oil Pollution - Section II, 1995 Edition£10K810E2009 MODU Code, 2010 Edition£20 KA185E High Speed Craft (2000 HSC) Code, 2008 Edition£20KA566E Manual on Oil Pollution - Section III, 1997 Edition£8KA811E1989 MODU Code, Cons 2001 Edition£15 E187E High Speed Craft (1994 HSC) Code, 1995 Edition£16KA569E Manual on Oil Pollution - Section IV, 2005 Edition£18EA820E Safety Code for Special Purpose Ships, 2008 Ed]£4 E190E Ships operating in polar waters guidelines, 2010 Ed£10KA572E Manual on Oil Pollution - Section V, 2009 Edition£10KC844E2010 Fire Test Procedures (FTP) Code, 2012 Ed£25 KH200E IMDG Code (inc Amdt 35-10), 2010 Edition £110EA575E Oil Spill Dispersant Application Guidelines, 1995 Ed£10K860E Inert Gas Systems, 1990 Edition£8 KI200E IMDG Code (inc Amdt 36-12), 2012 Edition £110K578E Manual on Oil Pollution - Section VI, 1978 Edition£7KB867E Code on Alerts and Indicators, 2009, 2010 Edition£15 KH210E IMDG Code Supplement, 2010 Edition£50E579E Oil Spill Risk Evaluation Manual, 2010 Edition£10KB874E Code on Intact Stability (IS), 2009 Edition£16 K240E International Grain Code, 1991 Edition£10 E580E IMO/UNEP Guidance Manual, 2009 Edition£13E877M Prevention of Corrosion on Ships, 2010 Edition£20 KF260E IMSBC Code & Supplement, 2012 Edition£50K581E IMS Implementation Document£10KB904E Collision Regulations Convention (COLREGS), 2003£10 KG260E IMSBC Code & Supplement, 2013 Edition£50K582E Guideline for Oil Spill Response in fast currents, 2013£10KB908E International SafetyNET Manual, 2011 Edition£12 KB265E2011 ESP Code, 2013£15E584E Bioremediation in Marine Oil Spills 2004 Edition£9KA910M MSI Manual, 2010 Mulitlingual Edition£20 KA266E BLU Code including BLU Manual, 2011 Edition£20KB586E Ship Pollution Emergency Plans (SOPEP), 2010 Ed£10K915E STCW - Fishing 95, 1996 Edition£10 KA275E2011 Timber Deck Cargoes (TDC), 2012 Edition£15E590E Seafood Safety During and After Oilspill, 2003 Ed£10KE927E Ships' Routeing, 2013 Edition£120 KB282E Safe Containers Convention (CSC), 2012 Edition£10KA597E Manual on Port Reception Facilities, 1999 Edition£28KC938E STCW inc. 2010 Manila Amendments, 2011 Edition£40 E288E Carriage of Cargo & Persons by OSV, 2000 Ed£10KA617E Crude Oil Washing Systems, 2000 Edition£10KB946E Guide to Cold Water Survival, 2012 Edition£10 K289E Guidelines for LHNS by OSV, 2007 Edition£10E620M Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention 2004 Ed£10K947E Pocket Guide to Recovery Techniques£5 KB290E Dangerous Goods in Port Areas, 2007 Edition£15K621E BWM Convention & Guidelines, 2009 Edition£10KA948E Fishing Vessel Personnel Guidance Document, 2001 Ed£10 KB292E Cargo Stowage & Securing (CSS) Code, 2011 Ed£20KA630E Manual on Chemical Pollution - Section I, 1999 Ed£10KD951E NAVTEX Manual, 2012 Edition£12 KC350E Facilitation Convention (FAL), 2011 Edition£19KA633E Manual on Chemical Pollution - Section II, 2007 Ed£10KB955E SAR Convention, 2006 Edition£10 E370M Guidance Signs for Airports & Marine Terminals, 1995 Mu£20KB636E MARPOL - How to do it, 2013 Edition£24KH960E IAMSAR Manual Volume I, 2013 Edition£25 E402E Intervention Convention, 1977 Edition£4KA646E Pollution Prevention Equipment, 2006 Edition£18KE961E IAMSAR Manual Volume II, 2013 Edition£50 E423E Compensation Fund Records for Oil Pollution Damage, 19£6E649E Oil Response in Tropical Waters, 1997 Edition£10KH962E IAMSAR Manual Volume III, 2013 Edition£50 E429B Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Substances, 1972 Multilingu£5KB650E Procedures for Port State Control, 2012 Edition£16K968E Guidelines on Fatigue, 2002 Edition£18 EA436E Passengers & Luggage on Ships, 2003 Edition£5KB656E Implementation of MARPOL Annex V, 2012 Edition£10KF970E GMDSS Manual, 2013 Edition£105 EA444E Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 2007 Ed£5K661E Guidelines on Harmful Aquatic Organisms, 1998 Ed£4K973E IMO/ILO G'lines on Seafarers' Hours, 1999 Edition£4 K450E International Conference on Salvage, 1989 Edition£10K662E Control & Management of Ships' Biofouling, 2012 Ed£10KD978E Performance Standards, 2011 Edition£60 EA462E Suppression of Unlawful Acts (SUA), 2006 Edition£8KB664E MARPOL Annex VI & NTC 2008, 2013 Edition£30KD982E Life-Saving Appliances inc LSA Code, 2010 Edition£23 E470E Nairobi Convention of Wreck Removals, 2008 Ed£5EA680E Anti-Fouling Systems (AFS) Convention, 2005 Ed£12KA987E IMO SMCP, 2002 Edition£18 E473E Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1996 Edition£9K683E Hong Kong Convention, 2013 Edition£18KA994E International Code of Signals, 2005 Edition£49 KA479E2010 HNS Convention, 2013 Edition£25E685E IMO Guidelines on Ship Recycling, 2006 Edition£5ETA101E Tanker Familiarization, 2000 Edition£40ETA207E Engine-Room Simulator, 2002 Edition£20VB010M Safe, Secure and Efficient Shipping, 2014 Edition£30 ETB102E Specialized Training for Oil Tankers, 2006 Edition£40ETA304E Survey of Electrical Installations, 2004 Edition £40V020E Invaders from the Sea£10 ETB104E Training for Chemical Tankers, 2006 Edition£40ETA305E Survey of Fire Appliances and Provisions, 2004 Edition £60ETA106E Specialized Training for Liquefied Gas Tankers, 1999£32ETA306E Survey of Life-Saving Appliances and Arrangements, 2004 £40ETA107E Radar Navigation at Operational level, 1999 Edition£12ETA307E Hull and Structural Surveys, 2004 Edition£80Code ENGLISH CD TITLE Price ETA108E Radar Navigation at Management level , 1999 Edition£12ETA308E Navigational Aids & Equipment Survey, 2004£40ETA113E Elementary First Aid, 2000 Edition£12ETA309E Port State Control, 2000 Edition£24D18A IMO-Vega Database (V 18), 2013£700 ETA114E Medical First Aid, 2000 Edition£12ETA311E Marine Accident & Incident Investigation, 2000 Ed£32D18AX IMO-Vega Database (V 18), 2013 (upgrade)£350 ETA115E Medica Care, 2000 Edition (course + compendium)£30ETA312E Seafarers' Assessment, Exam & Certificatio, 2000 Ed£80DH110E SOLAS on CD (V8), 2011£80 ETA119E Personal Survival Techniques, 2000 Edition£16ETB313E SAR Administration (IAMSAR Vol I), 2014 Ed£20DI200E IMDG Code on CD (V 11), 2012£205 ETA120E Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting, 2000 Edition£16ET315E SAR On Scene Coordinator (IAMSAR Vol III), 2014 Ed£20D311E E-learning CD:Accident & Investigation (V 1), 2005£40 ETA121E Personal Safety & Social Responsibilities, 2000 Ed£16ET318E Safe Packing of Cargo Transport Units (CTU), 2001 Ed£28D404E OPRC on CD (V1), 2006£100 ETA122E Ship Simulator & Bridge Teamwork, 2002 Edition£20ET318CE CTU Workbook, 2001 Edition£24D405B Prepare and Respond to HNS£100 ETA123E Proficiency in Survival Craft & Rescue Boats, 2000£16ETA319E Ship Security Officer, 2012 Edition£25D847E IMO Labels & Symbols on CD (V 3), 2007£65 ET124E Proficiency in Fast Rescue Boats, 2000 Edition£16ETA320E Company Security Officer, 2011 Edition£25D847EX IMO Labels & Symbols on CD (V 3), 2007 (upgrade)£40 ETA125E General Operator's Certificate for GMDSS, 2004 Ed£40ETA321E Port Facility Security Officer, 2011 Edition£25D987E IMO SMCP on CD (V 1), 2004£22 ETA126E Restricted Operator's Certificate for GMDSS, 2004£40ET322E Flag State Implementation, 2010 Edition£30ETA127E Operational use of ECDIS, 2012 Edition£25ET323E Piracy & Armed Robbery Prevention, 2011 Edition£30Code ELECTRONIC DOWNLOADS Price ET128E Crowd Management & Passenger Safety, 2000 Ed£32ET324E Sec. Awareness Training for PF Personnel w/DSD£25ET129E Proficiency in Crisis Management, 2000 Edition£32ET325E Sec. Awareness Training for all PF Personnel£25Z18A The IMO-Vega Database for Download, 2013£700 ET130E On-board Assessment, 2001 Edition£20ET326E Security Training for Seafarers with DSD, 2012 Ed£25ZH110E Electronic SOLAS for Download, 2011£80 ET131E2nd Class Radioelectronic for GMDSS, 2002 Edition£30ET327E Sec. Awareness Training for all Seafarers, 2012£25ZI200E Electronic IMDG Code for Windows Download, 2012£205 ET132E Operational Use of Integrated Bridge Systems, 2005 Editio£20ET405E Energy Efficient Operation of Ships, 2014£20ZD927E Electronic Ships' Routeing for Download, 2010£110 ET133E Safety of Fishing Operations (Support), 2005 Edition£20ET610E Train the Simulator Trainer and Assesor, 2012 Edition£25ET134E Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), 2006 Ed£30ETA701E Master and Chief Mate, 1999 Edition£60ET135E LPG Tanker Cargo and Ballast Handling Simulator, 2007 E£20ETA702E Chief Engineer Officer & Second Engineer Officer, 1999 Ed£60Code INTERNET SUBSCRIPTION Price ET136E LNG Tanker Cargo and Ballast Handling Simulator, 2007 £20ETA703E Officer in charge of a Navigational Watch, 1999 Edition£60ET138E Marine Environmental Awareness, 2011 Edition£20ETA704E Officer in charge of an Engineering Watch, 1999 Ed£60S110E SOLAS on the Web£99 ET139E Leadership & Teamwork, 2014 Edition£20ET705E Skipper on a Fishing Vessel, 2008 Edition£40SP110E SOLAS Plus on the Web£199 ETA203E Advanced Training in Fire Fighting, 2000 Edition£16ET706E Navigational Watch on a Fishing Vessel, 2008 Edition£40S200E IMDG Code on the Web£110 ETA206E Oil Tanker Cargo & Ballast Handling Simulator, 2002£20ET707E Engineer Officers on a Fishing Vessel, 2008 Edition£40S520E MARPOL on the Web£99ET708E Electro-technical Officer, 2014 Edition £30SVEGA IMO-Vega on the Web£700。