英语写作读书报告(共8篇)
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篇一:英文读书报告撰写格式
英文读书报告撰写格式
1.字体均为times new roman
报告题目为3号黑体居中
学生姓名、专业班级、学号、正文及参考文献均为小4号
双倍行距
2.打印纸张规格:用a4纸单面打印。
3.报告第一页第一行应为:报告题目
第二行靠右应为:学生姓名、专业班级、学号
接下来是正文;参考文献在正文之后。
4. 报告字数为1000---1500字。
附:
英文读书报告写作知识
the book report
1. three main parts of a book report
generally speaking, a book report consists of the following three main parts: ? information about the author and his times
? a summary of the book
a description of the author’s times should be given together with a brief account of his life. it should include the circumstances that led to the writing of the book under discussion and the historical and social background related to the content of the book. to make these things clear, the writer perhaps needs to read some reference material, such as biographies of the author and histories of the period described in the book.
2. writing of the book report
1) the summary of the book should be self-contained, clear, and easy to understand. above all, it should be objective.
3) the summary of a novel or a play is usually written in the present tense, while that of nonfiction, in the tense of the original work: for example, the past tense should be used for a history, and the present for a scientific work.
篇二:英语读书报告要求及范文(1)
英语读书报告格式要求范文
there is no standard form for a book report. however, every book report should contain the following four parts:
1. identification. give the title and author’s name. if the book is one with which your readers may not be familiar, identify it further. give the name of the publisher, the place and year of publication, the price, and the number of pages. writing book reports can be a valuable exercise in clear thinking and precise writing. it also gives you the opportunity to improve your writing and to develop a style of your own.
注意:
题目统一为: a book report on 英文书名(斜体),标题居中,正文两端对齐;
内容的几个部分可以成若干个段落写,但不能出现1,2,3,4序号字样;
英文中没有书名号, 书名斜体;注意其他英文标点符号使用及字母大小写的规范;字体
为times new roman, 字号为小四号,行距为固定值20磅;
页码置于页面底端居中。
字数要求:about 400 words
常见的表达法:简写本 simplified version/abbreviated version
故事大意如下 the gist of the story is as follows
主人公 leading role/leading character/hero/heroine
以……为背景 it is set on the eve of…/it is set on the background that…
其他:可参见课本p183页要求。
格式可参考以下范文:
sample 1
a book report on the black tulip
by huang xin, class 0901
this novel took 17th century dutch bourgeois revolutionary period of intense political struggle and the turbulent life as its background.
firstly, in order to obtain happiness, you should achieve your successful work; in order to achieve your successful work, you should go through thick and thin. as the writer said, “those who have suffered much, have a right to be happy.” take the two leading characters for example. they eventually reach happiness after suffering a lot both psychologically and physiologically.
secondly, your happiness should live in your contribution towards others’happiness, but not on the contrary, in destroying others’ happiness. if you get your happiness by taking advantage of others or by hurting others, you won’t be happy with it for long, at least, you won’t enjoy the real happiness. people will think you’re a mean person. boxtel was a typical case. he would never gain happiness. thirdly, wealth obtained through dishonest means doesn’t bring happiness. happiness is not an end, it is a process. it’s a continuous process of honest and productive work which makes a real contribution to others and makes you feel you are a useful and worthy person.
sample 2
a book report on sons and lovers
by cheng xin, class 0901
sons and lovers is a novel written by david herbert lawrence and it was first published in 1913 in london by wyman & sons.
d. h. lawrence was born at eastwood, notts, on september 11, 1885, the fourth child of a miner who had been employed at brinsley colliery since he was 7 years old. in 1911, his first novel the white peacock was published.
personality and mental health. it is perhaps because of this true picture of life that the novel has won lawrence everlasting reputation.
篇三:英文读书报告格式范文
英文读书报告(book report)的格式
1. introductory paragraph
the first sentence should state for which instructor and class the book-report is being written.
the second sentence should state the title of the book and the authors name.
the third sentence should tell how many pages the book has and the name of the publisher.
the fourth sentence can state basic bibliographic information about the book. the next sentence should state the reason(s) you decided to read this book. why did you choose this particular book? typical reasons might be:
o you like the author.
o it was on a required reading list.
o you liked the cover.
an optional sentence can be used if the cover (back cover) of the book gives you any additional information then add a sentence with that information.
o was the book a best seller?
o are there x million copies in print?
o did it win any major awards?
2. main character(s) paragraph
the first sentence of this paragraph should state who the main character or characters of the book are, and why they are important. refer to this person or these persons as the main character or main characters.
3. other characters paragraph
most books have five or six prominent characters besides the main character, so simply listing each one and stating their role in the book will give you a good sized paragraph.
4. plot summary paragraph
this is perhaps the hardest paragraph to write in five sentences or so. if you have to write a bit more dont worry. here are the main points to cover:
o state the type of book (mystery, western, etc.).
o what place or country was the book set in?
o what time period was the book set in? (19th century, the present, ancient rome, the 23rd century).
o other physical locations which are important, like: ships, airplanes, houses, or buildings.
o other notable attributes of the book. (was it violent, scary, fast paced, etc.). o what is the main character trying to do?
o etc.
make sure you cover all of the major parts of the plot. you might have to go back through the book, chapter by chapter, and make a few notes.
5. personal impressions and conclusion paragraph
simply talk about what you liked or did not like about the book. use this paragraph as your conclusion. it should summarize your overall impressions of the book and bring the report to a close.
o restate your reasons why you liked and/or disliked the book using different words.
o write two sentences that talk about the books good points and weak points. o write a sentence or two about what you learned from the book.
dont be afraid to give your own honest impressions of the book. after all, if
youve read the book thoroughly, you are entitled to your own interpretation of it. typically, your book report should not exceed two double-spaced pages, and it should be somewhere between 600 and 800 words in length.
book report on robinson crusoe
gone with the wind
篇四:概要和读书报告写作
教案
学年第学期
课程名称:英语写作(四)课程代码:学院专业年级:外语学院、英语任课教师:教师所在单位:外国语学院英语系
湖南师范大学
《英语写作(四)》教学大纲
课程编号:05022020 总学时数:34学时学分: 2学分
一、课程性质、目的和要求
《英语写作(四)》是英语专业学生的必修课程,教学对象为已经接受了《英语写作(一)》、《英语写作(二)》和《英语写作(三)》三门课程的教学和训练的学生。
开设本课程的目的在于培养学生写作故事梗概、读书报告、课程论文以及正式的书信等的写作能力。
要求语言正确、表达得体并具有一定的思想深度;写作速度为30分钟250-300个单词。
二、教学内容、要点和课时安排
本课程的主要内容分为四个部分。
第一部分篇章梗概写作
1. 性质和特点
2. 方法、技巧及范文评析
第二部分读书报告写作
1. 性质和特点
2. 方法、技巧及范文评析
第三部分正式书信写作
3.2 公务信函的写作 3.3 私人书信的写作
第四部分课程论文写作
1. 性质和特点
2. 方法、技巧及范文评析
第五部分各类体裁文章写作综合训练
4课时
4课时
6课时
3.1 书信的交际功能及分类
8课时
12课时
三、教学方法
教师首先在课堂上讲解篇章梗概、读书报告、课程论文、正式书信写作的基本理论、技巧等,指导学生将所传授的理论知识及技巧加以应用,布置书面作业,对作业进行检查和讲评;复习并深入讲解写作理论和策略在各类体裁文章写作中的综合运用。
实施理论指导、范文指导、学生实践、讲评指导的教师多重指导和学生多层练习的“精讲多练”的教学方法。
四、成绩考核方式
考试分平时作业和期末考试。
平时作业成绩为学期总成绩的30%,期末考试为学期总成绩的70%。
建议本学期的作业评分从以下三个方面考虑:
内容和篇章结构(50%)+ 语言表达能力(40%)+ 书面表达规范(10%)
五、教材与主要参考书目
教材:
john langan主编,《美国大学英语写作》(college writing skills with readings),外语教学与研究出版社,2001;
主要参考书目:
3.罗伯特·g·班德尔著,秦穗、胡望湘等译,《美国英语作文》,湖南出版社,1992;4. truly smoke. a writer’s workbook. an interactive writing text for esl students. new
york: st. martin’s press, inc, 1992;
5. lannon,john m., the writing process: a concise rhetoric (the fifth edition). harpercollins publishers inc., 1995.
《英语写作(四)》课程简介
课程编号:05022020 课程名称:《英语写作(四)》
college english writing (4)
课程类别:专业必修
先修课程:《英语写作(一)》、《英语写作(二)》、《英语写作(三)》
内容概要:故事梗概、读书报告、课程论文以及正式的书信的性质、特点、功能及其写作的
基本知识、技巧和策略;培养学生根据实际情况,写作各类体裁文章的能力,要求做到内容充实,语言通顺,用词恰当,表达得体;写作速度达到30分钟300-400个单词。
教材:john langan主编,《美国大学英语写作》(college writing skills with readings),
外语教学与研究出版社,2001;
参考书目:
3.罗伯特·g·班德尔著,秦穗、胡望湘等译,《美国英语作文》,湖南出版社,1992;4. truly smoke. a writer’s workbook. an interactive writing text for esl students. new york:
st. martin’s press, inc, 1992;
5. lannon,john m., the writing process: a concise rhetoric (the fifth edition). harpercollins
publishers inc., 1995.
授课班级:
英语系2004级1班,2班
授课时间:
2004级1班:每周三下午第7、8节课,外语楼606教室
2004级2班:每周一下午第7、8节课,外语楼606教室
总学时:
每班各34学时
湖南师范大学2006~2007学年第1学期教学日历
2、考核方式分考试与考察两种。
说明:1、教学内容按每次授课内容填写。
3、任课教师在每学期开课以前根据教学大纲编写教学日历,一式四份,经系主任(教研室主任)审阅同意后,一份自存,一份交所在系,一份交所在院(部),一份交学生。
系主任(教研室主任)签名:
任课教师签名:
湖南师范大学2006~2007学年第1学期教学日历
2、考核方式分考试与考察两种。
说明:1、教学内容按每次授课内容填写。
3、任课教师在每学期开课以前根据教学大纲编写教学日历,一式四份,经系主任(教研室主任)审阅同意后,一份自存,一份交所在系,一份交所在院(部),一份交学生。
系主任(教研室主任)签名:
任课教师签名:
篇五:英文写作读书笔记
英文写作读书笔记
王跃
2006年4月5日9点25分
英文文章写作训练
1. 阅读10 篇文献,总结100 个常用句型和常用短语。
经常复习。
注意,文献作者必须是以英文为母语者,文献内容要与你的专业有关。
这属于平时看文献的副产品。
2. 找3-5 篇技术路线和统计方法与你的课题接近的文章,精读。
写出论文的草稿。
要按照标题、作者、摘要、背景、目的、材料、方法、结果、讨论、致谢、参考文献、图例、图、表、照片和说明的统一格式来写。
这样做的好处是从它可以方便地改成任何杂志的格式。
3. 针对论文的每一部分,尤其是某种具体方法、要讨论的某一具体方面,各找5-8 篇文献阅读,充实完善。
这里讨论的只涉及英文表达,也只推荐给缺乏英文写作经验的人。
4. 找到你想投的杂志的稿约,再找2-3 篇该杂志的article,按它的格式改写。
注意,每次改写都要先另存为不同的文件名,以免出了问题不能恢复。
5. 找英文高手改。
找不到合适的人,就去找提供英语论文编辑服务(english correction and improvement,not translation)的公司,在此向有钱没时间的人强烈推荐。
你可以通过以下三种方式来了解英文文体格式:
1)杂志。
浏览杂志中的文章,并且模仿你所看到的文章结构。
2)组里以往发表的文章。
通过读以往发表的文章,你可以确切地知道一篇文章“看”起来应该怎样。
如果你写的文章与众不同,那麽它可能不是我们想要的。
3) acs的编辑的作者手册:a manual for authors and editors. (janet s. dodd, editor washington, d.c. usa 1997) 含有有用的细节,特别是针对引文部分。
我也建议你们读一读strunk和white撰写的《the elements of style》一书(longman: new york, 2000年, 第4版),从中可以找到一些使用技巧。
关于图表的设计也有两本非常精彩的书:《the visual display of quantitative information》,edward r. tufte著,graphics press出版社(1983);《envisioning information》edward r. tufte著,graphics press出版社(1990)。
注意事项:
1文摘中的特殊字符(special characters)
特殊字符主要指各种数学符号及希腊字母,它们无法直接输入计算机,因此都需转成键盘上有的字母和符号。
在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式。
因为它们的输入极为麻烦,而且极易出错,影响文摘本身的准确性,应尽力取消,或改用文字表达和叙述。
更复杂的表达式几乎难以输入,应设法用文字指引读者去看原始文献。
2缩写字及首字母缩写词(abbreviations and acronyms)
我们可以自己扩展缩略词,但必须是本专业范围内常用的、几乎是众所周知的,而且在第一次出现的缩写词后面必须用括号将全称括在里面。
如果文章用了很多的abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决
1) 在文章最好加上个appendix,把所有abreviation列表
2) 在不同的页面上,不时地给出abbreciation的含义,用来提醒读者。
3打文章时,要使用两倍行距(不用一倍或一倍半)。
冒号、逗号和句末的句号后要空一格。
要留出足够的页边空间(通常,在文章两侧、页首和页尾留出1.25英寸的空间)。
英文论文的逻辑性
一、句子上下要有连贯,不能让句子之间独立
常见的连接词语有, however, also, in addition,consequently, afterwards, moreover,
用好这些连接词,能够使观点表达得有层次,更加明确。
比如:
1)如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献,
最早的文献可用aa advocated it for the first time.
接下来,可用then bb further demonstrated that..
再接下来,可用afterwards, cc..
如果还有,可用more recent studies by dd..
2)如果叙述两种观点,要把它们截然分开
aa pput forward that...
in contrast, bb believe
or unlike aa, bb suggest
or on the contrary (表明前面的观点错误,如果只是表明两种对立的观点,用in contrast), bb.. 如果两种观点相近,可用
aa suggest
similarily, alternatively, bb..
or also, bb
or bb allso does ..
表示因果或者前后关系,可用
consequently, therefore, as a result,
表明递进关系,可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,
当写完一段英文,最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
二、段落的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。
这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。
首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
...therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. the first questuon involves...
the second problem relates to
the thrid aspect deals with...
上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
or, 可以直接用first, second, third...finally,.. 当然,furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。
三、讨论部份的整体结构
小标题是比较好的方法,把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。
一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。
补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。
一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。
文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外,一定要想办法能
让更多的外专业人读懂。
所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份,一部份提出观点,另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。
这样专业外的人士可以只了解文章的主要观点,而把比较专业的讨论当成黑箱子,而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。
总之,写文章的目的是要让读者读懂,读得清晰,并且采取各种措施方便于读者。
注意:为了使文章清楚,第一次提出概念时,最好加以个括弧,给出较为详细的解释。
英文摘要(abstract)
abstract 基本类型:报道性,指示性,报道-指示性和结构式文摘。
一、英文文摘题目(title)
即原始文献的题目,力求简单明了直接反应文献的主题。
1 英文题目开头第一字不得用 the 、and 、an 和 a;
2 英文题目第一个字母大写其余小写,下列情况除外:
⑴专用名词首字母大写;
⑵首字母缩略词全大写;
⑶德语名词第一个字母应大写;
⑷句号后任何首字母均大写。
3 文献的主副标题(题目)必须用句号分开, 不得用分号或破折号;
4 题目中尽量少用缩略词, 必用时亦需在括号中注明全称( 尽管中文文献题目中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音首字母缩略字);
5 特殊字符即数学符号和希腊字母在题目中尽量不用或少用。
二、abstract特性
注意摘要与前言的区别,有关背景资料(background information)放前言中。
1 基本特性(独立短文:独立性)
文摘叙述要简明,逻辑性强
句子结构严谨完整,尽量用短句子
ei的文摘长度一般不超过150 words,或1500字母。
美国物理学会style manual, 不超过500个单词。
2 时态
以一般现在时为主,也使用一般过去时和现在完成时。
(1)作者过去的工作,可用一般过去时;若要强调其延续性或对现在及以后影响,也可用现在完成时叙述作者已完成的工作;
如文中指出发生的日期和时间是写文章之前,必须用过去时,例:this was first known in 1930.
(2)实验结果或结论,用一般现在时;对已取得的阶段性成果也可用现在完成时;
(3)在一定范围内的有局限性的认识可用一般过去时;
(4)作者告诉读者论述怎样的主题时,可用现在时。
3 语态
目前,英文摘要仍以被动语态具多,主动语态也偶有出现,并有增长的趋势。
尽量应用主动语态代替被动语态:如 a exceeds b 比 b is exceeded by a好.
用过去时及其被动语态叙述实验方法与过程,;如表示实验前业已完成的动作(过去的过去),可用过去完成时。
例如:
the crystallized samples had been polished before they were etched in a 0.5%hf solution at a temperature of 25℃ for 2 s .
4 语法修辞
(1) 力求简捷:
at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃→ at 250 to 300℃
at a high pressure of 2 kpa → at 2 kpa
has been found to increase → increased
from the experimental results, it can be concluded that → the results show 注意冠词用法,分清 a 是泛指,the 是专指;如
pressure is a function of temperature 而不应是 pressure is a function of the temperature.
(2) 能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语,那用形容词作定语的不用名词作定语
measuring accuracy →measurement accuracy
experiment results →experimental results
(3) 可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下,要少用of句型
accuracy of measurement → measurement accuracy
structure of crystal → crystal structure
(4) 可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式
measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made →thickness of plastic sheet was measured
(5)一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰,可改用复合词,兼用后置定语,
如:thermal oxidation apparent activation energy →apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation
或者用预置短语或连字符( hyphen)断开名词组,作为单个形容词(一个形容词)。
如:the cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.→ the choloring-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index.
(6)文词要纯朴无华,不要用多姿多彩的文学性描述手法;
如 working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.
(7)组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语;
如the decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,which were exposed to 10 hr. of uv irradiation, was no longer irreversible.
→ when the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10hr. of uv irradiation.
(8)用重要的事实开头, 尽力避免用辅助从句开头;
如: from data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined. →
power consumption of telephone suitching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally.
5 一个典型示例
a detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry. the orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase. at extrusion ratio (er ) greater four, two melting peaks were observed. with increasing er, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to
higher temperature. the corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less. it is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.
此例回答了如下四个问题:
回答做了什么? (研究工作范围)
——用dsc 研究聚丙烯的熔融行为
回答怎样做的? (实验要点)
——固体拉伸取向
回答结果如何? (主要结论)
——两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化
回答原因何在? (结果的解释,结论)
——存在不同晶体
6 常用句式
(1)研究范围
(to be)carried out / performed / made / conducted
(to be) studied / investigated
(to be) described / deal with / elucidated / given / presented / developed / employed / derived / prepared / synthesized / monitored / determined / measured / observed /
recorded / examined / characterized / identified / tested / calculated / proposed / used to study / used to establish / evaluated / discussed
(2) 实验要点
(to be) prepared by the reaction of … with …
synthesized via reacting
obtained via condensation
by means of / by using / by the use of / using … as …
(3)主要结论
用that 从句或由it 引起的that 从句表示实验结果:
the results indicated that …/ the results show that …/ the results demonstrated that … / the results reveal that …
以… to be 后的表语成分表示测定、计算等的结果
the rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x106 cm3 mol-1s-1. the theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.
表示具有某种影响,以及数量的依赖、增减关系
…与…有关
…(to be)correlated with …associated with …related to …dependent upon …independent of …in relation to …in a linear relationship with …proportional to …
inversely proportional to …… depends on …the dependence of … on …… increase with the increase of …… decrease with the increase of …
(不)相符的表示方法
… (to be) in good agreement with… (to be) found to agree well with …… (to be) consistent with …… (to be) essentially identical with …… (to be) found to coincide essentially with …… (to be) closely analogous to …… (to be) similar to …good agreement (to be) found
between …… (to be) contrary to …… (to be) in contrast with …
(4)结果解释(结论)
… (to be) due to … (to be) attributed to …(may be)… (to be) assigned to ……(to be)
interpreted on the basis of …… can be caused by …… may be explained by ……originate in …… (to be) discussed in terms of …
关于结构式文摘
据统计,目前世界上约有60%的核心生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要,但此种摘要不适合
综述之类的文章。
结构式文摘是按objective(目的)、methods(方法)、results(结果)和conclusions (结论)逐一阐述论文的梗概。
1、objective项,可直接用动词不定式的一般式主动语态,如to provide, to explore, …; 使用第一人称时,用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用i。
如:in this paper we conclude …
2、methods和results 项,可用一般过去时(有时也用现在完成时)及其被动语态;methods用完整的句子,以被动句和过去时态为主。
results用一般过去时陈述实验结果。
3、conclusions 则用一般现在时
英文文章常见语言技巧
前言部分
一、如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性:
通常在叙述了前人成果之后,用however来引导不足,比如
however, little attention...little work...little data / little research have focusd on...
这种引导一般提出一种新方法,或者一种新方向。
如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样,
可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用:
however, data is still: scarce / rare / less accurate
为了强调自己研究的重要性,一般还要在however之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面,另
一方面
等等,比如:
1)时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上比较新,你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性,然后说(however),对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足
2)物性及研究手段问题
如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向,你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质,然后说对你所研究的方向和方法,研究甚少。
3)研究区域问题
首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究,然后强调这一区域研究不足
4)不确定性
虽然前人对这一问题研究很多,但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点,这种uncertanties, ambiguities,值得进一步澄清
5)提出自己的假设来验证
如果自己的研究完全是新的,没有前人的工作进行对比,在这种情况下,你可以自信地说,根据提出的过程,存在这种可能的结果,本文就是要证实这种结果。
we aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...
it is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
二、提出自己的观点
在提出自己的观点时,采取什么样的策略很重要。
不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer 的置疑。
1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的,通常要用
we confirm that...
2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用
we believe that...
3)在更通常的情况下,由数据推断出一定的结论,用:
results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4) 在极其特别的情况才可以用
we put forward (discover, observe..) .. for the first time.
来强调自己的创新。
5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用
we tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..)
or the results may be due to / caused by / attributed to / resulted from.. or this is probably a consequence of
it seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..
or it is pisible that it stem from...
三、圈定自己的研究范围
前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。
如果处理不好,reviewer会提出严厉的建议,比如你没有考虑某种可能性,某种研究手段等等。
为了减少这种争论,在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围:
1)时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序,你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。
we preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...
或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term),你可以说两者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一种
2) 研究区域的问题
和时间问题一样,明确提出你只关心这一地区
四、最后的原场
在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出,这一研究对其它研究的帮助。
或者说,further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere) 总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。
减少争论(arguments). 注意事项:
一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果,即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。
这是前人工作最起码的尊重,英文叫做给别人的工作credits.
遇到这类情况,可以婉转地提出:
their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. their results could be better convinced if they ...
or their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.
讨论部分
讨论部份包括什么内容?
1. 主要数据特征的总结
2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比
3. 本文的不足
事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。
如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞,觉得别人看不出来,是非常不明智的。
所谓不足,包括以下内容:
1. 研究的问题有点片面
讨论时一定要说,
it should be noted that this study has examined only..
we concentrate (focus) on only...
we have to point out that we do not..
some limitations of this study are...
2. 结论有些不足
the results do not imply,
the results can not be used to determine
be taken as evidence of
be taken as evidence of
unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data
our results are lack of ...
但是,在指出这些不足之后,随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足,为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。
notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest..
however, these problems culd be solved if we consdier
despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..
用中文来说,这一部份是左右逢源。
把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代,同时表明你已经在思考这些问题,但是由于文章长度,试验进度或者试验手段的制约,暂时不能回答这些问题。
但是,这些通过你的一些建议,这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。
篇六:小学期写作读书报告
读书报告
英语作为一门综合性的学科,与各种知识密切相关。
同样的,写作作为英语学习的一个方面,也需要阅读,词汇,语法,修辞等方面的支撑。
即将进入大四,等待着我们所有英语专业学生的是专八考试,为了能够顺利通关,写作决不能放松。
那么怎样才能在专八写作中拿到高分呢?
首先,我认为最重要的要有扎实的基本功。
一篇文章是由很多句子组成的,只有把每个句子写好了才有可能写好一篇文章。
通过阅读蔡基刚老师的《英汉写作修辞对比》,我发现一个句子最基本的是要做到语法正确,包括时态,搭配,代词的使用等方面。
在语法正确的基。