(必考)欧洲文化入门复习资料

第一章
填空题：
1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian
2. The Homer’s epics consisted of _________. Iliad and Odyssey
3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays” . Euripides
4. __________ is called “Father of History” . Herodotus
5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides
The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.
I“came, I saw, I conquered. ” By _______. Julius Caesar
The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.
判断题
1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes
2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians
名词解释：
1. Pax Romana
答： In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana
2. “Democrac y” in ancient Greece
答： 1 )Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the a dult male citizens.
2 ) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.
论述题：
1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?
答： 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.
2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.
A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.
B. The establishment of democracy.
C. The flourishingof science, philosophy, literature, art andhistorical writingin Athens.
3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.
4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.
5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.
2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?
答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in
Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.
1) Spirit of innovation
The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy;They
first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the
nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inheritedorthodoxy.
2) Supreme Achievement
The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour 努力 : Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.
3) Lasting effect
A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’scomedies, Plato’sDialogues,ect.
B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.
C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.
3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman
culture?
答： 1) similarities:
A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.
B.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.
C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.
2) differences:
A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.
B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military
and administrative capabilities.
4. What is the Rome historical background?
答： 1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C.,
Rome hadbeen a republic; fromthe year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.
2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land
area’sextension: Encircling the Mediterranea n.
3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.
4)In the Roman history ,there came twohundredyears of peaceful time, which
was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.
5)Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.
6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.
A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine movedthe capital fromRome
to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).
B. After 395, the empire was dividedintoEast (The Byzantine Empire) andWest
C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.
第二章
填空题：
1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity
2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament
3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ
4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible,
which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.
5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew
6.The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.
7. The first English version of whole Bible was translatedfromthe Latin Vulgate
in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.
名词解释:
1. The OldTestament
The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.
2. Pentateuch
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
3. Genesis
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, includingthe origin of the worldand
of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
4. Exodus
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt,the period when they began to receive God’sLaw. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.
5. The Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about
the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.
论述简答题：
1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?
答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.
1 ) Oneis that Jesus Christ is theSon of God, andthat Godsent himtoearth to
live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.
2 ) The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?
答： 1)Theoldest extant Greek translation of theOldTestament is known as the Septuagint. Andit is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translatedthe OldTestament.
2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.
3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgatein 1382 andwas copiedout by handby theearly groupof reformers ledby
John Wycliff.
4) After John Wycliff’sversion, appeared William Tyndale’sversion. It wa s
based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.
5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.
6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “ Authorized” or ing James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James.With its simple,majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.
7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the RevisedVersion in 1901.
8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.
3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?
答： 1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.
2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’sThe Sun AlsoRises, andSteinbeck’sEast of
Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.
第三章
填空题：
1. In _______ a Germanic ( 日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and
took control of the government. 476
2. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
3. _______ is the one who translated into L atin both Old and New T estament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome
4. ______ introducedFrench andItaly writingthe English native alliterative verse.
5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer andThe Canterbury Tales
6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages
名词解释
1. the Middle ages
In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the
Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.
2. Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin f“eudum”,a grant of land.
3. The Manor
The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.
4. Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interestingfacet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle
of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman
Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
5. Gothic
1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of
Western Europe.
2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,
into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in
history.
3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.
论述简答题：
1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith ？
答：1) Duringthe Medieval times there was nocentral government tokeepthe
order. The only organization that seemedtounite Europe was the Christian church.
2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.
3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian anda member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the leadin politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.
4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the geof Faith”.
2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?
答： 1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And
they greatly influenced the history of Europe.
2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine,
kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other
things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.
3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.
4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’sinterest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to
the West.
5) As trade increased, village andtowns began togrow intocities. Andthe rise
of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.
3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?
答： 1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:
A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.
B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interestingfacet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle
of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman
Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:
A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.
B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:
4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:
A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.
B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.
4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?
答： 1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and
mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. L iterary works were no longer all written in
Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from
Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:
A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.
B.The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.
C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.
3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:
A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.
B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.
C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first
modern poet in English literature.
D. Chaucer andthe Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.
5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?
答： 1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and
mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. L iterary works were no longer all written in
Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from
Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
2) The vernacular language usedby Mark twain refers to both local andcolloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region.
Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.
3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.
6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?
1)With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests toPope, the Roman Catholic Church seemedtobe the only unity across the
western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.
2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaninguniversal) church receivedheavy taxes from
lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.
3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turnedtothe Church for
comfort andspiritual guidance; the Church alsowas the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.
4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.
5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the
“Age of Faith ”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious;in learning,it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monk s’work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers ’ philosophy, Monasticism,Scholasticism and Experimental science.
6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.
第四章
填空题：
1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice
2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch
3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________ .
the greatness of man.
4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s
5.The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.
6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ
7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).
8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spainwas __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote
9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian
10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther
名词解释:
1. Renaissance
Generally speaking,Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist
thinkers andscholars made attempts toget ridof conservatismin feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.
2. Reformation
The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a
socio-political movement.It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which
swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engagedthemselves in translatingthe Bible intotheir mother
tongues.
3. Counter-Reformation
By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church hadlost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.
论述简答题：
1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?
答： The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the
year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.
1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.
2)Dias:Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.
3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to
India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.
4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour Americawas named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.
2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?
答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.
2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.
3)In educational andcultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.
4)In religion,Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.
5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.
6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.
3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?
答：1、The Renaissance createda culture which freedman todiscover andenjoy
the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.
2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.。