胡适_不要抛弃学问 中英

不要抛弃学问
胡适
Never Give up the Pursuit of Learning
——中国公学十八年级毕业赠言诸位毕业同学：
Dear Students of the Graduating Class,
你们现在要离开母校了，我没有什么礼物送给你们，只好送你们一句话罢。

As①you are leaving your alma mater②, I have nothing to offer you as a gifts except a word of advice③.
①as作连词的用法1. as...as的用法as...as意为"和……一样"，表示同级的比较。

使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。

其基本结构为：as+ adj./ adv. +as。

例如：
(1)This film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。

(2)Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。

其否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。

例如：
This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。

若有修饰成分，如twice, three times, half, a quarter等，则须置于第一个as 之前。

例如：
Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。

几个关于as...as的常见句型：
(1)as...as possible Please answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题。

(2)as...as usual/before She looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。

(3)as long as... (引导条件状语从句) It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan.我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划。

(4)as far as He walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚，他一直散步到火车站。

(5)as well as She cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。

一些带有as...as结构的常见短语归纳：
as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样忙碌
as easy as ABC像ABC一样容易
as deep as a well像井一样深
as light as a feather像羽毛一样轻
as soft as butter像黄油一样软
as rich as a Jew像犹太人一样富裕
2. as用作连词引导时间状语从句
as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是"当……的时候"。

但它们有区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用while时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。

例如：
(1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。

(2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。

(3) You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。

3. as用作连词引导原因状语从
as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是"因为，由于"，但它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作"既然"。

例如：
(1) He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。

(2) Since you are so sure of it he‖ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。

(3) As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。

4. as作连词引导让步状语从句
as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是"虽然，尽管"，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用yet；as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序；however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。

例如：
(1) Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。

(2) Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。

(3) However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。

②：Alma mater母校(Latin alma "nourishing/kind", mater "mother"; pl. [rarely used] almae matres) is a term that was used in ancient Rome as a title for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele, and later in Christianity for the Virgin Mary. In many modern languages it is principally heard as a term of academia. It may also refer to the school, college or university from which an individual has graduated or which they have attended, and is usually the one from which one has received a
bachelor's degree or associate's degree– i.e., where one is considered an
alumnus/alumna.
③a word of advice一句忠告片语良言
这一句话是：―不要抛弃学问。

‖以前的功课也许一大部分是为了这张毕业文凭不得已而做的。

从今以后，你们可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了。

趁现在年富力强的时候，努力做一种专门学问。

少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。

即为吃饭计，学问绝不会辜负人的。

吃饭而不求学问，三年五年之后，你们都要被后进少年淘汰掉的。

到那时再想做点学问来补救，恐怕已太晚了。

My advice is, "Never give up the pursuit of learning." You①have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining②the diploma, or, in other words, out of sheer necessity③.However④, from now on you are free to follow your own bent⑤in the choice of studies. While you①are in the prime of life⑥, why not⑦devote yourselves to a special field of study? Youth will soon be gone never to return⑧. And it①will be too late for you①to go into scholarship when in your declining years⑨. Knowledge will do you a good turn even as a means of subsistence. If you give up studies while holding a job, you will in a couple of years have had yourselves replaced by⑩younger people. It will then be too late to remedy the situation by picking up studies again.
①：增主语
②：obtain vt.获得；得到He failed to obtain a scholarship.他没有获得奖学金。

At last, their company obtained the mining concession.他们的公司最终获得了采矿权。

vi.流行；通用；存在不及物动词Your dress still obtains now.你的这款套裙现在还很流行。

The word has obtained general currency.该词已经通用了。

③：out of 1．表示地点(从里向外) ①Fish can not live out of water．鱼离开了水就不能活。

②This animal is not found out of certain areas in Africa．这种动物只在非洲某些地区有。

(在非洲的某些地区之外，是没有这种动物的。

)
③This plant is situated only five miles out of the city.那个工厂离市区仅五英里。

2．表示动作或运动的方向①As Ine pulled out of the garage，I saw the gun pointing against the car window．当我们把车开出车库时，我看见那支枪顶住了车窗玻璃。

②They walked out of the supermarket．他们走出了超级市场。

3．表示部分关系①This will happen in nine cases out of ten．这种情况十之八九会发生。

②This is but one instance out of many．那只不过是许多例子中的一个而已
4．表示―在……范围以外‖，―越出……界限之外‖①The ship is out of sight．船已看不见了。

②They sang out of tune．他们唱得来了调。

③This plan is out of the ordinary．这是一个非凡的计划。

Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心为净。

5．表示―出于……动机‖，―由于……原因‖①The traffic accident was out of carelessness in diving．这起交通事故是由于粗心驾驶所致。

②The treatment o f t h e
t o p i c i s out of necessity much condensed．由于需要，关于这个问题的阐述已大加压缩。

6．表示竭尽和缺乏①We are out of tea．我们的茶叶用完了。

②This book is out of print．这本书绝版了。

③That novel is out of stock．那本小说脱销了。

7．表示材料或来源①He made the box out of old planks．他用旧木板做了箱子。

②This paragraph is out of Marx’s works in the original．这一段引自马克思原著。

8．与某些动词连用，表示―放弃‖；―丧失‖①He talked his wife out of buying a new bicycle．他说服他的妻子不要买新自行车。

②I couldn't persuade him out of the resolution．我没能说服他改变决心。

Sheer 完全的，陡峭的
⑤follow your own bent=follow your own inclination 做自己感兴趣的事或者爱做的事造句
⑥in the prime of life 年富力强他今年28岁，正当壮年。

At the age of 28, he is in the prime of his life.
⑦why not 正话反说
⑧青春一去不复返时间的英文谚语积累：Time has wings. Time reveals(discloses) all things. 万事日久自明Time and tide wait for no man.
Go into scholarship=to engage in learning: 做学问
⑨in your declining years Your products decline in quality.
有人说：―出去做事之后，生活问题亟须解决，哪有工夫去读书？即使要做学问，既没有图书馆，又没有实验室，哪能做学问？‖Some people say, "Once you have a job, you'll①come up against
②the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to③find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or laboratory available④?"
①：虚拟语气，主将从现。

主将从现是指在时间状语从句和条件状语
从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。

常见的有以下四种情况：
一、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时
如：When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients
我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人
二、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时
如：Don’t laugh at me when I make a mistake.
我犯错误的时候不要笑话我。

三、如果主句是含有情态动词的一般现在时，根据需要从句多用一般现在时如：You should be quiet when you are in the reading room
在阅览室时应保持安静
四. 如果if的条件状语从句遇到变换间接和直接时 , 祈使句应用not to.... 如; She said not to close the window
常见的时间状语从句的连词有：as soon as,when,while ,as,until等
主将从现说的是在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的时态是一般将来时，那么从句要用一般现在时。

例如：
I will tell him about it when he comes.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.
如果主句的时态是过去将来时，那么从句要用一般过去时。

例如：
He said that he would have another try if he had the chance.
I knew he could help me if he was free the next day.
主要标志有：if unless until when as soon as
②come up against
meet（difficulties，opposition）遭到；应付（困难）；和…相抵触
The workers on strike came up against their employer's unwillingness to pay high wages．罢工的工人们与不愿给他们增加工资的雇主相对抗。

You may come up against a bit of opposition．你可能会遭到一些反对。

③ manage to do sth 设法达成
How do you manage to do such a thing? 你是怎么设法做这样的事?
I think we could manage to crowd a few more in. 我想我们可以设法再多装几个进去。

④ available 可获得的
Make sure the name is available. 确保名字可用But the area available
is much smaller 但是可使用面积小得多。

There are many validated assessments available. 有多种有效的评估手段。

我要对你们说：凡是要等到有图书馆方才读书的，有了图书馆也不肯读书。

凡是要等到有了实验室方才做研究的，有了实验室也不肯做研究。

你有了决心要研究一个问题，自然会撙衣节食去买书，自然会想出法子来设置仪器。

Now let me tell you this. Those who①refuse to②study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library③. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on
④food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments.
①：增译
②：正反表达
③主将从现
④cut down on = economize on 节约
至于时间，更不成问题。

达尔文一生多病，不能多做工，每天只能做一点钟的工作。

你们看他的成绩！每天花一点钟看10页有用的书，每年可看3600多页书，30年读约11万页书。

Time is no object①. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health②. Yet③what a remarkable man he was④! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3600 pages a year, and 110 000 pages in 30 years.
①：no object=no problem 不成问题不在话下
②：找出短句中句与句的练习，省译不必要信息。

Ill health：Ill health is a state that we avoid thinking about until it actually hits us.
生病的状态是我们一直会逃避去思考，而它却真正会伤害到我们。

The death of kim jong il on dec. 17 was sudden but not unexpected, since he had been in ill health for several years. 今年12月17日金正日的去世虽然事发突然，却并非出人意料，因为几年来他身体一直不好。

③：语意增译
④：视角转移
诸位，十万页书可以使你成为一个学者了。

可是，每天看3种小报也得费你一点钟的工夫；4圈麻将也得费你一点半钟的光阴。

看小报呢，还是打麻将呢，还是努力做一个学者呢？全靠你们自己的选择！
Dear students 110 000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned
man of you①. It will take you one hour to read three tabloids②a day, and one and half hours to finish four rounds of mah-jong a day. Reading
tabloids, playing mah-jong or striving to be③a learned man, the choice lies with you④.
①：参照out of
②：tabloid：通俗小报，文摘
That's a tabloid way of looking at it. 这就是以庸俗的眼光看问题了。

The case interests not just the tabloid press. 这一案件不仅引起了小报的兴趣。

③：strive to do sth 努力去做某事
④：it’s up to you to make the choice
易卜生说：―你的最大责任是把你这块材料铸造成器。

‖学问便是
铸器的工具，抛弃了学问便是毁了你自己。

Henrik Ibsen①says, "It is your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful implement.②" Learning is the casting mould. Forsake ③learning, and you will ruin yourself.
①
取得现代突破的中心人物易卜生，被公认为现代戏剧之父。

他的剧作仍然具有巨大的现实意义，仍在世界各地继续上演。

据说，易卜生是继莎士比亚之后在世界上被上演最多的剧作家。

《玩偶之家》(1879),又译《娜拉》或《傀儡家庭》。

女主人公娜拉伪造父亲的签字向人借钱，为丈夫海尔茂医病。

丈夫了解原委后，生怕因此影响自己的名誉地位，怒斥妻子下贱无耻。

当债主在娜拉的女友感化下主动退回借据时，海尔茂又对妻子装出一副笑脸。

娜拉看透了丈夫的自私和夫妻间的不平等，不甘心做丈夫的玩偶，愤然出走。

《玩偶之家》演出后,引起了激烈的反响。

娜拉要求个性解放、不做"贤妻良母"的坚决态度,遭到上流社会的责难和非议。

但易卜生并没有在责难面前退却，他继续创作问题剧，揭露社会问题。

从1901年首届诺贝尔文学奖颁发开始，他就被提名为候选人，一直是强有力的竞争者之一，可惜前两次都失之交臂，当1903年瑞典文学院将目光投向斯堪的纳维亚半岛，特别是挪威以来，他的希望大增，可是同胞比昂斯滕·比昂松成为了他最大的竞争者，由于两人实力相当，曾经有人建议，两人同时获奖，可是有些院士以不符合评奖章程而否决，二人只能择其一，由于前两届得主都因为生病原因未能亲自前来领奖，瑞典文学院不希望今年再次有得主缺席，由于七十五岁的易卜生身患重病、卧床不起；而七十一岁的比昂逊虽也年迈，但还是生气勃勃，创作力旺盛。

这样，瑞典学院选最终把文学奖单独颁发给比昂逊。

②：背熟
③：抛弃，遗弃，摒弃
再会了！你们的母校眼睁睁地要看你们10年之后成什么器。

Farewell! Your alma mater is watching eagerly①to see what will become of you ten years from now.
①：眼睁睁地无可奈何地热切地
3. 张培基译文
Dear Students of the Graduating Class,
As you are leaving your alma mater, I have nothing to offer you as a gift except a word of advice.
My advice is, "Never give up the pursuit of learning." You have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma, or, in other words, out of sheer necessity. However, from now on you are free to follow your own bent in the choice of studies. While you are in the prime of life, why not devote yourselves to a special field of study? Youth will soon be gone never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years. Knowledge will do you
a good turn even as a means of subsistence. If you give up studies while holding a job, you will in a couple of years have had yourselves replaced by younger people. It will then be too late to remedy the situation by picking up studies again.
Some people say, "Once you have a job, you'll come up against the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or laboratory available?"
Now let me tell you this. Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instrumnets.
Time is no object. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health. Yet what a remarkable man he was! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3600 pages a year, and 110 000 pages in 30 years.
Dear students 110 000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of you. It will take you one hour to read three tabloids a day, and one and half hours to finish four rounds of mah-jong a day. Reading tabloids,
playing mah-jong or striving to be a learned man, the choice lies with
you.
Henrik Ibsen says, "It is your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful implement."
Learning is the casting mould. Forsake learning, and you will ruin yourself.
Farewell! Your alma mater is watching eagerly to see what will become of you ten years from now.
3.
∙
∙胡适（1891一1962），原名胡洪［马辛］，字适之，安徽省绩溪县人，现代学者、中国自由主义的先驱。

早年因提倡文学革命而成为新文化运动的领袖之一。

他兴趣广泛，著述丰富。

作为学者在文学、哲学、史学、考据学、教育学、伦理学、红学等诸多领域都有进行研究，曾任北京大学教授、北大文学院院长等职。

胡适深受英国著名博物学家赫胥黎与杜威的影响，毕生宣扬自由主义，提倡怀疑主义，并以《新青年》月刊为阵地，宣传民主、科学。

毕生倡言―大胆的假设，小心的求证‖、―言必有征‖的治学方法。

1962年2月24日于中央研究院开会时心脏病猝发病逝于台北南港。