中考英语语法总复习:九大句子成分(主谓宾定状补)
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中考英语语法总复习:九大句子成分(主谓宾定状补)
构成篇章的基本单位是句子,每个句子是由词或短语构成的,这些词或短语便是句子成分。
不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构,这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。
句子成分、基本句型、句子种类、句子结构时英语句法的基础。
组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。
句子成分包括:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语(object complement)、主语补足语(subject complement)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)等。
主语和谓语是句子的主题部分,其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。
一、主语
名词、代词,数词、不定式、动词的-ing形式、从句等可作句子的主语。
1)名词或名词短语作主语
例句:The instinct of a man is to pursue everything that flies from him,and to fly from all that pursue him.
人的本能是追逐从他身边飞走的所有东西,却逃离追逐的东西。
例句:The Lord prefers common-looking people.That is the reason he makes so many of them.
上帝喜欢长相平凡的人,所以他创造了这么多普通的人。
例句:A light wind woke among the trees.
微风从林间掠过。
2)代词作主语
例句:This is all I want.Nothing else.
这就是我想要的全部,没别的。
例句:Who teaches you folk music ?
谁教你们民间音乐?
例句:We do not remember days;we remember moments.
我们并不记得每一天;但我们记得某些时刻。
3)数词作主语
例句:Three is enough for each of us.
三个对于我们每个人来说足够了。
例句:Four and five makes nine.Have you worked it out,Jeff ?
四加五等于九。
你算出来了吗,杰夫?
例句:Two-thirds of them can play more than one musical instrument.
他们中三分之二的人会演奏一种以上的乐器。
4)名词化形容词和名词化分词作主语
例句:The beautiful is life.
美就是生活。
例句:The wounded should be sent to hospital at once.
受伤人员应立即送往医院。
例句:Sorrow makes us all children again,destroys all difference of intellect.The wisest knows nothing.
悲伤使我们又变成了孩子,所有智力上的差别都被抹去了,即使最明智的人也变得一无所知。
5)动词不定式或不定式短语作主语
例句:Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.
岁月在皮肤上刻下皱纹,但没有了热情会在心灵上刻下皱纹。
例句:To give reason for fancy were to weigh the fire,and measure the wind.
给幻想找出原因好比称火的重量、量风的尺寸。
6)动词-ing形式作主语
例句:Remembering is a dream that comes in waves.
回忆是层层涟漪中出现的梦。
例句:Saving is having.
节约即是创收。
例句:Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
7)从句作主语
作主语的从句称为主语从句,可由that,whether,wh-词等引导。
例句:That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble.
他忘了告诉我开会的时间,给我带来了很多麻烦。
例句:What we can't get seems better than what we have.
我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。
有时介词短语、副词或其短语也可作主语。
例句:Between six and seven in the morning is the time I go jogging.
早晨六点至七点是我慢跑的时间。
例句:Nearby is a good place for camping.
附近是宿营的好地方。
二、谓语
谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。
谓语的中心词时限定动词,有人称、数的变化。
谓语大体上可以分为两类:简单谓语和复合谓语。
1)简单谓语
凡是由一个动词或短语动词构成,不管是什么时态、语态、语气,都是简单谓语。
例句:I have tried this way three times and failed three times.
我用这种方法试了三次,失败了三次。
例句:Most of the beauty of women evaporates when they achieve domestic happiness at the price of their independence.
当一个女人以牺牲个人的独立为代价来求得家庭的幸福时,她们也就失去了大部分的美。
例句:The best thinking has been done in solitude.
最好的思想是在孤独中成就的。
2)复合谓语
复合谓语一般由两部分构成:一是带不定式的复合谓语(由情态动词或某些动词加不定式结构);一是带表语的复合谓语(由系动词或少数其他动词加表语构成)。
例句:I would like to invite all my friends to the get-together.
我想邀请我所有的朋友去参加聚会。
例句:Life does not have to be perfect to be wonderful.
精彩的人生未必完美。
例句:Marriage may be compared to a cage: the birds outside despair to get in,and those within despair to get out.
婚姻如鸟笼:外面的鸟儿想进进不去,里面的鸟儿想出出不来。
三、表语
表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合宾语,用来说明主语的特征、属性、状态、身份等。
充当表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。
1)名词作表语
例句:Society is a masked ball,where everyone hides his real character,and reveals it by hiding.
社会是个假面舞会,人人都掩饰着真实身份,而又正因为这种伪装暴露了真面目。
例句:The world is a book,and those who do not travel read only one page.
世界是一本书,不旅行的人只读了一页。
例句:Love is a sweet torment.
爱是一种甜蜜的折磨。
2)代词作表语
例句:You are many,but they are few.
你们人多,但他们人少。
例句:Seventy-four ? You don't look it.
七十四岁?真是看不出来。
例句:Whose is that sweater ? It has been lying there for a whole day.
那是谁的毛衣?它已经放在那儿一整天了。
3)数词作表语
例句:She was the first to leave but the last to arrive.
她是第一个走的,却是最后一个到的。
例句:I'll be eighteen in May,which will be an important time in my life.
到五月份我就十八岁了,那将是我一生中重要的时刻。
4)形容词作表语
例句:Please feel free to say what you really think.
请随便谈谈你的真实想法吧。
例句:The sky looks much higher in autumn.
秋天天空看上去更高。
5)动词的-ing形式和-ed形式作表语
例句:It's surprising that you haven't met.
你们两个人没有见过面,这挺奇怪的。
例句:I'm much worried about my mother's health.
我对母亲的健康状况感到担忧。
例句:Celebration is more than a happy feeling.Celebration is an experience.It is liking others,accepting others,laughing with others.
庆祝不仅是一种快乐的感觉,它也是一段经历,是喜欢别人,接受别人,同别人一起欢笑的经历。
6)动词不定式或短语作表语
例句:My wish is to become an artist.
我的愿望就是当一名艺术家。
例句:A great obstacle to happiness is to anticipating too great a happiness.
通往幸福的最大障碍就是对幸福苛求太多。
7)副词及其短语作表语
例句:Is anybody in?
有人在吗?
例句:I'm now downstairs,waiting for you.
我正在楼下等你。
例句:Class was over at last after the long and dull lecture.
讲座又长又枯燥,最后终于下课了。
8)介词短语作表语
例句:My hometown is among mountains.
我的家乡位于群山之间。
例句:Learn to say no.It will be of more use to you than to be able to read Latin.
要学会说不,它比能读懂拉丁文有用多了。
9)从句作表语
例句:The tragedy of life is not that man loses but that he almost wins.
生活的悲剧性不在于一个人输了而在于他差点赢了。
例句:The main barrier between East and West today is that the white man is not willing to give up his superiority and the colored man is no longer willing to endure his inferiority.
今天存在于东西方之间的主要障碍是,百人不愿意放弃其优越感而有色人种已不甘忍受其卑贱地位。
四、宾语
(一)宾语种类
英语中有直接宾语、间接宾语、复合宾语等。
凡能作主语的词或短语都可作宾语。
另外从句也可以作宾语,称为宾语从句。
1)直接宾语
直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果,大多数动词后跟直接宾语。
例句:Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.
三种情感,虽朴实却无可抗拒地主宰着我的生命:对爱的渴望,对知识的求索,以及对人类遭受苦难的怜悯。
例句:In the long run the pessimist may be proved right,but the optimist has a better time on the trip.
长远看来也许悲观者是正确的,但乐观者在路上会过得更愉快一些。
例句:Conceit may puff a man up,but it can never prop him up.
自负可以使一个人膨胀起来,但永远不能支撑柱他。
2)间接宾语
间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的。
例句:If one man offers you democracy and another offers you a bag of grain,at what stage of starvation will you prefer the grain to vote ?
如果一个人给你民主,而另一个人给你一袋粮食,饥饿到什么程度你才要粮食而不要选举权呢?
(you为间接宾语,democracy和a bag of grain为直接宾语)
例句:She bought me a nice gift.
她给我买了一件精美的礼物。
(me为间接宾语,a nice gift为直接宾语)
例句:He played us some light music.
他给我们演奏了一些轻音乐。
(us为间接宾语,some light music为直接宾语)
3)复合宾语
“宾语+宾语补足语”结构构成了复合宾语,宾语与补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。
例句:She asked me to help her.
她让我帮助她。
(me为宾语,to help her为宾语补足语)
例句:We all find him a nice boy.
我们都发现他是一个不错的男孩。
(him为宾语,a nice boy为宾语补足语)
例句:Don't make your children study.
不要逼着孩子学习。
(your children为宾语,study为宾语补足语)
4)同源宾语
它是指由名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾语,前面常有修饰语。
Laugh a good laugh大笑
Blow a heavy blow沉重一击
Smile a gentle smile微微一笑
Sing a sweet song唱了一首甜美的歌
Dream a terrible dream做了一个噩梦
Die a glorious death光荣牺牲
注意!英语中除了动词有宾语外,介词也有宾语。
例句:I'm interested in playing the piano.
我对弹钢琴很感兴趣。
(playing the piano作介词in的宾语)
例句:They are fond of expressing their own views and opinions.
他们喜欢发表自己的观点和看法。
(expressing...作介词of的宾语)
(二)作宾语的成分
可以作宾语的成分主要有:名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动词的-ing形式和从句等。
1)名词或名词短语作宾语
例句:Marriage has many pains,but celibacy has no pleasures.
婚姻有许多痛苦,但独身生活也没有快乐。
例句:By all means marry.If you get a good wife,you will become very happy;if you get a bad one,you will become a philosopher.
无论如何都要结婚。
如果你娶了个好妻子,你会无比幸福;如果你的妻子很糟糕,那么你将成为一个哲人。
2)代词作宾语
例句:You can play with them and they won't hurt you.
你可以和它们玩,它们不会伤害你的。
例句:You can't say civilizations don't advance,however,for in every war they kill you a new way.
然而,你不能说文明没有进步,因为每次战争都有新的杀人方法出现。
例句:I'm fond of foreign stamps.How about you?
我很喜欢国外的邮票,你呢?
3)数词作宾语
例句:If you put 5 and 7together,you will get 12,little Tom.
小汤姆,如果你八5和7加起来,会得到12.
例句:I received ten before Christmas,and the rest of postcards were late.
我在圣诞节前收到了十张明信片,其他的全来迟了。
4)名词化的形容词、名词化的分词形式作宾语
例句:We should help the poor.
我们应当帮助穷人。
例句:They sent the five injured to the hospital as quickly as possible.
他们尽可能快地把五位伤者送到了最近的医院。
5)不定式作宾语
例句:When a man is trying to sell you something,don't imagine he is that polite all the time.
当一个人竭力向你推销东西时,不要想象他一直都这么彬彬有礼。
例句:Are you planing to travel this summer ?
今年夏天你打算去旅行吗?
6)动词-ing形式作宾语
例句:Please stop making noise and I am trying to record some songs.
请不要制造噪音,我正要录一些歌曲。
例句:I enjoy reading foreign stories,especially American ones.
我喜欢读国外的故事,尤其是美国的。
7)从句作宾语
作宾语的从句称为宾语从句。
例句:You can go where you want to go,do what you want to do,have what you want to have,and be what you want to be.
你可以去你想去的地方,做你想做的事情,拥有你想拥有的一切,成为你想成为的人。
例句:One of the oldest human needs is having someone to wonder where you are when you don't come home at night.
人类最老的需求之一是:当你晚上没有回家的时候,有那么一个人想知道你在哪里。
五、同位语
对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明,与前面被修饰部分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。
同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。
可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词和从句等。
例句:We have two foreign teachers,a Canadian and an American.
我们有两位外籍教师,一位是加拿大人,一位是美国人。
(名词作同位语)
例句:They each can have a chance to travel by air.
他们每个人都有机会坐飞机旅行。
(代词作同位语)
例句:Are you three ready to start out ?
你们三个都准备好出发了吗?(数词作同位语)
例句:The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is true.
我们明天放假的消息是真的。
(从句作同位语)
六、定语
定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语,它常和名词构成名词短语。
定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
1)前置定语
可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词-ing形式等。
例句:Look at these beautiful flowers !
看这些美丽的鲜花!(形容词作前置定语)
例句:Write it on your heart that everyday is the best day of the year.
用心记住吧,每天都是一年中最好的日子。
(代词作前置定语)
例句:She cut the cake into two pieces.
她把蛋糕切成了两块。
(数词作前置定语)
例句:This is a stone table.
这是一张石头桌子。
(名词作定语)
例句:Put the child in the sleeping bag.
把孩子放进睡袋。
(动名词作前置定语)
例句:You should adapt to the changing situation.
你应该适应不断变化的形势。
(现在分词作前置定语)
2)后置定语
可以充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing形式、动词的-ed 形式等。
例句:I have got something interesting to tell every one of you.
我想告诉你们一件有趣的事。
(形容词作后置定语)
例句:Fame usually comes to those who are thinking about something else.
名誉通常落到那些没想到会成名的人身上。
(副词作后置定语)
例句:The books on the top shelf were just bought.
最上方架子上的书是刚买的。
(介词短语作后置定语)
例句:This is the best way to solve this problem.
这是解决这个问题的最佳办法。
(不定式作后置定语)
例句:A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hard-working man.
听见报晓马上起床的人是勤劳的人。
(动词的-ing形式作定语)
例句:Love sought is good,but given unsought is better.
经寻觅而得到的爱情是美好的,但未经寻觅而得到的爱情更为美好。
(动词过去式作后置定语)
七、状语
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或其他状语成分的。
它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。
充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词和名词等。
例句:Tom speaks English very fast.
汤姆英语说得很快。
(副词作状语)
例句:It is one of the beautiful compensations of this life that no one can sincerity try to help another without helping himself.
一个人想真心帮助别人的时候也必然帮了他自己,这是此生的美好补偿之一。
(副词作状语)
例句:Don't step on the grass.
请勿践踏草地。
(介词短语作状语)
例句:We eat to live not live to eat.
我们吃饭是为了活着,而不是活着为了吃饭。
(不定式作状语)
例句:Arriving there,call me up.
到了之后,给我来个电话。
(现在分词作状语)
例句:The boy went home,hungry and tired.
男孩又累又饿地回到家了。
(形容词作状语)
例句:Come this way please.
请走这边。
(名词作状语)
八、补足语
有些动词除需要一个宾语外,还需要有个宾语补足语句子意义才能完整。
宾语和宾语补足语构成复合宾语,它们逻辑上有主谓关系,这是判断宾语补足语的主要依据。
含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动句时,宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。
名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、不定式等皆可作补足语。
例句:Hatred is something peculiar.You will always find it strongest and most violet where there is the lowest degree of culture.
仇恨往往爆发得最强烈。
(形容词作宾语补足语)
例句:Will you please invite all of them in?
你能不能把他们都邀请来?(副词作宾语补足语)
例句:He was once again found wandering along the city street.
有人再次发现他在城市街头流浪。
(现在分词短语作主语补足语)
有些介词的宾语有时也需要有补足语,构成介词宾语的复合结构。
例句:We were all excited,with the bonfire burning late into the night.
篝火一直烧到深夜,我们都很兴奋。
(现在分词作补足语)
九、独立成分
与句子没有关系或关系很松、独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。
感叹词、呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。
1)感叹词
感叹词多置于句首。
例句:There,there! Never mind. It's nothing serious at all.
得了,得了!没什么,根本没什么要紧的。
例句:Oh,no.I never thought it would be so worse.
噢,不会吧。
我从没想到竟会这么糟糕。
例句:Aha! I've got you right here.
啊哈!终于在这里找到你了。
2)呼语
呼语可置于句首、句中或句尾。
例句:Hi,everyone! Allow me to introduce myself.
喂,大家好!请允许我介绍一下我自己。
例句:Look out,John!There's a car running over.
小心,约翰!有辆车开过来了。
3)插入语
例句:Nobody know it,I say,nobody.
没人知道这件事,我是说,一个人都没有。
例句:I can't make it Friday,I'm afraid.
恐怕星期五不行。
例句:Who can be fit for the job,do you think? 你认为谁能胜任这项工作?。