sqlserver 授权规则

sqlserver 授权规则
英文版
SQL Server Authorization Rules
SQL Server, a widely used relational database management system, implements authorization rules to ensure data security and integrity. These rules govern how users can access and interact with the database. Understanding these rules is crucial for effective database management and maintaining data confidentiality.
1. Principles of SQL Server Authorization:
Principles of Least Privilege: Users should be granted the minimum necessary permissions to perform their tasks. This principle minimizes the risk of unauthorized access or misuse of data.
Separation of Duties: Key tasks and responsibilities should be divided among different individuals to prevent fraud or abuse.
2. Types of SQL Server Authorization:
Windows Authentication: It uses Windows security features to authenticate users. With this method, SQL Server integrates with Windows security, leveraging existing user accounts and groups.
SQL Server Authentication: It uses a separate SQL Server login account for authentication. This method is useful when Windows Authentication is not feasible or desired.
3. Granting Permissions in SQL Server:
Database-level Permissions: These permissions control access to specific databases. Common examples include
db_datareader, db_datawriter, and db_owner.
Object-level Permissions: These permissions control access to specific objects within a database, such as tables, views, or stored procedures. Permissions like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE can be granted at this level.
Statement-level Permissions: These permissions control access to specific statements or operations within a database.
However, SQL Server does not provide statement-level permissions; permissions are typically granted at the database or object level.
4. Managing Authorization in SQL Server:
Roles: Roles are groups of permissions that can be assigned to users. This simplifies permission management by allowing multiple permissions to be assigned to a role, and then assigning the role to users.
Dynamic Management Views and Functions: SQL Server provides dynamic management views (DMVs) and functions that allow administrators to query and monitor authorization settings and activities.
5. Importance of Regular Reviews and Updates:
Regularly reviewing and updating authorization settings is crucial to maintaining data security. As user roles and responsibilities change, so should their permissions. Additionally, it's important to keep up with any security updates
or patches released by Microsoft to ensure the latest security features are implemented.
In summary, understanding and implementing effective authorization rules in SQL Server is essential for maintaining data security, integrity, and confidentiality. By adhering to principles of least privilege, separation of duties, and regularly reviewing and updating permissions, administrators can mitigate the risks associated with unauthorized access or misuse of data.
中文版
SQL Server授权规则
SQL Server是一种广泛使用的关系型数据库管理系统，它实施授权规则以确保数据的安全性和完整性。

这些规则决定了用户如何访问和与数据库进行交互。

了解这些规则对于有效的数据库管理和维护数据机密性至关重要。

1. SQL Server授权原则：
最小权限原则：用户应被授予执行其任务所需的最小必要权限。

这一原则最小化了未经授权访问或滥用数据的风险。

职责分离：关键任务和职责应分配给不同的个人，以防止欺诈或滥用。

2. SQL Server授权类型：
Windows身份验证：它使用Windows安全功能对用户进行身份验证。

使用这种方法，SQL Server与Windows安全集成，利用现有的用户帐户和组。

SQL Server身份验证：它使用单独的SQL Server登录帐户进行身份验证。

当Windows身份验证不可行或不可取时，这种方法很有用。

3. 在SQL Server中授予权限：
数据库级别权限：这些权限控制对特定数据库的访问。

常见的示例包括db_datareader、db_datawriter和db_owner。

对象级别权限：这些权限控制对数据库中特定对象的访问，如表、视图或存储过程。

在此级别可以授予SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE等权限。

语句级别权限：这些权限控制对数据库中特定语句或操作的访问。

但是，SQL Server不提供语句级别权限；权限通常在数据库或对象级别授予。

4. 在SQL Server中管理授权：
角色：角色是权限的集合，可以分配给用户。

这简化了权限管理，允许将多个权限分配给角色，然后将角色分配给用户。

动态管理视图和函数： SQL Server提供了动态管理视图（DMVs）和函数，允许管理员查询和监视授权设置和活动。

5. 定期审查和更新的重要性：
定期审查和更新授权设置对于维护数据安全性至关重要。

随着用户角色和职责的变化，他们的权限也应相应变化。