Civil Procedure

Civil Procedure
Broadly speaking, civil procedure consists of the rules by which courts conduct civil trials. "Civil trials" concern the judicial resolution of claims by one individual or group against another and are to be distinguished from criminal trials, in which the state prosecutes an individual for violation of criminal law.
从广义上讲，民事诉讼程序包括法院进行民事审判的规则。

“民事审判”涉及一个个人或团体对另一方的权利主张
的司法解决，与刑事审判不同，在刑事审判中，国家对违反刑法的个人进行公诉。

“Procedure"is to be distinguished from " substantive law" in that substantive law defines the rights and duties of everyday conduct, such as in contract law or tort law.
“程序”与“实体法”的区别在于实体法定义了日常行为的权利和义务，例如
合同法或侵权法。

A procedural system provides the mechanism for applying substantive law to real disputes. Such a system sets guidelines as to what information the judge or jury receives, how that information is to be presented, and by what standards of proof (e. g. beyond a reasonable doubt, by clear and convincing evidence by a preponderance of the evidence) the information will be adjudged. An effective procedural system ensures that similar cases will be treated similarly by the courts.
程序制度提供了将实体法应用于实际纠纷解决的机制。

这样的机制
就法官或陪审团接收哪些信息、如何呈现该信息以及根据何种证明标准审查信息（例如，排除合理怀疑，通过具有优势的证据的明确
和令人信服的证据）设定指引规则。

有效的程序制度确保法院能够同案同判。

Although the majority of suits filed in the United States are settled before trial through negotiated settlements or arbitration, civil procedure strictly defined applies only in formal courts of law.
尽管在美国提起的大多数诉讼都是在审判前通过协商解决或仲裁解决的，但严格定义的民事诉讼程序仅适用于正式的法院。

Under the U. S. “common law" system, the initial burden is on the complaining party (the Plaintiff) to file suit in court. The Plaintiff also has the initial burden of demonstrating that she has a legitimate claim.
在美国“普通法”制度下，初始责任是由
原告方（原告）向法庭提起诉讼。

原告也有最初的责任证明其有合法的主张。

In the U.S., civil procedure usually takes the form of a series of rules and judicial practices. The federal courts follow the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; the state courts follow their own state rules of civil procedure.
在美国，民事诉讼通常采取一系列规则和司法实践的形式。

联邦法院遵循联邦民事诉讼规则；州法院遵循自己的州民事诉讼规则。

In federal courts, evidentiary rules are governed by the Federal Rules of Evidence. The state courts follow their own state rules of evidence.
在联邦法院，证据规则受联邦证据规则管辖。

州法院遵循自己的州证据规则。

Personal Jurisdiction
Personal jurisdiction refers to the ability of a court to exercise power over a particular defendant or item of property. It may be categorized as in personam, in rem，or quasi in rem. The primary limitations on a court's power to exercise personal jurisdiction are found in the United States Constitution and state statutes.
属人管辖权是指法院对特定被告或财产行使权力的能力。

它可以分为对人、对物或准对物管辖。

法院行使属人管辖权的主要限制见美国宪法和州法规。

Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The subject matter jurisdiction of the federal courts is limited to that authorized by the Constitution as implemented by federal statute and decisional law. In general, it may be categorized as follows:
联邦法院的对物管辖权仅限于宪法授权并由联邦成文法和判例
法实施的管辖权。

一般来说，可以分为以下几类：
Diversity of Citizenship Jurisdiction
Diversity of citizenship jurisdiction under 28 U. S. C. Section 1332 is grounded historically in the desire to protect out-of-state from local prejudice. Its main requirement is that there is complete diversity between opposing parties.
《美国法典》第 28 条第 1332 节规定的当事人州籍不同时的
管辖权在历史上是基于保护州外当事人不受当地偏见影响的追求。

它的主要要求是对立各方之间州籍完全不同。

Each plaintiff must be of diverse citizenship from each defendant. Also, the amount in controversy must exceed $75,000.
每个原告必须具有和每个被告不同方面的州籍。

此外，争讼金额必须超过75,000 美元。

Federal Question Jurisdiction联邦问题管辖权
The principal problem in this area is to determine when an action arises under federal law. A secondary problem is to know what types of actions are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts under other specific statutes.
该领域的主要问题是确定何时根据联邦法律主张权利。

第二个问题是了解哪些类型的诉讼属于联邦法院根据其他特定法规的专属管辖权。

Removal Jurisdiction 案件移送管辖权
Removal jurisdiction allows defendants to remove an action brought in a state court to a federal court if the federal court would have had original jurisdiction over the
action.
移送管辖权允许被告将在州法院提起的诉讼移送
到联邦法院，前提是联邦法院对该诉讼本身就具有原始管辖权。

Supplemental Jurisdiction 补充管辖权
The doctrine of supplemental jurisdiction is codified under Section 1367 and includes under a single name the concepts of ancillary and "pendent" jurisdiction. In any form, supplemental jurisdiction allows a federal court to entertain certain claims over which it would have no independent basis of subject matter jurisdiction i. e. , claims that do not satisfy diversity or federal question jurisdiction requirements. It is important to note that supplemental jurisdiction operates only after a claim has invoked federal subject matter jurisdiction, after the case is properly in federal court.
补充管辖权原则根据第 1367 条编纂而成，并以与
辅助管辖权和“未决”管辖权表示同一概念。

在任何形式下，补充管辖权都允许联邦法院受理其没有独立的标的管辖权基础的某些案件。

例如不满足州籍不同或联邦问题管辖权要求的诉讼。

重要的是要注意，补充管辖权仅在起诉
援引联邦标的管辖权之后，在案件适当地提交联邦法院之后才起作用。

Venue 审理地
Venus is the designation of the proper district in which to bring an action. Venue will depend on the nature of the jurisdiction (i. e. , whether federal question or diversity of citizenship) and on the nature of the parties (i. e. , whether corporate or natural persons).
审理地是对提起诉讼的适当法院辖区的指定。

审理地
将取决于管辖权的性质（即，是联邦问题还是公民不同州
籍）和当事人的性质（即，是公司还是自然人）。

Discovery 证据开示
Discovery issues principally revolve around the scope of the examination allowed in discovery, the uses of depositions at trial, and the available methods of enforcing discovery rights.
证据开示问题主要围绕证据开示中允许查验的
范围、审判中的证词的使用以及履行证据开示的可用方法。

Multiple Parties多数当事人
Multiple party questions concern whether various types of joinder are permitted under federal law and, if so, whether there is a jurisdictional basis for a particular attempted joinder. The majority of the issues that arise in this area are grounded in the interpretation or application of statutes and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Federal Rules), and also require knowledge of subject matter jurisdictional bases，especially supplemental jurisdiction.多数当事人
问题涉及联邦法律是否允许各种类型的合并，如果允许，特定的合并意图
是否有管辖权基础。

该领域出现的大多数问题都基于法规和联邦民事诉讼规则（Federal
Rules）的解释或适用，并且还需要了解标的管辖权基础，尤其是补充管辖权。