关于提单的三个国际公约

关于提单的三个国际公约
一、发展过程
关于提单的三个国际公约是《海牙规则》《维斯比规则》《汉堡规则》。

1、在19世纪中叶，船公司所签发的提单列举大量免责事项，形成了"除了收取费用，对所承运的货物，几乎不负任何责任"的状况，引起了代表货方利益的商界的不满。

2、1893年，美国国会通过哈特法，规定了承运人承担的最低责任，把承运人的过失分为管货过失和管船过失，在有2种过失的情况下，提单中免责条款无效。

3、1921年国际法协会在海牙召开会议制定海牙规则，1924年，布鲁塞尔会议上对其作了一些修改，正式定名为《统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约》，通称为1924年海牙规则，1931年生效。

目前有87个成员国。

海牙规则还是侧重保护船东利益。

4、1968年在布鲁塞尔制定了《修改统一提单的若干法律规则的国际公约的议定书》，简称"维斯比规则"对海牙规则作了小的修改。

该议定书影响不大。

5、由于发展中国家的斗争和要求，1978年联合国贸易会议主持制定了《汉堡规则》，全称为《联合国海上货物运输公约》。

该公约在有20个国家批准后一年届满的次月第一日起生效。

目前已有20个缔约国，1992年11月1日生效。

二、关于《汉堡规则》。

《汉堡规则》按照船方和货方合理分担风险的原则，适当加重了承运人的责任，使双方权利义务趋于平等。

《汉堡规则》修改了《海牙规则》，内容主要包括以下几个方面：
（1）适用范围
《海牙规则》适用于在任何缔约国签发的一切提单。

《汉堡规则》在此基础上扩大其适用范围，规定：
装货港在一缔约国内；
预订的卸货港或实际的卸货港在一缔约国内；
提单或证明海上运输合同的其它单据是在缔约国内签发；
提单或证明海上运输合同的其它单据规定，公约的各项规定或使其生效的国内立法，约束该提单；
依租船合同签发的提单，如果该提单约束承运人和非承租人的提单持有人之间的关系。

（2）承运人责任起讫
从《海牙规则》规定的，从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间扩展为承运人在装货港接管货物时起至卸货港货交收货人为止货物在承运人掌管之下的整个期间。

值得注意的是我国海上运输实践中一直采用《海牙规则》规定的责任起讫时间。

新颁布的《海商法》作了新的规定，对集装箱货物和非集装箱货物的运输加以区分，并在承运人承担责任上分别作出规定：
对于集装箱装运的货物的责任期间，是从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间；
对非集装箱装运的货物，其责任期间从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。

对于装船前和卸船后所承担的责任，由双方协议决定之。

这样，对非集装箱货物适用《海牙规则》，而对集装箱货物承运人的责任起讫适用《汉堡规则》
请见我国海商法第四十六条规定：“承运人对集装箱装运的货物的责任期间，是指从装货港接收货物时起至卸货港交付货物时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。

承运人对非集装箱装运的货物的责任期间，是指从货物装上船时起至卸下船时止，货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。

在承运人的责任期间，货物发生灭失或者损坏，除本节另有规定外，承运人应当负赔偿责任。

前款规定，不影响承运人就非集装箱装运的货物，在装船前和卸船后所承担的责任，达成任何协议。

”
（3）赔偿责任。

《汉堡规则》把《海牙规则》中承运人的不完全过失责任改为承运人的推定完全过失责任制。

即除非承运人证明他本人及代理人和所雇佣人员为避免事故的发生及其后果已采取了一切合理要求的措施，否则，承运人对在其掌管期间因货物灭失、损坏及延迟交货所造成的损失负赔偿责任。

（4）货物。

《海牙规则》中货物的概念不包括舱面货物和集装箱装运的货物及活动物。

《汉堡规则》规定，承运人只有与托运人达成协议或符合特定的贸易习惯或为法规或条例要求时，才能在舱面载运货物，否则要对舱面货物发生的损失负赔偿责任。

对于活动物，只要承运人证明是按托运人对该动物作出的指示办事，则对动物的灭失、损坏或延迟交货造成的损失视为运输固有的特殊风险而不承担责任。

我国《海商法》中也规定了与之相类似的内容。

（5）赔偿金额。

《汉堡规则》将《海牙规则》和《维斯比规则》的规定提高到每件或其它装运单位835计算单位或相当于毛重每公斤2.5计算单位的金额，以较高者为准。

所谓计算单位是指国际货币基金组织规定的特别提款权。

对于延迟交货，承运人的赔偿责任以相当于该延迟交付货物应付运费的2.5倍为限，但不得超过海上运输合同中规定的应付运费金额。

（6）保函。

《汉堡规则》将保函合法化。

规定托运人为取得清洁提单向承运人出具承担赔偿责任的保函在托运人和承运人之间有效，但对提单受让人包括任何收货人在内的任何第三方无效。

在发生诈欺的情况下(无论是托运人或者承运人)，承运人承担赔偿责任，且不能享受公约规定的责任限制利益。

（7）索赔与诉讼时效。

《汉堡规则》将《海牙规则》和《维斯比规则》规定的1年时效改为2年，并经接到索赔要求人的声明可以多次延长。

收货人应在收到货物次1日，将损失书面通知承运人。

如货物损失属非显而易见的，则在收货后连续15日内，《海牙规则》规定3天内，我国《海商法》规定7天内，集装箱在运输交付货物次日起15天内，延迟交货应在收货后连续60天内将书面通知送交承运人，否则，收货人丧失索赔权利。

（8）管辖权。

对此，《海牙规则》和《维期比规则》均未作规定。

《汉堡规则》规定，原告就货物运输的法律程序，可就法院地作下列选择：
①被告主营业所所在地或惯常居所所在地；或
②合同订立地，且合同是通过被告“在该地的营业所、分支机构或代理机构订立的；或
③装货港或卸货港；或
④海上运输合同中指定的其它地点。

中远集团提单背面条款中英对照
1. DEFINITIONS 定义
"Carrie r" means COSCO container lines company limited. “承运人”（CARRIER）是指“中远集运”，即中远集装箱运输有限公司。

"Merchant" includes the consignor, the shipper, the receiver, the consignee, the owner of the Goods, the lawful holder or endorsee of this Bill of Lading, or any other person having any present or future interest in the Goods or this Bill of Lading, or anyone authorized to act on behalf of any of the foregoing. “货方”（MERCHAN T）包括发货人、托运人、收货人、受货人、货主、本提单的合法持有人或被背书人，或与货物或本提单具有现时或未来利益关系的任何人，或被授权代表前述任何一方行事的任何人。

"Vessel", where the context so admits, includes the Vessel named in Box 6 of this Bill of Lading or any substitute therefor, and any feeder vessel, lighter or barge used by or on behalf of the Carrier in connection with any seaborne leg of the carriage. “船舶”按有关上下文情况，包括本提单第6栏所列船舶或其替代船舶，以及承运人或代表承运人于全部运程中的海运阶段所使用的任何支线船或驳船。

"Sub-contractor" includes owners and operators of vessels (other than the Carrier), stevedores, terminal, warehouse, depot and groupage operators, road and rail transport operators and any independent contractor employed by the Carrier in the performance of the carriage and any sub-sub-contractor thereof. The expression Sub-contractor shall include direct and indirect Sub-contractors and their respective servants, agents or Sub-contractors. “分立契约人”（SUB-CONTRACTOR）包括（除承运人以外的）船舶所有人及经营人，装卸工人，码头、仓库、集装箱储运站经营人及拼箱经营人，公路及铁路运输经营人，及承运人雇佣的用以进行运输的任何独立订约人，以及其小分立契约人（SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR）。

分立契约人一词应包括直接及间接分立契约人及其各自的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人。

"Goods" means the whole or any part of the cargo received from the Merchant and includes any Container not supplied by or on behalf of the Carrier. “货物”（GOODS）是指自货方收到的全部货物或其任何部分，并包括非由承运人或其代表提供的任何集装箱。

"Package" means each Container which is stuffed and sealed by or on behalf of the Merchant, and not the items packed in such Container if the number of such items is not indicated on the front of this Bill of Lading or is indicated by the terms such as "Said to Contain" or similar expressions. “件”是指由货方或其代表装载并铅封的每一集装箱，而不是在集装箱中所装的货物件数，如果此项件数未在本提单正面列明，或者是用“据称内装”或类似词句列明。

"Shipping Unit" means any physical unit of cargo not shipped in a package, including machinery, vehicles and boats, except goods shipped in bulk. “装运单位”（SHIPPING UNIT）是指未以包件运输的任何一个具体单位的货物，包括机械、车辆及船只，但散装货物除外。

2. CARRIER'S TARIFF 承运人的运价本
3. SUB-CONTRACTING, INDEMNITY AND CERTAIN DEFENSES, EXEMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
分立契约、赔偿以及抗辩、免除事项及责任限制
(1) The Carrier shall have the right at any time and on any terms whatsoever to sub-contract the whole or any part of the carriage with any Sub-contractor and/or to substitute any other vessel or means of transport for the Vessel. 承运人有权在任何时间以任何条件将运输的全部或其任何部分同任何分立契约人订立分立契约，并（或）以任何其他船舶或运输工具代替本船。

The Merchant undertakes that no claim or legal action whatsoever shall be made or brought against any person by whom the carriage is performed or undertaken (including, but not limited to, the Carrier's servants, agents or Sub-contractors), other than the Carrier, which
imposes or attempts to impose upon any such person, or any vessel owned or operated by such person, any liability whatsoever in connection with the Goods or the carriage thereof whether or not arising out of negligence on the part of such person. Should any such claim or legal action nevertheless be made or brought, the Merchant undertakes to indemnify the Carrier against all consequences thereof including legal expenses on a full indemnity basis. Without prejudice to the foregoing, every such person or vessel, including, but not limited to, the Carrier's servants, agents, or Sub-contractors as defined in Clause 1 above, shall have the benefit of every exemption, defense and limitation herein contained applicable to the Carrier, in contract or in tort, as if such provision were expressly contracted for its benefit, and, in entering into this contract, the Carrier, to the extent of such exemptions, defenses and limitations, does so not only on its behalf, but also as an agent and trustee for such person or vessel. 货方保证，不向承运人以外的由其履行或承办运输的任何人（包括但不限于承运人的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人）就货物或货物运输一事而提起向其或其所拥有或经营的任何船舶加诸或意欲加诸任何责任的索赔或任何法律诉讼，不论此项责任是否由于此种人的疏忽而引起。

如果，即使如此，此项索赔或法律诉讼仍被提起，则货方保证就由此引起的后果包括法律费用，全部赔偿承运人。

在不防碍上述规定的情况下，上述第(1)款所述每一个人或船舶，包括但不限于承运人的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人，都应享有本提单所载适用于承运人的在涉及合同或侵权事件中的每一免除事项、抗辩及责任限制，犹如此种条款已为其利益而明文规定，而且在订立本提单时，就上述免除事项、抗辩及责任限制而言，承运人不仅代表其本身，而且也是作为上述的人或船舶的代理人或受托人.
4. CARRIER'S RESPONSIBILITY 承运人的责任
(1) Port to Port Shipment If boxes 6, 7 and 8 but not boxes 4, 5 and 9 are filled in on the front of this Bill of Lading, this Bill of Lading is a Port-to-Port contract. The Carrier shall be responsible for the Goods as Carrier from the time when the Goods are received by the Carrier at the Port of Loading until the time of delivery thereof at the port of discharge to the Merchant or to the Authority as required by local laws or regulations, whichever occurs earlier. 港到港运输如果填注本提单正面第6、7、8栏，而不填注第4、5、9栏，本提单便是港到港契约。

承运人应自其在装货港收到货物之时起即作为承运人而对货物负责，直至在卸货港将货物交与货方或按当地法律或规章要求交与有关当局之时为止，二者之中以先发生者为准。

(2) Combined Transport If Box 4, Box 5 and/or Box 9 are filled in on the front of this Bill of Lading and the place(s) or port(s) indicated therein is/are place(s) or port(s) other than that indicated in Box 7 and Box 8 and Freight is paid for combined transport, this Bill of Lading is a combined transport contract. // The Carrier undertakes to arrange or procure the pre-carriage and/or on-carriage segments of the combined transport. All claims arising from the combined transport carriage must be filed with the Carrier within 9 months after the delivery of the Goods or the date when the Goods should have been delivered, failing which the Carrier shall be discharged from all liabilities whatsoever in respect of the Goods. If any payment is made by the Carrier to the Merchant in respect of any claim arising from the combined transport carriage, the Carrier shall be automatically subrogated to or given all rights of the Merchant against all others including pre-carrier or on-carrier or Sub-contractor on account of such loss or damage. 联合运输如果填注本提单正面的第4、第5及（或）第9栏，而且该栏中所述地点或港口乃是除第7栏及第8栏所列者以外的地点或港口，并已就联合运输支付运费，本提单便是联合运输提单。

承运人负责安排或组织落实联合运输中的前一程运输以及（或）续程运输。

所有由于联合运输而引起的索赔必须在交付货物之日或应当交付货物之日之后九个月内向承运人提出，否则承运人便应被解除其关于货物的任何责任。

如果承运人已就因联合运输而引起的任何索赔向货方支付任何款项，承运人便应自然而然地以代位关系而取得或被赋予货方针对所有其他人包括前一程承运人或续程承运人或分立契约人就此项灭失或损害而享有的权利。

Nothing herein contained shall be deemed a waiver of any rights that the Carrier may have against a pre-carrier or on-carrier or
Sub-contractor for indemnity or otherwise. 本款所载任何规定都不得视为承运人针对前一程承运人或续程承运人或分立契约人就赔偿或其他事项所享有的任何权利的放弃。

5. NOTICE OF CLAIM AND TIME BAR 索赔通知及时效
(1) Unless notice of loss or damage is given in writing to the Carrier's agent at the Port of Discharge or Place of Delivery before or on the date of delivery of the Goods, or if loss or damage is not apparent, within 15 consecutive days thereafter, such delivery shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery of the Goods by the Carrier and/or on-carrier in the order and condition described in this Bill of Lading. 除非已在卸货港或交货地点于交货之日以前或交货之日向承运人的代理人提出关于灭失或损害的书面通知，或在灭失或损害不明显时，在交货之日以后15个连续日之内提出上述书面通知，此项交付便应是承运人及（或）续程承运人按本提单所述状况及条件交付货物的初步证据。

(2) The Carrier, its servants, agents and Sub-contractors shall be discharged from all liabilities whatsoever unless suit is brought within one year after the delivery of the Goods or the date when the Goods should have been delivered. 除在交付货物或应交付货物之日起一年之内提起诉讼，承运人、其受雇人、代理人及分立契约人便应被解除一切责任。

6. LOSS OR DAMAGE 灭失或损害
(1) The terms of this Bill of Lading shall at all times govern all responsibilities of the Carrier in connection with or arising out of the carriage of the Goods not only during the carriage, but also during the period prior to and/or subsequent to the carriage. The exemptions
from liability, defenses and limitation of liability provided for herein or otherwise shall apply in any action against the Carrier for loss or damage or delay, howsoever occurring and whether the action be founded in contract or in tort and even if the loss, damage or delay arose as a result of unseaworthiness, negligence or fundamental breach of contract. Save as is otherwise provided herein, the Carrier shall in no circumstances whatsoever and howsoever arising be liable for direct or indirect or consequential loss or damage or loss of profits. 本提单的条款应在所有时间都对承运人就其因运输货物而产生的责任加以管辖，不仅在运输期间，而且在运输之前及运输之后，都是如此。

本提单所载或其他关于免除责任、抗辩及责任限制等项，都应在就灭失、损害或延误事件而向承运人提起的任何诉讼中适用，而且不论该项诉讼是基于合同纠纷或侵权行为而提起，即使此项灭失、损害或延误乃是由于不适航、疏忽或根本违约而产生亦然。

除本提单中另有规定外，承运人不论在任何情况下亦不论其产生原因为何，对因延误造成的直接、间接或随之发生的灭失或损害或利润损失，概不承担责任。

(2) The Carrier does not undertake that the Goods will be transported from or loaded at the place of receipt or loading or will arrive at the place of discharge, destination or transshipment aboard any particular vessel or other conveyance at any particular date or time or to meet any particular market or in time for any particular use. Scheduled or advertised departure and arrival times are only expected times and may be advanced or delayed if the Carrier shall find it necessary, prudent or convenient. The Carrier shall in no circumstances whatsoever and howsoever arising be liable for direct, indirect or consequential loss or damage caused by delay. 承运人不保证，货物在某一特定日期或时间，也不保证为满足某一特定市场，或为某一特定用途而自接货或装运地点起运，准时运抵卸货地点、目的地或转运到某一特定船舶或其他运输工具上。

船期表上或广告上的离港及抵港时间只是预计时间，如果承运人认为必要，为慎重或便利起见，可将该时间提前或拖后。

承运人在任何情况下，不论是如何发生，对因延误造成的直接、间接或随之发生的灭失或损害概不负责。

(3) If the stage of the combined transport during which loss or damage occurred can be determined, the liability of the Carrier shall be governed by the national law(s) and/or international convention(s) applicable thereto. // If the stage of the combined transport during which loss or damage occurred cannot be determined, the Merchant and the Carrier agree that it shall be deemed that the loss or damage occurred aboard the Carrier's Vessel. In either case, clauses 5(2) and 7 shall apply. 如果能对联合运输过程中发生灭失或损害所属阶段加以判明，承运人的责任便应适用该阶段的国内法或国际公约。

如果在联合运输过程中发生灭失或损害的阶段无法判明，则货方与承运人商定，应将此项灭失或损害视为发生在承运人的船上。

无论属于上述何种情况，均应适用第5条(2)款及第7条中的规定。

7. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
(1) Except as provided for in Clause 7(2), this Bill of Lading shall be subject to the provisions of the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China as provided for in Clause 26(1). Neither the Carrier, its servants, agents, Sub-contractors nor the Vessel shall in any event be liable for any loss or damage to the Goods in any amount exceeding the limits per package or unit prescribed by that Code, unless the nature and value of the Goods have been declared by the Merchant before shipment and inserted in this Bill of Lading (Box 10) and the Merchant has paid additional Freight on such declared value. 除第7(2)款另有规定外，本提单应受第26(1)款中所述中华人民共和国海商法管辖。

从而，无论是承运人、其受雇人、代理人、分立契约人及（或）船舶，在任何情况下对超出该法规定的每件或每单位赔偿限度的任何数额，概不负赔偿责任，除非已由货方将货物的性质及价值于装运前加以申报，并已载入提单（第10栏），而且货方已就此项申报的价值加付运费。

(2) Where carriage includes carriage to or from or through a port or place in the United States of America, this Bill of Lading shall be subject to the provisions of the United States Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1936 (US COGSA) and any amendments thereto, as provided for in Clause 26(2) hereof. In such event, neither the Carriers nor its servants, agents, Sub-contractors and/or the Vessel shall in any event be liable for any loss of or damage to the Goods in an amount exceeding the limits per package or unit prescribed by US COGSA, unless the nature and value of the Goods have been declared by the Merchant before shipment and inserted in this Bill of Lading (Box 10) and the Merchant has paid additional Freight on such declared value. 如有关运输包括驶往、来自或经过美利坚合众国某一港口或地点的运输，本提单便应受其第26(2)款中所述1936年美国海上货物运输法（US COGSA）及其修订条款的约束。

无论是承运人、其受雇人、代理人、分立契约人及（或）船舶，在任何情况下，对超出美国海上货物运输法中规定的每件或每单位赔偿限度的任何数额，都不负责，除非货方已在装运前将货物的性质及价值加以申报并已载入本提单（第10栏），而且货方已就此项申报价值加付运费。

(3) If a legal regime other than the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China or US COGSA is compulsorily applied to this Bill of Lading, the liability of the Carrier, if any, shall not exceed the limits per Package or Shipping Unit prescribed therein, unless the nature and value of the Goods have been declared by the Merchant and inserted in this Bill of Lading (Box 10) and the Merchant has paid additional Freight on such declared value. 如已将除中华人民共和国海商法及美国海上货物运输法以外的法律强制适用于本提单，承运人的责任便不得超出该法规定的每件或每单位的赔偿限额，除非该货物的性质及价值已由货方加以申报并已载入提单（第10栏），而且货方已就此项申报价值加付运费。

(4) For the purpose of this Clause 7, the declared value shall be the basis for calculating the Carrier's liability, if any, provided that such declared value shall not be conclusive on the Carrier, and further provided that such declared value does not exceed the true value of the Goods at destination. Any partial loss or damage shall be adjusted pro-rata on the basis of such declared value. 就本条款而言，申
报价值应为计算承运人责任的基础，但此项申报价值就承运人而言并非终结性的，而且此项申报价值不得超过该货在目的地的实际价值。

所有部分灭失或损害均应以此项申报价值为基础按比例进行调整。

8. FIRE
The Carrier shall not be liable for any loss of or damage to the Goods occurring at any time, including that before loading or after discharge by reason of any fire whatsoever, unless such fire is caused by the actual fault of the Carrier. 承运人对在任何时间，不论是在货物装船前或是卸船后由于火灾而使货物遭受的灭失或损害，除系承运人的实际过失所造成者外，概不负责。

9. CARRIER'S CONTAINERS 承运人集装箱
(1) Goods received in break bulk will be stuffed by the Carrier in Containers and the Carrier shall have the right to carry any Containers, whether or not stuffed by the Carrier, on deck or below deck. All such Goods shall participate in General Average. 以件货形式所收到的货物应由承运人装入集装箱；承运人有权将不论是否为承运人装箱的任何集装箱装于舱面或舱内。

所有这些货物均应分摊共同海损。

本提单中的条款包括第26款所述中华人民共和国海商法及美国海上货物运输法，均应适用于舱面所装集装箱。

(2) If Carrier's Containers and equipment are used by the Merchant for pre-carriage or on-carriage or unpacked at the Merchant's premises, the Merchant is responsible for returning the empty Containers, with interiors brushed, clean and free of smell to the point or place designated by the Carrier, its servants or agents, within the time prescribed in the Tariff and/or required by the Carrier. Should a Container not be returned within the aforesaid time, the Merchant shall be liable for any detention, demurrage, loss or expenses which may arise from such non-return. 如果承运人的集装箱及设备被货方用于前程运输或续程运输，或在货方营业处所开箱，则货方应在运价本规定的时间内并/或按承运人要求，将空箱归还至承运人、其受雇人或代理人指定的地点，并应将空箱内部洗刷清洁、不留异味。

如有集装箱未在上述时间内归还，货方应就未还空箱而引起的延误、滞期、损失或费用承担责任。

(3) The Merchant shall be liable for any loss of or damage to Carrier's Containers and other equipment while in the custody of the Merchant or anyone acting on the Merchant's behalf. The Merchant shall also be liable during such period for any loss of or damage to the property of others or for any injuries or death and the Merchant shall indemnify and hold the Carrier harmless against all damages, including legal expenses, incurred from any and all such claims arising during such periods. 货方应就承运人的集装箱或其他设备在货方或代表货方的任何人看管期间所发生的一切灭失或损害负责。

货方还应就在此期间发生的对他人的财物发生的灭失或损害或伤亡事故负责，而且货方应就上述期间因任何或所有索赔案件而引起的一切费用包括法律费用赔付承运人，并使承运人免于负责。

10. MERCHANT-STUFFED CONTAINER 货方装箱的集装箱
(1) If a Container has not been stuffed by or on behalf of the Carrier, the Carrier shall not be liable for loss of or damage to the Goods and the Merchant shall indemnify the Carrier against any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred by the Carrier if such loss, damage, liability or expense has been caused by: 如集装箱不是由承运人或承运人的代表所装，承运人便不对货物的灭失或损害负责，而且货方应就承运人所发生的任何灭失、损害、责任或费用负责，如果此项灭失、损害、责任或费用系由以下原因造成：
(a) the manner in which the Container has been filled, packed, loaded or stuffed, or集装箱的装载或填装的方式，或者
(b) the unsuitability of the Goods for carriage in the Container, or货物不适于以集装箱运输，或者
(c) the unsuitability or defective condition of the Container, provided that, if the Container had been supplied by or on behalf of the Carrier, this unsuitability or defective condition could have been apparent upon inspection by the Merchant at or prior to the time when the Container was filled, packed, loaded or stuffed. 集装箱的不适当性或条件欠佳，而如集装箱系由承运人或承运人的代表提供，则此项不适当性及欠佳条件在装箱之时或之前经货方检验便应明显易见。

(2) If a Merchant-stuffed Container is delivered by the Carrier with its seal intact, such delivery shall constitute full and complete performance of the Carrier's obligations hereunder and the Carrier shall not be liable for any loss or shortage of the Goods ascertained at delivery. 如果由货方提供的集装箱在承运人交付时铅封完好，此项交付便应构成承运人在本提单项下的责任已完全并充分履行，因而承运人对交付货物时查出的任何灭失或短少概不负责。

(3) The Merchant shall inspect Containers before stuffing them and the use of a Container shall be prima facie evidence of its being suitable and without defect. 货方应在装箱之前对集装箱进行检验，而对集装箱的使用乃是对其适用性及无有瑕疵的初步证据。

11. MERCHANT'S DESCRIPTION 货方的描述
(1) The Merchant's description of the Goods stuffed in a sealed Container by the Merchant, or on his behalf, shall not be binding on the Carrier, and the description declared by the Merchant on the front of this Bill of Lading is information provided by the Merchant solely for its own use including but not limited to the use of its freight forwarder. It is understood by the Merchant that the Carrier has not verified the contents, weight or measurement of a sealed container, and the Carrier makes no representation as to the contents of a sealed Container, van, crate (板条箱，柳条箱) or box hereunder, nor its weight or measurement, nor the value, quantity, quality, description, condition, marks or number of the contents thereof. The Carrier shall be under no responsibility whatsoever in respect of such description or particulars. 货方对其所装或货方代表所装的已铅封集装箱中的货物的描述，对承运人不具有约束力，而且货方在本提单正面所申报的情况，是由货方全然为其本身包括但不限于其货运代理使用的目的而提供的资料。

货方认识到，承运人未对铅封集装箱的内装。