America economy
American Economy
American EconomyGeneral IntroductionAmerican economy is now the largest in the world. America possesses toughly 25% of the world’s output, about 5% of the world’s population, and the great variety of climatic conditions, soil types, and minerals.The American capitalistic economy has developed largely by a process of continual change. The dominating force has not been a central plan but individuals and associations of individuals trying to advance their own interests by producing, buying, and selling in predominantly free and competitive markets. In American economy, privately owned and operated businesses, including farms, produce about 85% of the total final output of goods and services. People in independent professional practice, such as doctors lawyers, and accountants, produce about 3% of the total. Government units, including school districts, turn out most of the rest of the country's products and services.Business employees, including the self-employed, such as farmers, make up the largest proportion of the working population, accounting for more than 75%. Government workers at national, state, and local levels come next, with approximately 21%. Employees of nonprofit organizations and domestic servants account for most of the others. The United States operates with a competitive market economy. Wages, prices, the allocation of goods and services, and theemployment of resources are generally regulated by the law of supply and demand. The market has the advantage that the process of decision-making is decentralized and responsive to the expressed wishes of consumers. A desire on the part of consumers for a given product will induce business firms to produce the product, so long as it can be done at a profit.American AgricultureThe United States is the world's leading exporter of agricultural products.While agriculture has a comparatively small share of the national economy and employment, the industry nonetheless remains one of the country's most important. American Agriculture meets the nation's principal domestic requirement for food and natural textile fibers, while supplying about 20% of the value of American exports.Cereal grains constitute the second most important export, with vegetable oils and related products not far behind. The position of the United States in World agricultural trade is explained by the extraordinary productivity of U. S. farm labor. With perhaps half of 1% of the world agricultural labor force, the United States produces nearly 20% of the grains, including 50% of the corn, grown in the world. It ranks first, second, or third in the production of corn, wheat, soybeans, oranges, meats, milk, apples, oats, cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and edible vegetable oils. Agricultural regionally.activities are widely distributed.The leading producing areas for field crops are the plains states for wheat, the Midwest for corn and soybeans; the southern states for cotton, tobacco, and rice. The area of the pacific coast for fruits, vegetables and wheat. The leading sources of livestock and other products are the Midwest, Oklahoma, and Texas for cattle; Wisconsin, New York, Minnesota, and California for dairy products, and Arkansas, Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina for poultry. Most farms are family owned, although large corporations have made inroads into the farming industry since World War I. The scale of operations has increased dramatically, and the volume and value of capital used per farm have risen. While many small farms remain, production is now dominated in many subdivisions of the industry by large family-owned and corporate farms.American economy developmentIn 1640s, American had slipped into the habit of shipping their goods to continental ports. After the restoration, English was in a position to enforce a strict commercial policy,beginning with the navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663. The Revolution war ended the dominance of England and made the colony independent, which contribute to the capitalism of America. Introduction of the factory system gathered many workers and American system of mass production originated in the firearms industry. And new technology was applied to industrial tasks. The new forms ofbusiness organization emerged, notably the bank and the corporation,which facilitated the growth of industry. The construction of railways beginning in the 1830s, marked the start of a new era for the United States. Cotton was much in demand after 1785as the British cotton textile industry developed. So cotton plantations expanded in the South and Southwest of the US, especially after Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793.The rapid economic development following the Civil war laid the groundwork for the modern U.S. industrial economy. An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place, causing such profound changes that some termed the results a second industrial revolution. Technological changes, new power sources, the development of the corporation based on multiple ownership of stock, and other forces brought forth the modern big business firm.The Crash of 1929 led the American economy into a long depression. And a person to come to their rescue was Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who helped America out of the crisis and on the way to becoming an economically strong and prosperous society. Mobilizing production and wartime prosperity. World War had its most profound impact on American domestic life by at last ending the Great Depression. By the middle end of the 1941,the economic problems had virtually vanished. The first postwar president, Democrat Harry Truman favored a majorexpansion of the New Deal. Days after the Japanese surrender, Truman submitted to Congress a twenty point domestic program outlining what he later termed the New Deal. Myth of the new economy. A recession marked the early years of Reagan presidency, but condition started to improve in 1983 and the US entered one of the longest period of sustained economic growth since World War.Free EnterpriseFree enterprise means the owner of the management has the freedom of investment, management, trade liberalization and free entry and exit of the freedom of the market, the enterprise's survival or not, scale, benefit and growth speed depends on the choice of the market, there should be no violation of any of the principle of economic freedom external restrictions or administrative protection. Transparency refers to transaction both sides sought to provide a comprehensive and accurate transaction information, but also can keep its promise. Freedom is not to abandon self-discipline, on the contrary, freedom is the premise of self-discipline. Self-discipline is the free enterprise characteristic, but also free foundation of the existence of enterprises. Samuel slater could not have opened that very important original textile factory unless people had been prepared to provide money to buy the land and build the factory. Samuel Slater, the father of American manufactures, was the classic pioneer of factory production of textile yarns. only the obvious inability of him to cope witha rapidly growing and changing industry in the 1820s and 1830s forced him to integrate spinning, weaving, and finishing operations and to turn over broad responsibility in individual factories to what is perhaps the earliest example of the professional manager. Individual starts enterprise with money borrowed from others.They share the profit gained with those investors.They can buy a small portion of a business and become part owner of the company. Free enterprise is a good way that encourage people go into business.For instance. They can investment trade in market for every time. It's a good idea to control people urge to accumulate wealth with those socialistic ideas. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. Free enterprise is so common in the US, but sometimes, investor lack a great deal of money so that they only buy a small portion of business. So buying and selling shares emerged.The Roots of AffluenceNo single factor is responsible for the successes of American business and industry. America covers an area of 9,363,123 square kilometers ,which is the world’s fourth largest country. America is consisted of 50 states and a district and 48 states are in the mainland. It has a long boundary with the Great Lakes in its north, the Gulf of Mexico to its north, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Geographically, America can be divided into three tandem parts: the highland in the west, the plain in the middle and the Appalachia Mountain in the east. The plain covers a vast area, which benefits its agriculture a lot. American territory is 1/20 of the world’s land area while its pl ough is 1/10 of the world. The United States is a land rich in natural resources. Some of these resources are especially plentiful in the country. America has a large deposit of iron ore. The nation produces more than 80 million tons of iron a year. Coal is another major natural resource found in large quantities in the U. S. which can last for hundreds of years. America, very rich in oil, was once the largest oil producing country in the world. America has also plenty of fertile soil. Farmlands in the United States make up about 12% of the arable lands in the world. America enjoys abundant water resources. And 32% of the land is covered with forests. The current U.S.A. population is over 311 million people ,so the United States has the world‘s third largest population. The US is a country of immigrants. Never before, and in no other country, have as many varied ethnic groups congregated and amalgamated as they have in America. So America "is not merely a nation but a nation of nations". Furthermore, a new national study shows that religious affiliation plays a powerful role in how much wealth Americans accumulate, with Jews amassing the most wealth and conservative Protestants the least. The results suggest people draw on the tools they learn from religion to develop strategies for saving,investing and spending, and those tools may be different in various faiths. People who attend religious services regularly build more wealth than those who don’t. The courage, hard work and determination of countless entrepreneurs and works have play a part of the American economy. Also, most forms of entertainment are created and produced in the U.S.A. The best movies, music albums, books and the like are produced in America.The Current RecessionIn late 2007, the US economy suffered a severe recession. The crisis began in America and soon turned global. The most immediate impact upon the US is the failure of key business, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, substantial financial commitments such as government bailout of investment banks, incurred by governments, and s significant decline in economic activity. It is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. By October 2009, the US unemployment rate increased to 10.2 percent, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. US GDP decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009. To combat the financial crisis, United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009.。
American_economy美国经济
• Agriculture provides the sustenance that meets people’s most basic needs.
American Agriculture
1. The importance of agriculture and the extolling ( 赞美 ) comments to American farmers 1) agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the U.S.A's GNP 2. United States agriculture dominated by family farms accounted for 87% of the total number of farms, farms accounted for 10% of partnership, corporate farms in 3%
Problems
• While the high productivity of American agriculture has kept food prices low for consumers, farmers have been perhaps too successful. Crop surpluses and low prices have made it too hard for many farmers to make a profit. • A period of economic difficulty began in the early 1980s. Agricultural exports declined, partly due to the high value of the United States dollar (which raised the cost of American products to foreign buyers). Crops prices fell and interest rates rose.
Economy of the United States美国经济
Economy of the United StatesPresemt EconomyThe United States of America is the world's largest national economy. The United States has a mixed economy and has maintained a stable overall GDP growth rate, a moderate unemployment rate, and high levels of research and capital investment. The US has abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity. The U.S. is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas. It is the second-largest trading nation in the world as well as the world's second largest manufacturer, representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output. The United States has one of the world's largest and most influential financial markets. The New York Stock Exchange is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization. The United States has the largest consumer market in the world, with a household final consumption expenditure five times larger than Japan's. The labor market has attracted immigrants from all over the world and its net migration rate is among the highest in the world. The U.S. is one of the top-performing economies in studies such as the Ease of Doing Business Index, the Global Competitiveness Report, and others. The US economy is currently embroiled in the economic downturn which followed the financial crisis of 2007–08, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office.The Development of American EconomyColonial eraThe economic history of the United States has its roots in European settlements in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The American colonies went from marginally successful colonial economies to a small, independent farming economy, which in 1776 became the United States of America. In 180 years, the US grew to a huge, integrated, industrialized economy that made up around one fifth of the world economy. As a result, the US GDP per capita converged on and eventually surpassed that of the U.K., as well as other nations that it previously trailed economically. The economy maintained high wages, attracting immigrants by the millions from all over the world.1800sIn the 19th century, recessions frequently coincided with financial crises.1900sThe United States has been the world's largest national economy since at least the 1920s.From the New Deal era that began in 1933, to the Great Society initiatives of the 1960s, national policy makers relied principally on fiscal policy to influence theeconomy. The economy since 1973, however, has been characterized by both slower growth (averaging 2.7%), and nearly stagnant living standards, with household incomes increasing by 10%, or only 0.3% annually. The worst recession in recent decades, in terms of lost output, occurred during the financial crisis of 2007–08, when GDP fell by 5.0% from the spring of 2008 to the spring of 2009. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was popular in the U.S. to believe that Japan's economy would surpass that of the U.S., but this did not happen. The North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, created one of the largest trade blocs in the world in 1994.2000sThe United States economy experienced a crisis in 2008 led by a derivatives market and subprime mortgage crisis, and a declining dollar value.Business cultureA central feature of the U.S. economy is the economic freedom afforded to the private sector by allowing the private sector to make the majority of economic decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U.S. economy produces. This is enhanced by relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement,as well as a court system that generally protects property rights and enforces contracts.From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Great Inventions, including items such as the airplane, internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, personal computer, LCD and LED technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, electric motor, ATM, and many more.参考资料：可可英语，谷歌，维基百科。
英美概况——英美经济
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Closing down of mines: a case in Newcastle upon Tyne
Miners
Heaton Park: Used to be a coal mine
· 4Y/2e/2s0t20erday: Don’t bring coal to Newcastle.
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Manufacturing
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The UK: A financial empire
➢ Agriculture is subsidised by the European Union"s Common Agricultural Policy.
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British Crops
• About two-thirds of the production being devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops;
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UK economy: An introduction (2)
· Privatisation of state-owned enterprises under th Government of Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s.
· in recent years the longest period of sustained economic growth in every quarter since 1992.
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British Livestock
·The rise in commercial production of meats and poultry in recent years
the U.S. economy
American Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the largest sector of the American economy, accounting for about one quarter of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and over one fifth of the U. S. work force.
Commercial and Nonprofit Firms
Corporation
公司
Usually has many owners, and each owner has a small part of the firm in the form of “shares”
Most of the largest firms choose this organization 20% of American business are cooperation, but they produce 90% of the private sector output Each dollar of cooperate profit（合作利润） is taxed twice Can usually raise money more easily The shareholder（股东） are never responsible for liability（债务） or bankruptcy losses
American Agriculture meets the nation's principal domestic requirement for food and natural textile fibers（纺织品）, while supplying about 20% of the value of American exports. The United States is the world's leading exporter of agricultural products.
Unit5 American Economy
American EconomyWhen we first talked about America economy, most of us have a general overview that the United States enjoys one of the most developed economies for the reason that its GDP for year 2006 is over$13 trillion, the highest GDP in the world,surpassing countries like Japan, Germany and UK.The US also enjoys a high import and export volume.One of the factors that greatly contributes to this is the size of the country itself. Also the US economy is the largest trade partner of many countries,such as Mexico, Canada, Japan and many others.The modern American economy traces its roots to the quest of European settlers for economic gain in the 16th,17th and 18th centuries.The New World then progressed from a marginally successful colonial economy to a small,independent farming economy and,eventually,to a high complex industrial economy.During this evolution,the United States developed ever more complex institutions to match its growth.And government involvement in the economy has been a consistent theme,the extent of that involvement generally has increased.The New Nations EconomyThe U.S Constitution,adopted in 1787 and in effect to this day,was in many ways a work of creative genius.As an economic charter,it established that the entire nation-stretching then from Marine to Georgia,from the Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi Valley-was a unified,or “common”,market.There were to be no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.The Constitution provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the stated,establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and measures,establish post offices and road,and fix rules governing patents and copyrights.The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of “intellectual property”,a matter that would assume great importance in trade negotiations in the late 20th century.Industrial GrowthThe Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,and it quickly spread to the United States.By 1860,when Abraham Lincoln was elected president,16percent of the U.S population lived in urban areas,and a third of nation’s income came from manufacturing.Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast;cotton cloth production was the leading industry,with the manufacture of shoes,woolen clothing,and machinery also expanding.Many new workers were immigrants.Between 1845 and 1855,some 300,000 European immigrants and arrived annually.Most were poor and remained in eastern cities,often at ports of arrival.The rapid economic development following the Civil War laid the groundwork for the modern U.S industrial economy.Government InvolvementIn the early years of American history,most political leaders were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector,expect in the area of transportation.In the general,the accepted the concept of lasses-fair,a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order.This attitude started to change during the letter part of the 19th century,when small business,farm and labor movements began asking the government tointercede on their behalf.Government involvement in the economy increased most significantly during the New Deal of the 1930s.The 1929 stock market crash had initiated the most serious economic dislocation in the nation’s history,the Great Depression(1929-1940).President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched the New Deal to alleviate the emergency.The Postwar Economy:1945-1960Many Americans feared that the end of World War II and the subsequent drop in military spending might bring back the hard times of the Great Depression.But instead,pent-up consumer demand fueled exceptionally strong economic growth in the postwar period.The Economy in 1980sThe nation endured a deep recession throughout 1982.Business bankruptcies rose 50 percent over the pervious year.Farmers were especially hard hit,as agricultural exports declined,crop prices fell,and interest rater rose.But while the medicine of a sharp slowdown was hard to swallow,it did break the destructive cycle in which the economy had been caught.By 1983,inflation had eased,the economy had rebounded,and the United States began a substantial period of economic growth.The annual inflation rate remained under 5 percent throughout most of the 1980s and into the 1990s.Still,Americans ended the 1990s with a restored sense of confidence.By the end of the 1999,the economy had grown continuously since March 1991,the longest peacetime economic expansion. The United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger,and by many measures more successful,than ever.Not only had it endured two world wars and a global depression in the first half of the 20th century,but it had surmounted challenges ranging from a 40-year Cold War with the Soviet Union to extended bouts of sharp inflation,high employment,and enormous government budget deficits in the second half of the century .The nation finally enjoyed a period of economic calm in the 1990s:prices were stable,unemployment dropped to its lowest level in almost 30 years,the government posted a budget surplus,and the stock market experienced an unprecedented.The economy also faced some continuing long-term challenges.Although many Americans had achieved economic security and some had accumulated great wealth,significant numbers-especially unmarried mothers and their children-continued to live in poverty.Disparities in wealth,while not as great as in some other countries,were larger than in many.Substantial numbers of Americans locked health insurance.The aging of the large post-World War II baby-room generation promised to tax the nation’s pension and health-care systems early in dislocation along with many advantages.In particular,traditional manufacturing industries had suffered setbacks,and the nation had a large and seemingly irreversible deficit in its trade with other countries.Throughout the continuing upheaval,the nation has adhered to some bedrock principles in its approach to economic affairs.Most important is,the United States remains a “market economy”.Americans continue to believe that an economy generally operates best when decisions about what to produce and what prices to charge for goods are made through the given-and-take of millions of independent buyers and sellers,not by government or by powerful private interests.How the U.S economy worksBasic Ingredients of the U.S EconomyThe first ingredients of a nation’s economic system is its natural resources.The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil,and it is blessed with a moderate climate.It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,as well as on the Gulf of Mexico.Rivers flow from far within the continent,and the Great Lakes-five large,inland lakes along the U.S border with Canada-provide additional shipping access.This extensive waterways have helped shape the country’s economic growth over the years and helped bind America’s 50 individual states together in a single economic unit.The second ingredient is labor,which converts natural resources into goods.The number of available workers and,more importantly,their productivity help determine the health of an economy.Throughout its history,the United States has experienced steady growth in the labor force,and that,in turn ,has helped fuel almost constant economic expansion.Until shortly after World War I,most workers were immigrants from Europe,their immediate descendants,or African Americans whose ancestors were brought to the Americas as slaves.In the early years of the 20th century,large numbers of Asians immigrated to the United States,while many Latin American immigrants came in later years.A Mired Economy:The Role of the MarketThe United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles.Indeed,some of the most enduring debates of American economic history focus on the relating roles of the public and private sectors.The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership.Private businesses produce most goods and services,and almost two-thirds of the nation’s total economic output goes to individuals for personal use(the remaining one –third is bought by government and business).The consumer role is so great,in fact ,that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a “consumer economy”.The structure of the economy comprises private-owned business, state-owned business, non-profit organizations and so on.Structure of the employees: self-employed (75%); government workers (21%); employees of nonprofit organizations (4%)The US position in the world has been described as “Superpower” in world affairs paired with it dominant position of the dollar “Bretton Woods System”, a monetary management which established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world’ major industrial states in the mid 20th century.it was held in 1945 at B r e t t o n W o o d s i n N e w H a m p s h i r e a n da t t e n d e db y45c o u n t r i e s.I t h a s a h i s t o r i c s i g n i f i c a n c e o f e s t a b l i s h i n g f o r m a l l y t h ed o m i n a n tp o s i t i o n o f t h e d o l l a r i n t h e B r e t t o n W o o d s y s t e m.T h e c o n f e r e n c e a l s o s e t u p t h e I M F(I n t e r n a t i o n a l M o n e t a r y F u n d),t h e W o r l d B a n k,a n d G A T T(t h e G e n e r a l A g r e e m e n t o n T a r i f f s a n d T r a d e),l a t e r k n o w n a s W T O,i t i s a w o r l d t r a d i n g s y s t e m.T h e c h i e f f e a t u r e s o f t h e B r e t t o n W o o d s s y s t e m i s t h a t i t b u i l t a n o b l i g a t i o n f o r e a c h c o u n t r y t o a d o p t a m o n e t a r y p o l i c y t h a t m a i n t a i n e d t h e e x c h a n g e r a t e o f i t s c u r r e n c y w i t h i n a f i x e d v a l u e—p l u s o r m i n u s o n e p e r c e n t—i n t e r m s o f g o l da n d t h e ab i l i t y o f t h e I M F t o b r i d g e t e m p o r a r y i m b a l a nc e s o f p a y m e n t s.T h e d e c l i n e o f t h e B r e t t o n W o o d s s y s t e m:i n t h e f a c e o f i n c r e a s i n g f i n a n c i a l s t r a i n,t h e s y s t e m c o l l a p s e d i n1971,a f t e r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s u n i l a t e r a l l y t e r m i n a t e d c o n v e r t i b i l i t y o f t h e d o l l a r s t og o l d.T h i s a c t i o n c a u s e d c o n s i d e r a b l e f i n a n c i a l s t r e s s i n t h e w o r l d e c o n o m y a n d c r e a t e d t h e u n i q u es i t u a t i o n w h e r e b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d o l l a r b e c a m e t h e"r e s e r v e c u r r e n c y"f o r t h e s t a t e s w h i c h h a d s i g n e d t h e a g r e e m e n t.General feature of US economy are that i n f l a t i o n;A g e n e r a l r i s e i n t h e p r i c e s o f g o o d s a ds e r v i c e s;a r e d u c t i o n o f m o n e y v a l u e a n d t h e r e a l p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r;d e f i c i t;A m e r i c a n e c o n o m y i s d e f i c i t f i n a n c i n g.R e a s o n s:a.I t i s i m p o r t i n g m o r e g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s t h a n i t i s e x p o r t i n g.b.T h e U S i sd e p e n d e n t o n c a p i t a l f l o w s,w h i c h r e s u l t s i n t h e d o l l a r's s e n s i t i v i t y t o a n y c h a n g e i n t h e s e c a p i t a lf l o w s.1.$23b i l l i o n d u r i ng W WⅠ;2.$13b i l l i o n m o r e d u r i n g th e1930s;3.$200bi l l i o n m o r ed u r i n g W WⅡ;4.B y1998t he g r o s sf e d e r a l d e b t h a s r e a c h e d$2t r i l l i o n;5.i n t e r e s t o n t h e f e d e r a l d e b t i s o v e r$150b i l l i o n a y e a r.I n d u s t r i e s1.M a n u f a c t u r i n gT h e U S m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y i s t h e l a r g e s t i n t h e w o r l d,a l m o s t3t i m e s t h e s i z e o f J a p a n.1.o n e q u a r t e r o f i t s G N P2.o n e q u a r t e r o f i t s n a t i o n a l i n c o m e3.o v e r1/5o f t h e U S w o r k f o r c e2.H i g h T e c h n o l o g y1.o n e o f t h e w o r l d l e a d e r s i n t h e h i g h t e c h n o l o g y,i n t h e a r e a s o f t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n,e l e c t r o n i c s,c o m p u t e r c h i p r e s e a r c h a nd m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d s o f t w a re d e v e l o p m e n t.2.U S i s t h e w o r l d m a j o r p r o d u c e r o f h i g h-s p e e d c o m p u t e r s,s u c h a s A p p l e C o m p u t e r C o r p o r a t i o n;I n t e r n a t i o n a l B u s i n e s s M a c h i n e s(I B M)3.H e a v y I n d u s t r yH e a v y i n d u s t r y a r o u n d t h e G r e a t L a k e s d e p e n d s h e a v i l y u p o n3r e s o u r c e s.1.i r o n o r e f r o m t h e L a k e S u p e r i o r2.c o a l s u p p l y f r o m A p p a l a c h i a M o u n t a i n s(w e s t e r n P e n n s y l v a n i a a n d w e s t V i r g i n i a)3.c h e a p w a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o v i d e d b y t h e G r e a t L a k e s a n d r i v e r s.T h e y c o n s t i t u t e t h e b a s e f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n d u s t r y i n t h e r e g i o n.4.A v i a t i o n1.U S h a s t h e l a r g e s t a v i a t i o n i n d u s t r y i n t h e w o r l d.2.M a j o r a i r c r a f t c o m p a n i e s:B o e i n g,M c D o n a l d D o u g l a s(i n S e a t t l e,W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e)3.S p a c e s h u t t l e s s t i l l l e a d t h e w o r l d’s s p a c e n a v i g a t i o n s.(i n H o u s t o n,T e x a s)5.C a r I n d u s t r y1.“B i g T h r e e”m o t o r v e h i c l e c o m p a n i e s“F o r d”“G e n e r a l M o t o r s(G M)”a n d“C h r y s l e r”(i n D e t r o i t,M i c h i g a n)F e a t u r e s:l a r g e,s p a c i o u s a n d h i g h-p o w e r e d;h e a v y f u e l c o n s u m i n g a n d c o s t l y t h e i n f l u x o f J a p a n e s e c a r sa n d s p a r e p a r t s i s t h e m a i n c a u s e o f A m e r i c a’s$60b i l l i o n t r a d e d e f ic i t w i t h J a p a n.6.D i s t r i b u t i o n o f I n d u s t r i e s1.N o r t h e a s t e r n A m e r i c a,t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n d u s t r i a l r e g i o n.N e w E n g l a n d a n d G r e a t L a k e s2.T h e S o u t h w a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y a n a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n b e c a u s e o f i t s f a v o r a b l e c l i m a t e f o r c r o p s.T h e S o u t h d e v e l o p e d i t s o i l-r e f i n i n g a n d P e t r o-c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y.M e a n w h i l e t h e t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y a n d h e a v y i n d u s t r y a l s o d e v e l o p e d.A g r i c u l t u r e1.I n t r o d u c t i o nO n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e n t e r p r i s e s o f t h e U.S.e n j o y i n g a n e x t o l l e d v i r t u e s o f t h e h a r d y,s e l f-s u f f i c i e n t f a r m e r s a n d m o s t w o r t h y o f e m u l a t i o n b y t h e p e o p l e a s a w h o l e.T h o m a s J e f f e r s o n’s w o r d s:“C u l t i v a t o r s o f t h e e a r t h a r e t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e c i t i z e n s…a n d t h e y a r e t i e d t o t h e i rc o u n t r y a nd we d d e d t o i t s i n t e r e s t b y t h e m o s t l a s t i n g b o n d s.”D e p e n d e n t o n t h e w h i m s o fw e a t h e r a n d t h e m a r k e t p l a c e a n d o n t h e n a t u r e o f g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c y.O n e t h i r d o f A m e r i c a na g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s e x p o r t t o E u r o p e,A s i a,A f r i c a a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a,l e a v i n g a s u r p l u s i n t h ea g r i c u l t u r a lb a l a nc e o f t r ad e.F a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s1.V a s t n e s s o f t h e n a t i o n;2.G e n e r o s i t y o f n a t u r e:I r r i g a t i o n:a b u n d a n t r a i n f a l l,r i v e r s,a n d u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r3.M e c h a n i z a t i o n:E f f e c t i v e u s e o f m a c h i n e s,f e r t i l i z e r s a n d c h e m i c a l s;h i g h l y m e c h a n i z e d a n dp r o d u c t i v e.4.L a r g e-s c a l e n a t u r e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l e n t e r p r i s e:a g r i b u s i n e s s f a r m e r c o o p e r a t i v e s;r u r a l b a n k s;s h i p p e r s o f f a r m p r o d u c t s;c o m m o d i t y d e a l e r s;f a r m-e q u i p m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s;f o o d-p r o c e s s i ng i n d u s t r i e s;g r o c e r y ch ai n s a n d e t c.D i s t r i b u t i o n1.20%o f t h e l a n d a r e a o f t h e U S i s f a r m i n g l a n d2.M i d w e s t(t h e G r e a t P l a i n s):w h e a t,c o r n a n d s o y b e a n s3.S o u t h e r n s t a t e s f o r c o t t o n,t o b a c c o,a n d r i c e.4.P a c i f i c c o a s t f o r f r u i t s,v e g e t a b l e s a n d w h e a t.A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o b l e m s1.O v e r p r o d u c t i o n:c r o p s u r p l u s2.T h i n p r o f i t:l o w p r i c e s;h i g h c o s t(m a c h i n e s,f e r t i l i z e r s,p e s t i c i d e s,i n t e r e s t r a t e a n d e t c)3.I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i o n4.M i g r a n t w o r k e r s p r o b l e m s:p o o r h o u s i n g,i n a d e q u a t e h e a l t h c a r e,l o w w a g e s.。
Changes in the American Economy
Deindustrialization
During the 1970's, the oil crisis and the falling productivity of the US manufacturing sector sped the decline of several industries, including steel, automobiles, and electronics. The industrial production index measures the total output of US factories. A decline in production indicates slow economic growth.
The Oil Crisis Begins
On October 6, 1973, the Yom Kippur War began when Egypt and Syria attacked Israel from two sides. The US airlifted supplies to Israel, prompting OPEC to levy an oil embargo against Israel's allies that lasted until March 18, 1974.
Coping with the Energy Crisappealed to the nation to make sacrifices in the name of conserving energy. He warned that the country was "heading toward the most acute shortages of energy since World War II.” The President asked Americans to reduce air travel, reduce work and school hours, turn down thermostats by 6 degrees, and reduce highway speed limits to conserve energy.
美国中英文简介
美国中英文简介美利坚合众国是一个宪法联邦共和国，主要位于北美。
它拥有50个州和一个联邦区,它同样可以称作the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the U.S. of A., America, the States, or (poetically) Columbia。
自从20世纪中叶，即二战结束后开始，美国已主宰全球经济、政治、军事、科学、科技及文化领域。
尤其在冷战过后，正因它的诸多影响，美国被公认为超级强国。
在1776年7月4日，当代表13个英国殖民地的第二届全国会议采纳了独立宣言之时，标志着英国的统治宣告结束，而自主统治即将崛起。
1789年见证了美国政府结构的转变，以美国宪法替代了联邦契约。
这一天，50个州采用了这份宪法，并普遍认为这一天是各个州联合在一起，成为了美利坚合众国中的一份子。
The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic, situated primarily in North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories with differing degrees of affiliation. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the U.S. of A., America, the States, or (poetically) Columbia.Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs. Because of its influence, the U.S. is considered a superpower and, particularly after the Cold War, a hyperpower by some.The country celebrates its founding date as July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence that rejected British authority in favor ofself-determination.The structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1789, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" to become part of the United States.General Information on the USAThe United States consists of 50 states and Washington D.C. The last two States to join the Union were Alaska (49th) and Hawaii (50th). Both joined in 1959.Washington DC is a federal district under the authority of the U.S. Congress. Washington DC is represented in Congress by an elected, non-voting Delegate to the House of Representatives. Residents have been able to vote in presidential elections since 1961.Puerto Rico is a commonwealth associated with the United States. Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens. Puerto Ricans do not vote in U.S. Presidential elections, but they do elect a non-voting commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives.U.S. V irgin Islands - St. John, St. Croix, and St. Thomas is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior. Indigenous inhabitants are U.S. citizens, but do not vote in U.S. Presidential elections.Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the United States. Self-governing with locally elected governor and legislature.American Samoa is a unincorporated territory of the United States. Administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior.Guam is a unincorporated territory of the United States. Administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior. Inhabitants are U.S. citizens, but do not vote in U.S. Presidential elections.Other Dependent Areas of the United States: Baker Island - Howland Island - Jarvis Island - Johnston Atoll - Kingman Reef - Midway Islands - Navassa Island - Palmyra Atoll - Wake IslandGeographyAmericans often speak of their country as one of several large regions. These regions are cultural units rather than governmental units - formed by history and geography and shaped by the economics, literature and folkways that all the parts of a region share.What makes one region different from another? Within several regions, language is used differently and there are strong dialects. There are also differences in outlook and attitude based on geography. A region's multicultural heritage as well as distinct demographic characteristics like age and occupation also make regions different and special.The United States is a varied land - of forests, deserts, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains. The country lies mostly in the temperate zone but there is a very wide range of climate variations. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. The United States covers a total area of 9 million square kilometers (including Alaska and Hawaii). Alaska is the largest in area of the 50 states, and Texas isthe second largest.From the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West, the center of the country is drained by the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and their branches. The Mississippi is one of the world's great rivers; it was known to Native Americans as the "father of waters." Water from the source of its main branch, the Missouri River, flows about 6,400 kilometers from the northern Rocky Mountains to the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico. On a topographic map of the United States, the mountains look like jagged masses, the plains like vast, open flat spaces, and the rivers like meandering threads. Today, highways, railways and transcontinental aircraft criss-cross the land, making travel easy. But only a few generations ago, the topographic features on the map represented great dangers and difficulties.Today's visitors, riding over a good road in the Cascade Mountains in the west coast states of Oregon and Washington, may see marks on the rocks made by ropes where pioneer settlers painfully lowered their horses and wagons down cliffs to reach the fertile river valley far below. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, the main route now runs through a mountain pass which was once too narrow for a wagon to go through. Pioneer families reaching that pass had to take their wagons apart piece by piece, carry them through, and then reassemble them on the other side. In 1848, pioneers who crossed the continent made the trip in 109 days - if they were fortunate and strong. Today a New Y ork family can drive by car to San Francisco in less than a week.HistoryThe first Europeans to reach North America were Icelandic V ikings, led by Leif Ericson, about the year 1000. Traces of their visit have been found in the Canadian province of Newfoundland, but the V ikings failed to establish a permanent settlement and soon lost contact with the new continent.Five centuries later, the demand for Asian spices, textiles, and dyes spurred European navigators to dream of shorter routes between East and West. Acting on behalf of the Spanish crown, in 1492 the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus sailed west from Europe and landed on one of the Bahama Islands in the Caribbean Sea. Within 40 years, Spanish adventurers had carved out a huge empire in Central and South America. In the 16th and 17th Century, Northern Europeans settled in what is now the North East Coast of the United States, which soon fell under the British Crown and stayed an English Colony till the Revolutionary Wars in the late 18th Century. Please see links below for an outline of the history of the United States, with a few selected focus areas.Government OverviewThe United States is a federal union of 50 states, with the District of Columbia as the seat of the federal government. The Constitution outlines the structure of the national government and specifies its powers and activities, and defines the relationship between the national government and individual state governments. Power is shared between the national and state (local) governments. Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.Governmental power and functions in the United States rest in three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive. Article 1 of the Constitution defines the legislative branch and vests power to legislate in the Congress of the United States. The executive powers of the President are defined in Article 2. Article 3 places judicial power in the hands of one Supreme Court and inferior courts as Congress sees necessary to establish. In this system of a "separation of powers" each branch operates independently of the others, however, there are builtin "checks and balances" to prevent a concentration of power in any one branch and to protect the rights and liberties of citizens. For example, the President can veto bills approved by Congress and the President nominates individuals to serve in the Federal judiciary; the Supreme Court can declare a law enacted by Congress or an action by the President unconstitutional; and Congress can impeach the President and Federal court justices and judges.EconomyThe United S tates entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger, and by many measures more successful, than ever. Though the United States held less than 5 percent of the world's population, it accounted for more than 25 percent of the world's economic output. In the 1990s, the American economy recorded the longest uninterrupted period of expansion in its history. A wave of technological innovations in computing, telecommunications, and the biological sciences were profoundly affecting how Americans work and play.The United States remains a "market economy." Americans continue to believe that an economy generally operates best when decisions about what to produce and what prices to charge for goods are made through the give-and-take of millions of independent buyers and sellers, not by government or by powerful private interests.Besides believing that free markets promote economic efficiency, Americans see them as a way of promoting their political values as well -- especially, their commitment to individual freedom and political pluralism and their opposition to undue concentrations of power. The American belief in "free enterprise" has not precluded a major role for government, however. Americans at times have looked to government to break up or regulate companies. that appeared to be developing so much power that they could defy market forces. They have relied on government to address matters the private economy overlooks, from education to protecting the environment. And despite their advocacy of market principles, they have used government at times to nurture new industries, and at times even to protect American companies from competition.。
Chapter Ⅳ The development of American Economy
Because of the favorable natural condition and productive American farmers, less than 2% of the total population who are engaged in the farming make it possible for the U.S.A. to become one of the the biggest agricultural country.
Recent Development
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 GDP实 际 长 率 单 ： GDP实 增 年 （ 位 %） 同 比 环 比
19 81 19 6 83 19 6 85 -6 19 87 19 6 89 19 6 91 19 6 93 19 6 95 19 6 97 19 6 99 20 6 01 20 6 03 -6 20 05 20 6 07 20 6 09 -6
Ad
Scientific methods
American technology Agriculture
machines
American Industry
AMERICAN INDUSTRY
• Rank the first three in the world: raw steel, automobiles, radios and TV sets, etc. • One the eve of World War I, the U.S.A. was responsible for one-third of the world industrial production. • Major industry includes aircraft, computers, chemicals, electronics, motor vehicles, paper and pulp, telecommunication equipment, textiles etc. • Third Technology Revolution originated from the U.S.A. • Unclear energy industry, electronics and aircraft. • The American South---major industries---textile, iron, and steel industry, oil refining, fishing, lumbering, etc. • California---famous for its foodprocessing, investment making, petroleum refining, lumbering, shipbuilding and the manufacture of airplanes. • Big corporations are the most easily recognizable and highly publicized feature of American economy.
美国的经济体系【英文】
What are the benefits of a modified “free enterprise” economy?
Government can use its money / power to try and provide the most good
Subsidies projects Regulate industries Protect workers Provide unemployment
Free Enterprise Economy
USA
Mixed Economy
What are the basic principles behind a “free enterprise” economy?
Three (3) basic ideas:
Right to choice Right to produce what you like Right to turn a max. profit
Many of this basic ideas have influenced economies around the world today
What freedoms does the American economic system offer its citizens?
Five (5) major freedoms:
Has bills to pay Debts to re-pay
What is the role of the US government in a modified “free enterprise” economy”?
Under a “modified” free enterprise economy:
思考题美国概况
思考题——美国概况Chapter 8. Country and People1.How many states are there in the United States? Which one is the largest and which one is thesmallest?2.Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?3.Look at a physical map of the United States and find out and name the main mountain ranges, riversand lakes in the United States.4.What are the benefits of the lakes, rivers and seacoasts of the Unites States?5.How many types of climate can be found in the United States? What are they?6.What is the population of the United States? Which three countries have the largest populations inthe world?7.Where do most of the Americans live? Which are some of the biggest cities in the U. S?8.How did the black people come to the United States? What was their fate in the U. S. ?9.What is a Hispanic? Are there any groups of Hispanics which have great influence on the UnitedStates? Which are the groups?10.Say something about the three immigration waves.11.What is another trend in the population movement? What are some of the consequences of thistrend?Chapter 9. American Political System and Government1.Under what circumstances was the U. S. Constitution drafted?2.What is a federal system?3.How are the powers of the Federal Government separated among three branches of the governmentand what checks does each of the three branches exercise on the other two? What was the underlying idea as the founders saw it?4.How can the Constitution keep pace with the growth of the nation?5.What is the Bill of Rights? How did it come into being?6.What are the qualifications for a U. S. President? What are the powers of the President?7.What do you know about the Judicial Branch? How does the judicial system work?8.Tell briefly the history of the two-party system in the United States. What are the characteristics ofthe two major parties in the United States today?9.What has contributed to the decline in the influence of major American parties in recent decades? Chapter 10. American Economy1.Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy. Whatproblems does it have today?2.What kind of economic system does the United States have? What are its characteristics?3.What are the main crops grown in the United States? How important are they to the economy of thecountry?4.Why is the Midwest the most important agricultural region of the United States?5.List the problems American agriculture is faced with.6.Where are the major industrial regions of the United States? Describe briefly some of the economicactivities that take place in at least two of these regions.7.Why is the Midwest regarded as the nation's leading centre of heavy industry?8.How important are the Middle Atlantic states to the economy of the United States?9.What advantages does the American South have in developing its industry?10.Describe briefly the exports and imports of the United States. Why is the economy of othercountries often affected when the American economy is in trouble?Chapter 11. American History1.Who were the first Americans? How did they come to America? How was America discovered byEuropeans in the 15th century?2.Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? Whatwere the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?3.Say something about the Boston Tea Party, the Paul Revere Ride and the Shots at Concord andLexington.4.What was unusual about the Articles of Confederation? What was the struggle at the ConstitutionalConvention? How was the conflict solved?5.What were the contributions of President Theodore Roosevelt?6.What were the important measures of Wilson's New Freedom?7.How serious was the great Depression? Give a few examples.8.What is the root cause of the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union right after theSecond World War? What was the American policy towards the Soviet Union?9.What is the Truman Doctrine? Why did the United States put forward the Marshall Plan?10.Who was McCarthy and what was McCarthyism? What do you know about the Alger Fliss case?What role did the court play in the spread of anti-Communist hysteria?Chapter 12. American Education1.What is the general view of Americans on education?2.What are some of the characteristics of American education?3.How are primary schools run in the United States? What are some of the subjects taught in primaryschools?4.What is the typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools?5.Which was the earliest institution of higher education in the United States? Say something about thedifferences of colleges and universities.6.What are the three principal functions of institution of higher education? How are the institutionsfunded? How are they run?7.How are students admitted to an institution of higher education? What is meant by ''openadmission''?8.What do you know about tuition for higher education in the United States? What is the curriculumfor an undergraduate student? What is the content of general education?9.What role does the community college play? What functions does it perform? Why is it important inAmerican higher education? What is the guiding principle of such a college?Chapter 13. American Cultural Life and Festivals1.Who was the only writer in colonial period still read today? And what is he famous for?2.What is the story of "Rip Van Winkle" about?3.What is The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn about? Why is it important?4.What is the '' Lost Generation'''? Why is Hemingway considered an important writer in the 20thcentury?5.What is Jazz? And what is Country and Western music?6.What are the popular activities in the United States during the New Year's Day celebration?7.Why do American people respect and love President Abraham Lincoln and President GeorgeWashington?8.What are the practices for Valentine's Day?9.How do American children celebrate Easter Sunday?10.What are the similarities and differences between Memorial Day and Veterans' Day?11.What is the origin of Thanksgiving Day?Chapter 14. Cities and Tourism1.How many parts can Disneyland Park be divided into? What are they?2.After getting to know the famous cities in U. S. which city you want to visit most? Why ( have yourown answer)3.List what you consider to be the five most interesting places to visit in China? Why? (Have yourown answer)。
学术综合英语听力课文翻译unit1
Unit1Road BuildingGood morning, everyone. Today I’ll be talking about the relationship between road buildingand the development of the American economy during the 18th century. About 300 years ago, the United States’ economy was growing rapidly, mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products: grain and cotton. 大家早上好。
今天，我将谈论18世纪道路建设和美国经济发展之间的关系。
大约300年前，美国的经济正在快速增长, 主要是因为一个蓬勃发展的两个重要的农产品贸易：粮食和棉花。
Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidlygrowing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe. As a result, the demand forgrain almost doubled.由于快速增长的人口和大量来自欧洲的移民，当时美国东部的粮食产量迅速增加。
因此,对粮食的需求几乎翻了一倍。
For this reason, the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country. At the same time, the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities. The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well. 出于这个原因，粮食贸易在这个国家的这部分首先开发。
英语国家概况精讲Part three(美国America)
英语国家概况精讲：第十四章美国人口种族英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列chapter 14：Population. Race and Ethnic groups必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。
2。
Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth, The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。
3。
Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。
4。
Arizona, Nevada, and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
英语国家概况：TheU.S.Economy美国经济
英语国家概况：The U.S.Economy美国经济 下⾯是店铺整理的英语国家概况：The U.S. Economy美国经济，欢迎⼤家阅读! The U.S. Economy 1)Factors that contribute to the fast growth ofthe economy: ①the geographical location of the United Statespovides very good conditions for the country to growand become strong. ②the United States has been blessed by being a landrich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil,together with a moderate climate. ③America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for aconstantly expanding economy. ④the quality of available labour. The United States has a skilful and willing labour force. 经济快速增长的⼏个因素： 1.美国的地理位置为国家的发展壮⼤提供了良好的条件; 2.美国有幸是⼀块矿产资源丰富、⼟壤肥沃的陆地，⽓候温和; 3.拥有⾜够的劳动⼒以满⾜不断发展的经济增长; 4.这些劳动⼒的质量。
美国拥有技术⾼和能动性好的劳动⼒⼤军。
2)Characteristics of the U.S. economy: characterised by a high degree of monopoly. 经济特征：已⾼度垄断为特点。
英语国家概况美国经济
economic rights as well as political and judicial authority
1. The Colonial Period
Mayflower, the ship that carried the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they established the first permanent New England colony in 1620.
In 1862, the first Pacific railroad was chartered.
In 1863 and 1864, a national bank code (银行 代码) was drafted.
2. Since American Independence
❖Northern victory in the Civil War—ensured the destiny of the nation and its economic system
with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents (专利权、专利品) and copyrights. ▪ “intellectual property”
美国经济
As a result of these policies, American per capita disposable income（人均可支 配收入） increased , commodity price declined, private and community welfare developed and so on . Reagan brought about a new situation in the economic growth of the last 72 months . High unemployment, high inflation, the energy crisis, the three major problems which plagued previous President of the United States to be alleviated （缓解）since the sixties, and the United States to consolidate(巩固） the status of superpower strength . However, these policies also buried a serious potential danger . First, the U.S. budget deficit increased. Second, the stock over-Value , triggering the dollar crisis of confidence . Third, foreign debt sharply increased .
After experiencing a period of stagflation（滞涨） in the early 1970s, the U.S. economy is showing signs of recovery in the 1980s. The situation was closely linked with President Reagan‘s economic revitalization plan(经济复兴计划）. These plans take the following measures: 1.Reducing the taxation of corporate(公司） and personal income tax rates, in order to stimulate investment and savings 。