TPO25

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tpo-25听力解析

TPO-25听力解析Conversation 1(场景分类——询问课程)Listen to a conversation between a student and his academic advisor.Academic AdvisorHi Mark, what can I do for you?Student(1)I'm just filling out this approval for graduation form for the Dean's office and …I don't know,I hope I will be able to graduate next semester.Academic AdvisorWell, as long as you've met the departmental requirements and you submit the form on time, you Shouldn't have any problem. Make sure you include all the classes you will have taken for your degree in finance and the electives too.StudentYeah, but as I look over the form, I got confused because the way, uh, they've changed the requirements, so, now I'm not sure I'll qualify to graduate next semester. I know I would've before, under the old requirements.Academic Advisor(2)Well, when the business department changed the curriculum to include more courses in international business to dwell, because of the increasing globalization of business. (3)We made sure that students would finish to their second year, that is those who were in their third or fourth year wouldn't be affected. The new rules only apply to students in their first or second year.StudentOh, that's good to know. Uh, the department's hiring new faculty too, I heard, to teach some of the new courses? But, I want to…Academic AdvisorYes, one new faculty member has been hired. She'll be teaching International Banking as a matter of fact.StudentActually, that's what I wanted to ask about, International Banking. I took International Banking 1, but I never took International Banking 2. It used to be that the second semester of International Banking was an elective, but now it says it's a required class.Academic AdvisorYes, but that's one of the recent changes, so…StudentOh, oh, okay. Oh, and I am planning to take a management course next semester but I don't know if it's, if it will count toward my major.Academic AdvisorWhat's the course?StudentOrganizational behavior.Academic AdvisorYes, that'll count toward your major, that's a difficult class you know, but well worth it. So it looks like you'll have all the required classes you need, you should be just fine. (5)Uh, I assume you've taken a seminar?StudentYeah, I took the marketing seminar.Academic AdvisorOK, you're looking good. Just to be on the safe side, why don't you talk to someone in the Dean's office before you give them the form?StudentOK, so should I just explain to them that even though one of these classes got changed from an elective to a required class I don't have to take it?Academic Advisor(4)Yes, you've met the requirements for graduation, and if there's something I need to do, if, if I need to write a letter or whatever, just let me know.StudentOK, thanks. I'll let you know if I need that letter.词汇：submit v. 递交curriculum n. 课程elective n. 选修课required adj. 必修的seminar n. 研讨班eligibility n. 合格题目：1. What is the conversation mainly about?*The student's eligibility to graduate next semesterThe student's difficulties in registering for classesA difficult class the student must take next semester Possible elective choices in the student's degree program2. According to the woman, why was the program's curriculum changed?To attract more international students to the program*To reflect the growing importance of international businessTo take advantage of the expertise of new faculty membersTo give students a stronger background in management3. What does the woman imply about the new departmental requirements?*They will not affect the student's plans for graduationThey will not be officially approved by the department until next yearThey will be limited to students specializing in the international businessThey will be similar to recent changes made in other departments at the university4. Why does the woman mention writing a letter?To point out the best way for the student to contact the dean's officeTo confirm that a personal letter is a graduation requirement*To indicate that she is willing to provide the student with further assistanceTo emphasize that the student will need special permission to graduate5. Why does the woman say thisTo suggest that the student has not fulfilled all of his requirementsTo indicate one of the new graduation requirementsTo find out the student's opinion about a particular class*To be sure that the student has taken a required classLecture 1(学科分类——生物学)Narrow: Listen to a part of a lecture in a conservation biology classWhen consequence of global warming is extinction, there is compelling evidence that global warming will be a significant driver of many plant and animal extinctions in this century. (6)So we are considering various strategies to help some threaten species survive this unprecedented, this warming trend which, as you know, is caused mainly by green houses gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.The most radical strategy being debated among conservation biologists is Assisted migration. Assisted migration means picking up members of the species or members of a group of interdependent species and physically moving or translocating them. Translocating threatened species to a cooler place to higher latitudes or higher elevations for example.Now migrations are natural survival strategy. (7)Over the past 2 million years, colder glacial periods have alternated with warmer inter-glacial periods. And so in response to this gradual climatic swings, some species have shifted their ranges hundreds of kilometers. So perhaps youare wondering why not let nature take its course now. Well we can't. The main problem is today's fragmented habitats.During previous inter-glacial periods, when glaciers were treated, they left behind open land in their wakes. Today human development has paved over much of the natural world. Ecosystems are fragmented. Housing developments, highways, and cities have placed or sliced through forests and prairies . There are few corders left for species to migrate through without help.So conservationists are trying to save as many species as possible. Now, assisted migration could become a viable part of our rescue strategy, but there are a number of uncertainties and risks. Without more research we can't predict if assisted migration will work for any given species. A translocated species could die out from like a food for example.At the other extreme, we might successfully translocate the species but within five or ten years, that species could proliferate and become an invasive species. Like a non-native plant that chokes out native plants by hogging the nutrients in the soil. (8)Translocated animals can become invasive, too. It happened in Australia. The cane toad was introduced back in 1935 to control an insect pest that was destroying Australia sugar cane plantations. But the cane toad itself became a pest and it destroyed much of the wild life on that continent.(9)Also, many species are interdependent, intimately connected to one another. Like animals that eat a certain plant and that plant relys on a certain fungus to help it get nutrients from soil. And on a certain insect for pollination, we probably have to translocate entire networks of species. And it's hard to know where to draw the line. And in addition to all that it's not even cleared that the assisted migration or any migration for that matter will help at least for some species. Earth was already at one of its warm inter-glacial periods when we started burning fossil fuels.And in the 21st century, global temperatures are expected to rise two to six degrees. That rate of heatings far greater than during the last glacial retreat some twelve thousand years ago. Whether to use the assisted migration? This debate is mostly within the biology community right now. (10)But the ultimate decision makers, in United States at least, will be the government agencies that manage natural resources. Assisted migration really needs this level of oversight and soon.Currently there is no public policy on using assisted migration to help species survive climate change. People aren't even required to see permits to move plants or invertebrate animals around as long as they are not classified as pests. In one case a group of conservationists has already take it upon itself to try on their own to save the endangered tree, the Florida torreya tree through assisted migration. There is only about a thousand individual Florida torreyas left and global warming is expected to significantly reduce or eliminate this tree's habitat. (11)So this conservation group wants to translocate seedlings, Florida torreyas seedlings, 500 kilometres north, in order to expand the species' range. The group believes that its effort is justified, but I and many other biologists will be watching very closely how this maverick group makes out because, like I said there could be unintended consequences.词汇：compelling adj. 引人注目的strategy n. 策略unprecedented adj. 空前的interdependent adj. 相互依赖的translocate v. 改变……的位置latitude n. 纬度elevation n. 海拔glacier n. 冰川alternate with 相间swing n. 摆动fragmented adj. 成碎片的wake n. 尾迹pave v. 安排prairie n. 大草原conservationist n. 自然资源保护者rescue v. 营救proliferate v. 激增invasive adj. 侵略性的choke v. 使窒息hog v. 贪婪索取continent n. 洲intimately adv. 亲密地fungus n. 细菌pollination n. 授粉ultimate adj. 最终的oversight v. 监督seedling n. 幼苗maverick adj. 行为不合常规的题目：6. What is the main purpose of the lecture?To explain the government's role in the regulating assisted migrationTo discuss ways in which plants and animals adapt to climate change*To discuss a controversial approach to conserving plant and animal speciesTo describe a recently discovered consequence of global warming7. According to the professor, what problem is assisted migration intended to overcome?*To diminishing amount of undeveloped land that species can migrate throughThe relative lack of nutrients available in cooler latitudes and higher elevationsThe increase in alternations between cool and warm periodsCompetition from other species in certain native habitats8. What point does the professor make when she discusses the cane toad?Translocated species sometimes die out from lack of food*Translocated species may spread too quickly in their new environmentSeveral techniques are available to achieve assisted migrationAnimal species are often easier to translocate than plant species are9. What does the professor imply when she mentions translocating networking of species?*There are aspects of interdependency that are unknownSome species evolve in ways that help them survive in new habitatsIt is difficult to know how far to move a network of species from its native habitatMany assisted-migration plans should involve the translocation of just one species10. What does the professor imply about the government's role in regulating assisted migration in the United States?The government should continue to encourage assisted migrationThe government has created policies that have proved unhelpfulThe government should follow the example set by other countries*The government needs to increase its involvement in the issue11. What is the professor's attitude toward the effort to save the Florida torreya?She is glad that some conservationists are willing to take a chance on assisted migration*She is concerned because it may have unintended consequencesShe is surprised because other species are more endangered than Florida torreya isShe expects the effort will have to be repeated several times before it succeedsLecture 2(学科分类——艺术)Narrow: Listen to part of a lecture in a music history classProfessor: So, I just finish reviewing your papers on the influence of nationalism of composers' music. And initially, I was surprised that none of you chose to write about Bella Bartok. That isn't until I remembered that we haven't had a chance to discuss him in the class yet. He was a wonderful and ground-breaking composer. Bella Bartok was a Hungarian whose life stretched from the late 19th century to the middle of 20th century. But he was not a fan of the romantic style of music that was popular in his homeland during his youth.Female student: Wait, Hungary wasn't a country in 1900, was it?Professor: You're right, I should have been clear. Bartok was born in Austria Hungary, a nation that broke apart when he was 40 years old. Actually the town where he was born is presently part of Romania. The political history of that region is complex. Suffice to say Bartok is generally known has a Hungarian composer.So, during Bartok's youth, the music played in the concert halls of the Austria Hungary was dominated by romantic pieces by mostly German composers. We discussed the romantic style last week. These pieces were long and lyrical. They were meant to have a sort of grandeur about them.(13)And in the early 1900, composers worked in the romantic style were most popular in Austria Hungary. But Bartok, he was part of the musical community that was trying to change this. And it let him to, well, the first thing ... was to led him travel, he looked to the countryside for the music of the farmers and the people who lived in the small towns. And their music, well, you can say he discovered the music that was popular in those areas.Male student : What do you mean?Professor: Well, all the music we've been talking about the past few weeks, it really was all in the cities. That's where the composers and the orchestras were. Out in remote areas of the countryside in rural locations, music was more traditional. The same song was enjoyed by previous generations. Bartok went out, he traveled through a significant portion of eastern Europe actually.(14)He roamed the countryside and listened to the music heard in the small towns and all sorts of celebrations.He attended weddings, dances and religious ceremony where he heard a very different sort of music from the romantic stuff being played in the concert halls in the cities. The music he heard is what we considered folk music.Male student : And any of those same songs played in the concert halls?Professor: No.(15) At first, he went around to document the folk music. He really wanted to make sure that folk songs were written down before they disappeared. In fact, Bartok did start out a trip thinking himself as a composer. He was an ethnomusicologist, and he studied the traditional music of the region. But it turns out that what were later had but notable influence on the European music on the whole, was the way Bartok used the elements he heard in folk songs in his own compositions. He adopted a number of elements from what he heard, like unusual rhythms and he liked to use Gelli Sandor as his home mark, which you probably got from listening to Croatian folk music. (17)Gelli Sandor is, well, I've got a recording of Bartok here. Let's wait until the music is fresh in our minds. Suzi, do you have something you want to ask first?Female student: Yeah. Before, you mentioned nationalism, and ...Professor: Ah, right! Yes. (16)When Bartok kept new pieces performed, their folk music routes made them instantly popular. It happened to be a time of strong nationalism in Austria, Hungary. So his composition came just at the right time. It became very successful there. Particularly, when Bartok's ballet The Wooden Prince opened, it was a great excitement for music that included musical elements from local folk songs, music that reflected the region's musical traditions.However, as popular as Bartok was in his homeland, he did not get much international recognition during his lifetime.词汇：nationalism n. 民族主义ground-breaking adj. 开拓性的suffice to say 可以说dominate v. 支配lyrical adj. 抒情的grandeur n. 宏伟orchestra n. 管弦乐队rural adj. 农村的roam v. 漫步celebration n. 庆典ethnomusicologist n. 人种音乐学家rhythm n. 节奏题目：12 What is the lecture mainly about?The influence of the Romantic style of music on eastern European composersThe relationship between nationalism and popular music in the early 1900sThe popularity of folk music in Austria-Hungary during the early 1900s*The influence of folk music on the compositions of one Hungarian composer13. What does the professor imply about romantic music in Austria-Hungary in the early 1900s?It was not as popular there as it was in other European countries*It motivated Bartok to listen to other types of musicIt was listened to in the countryside more than it was in the citiesIts popularity was due to the work of Bartok and other ethnomusicologists14. Why does the professor mention local celebrations in the countryside?To show how folk music influenced composers throughout Eastern EuropeTo give an example of when performances of Bartok music took place*To give an example of occasions when Bartok had an opportunity to hear folk musicTo talk about why romantic music was popular in the countryside15. What was Bartok original goal when he started to travel through eastern Europe?To promote his ballet, the wooden prince*To document the local popular musicTo discover which musical elements were popular in all countriesTo find unusual musical elements he could use in his own compositions16. According to the professor, why was Bartok music popular in Austria-Hungary?Bartok music was considered more sophisticated than other concert-hall music*Bartok compositions incorporated music from the local culturePeople were familiar with the Romantic elements Bartok included in his musicBartok took advantage of the popularity of ballet there and wrote many new ballets17. What does the professor mean when he says this:He wants to change the topic of discussionHe wants to acknowledge that the students may not be familiar with Bartok's musicHe believes the students should already be familiar with the term 'glissando'*He will use an example of glissando to help define the termConversation 2(场景分类——老师办公室)Listen to a conversation between a student and his biology professor.Student(2)Well, you know, I'm reading the papers about whales, and the path they travel as they swim through the ocean, their migration patterns.ProfessorYes, I remember.Student(1)Well, I was thinking about it, and I realized I don't understand how they hold their breaths under water. It's a little crazy for me to be writing a paper about migration patterns without actually knowing how they stay underwater for so long.ProfessorDid you do any research to find out how they do it?StudentYeah, I did. I searched on the Internet, and there was a lot of information about whales, their habitats, the way they communicate, you know, their songs. But if there was anything about whales and how they hold their breaths, I missed it. I've got a bunch of books. Actually, I've got so much information, it's a little overwhelming.ProfessorI'm surprised that there is nothing about it in any of those books.StudentWell, to be honest, I've only skimmed them so far. I'm still working on finding sources.Professor(3)OK, I know I encourage everyone in class to look at a substantial number of sources, but I don't want you to get overwhelmed. (4)Looking at a number of sources gives you a good knowledge base, but students only have a limited amount of time to work on each paper. I don't expect you to read a dozen of books on whales for this assignment. Focus on just a few.StudentOK, thanks.ProfessorYou know, since you're already here, I can give you a quick summary of how whales hold their breaths underwater. It's just a matter of certain adaptations in their anatomies, specifically in their circulatory system.StudentSo, the blood flow was what makes the difference?ProfessorYes, and in a couple of ways. First, blood makes up a larger share of whale's weight than any other mammals.StudentSo they can store more oxygen because they have more blood?ProfessorYes, but that's only part of it. They also have a greater capacity than land animals to store oxygen in their blood.StudentSo how does having more oxygen in their blood help them stay underwater longer?ProfessorIt's the way the whale's blood carries oxygen to the rest of its body. Whales carefully conserve their oxygen when underwater in a couple of ways. (5)When a whale dives, its metabolic weight drops, causing its heart beat to slow down. And the blood flows to its muscles and some of its none-vital organs, like its kidneys, is also cut off. Whales muscles and none-vital organs are able to function without oxygen for an extended period of time.StudentI see, well, now I can concentrate on my topic.词汇：migration n. 迁移overwhelming adj. 压倒性的substantial adj. 大量的anatomy n. 身体结构circulatory system 循环系统metabolic adj. 新陈代谢的kidney n. 肾脏题目：1. Why does the man go to see the professor?To find out how to distinguish between different types of whale songsTo request permission to change the topic of his paperTo discuss the difference between using the internet and using books to find sources*To get help locating some information for his paper2. What is the topic of the man's paper?How whales hold their breath*Whale migration patternsCharacteristic of whale habitatsThe differences between the circulatory system of whales and that of other mammals3. What is the professor's attitude toward the man's question about how whales hold their breath? *She thinks he does not need to spend a lot of time looking for the answerShe is surprised because she has already addressed this question in classShe dismissed it as unimportantShe is pleased that he has a plan to obtain the answer himself4. Why does the professor mention the limited time students have to complete their papers?To suggest that looking at research on the internet is a good way to save timeTo point out that the library has reduced the amount of time it is open each day*To indicate her expectations for the amount of research to be done for the paperTo emphasize the important of starting to write the paper a couple of weeks before it is due5. According to the professor, how does a whale conserve oxygen while underwater?Click on 2 answers*Its heart rate decreasesIts lung capacity temporarily increasesIt slows the pace of its swimming*Blood flow to certain organs is decreasedLecture 3(学科分类——历史)Narrow: Listen to part of lecture in history class, the professor has been discussing Egyptian hieroglyphs.Egyptian hieroglyphs are the ancient Egyptian writings, found in ancient Egyptian on walls, monuments, and on the inside and outside of the temples. (6)Hieroglyphic writing ended abruptly about 1600 years ago, and it mystified the most brilliant minds in the study of the Egyptian artifacts and archeology for many many centuries. Finally, the possibility of deciphering hieroglyphs came about with the discovery in 1799 of the Rosetta stone.The Rosetta stone is arguably the most famous archeology artifact ever discovered. It contains the same exact text written in three different alphabets: Greek, demotic and hieroglyphic. But we didn't even know at first, that the three texts on the Rosetta stone contain the same information. And two of the three alphabets are ancient Egyptian scripts that stop being used, the hieroglyphic and the demotic. The demotic script found on the Rosetta stone, um …(7)Well, demotic was not as elaborate as the hieroglyphic writing. It was used for Mondey matters or like administrative documents. (8)These ancient Egyptian scripts were replaced by Coptic script, but eventually the Arabic language replaced the Coptic, and this cut off the linguistic link between ancient and modern Egypt. Now the Rosetta stone was remarkable, because as I said, honored with the same text in three different alphabets: Greek, demotic and hieroglyphs. The soon was centrally the dictionary that the scholars needed to interpret the meaning of hieroglyphs, and it took a uniquely equipped researcher to finally decipher and understand what was written on the stone.(11)Thomas Yang, an English scholar, was the first to seriously attempt to decide for the symbols on the Rosetta stone. He suspected rightly, that the hieroglyphs were phonetic symbols, that they represented sounds rather than pictures. Until then, all scholars assumed that the hieroglyphs were pictographs, that they symbolize objects or concepts. Thomas Yang focused his attention on one set of hieroglyphs that he thought would probably spell out a single word, the name of a king or queen. He guessed that the symbols represented the name of the earlier Egyptian ruler Ptolemy, since Ptolemy was also written in Greek on the stone and was indeed a Greek name. (9)And Yang, did actually prove that these hieroglyphs represented sounds rather than whole words.Strangely though, he gave into the dominant thesis of the day that hieroglyphs were pictographs.He actually dismissed his own finding, as an anomaly, because the Ptolemy dynasty was Greek, not Egyptian. In other words, he figured it was an exception to the rule. It was phonetic because it was Greek not Egyptian. How else could an Egyptian to pick a Greek name other than spell it out? And that brings us to the hero of our story, Jean-François Champollion.(10)Champollion built on Yang's work, showing that different hieroglyphs spell the name of the kings or queens like Alexander or Cleopatra. But his critics noticed that this was still not traditional Egyptian names, he hadn't done anything more than Yang has been able to do. So he couldn't disprove the dominant theory. Then, in 1822, Champollion was shown a set of hieroglyphs that contain traditional Egyptian names.The first two of the symbols were unknown, but Champollion knew that the repeated hieroglyphs to the far right symbolized an 's' sound. He then drew on his linguistic knowledge to arrive at the solution to the problem. You see, unlike the any of other scholars who have tried to crack the code, Champollion happened to be fluent in Coptic. (11)He wondered, and this was the real breakthrough, if the Coptic was the language that symbolized by the hieroglyphs on Rosetta stone, and if so, then perhaps that first this shape symbol might represent the sound. And the Coptic word for sound is 'ra' . See where this was it headed, so if the symbol were Coptic, the first symbol would be 'ra'. And then, an unknown symbol followed by a double 's' sound, was this Champollion Yang wondered the name "Ramses". He was eventually able to confirm that it was. So, he had figured it out. Hieroglyphs were mainly phonetic, they represent sounds not pictures, and the underlined language was Coptic. A lot of work remained, but Champollion had cracked the code.词汇：hieroglyph n. 象形文字mystify v. 使迷惑artifact n. 人工制品decipher v. 解译arguably adv. 可论证地alphabet n. 字母系统elaborate adj. 详尽的Coptic n. 埃及古语phonetic adj. 音形一致的pictograph n. 象形文字anomaly n. 反常事物题目：6. What's the lecture mainly about?The history of language in ancient EgyptThe process that was used to create hieroglyphic writingThe competition between two scholars to solve an archaeological puzzle *The circumstances that led to the solution of an archaeological puzzle7. What was demotic script used for in ancient Egypt?Decorations on temples and monuments*Administrative documentsIllustration for storiesRepresentations of objects。

新托福TPO口语参考答案——TPO25

1. Students often want to get better grades in their classes. Explain what students should do in order to improve their performance in a class.I think there are a couple of ways to help students get better grades. First of all, students need to pay attention to the teachers in class. Because teachers have experience and they can always make some hard-to-understand concepts and ideas easy for students. If students listen carefully and take notes, they will feel easy about exams. Second of all, doing homework is pretty important. It is a very good way to consolidate what has learned in the class. It offers exercises that can help students prepare for upcoming exams.2. Some people do not enjoy shopping and shop only when they have a specific purchase to make. Others like to go shopping for pleasure whether or not they have something to buy. Which do you prefer and why?I think I belong to the first group of people. I just don’t like doing things without an aim. It’s a waste of time and money going shopping when I don’t even know what I need. I think I’m a pragmatic person. I only go shopping when I want something. Like, if I want a computer, I’ll go to adigital shop. Otherwise, I would never go there. Also, I just don’t get pleasure from purchasing since I always have to pay. And when I’ve bought something, I don’t feel like owning it. It’s doomed to be consumed or used up. Things will come and go.3. The woman expresses her opinion about the university's plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.The university decides to hold two ceremonies because the number of students is increasing, hence making the ceremony too long and because the hall is too small to hold so many students. The woman doesn’t agree with this proposal. As for the first reason, the woman thinks the real reason why the ceremony is too long is that there are too many speeches. Students, professors and administrators all make speeches. Reducing some of the speeches will shorten the ceremony so there is no need to hold two ceremonies. As for the second reason, the woman thinks the hall is big enough to hold all the students. Problem is that right now, each student gets to invite too many guests. So the university can just reduce the number of guests each person can invite. Still, there is no need to hold two ceremonies.4. Using the example of the telephone, explain the concept of cultural lag.Cultural lag is a period of transition when people adjust to new technologies. In the lecture, the professor uses telephone to illustrate this concept. When telephone was invented, only businesses used it because they realized that telephone could benefit them and help them. The general public thought calling someone on the phone was rude because it missed the personal regard. And some people just didn’t like talking to people without seeing their face. However, after a period of time, the cultural lag, the public started to accept telephone. Almost every home had one. Everyone began to use telephone. Friends would call each other to chat. And people didn’t consider calling someone rude as long as they follow certain rules of politeness.5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.The man has a problem getting to the campus. His apartment is far fromcampus. Previously, his roommate Jim gave him rides everyday. But now Jim is moving out and the man himself can’t afford a car. The woman offers two possible solutions. The first one is to take the public bus. But there is not direct line to the campus. The man will have to change buses and it’s a little waste of time. The second one is to live on campus. But the man says he will miss the old apartment. I recommend the man the second solution. Since he has a history project to do. And living alone on campus gives him a good environment and also saves him a lot of time from traveling. I think the missing of the old apartment will go away after he get used to living on campus.6. Using points and example from the lecture, explain two ways weathering occurs.The professor talks about two ways weathering occurs. The first way is by water. When it rains, the water can fall into the cracks of rocks. At night, when temperature drops, the water will freeze. And when water freezes, it expands so that it will push the both sides of the cracks. Gradually, pieces of rocks will break off. The second way is by plants. Plant seeds can take roots in cracks and crevices of rocks since there is enough dirt and water. When roots grow and extend downward to findwater, they enlarge and widen the cracks and crevices and so the rocks will break down.。

托福TPO25综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßÐ§±¸¿¼ÍÐ¸££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´ÍÐ¸£TPO25×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÔÄ¶ÁÔÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦ÔÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO25×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÔÄ¶ÁÔÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡In 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The archaeologist proposed that vessel were ancient electric batteries and even demonstrated that they can produce a small electric current when filled with some liquids. However, it is not likely that the vessels were actually used as electric batteries in ancient times. First of all, if the vessels were used as batteries, they would probably have been attached to some electricity conductors such as metal wires. But there is no evidence that any metal wires were located near the vessels. All that has been excavated are the vessels themselves. Second, the copper cylinders inside the jarslook exactly like copper cylinders discovered in the ruins of Seleucia, an ancientcity located nearby. We know that the copper cylinders from Seleucia were used for holding scrolls of sacred texts, not for generating electricity. Since the cylinders found with the jars have the same shape, it is very likely they were used for holding scrolls as well. That no scrolls were found inside the jars can be explained by the fact that the scrolls simply disintegrated over the centuries. Finally, what could ancient people have done with the electricity that the vessels were supposed to have generated? They had no devices that replied on electricity. As batteries, the vessels would have been completely useless to them.¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO25×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÌýÁ¦ÔÎÄÎÄ±¾£º¡¡¡¡Your reading says that these vessels were not used as batteries in ancient times, but the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. The battery explanation could very well be correct.First, about the absence of wires or other conductors. Remember, vessels were discovered by local people, not archaeologists. These people might have found other material located near the jars. But since they were not trained archaeologists, they may not have recognized the importance of that material. So materials serving as wires or conductors might have been overlooked as uninteresting or even thrown away. We'll never know.Second, it is true that the copper cylinders in the vessels are similar to the cylinders used to hold scrolls, but that does not really prove anything. It's possible that the copper cylinders were originally designed to preserve scrolls. And that some ancient inventor later discovered that if you use them together with iron rods and some liquid in a clay vessel, they will produce electricity. That's how the first ancient battery could have been born.In other words, the copper cylinders could have been originally used for one purpose, but then adapted for another purpose.Finally, there's the question of the possible uses of the battery in the ancient world. Well, the battery could produce a mild shock or tingling sensation when someone touched it. This could very well have beeninterpreted as evidence of some invisible power. You can easily see how people could convince others that they had magical powers through the use of the battery. Also, the battery could have been used for healing. Modern medicine uses mild electric current to stimulate muscles and relieve aches and pains. Ancient doctors may have used to batteries for the same purpose.¡¡¡¡ÍÐ¸£TPO25×ÛºÏÐ´×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£º¡¡¡¡In the reading material, the author states that the vessels found in Iraq in 1938 were not actually used as electric batteries in ancient times. However in the listening material, the professor refutes that the first, according to the reading passage, the author suggests that if they were used as batteries, they would have been attached to some electricity conductors. However in the listening, the professor claims that we should remember that the discovery was made by local people along with some other materials. As they were not trained as archaeologist, they could not recognize the importance of some certain excavations. Perhaps they were overlook as something uninterested and then thrown away. Second, the author in the reading material mentions that the vessels were likely used for holding scrolls. Unfortunately the professor argues that it could not prove anything. It is possible that the vessels may be originally designed to scrolls. However ancient inventor then discovered that if the vessels were used with iron rod and some liquid, it could generate the electricity. So the copper cylinders may be originally used for one purpose but adapted for another purpose. Finally, the author of the reading passage asserts that the vessels would have been completely useless to ancient people as they had no devices that replied on electricity. In the contrary in obviously contradicts with the listening passage in which the professor contends that the battery could generate some mild shock and this also interprets evidence of some invisible power that how people convince others they had the magic power. Also it could be used for healing. In modern society doctors would use batteries to stimulate muscles and release pains. In ancient times people could also do that. In conclusion, according to the listening material, the argument that the vessels could not be used as batteries is unwarranted.¡¡¡¡ÒÔÉÏÊÇ¸ø´ó¼ÒÕûÀíµÄÍÐ¸£TPO25×ÛºÏÐ´×÷ÔÄ¶ÁÔÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦ÔÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶ÔÄãÓÐËù°ïÖú!。

托福TPO25听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析

托福TPO25听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO25听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO25听力Conversation1文本Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and his academic advisor.Professor: Hi, Mark. What can I do for you?Student: I am just filling out this approval for graduation form for the dean's office, and I don't know, I hope I will be able to graduate next semester.Professor: Well, as long as you've met the departmental requirements and you submit the form on time, you shouldn't have any problem.Make sure you include all the classes you will have taken for your degree in finance and the electives too.Student: Yeah, but as I look over the form, I got confused because of the way, um…they've changed the requirements. So now I am not sure I will be qualified to graduate next semester. I know I would, before, under the old requirements.Professor: Well, when the business department changed the curriculum to include more courses in international business, to ... well, because of the increasing globalization of business. We made sure that students who have finished their second year, that is, those who are in their third or fourth year, wouldn't be affected. The new rules only apply to students in their first or second year.Student: That's good to know. Uh... the department's hiring new faculty too I heard, to teach some of the new courses. But I want to...Professor: Yes. One new faculty member has been hired. She will be teaching International Banking as a matter of fact.Student: Actually, that's what I want to ask about - International Banking. I took International Banking 1, but I never took International Banking 2. It used to be that the second semester of International Banking was an elective, but now it says it's a required class.Professor: Yes. But that's one of the recent changes. So...Student: Oh, Oh, OK. Oh. And ... and I am planning to take a management course next semester, but I don't know if it's ... if it will count toward my major.Professor: What's the course?Student: Organizational Behavior.Professor: Yes. That will count toward your major. That's a difficult class, you know. But well worth it. So it looks like you will have all the required classes you need. You should be just fine. Uh... I assume you have taken a seminar?Student: Yeah, I took the marketing seminar.Professor: OK. You are looking good. Just to be on the safe side, why don't you talk to someone in the dean's office before you give them the form?Student: OK. So should I just explain to them that even though one of these classes got changed from an elective to a required class, I don't have to take it?Professor: Yes. You've met the requirements for graduation. And if there's something I need to do ... if I need to write a letter or whatever, just let me know.Student: OK. Thanks. I'll let you know if I need that letter.托福TPO25听力Conversation1题目1.What is the conversation mainly about?A. The student’s eligibility to graduate ne xt semester.B. The student’s difficulties in registering for classes.C. A difficult class the student must take next semester.D. Possible elective choices in the student’s degree program.2.According to the woman, why was the program’s curriculum changed?A. To attract more international students to the program.B. To reflect the growing importance of international business.C. To take advantage of the expertise of new faculty members.D. To give students a stronger background in management.3.What does the woman imply about the new departmental requirements?A. They will not affect the student’s plans for graduation.。

TPO25写作解析

首先，来看TPO25独立写作题目TPO25独立写作题目(新题)：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Young people nowadays do not give enough time to helping their communities.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.你是否同意以下说法：当今的年轻人没有付出足够的时间来帮助社区。

使用具体的理由及例子来支持你的观点。

接下来为大家介绍这道题目的背景：理解这个题目需要对美国的文化有一定了解，同时也要注意审题时候要从年轻人的角度出发来思考问题。

对于美国人，尤其是学生来说，社区服务是必须参加的(service learning requirement)，而且通常会有时间限制，比如至少达到40小时，不同学校对此要求不一样。

学校也会给出活动的范围或者具体活动项目，如清扫公园、帮助孤寡老人等，并且会有相应的记录。

这是大学申请的必要条件之一，对于学生的职业选择以及个人成长有很大的帮助。

而对于中国学生来说，类似的活动可能比较有限，由此导致中国学生看到这个题目的时候有些迷茫，没有什么观点。

从小受到父母宠爱、亲人关怀的中国孩子还没有形成一个“回报社会”的观念。

此外，学习的高强度压力或者工作的繁重没有留给年轻人足够多的时间。

然后讲一讲这类题目的写作思路：了解了题目背景存在的差别，我们就可以开始构思：1. 从学生角度出发，根据我们的自身情况就可以得知，我们大部分的时间都贡献给了在校学习，上课和作业占用了我们绝大部分的时间。

因此我们就可以得出年轻人社区服务不够的第一个原因：孩子们的学习任务过重在具体展开的时候，我们可以提到社会强大的竞争压力、家长对于孩子的期望等背景问题，这些点不仅我们自己深有体会，同时也是托福写作考试中常用的分析角度。

TPO25听力问题(托福真题)

Conversation11. What is the conversation mainly about?A. The student‟s eligibility to graduate next semesterB. The student‟s difficulties in registering for classesC. A difficult class the student must take next semesterD. Possible elective choices i n thestudent‟s degree program2. According to the woman, why was the program‟s curriculum changed?A. To attract more international students to the programB. To reflect the growing importance of international businessC. To take advantage of the expertise of new facultymembersD. To give students a stronger background in management3. What does the woman imply about the new departmental requirements?A. They will not affect the student‟s plans for graduationB. They will not be officially approved by the department until next yearC. They will be limited to students specializing in the international businessD. They will be similar to recent changes made in other departments at the university4. Why does the woman mention writing a letter?A. To point ou t the best way for the student to contact the dean‟s officeB. To confirm that a personal letter is a graduation requirementC. To indicate that she is willing to provide the student with further assistanceD. To emphasize that the student will need special permission to graduate5. Why does the woman saythis 重听题A. To suggest that the student has not fulfilled all of his requirementsB. To indicate one of the new graduation requirementsC. To find out the student‟s opinion about a particular classD. To be sure that the student has taken a required classLecture 16. What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To explain the government‟s role in the regulating assisted migrationB. To discuss ways in which plants and animals adapt to climate changeC. To discuss a controversial approach to conserving plant and animal speciesD. To describe a recently discovered consequence of global warming7. According to the professor, what problem is assisted migration intended to overcome?A. To diminishing amount of undeveloped land that species can migrate throughB. The relative lack of nutrients available in cooler latitudes and higher elevationsC. The increase in alternations between cool and warm periodsD. Competition from other species in certain native habitats8. What point does the professor make when she discusses the cane toad?A. Translocated species sometimes die out from lack of foodB. Translocated species may spread too quickly in their new environmentC. Several techniques are available to achieve assisted migrationD. Animal species are often easier to translocate than plant species are9. What does the professor imply when she mentions translocating networking of species?A. There are aspects of interdependency that are unknownB. Some species evolve in ways that help them survive in new habitatsC. It is difficult to know how far to move a network of species from its native habitatD. Many assisted-migration plans should involve the translocation of just one species10. What does the professor imply about the government‟s role in regulating assis ted migration in the United States?A. The government should continue to encourage assisted migrationB. The government has created policies that have proved unhelpfulC. The government should follow the example set by other countriesD. The government needs to increase its involvement in the issue11. What is the professor‟s attitude toward the effort to save the Florida torreya?A. She is glad that some conservationists are willing to take a chance on assisted migrationB. She is concerned because it may have unintended consequencesC. She is surprised because other species are more endangered than Florida torreya isD. She expects the effort will have to be repeated several times before it succeedsLecture-212. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The influence of the Romantic style of music on eastern European composersB. The relationship between nationalism and popular music in the early 1900sC. The popularity of folk music in Austria-Hungary during the early 1900sD. The influence of folk music on the compositions of one Hungarian composer13. What does the professor imply about romantic music in Austria-Hungary in the early 1900s?A. It was not as popular there as it was in other European countriesB. It motivated Bart‟k to listen to other types of musicC. It was listened to in the countryside more than it was in the citiesD. Its popularity was due to the workof Bart‟k and other ethnomusicologists14. Why does the professor mention local celebrations in the countryside?A. To show how folk music influenced composers throughout Eastern EuropeB. To give an example of when performances of Bart‟k music took placeC. To give an example of occasions when Bart‟k had an opportunity to hear folk musicD. To talk about why romantic music was popular in the countryside15. What was Bart‟k original goal when he started to travel through eastern Europe?A. To promote his ballet, the wooden princeB. To document the local popular musicC. To discover which musical elements were popular in all countriesD. To find unusual musical elements he could use in his own compositions16. According to the professor, why was Bart‟k music popular in Austria-Hungary?A. Bart‟k music was considered more sophisticated than other concert-hall musicB. Bart‟k compositions in corporated music from the local cultureC. People were familiar with the Romantic elements Bart‟k included in his musicD. Bart‟k took advantage of the popularity of ballet there and wrote many new ballets17. What does the professor mean when he says this: 重听题A. He wants to change the topic of discussionB. He wants to acknowledge that the students may not be familiar with Bart‟k‟s musicC. He believes the students should already be familiar with the term …glissando‟D. He will use an example of glissando to help define the termConversation-218. Why does the man go to see the professor?A. To find out how to distinguish between different types of whale songsB. To request permission to change the topic of his paperC. To discuss the difference between using the internet and using books to find sourcesD. To get help locating some information for his paper19. What is the topic of the man‟s paper?A. How whales hold their breathB. Whale migration patternsC. Characteristic of whale habitatsD. The differences between the circulatory system of whales and that of other mammals20. What is the professor‟s attitude toward the man‟s question about how whales hold their breath?A. She thinks he does not need to spend a lot of time looking for the answerB. She is surprised because she has already addressed this question in classC. She dismissed it as unimportantD. She is pleased that has a plan to obtain the answer himself21. Why does the professor mention the limited time students have to complete their papers?A. To suggest that looking at research on the internet is a good way to save timeB. To point out that the library has reduced the amount of time it is open each dayC. To indicate her expectations for the amount of research to be done for the paperD. To emphasizethe important of starting to write the paper a couple of weeks before it is due22. According to the professor, how does a whale conserve oxygen while underwater? Click on 2 answersA. Its heart rate decreasesB. Its lung capacity temporarily increasesC. It slows the pace of its swimmingD. Blood flow to certain organs is decreasedLecture-323. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The history of language in ancient EgyptB. The process that was used to create hieroglyphic writingC. The competition between two scholars to solve an archaeological puzzleD. The circumstances that led to the solution of an archaeological puzzle24. What was demotic script used for in ancient Egypt?A. Decorations on temples and monumentsB. Administrative documentsC. Illustration for storiesD. Representations of objects25. Why was ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing difficult for scholars to interpret?A. The language that it was based on was no longer usedB. The same words were often represented by several different symbolsC. It consisted of a mixture of three different languagesD. Only fragments of it were found26. What is the professor‟s opinion about Thomas Young‟s word with hieroglyphs?A. She feels that Young has not received the credit he deservesB. She is amazed that Young‟s conclusion about hieroglyphs was correctC. She is surprised that Youngdid not recognize his own accomplishmentsD. She thinks that Young‟s work was not careful enough to be taken seriously27. According to the professor, what led to the decoding of the Rosetta Stone?A. A hieroglyph that represented the name of a personB. A written and oral description of a historical eventC. The realization that each hieroglyph represented a different object or conceptD. The dis covery that the word for “Sun”is written the same way in Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphics28. How did Young‟s and Champollion‟s studies of hieroglyphs differ from earlier studies ofhieroglyphic writing?A. Young and Champollion had access to large collections of hieroglyphic writingB. Young and Champollion both guessed that hieroglyphs were symbols for soundsC. Young and Champollion both spoke Greek and CopticD. Young and Champollion shared their research with one anotherLecture-429. What is the discussion mainly about?A. The professor‟s recent research on play and brain developmentB. Differing explanations of the reasons for playC. Examples of two distinct types of play fightingD. Differences in the play behaviors of various animal specials30. One of the students brings up the example of play fighting among wolf pups. What does this example lead him to believe?A. That wolves are especially violent animalsB. That the play-as-preparation hypothesis is probably correctC. That wolves seldom engage in self-handicappingD. That the results of a recent study are probably not reliable31. Which statement best expresses the professor‟s opinion of the play-as-preparation hypothesis?A. It is well supported by available evidenceB. It may apply only to certain species of animalsC. It does not explain some important aspects of playD. It is particularly useful explaining human behavior32. What does the professor imply about self-handicapping? Click on 2 answersA. It commonly occurs in play but not in other activitiesB. It applies only to animal species that do not hunt for foodC. It has been observed only in laboratory settingsD. It contradicts the play-as-preparation hypothesis33. The professor discusses a study on the relationship between brain growth and play. What does that study conclude?A. Patterns of brain growth are similar in animals that play and animals that do not playB. Excessive brain growth can sometimes limit an animal‟s behavioral vocabularyC. Animals that do not play have less-developed brains than animals that playD. Animals without well-developed brains are seldom observed playing34. What does the student mean when she says this:A. She is not familiar with the play behavior of wolf pupsB. She doubts that wolf pups fight as much as the other students impliesC. She is not sure that she correctly understood the reading assignmentD. She disagrees with the other student‟s opinion about play behavior。

托福TPO25综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】

托福TPO25综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。

如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。

如何使用这个文件呢？首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS 官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。

毕竟托福口语最终考的，是口语本身说的是否足够流畅，要想在考试的时候说的很流畅，就是要在平时张口多说，只有多说，我们才能够做到足够的流利。

第三点，熟悉托福考试的专业词汇。

不少托福考生之所以在听力考试里面不够给力，是因为对于里面的专业词汇不够熟悉。

在托福考试过程中，核心词汇不懂的话，在听力部分只能束手就擒了。

TPO25 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingIn 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The archaeologist proposed that vessel were ancient electric batteries and even demonstrated that they can produce a small electric current when filled with some liquids. However, it is not likely that the vessels were actually used as electric batteries in ancient times.First of all, if the vessels were used as batteries, they would probably have beenattached to some electricity conductors such as metal wires. But there is no evidence that any metal wires were located near the vessels. All that has been excavated are the vessels themselves.Second, the copper cylinders inside the jars look exactly like copper cylinders discovered in the ruins of Seleucia, an ancient city located nearby. We know that the copper cylinders from Seleucia were used for holding scrolls of sacred texts, not for generating electricity. Since the cylinders found with the jars have the same shape, it is very likely they were used for holding scrolls as well. That no scrolls were found inside the jars can be explained by the fact that the scrolls simply disintegrated over the centuries.Finally, what could ancient people have done with the electricity that the vessels were supposed to have generated? They had no devices that replied on electricity. As batteries, the vessels would have been completely useless to them.ListeningYour reading says that these vessels were not used as batteries in ancient times, but the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. The battery explanation could very well be correct.First, about the absence of wires or other conductors. Remember, vessels were discovered by local people, not archaeologists. These people might have found other material located near the jars. But since they were not trained archaeologists, they may not have recognized the importance of that material. So materials serving as wires or conductors might have been overlooked as uninteresting or even thrown away. We'll never know.Second, it is true that the copper cylinders in the vessels are similar to the cylindersused to hold scrolls, but that does not really prove anything. It's possible that the copper cylinders were originally designed to preserve scrolls. And that some ancient inventor later discovered that if you use them together with iron rods and some liquid in a clay vessel, they will produce electricity. That's how the first ancient battery could have been born. In other words, the copper cylinders could have been originally used for one purpose, but then adapted for another purpose.Finally, there's the question of the possible uses of the battery in the ancient world. Well, the battery could produce a mild shock or tingling sensation when someone touched it. This could very well have been interpreted as evidence of some invisible power. You can easily see how people could convince others that they had magical powers through the use of the battery. Also, the battery could have been used for healing. Modern medicine uses mild electric current to stimulate muscles and relieve aches and pains. Ancient doctors may have used the batteries for the same purpose.由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。

TPO25阅读之一(托福阅读真题)

The Evolutionary Origin of PlantsThe evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of today’s different groups of algae, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic (natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red and brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different.Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats. If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.█The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats, unlike those of ocean habitats, are highly variable. █Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily and changing level of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemical in the water or even to period in which the aquatic habitat dries up. █Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness. █These adaptations served their descendant well as they invaded land.The terrestrial world is green now, but it did not start out that way. When plants first made the transition ashore more than 400 million years ago, the land was barren and desolate, inhospitable to life. From a plant’s evolutionary vi ew point, however, it was also a land of opportunity, free of competitors and predators and full of carbon dioxide and sunlight (the raw materials for photosynthesis, which are present in far higher concentrations in air than in water).So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants prospered and diversified.When plants pioneered the land, they faced a range of challenges posed by terrestrial environments. On land, the supportive buoyancy of water is missing, the plant is no longer bathed in a nutrient solution, and air tends to dry things out. These conditions favored the evolution of the structures that support the body, vessels that transport water and nutrients to all parts of plant, and structures that conserve water. The resulting adaptations to dry land include some structural features that arose early in plant evolution; now these features are common to virtually all land plant. They include roots or root like structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. Other adaptations occurred later in the transition to terrestrial life and now wide spread but not universal among plants. These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.These adaptations allowed an increasing diversity of plant forms to exploit dry land. Life on land, however, also required new methods of transporting sperm to eggs. Unlike aquatic and marine forms, land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carrytheir sex cells and disperse their fertilized eggs. So the most successful groups of land plants are those that evolved methods of fertilized sex cell dispersal that are independent of water and structures that protest developing embryos from drying out. Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plans and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and later, flowers and fruits.Paragraph 1:1.The word “presumably” in the passage is closest inmeaning toB. supposedlyC. obviouslyD. usually2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of ancestral plants EXCEPTA. They had cellulose-based cell walls.B. They were closely related to green algaeC. They were able to store nutrientsD. They had a sophisticated multicellular structure.Paragraph 2:3.The phrase “subjected to” in the passage is closest inA. restricted byB. distant fromC. exposed toD. combined withParagraph 3:4.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about ancient green algae?A. They lived in a generally wet environment that was sometimes dayB. They adapted better to changes in water temperature than did to other changes in the environment.C. They inhabited areas that were close to the ocean.D. They had lived primarily on landParagraph 4:5. The word “desolate” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. dustyB. hardenedC. desertedD. dried out6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Terrestrial plants had the advantages of not having rivals and having easy access to photosynthetic materialB. The abundance of photosynthetic material made life on land easier for pioneering plantsC. Once plants had eliminated their competitors and their predators, their evolutionary process proceeded smoothly.D. Plant evolution eliminated competitors and made the process of photosynthesis more efficient.7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the terrestrial world at the time it was colonized by plants?A. it was exposed to high levels of solar radiationB. it contained a limited supply of carbon dioxideC. it had developed 400million years earlierD. it lacked the presence of any organismsParagraph 5:8. the word “posed” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. sharedB. presentedC. strengthened9. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are problems that early terrestrial plants had to overcome ExceptA. a tendency to become dryB. the inability to limit surface sunlightC. the absence of a structure to support the body of the plantD. the inability to transport water and minerals through the plant10. What purpose does paragraph 5 serve in the larger discussion of the origins of terrestrial plants?A. To emphasize how long it took for ancestral plants to adjust to life on landB. To disprove the argument that land plants adapted easily to their new terrestrial environmentC. To explain how plant colonization changed the physical environment of the terrestrial worldD. To describe how ancestral plants solved the problems they confirmed in colonizingParagraph 6:11. According to Paragraph 6, The adaptation made by terrestrial plants had which of the follow ing effect?’A. Plants developed reproductive strategies usable in both land and water environmentB. the plant diversity achieved in water environments diminished on landC. seed plants became the dominant species among plantsD. a greater range of plants was able to develop12. Which of the following best describes the author’s presentation of the information about land plantsA. the author provided and overview of the evolutionary relationships between specific species of algae and land plantsB. The author discusses the transformation plants underwent in the process of changing from an aquatic to a terrestrial environmentC. the author establishes a pattern of similarity between major land and water pant groupsD. The author resents evidence to support the hypothesis that plants first fully evolved in water before finding their way to land13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Scientists believe that chemical changes and a thicker exterior, among other things, may have helped ancient algae overcome the conditions in their environment.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.In moving from water to land, ancestral plants overcame many obstacles in order to survive.Answer Choice:A. Neither brown nor red algae are likely to be ancestors of plants because of their difference in pigmentationB. The instability of freshwater habitats caused marine algae to develop adaptations to their harsh environment.C. The colonization of land by plants was a major revolution in the history of Earth.D. Terrestrial plants adjusted to life on land by undergoing structural changes that enabled them to support themselves, resist drying, and exchange gases.E. To colonize new terrestrial habitats, plants needed to create a way of reproducing without water.F. Once plants had overcome the challenges posed by terrestrial life, they prospered by becoming less diverse.1.presumably大概，可能，所以正确答案是B的supposedly。

TPO-25 Reading 3解析

正确答案：B解析：presumably，大概，可能，据推测；近义词是supposedly，据称，据认为，据推测。

Q2正确答案：D解析：第一段大意是最早的植物相关的信息。

定位到第4句，D项对应green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plans；定位到倒数第2句，A项对应have walls made of cellulose，C项对应store food as starch；排除法选D，D项的早期植物拥有多细胞的智能结构，与文中提供信息不符，早期植物都是单细胞（single-celled organisms）。

Q3正确答案：C解析：be subjected to，承受，遭受，经历；近义词是be exposed to，遭受。

根据词组所在句的environmental pressures导致green algae不得不去适应环境，最符合句子逻辑的是“遭受”环境压力。

Q4正确答案：A解析：题干的ancient green algae定位到第三段倒数第2句，根据fresh water 和extremes of temperature and periods of dryness，可以推断A正确。

B项错在原文中没有出现绿藻与其它植物的比较；C项错在绿藻存活于fresh water而不是ocean；D项的陆地环境与原文中的freshwater habitat矛盾。

Q5正确答案：C解析：desolate，荒凉的，荒废的；近义词是deserted，（地方）无人居住的，被遗弃的。

根据词汇所在句the land was barren and desolate, inhospitable to life，根据同一句话中前后逻辑一致，可以推断desolate与barren（贫瘠的）和inhospitable to life（不适合生命生存的）意思相近。

TPO-25 Reading 1解析

Q1正确答案：B解析：enormous，巨大的，庞大的，极大的；近义词是extremely large。

根据词汇所在句的上下句推断词意，下半句的an enormous geologic area上半句的the Tharsis bulge的同位语，而通过three very large volcanoes可以判断Tharsis bulge 的特点是大。

Q2正确答案：C解析：第一段中，Olympus Mons和volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge的对比要定位到最后2句：Olympus Mons的高度是25千米；三个火山的高度是18千米，所以Olympus Mons比较高，C正确。

Q3正确答案：C解析：distinctive，独特的，有特色的，与众不同的；近义词是characteristic，特有的; 独特的; 表示特性的; 显示…的特征的。

Q4正确答案：D解析：A项对应第二段第2句中的volcanoes with broad, sloping slides；B项对应第一段第1句话，火山表面有太阳系里已知的最大火山(the largest known in the solar system)；C项对应第二段第3句话，All four show distinctive lava channels…similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth；D项说它们高度都在25千米以上，与原文信息不符，原文提到它们只有18千米，只有D错误。

Q5正确答案：D解析：roughly，大约，大致，差不多；近义词是approximately，大约。

根据词汇所在句的前后逻辑关系可推断，因为40 percent that of Earth是个不确切的值，所以对应roughly 2.5 times as high也是估计值Q6正确答案：A解析：作者将Maxwell Mons和Hawaiian shield volcanoes进行比较的句子是在第三段第4句，这个例子是为了证明第3句话的观点，The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain，这句话就是在说星球表面重力和火山高度的关系。

TPO25 听力文本完整修订版

TPO 25 Listening ScriptConversation1NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and his academic advisor.ProfessorHi, Mark. What can I do for you?StudentI am just filling out this approval for graduation form for the dean's office, and I don't know, I hope I will be able to graduate next semester.ProfessorWell, as long as you've met the departmental requirements and you submit the form on time, you shouldn't have any problem. Make sure you include all the classes you will have taken for your degree in finance and the electives too.StudentYeah, but as I look over the form, I got confused because of the way, um... they've changed the requirements. So now I am not sure I will qualify to graduate next semester. I know I would have before, under the old requirements.ProfessorWell, when the business department changed the curriculum to include more courses in international business, to ... well, because of the increasing globalization of business. We made sure that students who have finished their second year, that is, those who are in their third or fourth year, wouldn't be affected. The new rules only appy to students in their first or second year.StudentThat's good to know. Uh... the department's hiring new faculty too I heard, to teach some of the new courses. But I want to ...ProfessorYes. One new faculty member has been hired. She will be teaching International Banking as a matter of fact.StudentActually, that's what I want to ask about - International Banking. I took International Banking I, but I never took International Banking II. It used to be that the second semester of International Banking was an elective, but now it says it's a required class.ProfessorYes. But that's one of the recent changes. So ...StudentOh, Oh, OK. Oh. And ... and I am planning to take a management course next semester, but I don't know if it's ... if it will count toward my major.ProfessorWhat's the course?StudentOrganizational Behavior.ProfessorYes. That will count toward your major. That's a difficult class, you know. But well worth it. So it looks like you will have all the required classes you need. You should be just fine.Uh... I assume you have taken a seminar?StudentYeah, I took the marketing seminar.ProfessorOK. You are looking good. Just to be on the safe side, why don't you talk to someone in the dean's office before you give them the form.StudentOK. So should I just explain to them that even though one of these classes got changed from an elective to a required class, I don't have to take it?ProfessorYes. You've met the requirements for graduation. And if there's something I need to do ... if I need to write a letter or whatever, just let me know.StudentOK. Thanks. I'll let you know if I need that letter.Lecture1-Conservation Biology (Assisted Migration)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a Conservation Biology class.ProfessorOne consequence of global warming is extinction. There's compelling evidence that global warming will be a significant driver of many plant and animal extinctions in this century. So we are considering various strategies to help some threatened species survive this unprecedented, this warming trend, which as you know, is caused mainly by greenhouse gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.Um... the most radical strategy being debated among conservation biologists is assisted migration. Assisted migration means picking up members of a species, or members of a group of interdependent species and physically moving or translocating them.Um... translocating threatened species to a cooler place, to higher latitudes or higher elevations, for example.Now, migration is a natural survival strategy. Over the past two million years, colder glacial periods have alternated with warmer interglacial periods. And so, urn, in response to these gradual climatic swings, some species have shifted their ranges hundreds of kilometers.So perhaps you are wondering why not let nature take its course now? Well, we can't. The main problem is today's fragmented habitats. During previous interglacial periods, when glaciers retreated, they left behind open land in their wakes. Today human development has paved over much of the natural world. Ecosystems are fragmented. Housing developments, highways and cities have replaced or sliced through without help. So conservationists are trying to save as many through without help. So conservationists are trying to save as many species as possible.Now, assisted migration coula become a viable part of our rescue strategy, but there are a number of uncertainties and risks. Without more research, we can't predict if assisted migration will work for any given species. A translocated species could die out from lack of food for example. At the other extreme, we might successfully translocate the species, but within five or ten years that species could proliferate and become an invasive species. Like a non-native plant that chokes out native plants by hogging the nutrients in the soil. Translocated animals can become invasive too. It happened in Australia. The cane toad was introduced back in 1935 to control an insect pest that was destroying Australia's sugarcane plantations. But the cane toad itself became a pest and has destroyed much of the wildlife on that continent.Also, many species are interdependent, intimately connected to one another. Like animals that eat a certain plant and that plant relies on a certain fungus to help it get nutrients from soil and on a certain insect for pollination. We probably have to translocate entire networks of species and it's hard to know where to draw the line.And in addition to all that, it is not even clear that assisted migration or any migration for that matter, will help at least for some species. Earth was already in one of its warm interglacial periods when we started burning fossil fuels. And in the twenty-first century, global temperatures are expected to rise two to six degrees. That rate of heating is far greater than during the last glacial retreat some 12,000 years ago.Um ... whether to use assisted migration, this debate is mostly within the biology community right now. But the ultimate decision-makers, in the United States at least, will be the government agencies that manage natural resources. Assisted migration really needs this level of oversight and soon. Currently there's no public policy on using assisted migration to help species survive climate change. People aren't even required to seek permits to move plants or invertebrate animals around as long as they are not classified as pests. In one case, a group of conservationists has already taken it upon itself to try on their own to save an endangered tree, the Florida Torreya tree, through assisted migration. There's only about a thousand Florida Torreyas left. And global warming is expected to significantly reduce or eliminate this tree's habitat. So this conservation group wants to translocate seedlings, Florida Torreya seedlings, 500 kilometers North in order to expand the species' range. The group believed its effort is justified, but I and many other biologists will be watching very closely how this maverick group makes out, because like I said, there could be unintended consequences.Lecture2-Music History (Béla Bartók)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a music history class.ProfessorSo I just finished reviewing your papers on the influence of nationalism on the composers' music. And initially I was surprised none of you chose to write about Béla Bartók, that is until I remembered we haven't had a chance to discuss him in ground-breaking composer.Béla Bartók was a Hungarian, whose life stretched from the late nineteenth century to the middle of twentieth century. But he was not afan of the Romantic style of music that was popular in his homeland during his youth.StudentWait, Hungary wasn't a country in 1900, was it?ProfessorYou are right. I should have been clear. Bartok was born in Austria-Hungary, a nation that broke apart when he was about forty years old. Actually, the town where he was born is presently part of Romania. The political history of that region is complex. Suffice to say that Bartok is generally known as a Hungarian composer.So during Bartok's youth, the music played in the concert halls of Austria-Hungary was dominated by Romantic pieces by mostly German composers. We discussed the Romantic style last week. These pieces were long and lyrical. They were meant to have a sort of grandeur about them. And in the early 1900s, composers who worked in the Romantic style were the most popular in Austria-Hungary. But Bartok, he was part of the musical community that was trying to change this. And it led him to ... well, the first thing it did was lead him to travel. He looked at the small towns, and music, well, you could say he discovered the music that was popular in those areas.StudentWhat do you mean?ProfessorWell, all the music we have been talking about the past few weeks, It really was all in the cities, that's where the composers and the orchestras were. Out in remote areas of the countryside, in rural locations, music was more traditional, the same songs that were enjoyed by previous generations. Bartok went out, he travelled to a significant portion of Eastern Europe actually. He roamed the countryside and listened to the music heard in small towns and in all sorts of celebrations. He attended weddings, dances and religious ceremonies, where he heard a very different sort of music from the Romantic stuff being played in the concert halls in the cities. The music he heard is what we would consider folk music.StudentAnd then he had those same songs played in the concert halls?ProfessorNo. At first he went around to document the folk music. He really wanted to make sure the folk songs were written down before they disappeared. In fact, Bartok didn't start out the trip thinking of himself as a composer. He was an ethnomusicologist. He studied the traditional music of the region. But it turns out that what would later have a notable influence on European music on the whole was the way Bartok used elements he heard in folk songs in his own compositions. He adopted a number of elements from what he heard, like unusual rhythms. And he liked to use the glissando as his hallmark, which he probably got from listening to Croatian folk music. A glissando is ... well, I have got a recording of Bartok here. Let's wait until the music is fresh in our minds.Susie, do you have something you want to ask first?StudentYeah. Before, you mention nationalism and ...ProfessorAh, right, yes. When Bartok had his new pieces performed, their folk music roots made them instantly popular. It happened to be a time of strong nationalism in Austria-Hungary, so his compositions came at just the right time. He became very successful there. Particularly, when Bartok's ballet The Wooden Prince opened, there was great excitementfor music that included musical elements from local folk songs, music that reflected the region's musical traditions. However, as popular as Bartok was in his homeland, he did not get much international recognition during his lifetime.Conversation2NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and his biology professor.studentWell, you know, writing that paper about whales and the path they travel as they swim to the ocean, their migration patterns.ProfessorYes. I remember.StudentAnd well, I was thinking about it and I realized I don't understand how they hold their breath underwater. It's a little crazy for me to be writing about migration patterns without actually knowing how they stay underwater for so long.ProfessorDid you do any research to find out how they do it?StudentYeah, I did. I searched on the internet and there was a lot of information about whales, their habitats, the way they communicate, you know, their songs. But if there was anything about whales and how they hold their breath, I missed it. I've got a bunch of books. Actually, I have got so much information, it's a littleProfessorI am surprised there is nothing about it in any of those books.StudentWell, to be honest, I've only skimmed them so far. I am still working on finding sources.ProfessorOK. I know I encourage everyone in class to look at a substantial number of sources, but I don't want you to get overwhelmed. Looking at a number of sources gives you a good knowledge base, but students only have a limited amount of time to work on each paper. I don't expect you to read a dozen books on whales for this assignment. Focus on just a few.StudentOK. Thanks.ProfessorYou know, since you are already here. I can give you a quick summary of how whales hold their breath underwater. It's just a matter of certain adaptations in their anatomies, specifically in their circulatory system.StudentSo the blood flow is what makes the difference?ProfessorYes, and in a couple of ways. First, blood makes up a larger share of a whale's weight than in other mammals.StudentSo they can store more oxygen because they have more blood?ProfessorYes, but that's only part of it. They also have a greater capacity than land animals to store oxygen in their blood.So how does having more oxygen in their blood help them stay underwater longer?ProfessorIt's the way the whale's blood carries oxygen to the rest of its body. Whales carefully conserve their oxygen when underwater in a couple of ways. When a whale dives, its metabolic rate drops, causing its heartbeat to slow down. And the blood flow to its muscles and some of its non-vital organs, like its kidneys, is also cut off. A whale's muscles and non-vital organs are able to function without oxygen for an extended period of time.StudentI see. Well, now I can concentrate on my topic.Lecture3-History (Egyptian Hieroglyphs)NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a history class. The professor has been discussing Egyptian Hieroglyphs.ProfessorEgyptian Hieroglyphs are the ancient Egyptian writings found in ancient Egypt on monuments and on the inside and outside of temples. Hieroglyphic writing ended abruptly about 1600 years ago. And it mystified the mot brilliant minds in the study of Egyptian artifacts and archaeology for many many centuries. Finally, the possiblity of deciphering hieroglyphs came about with the discovery, in 1799, of the Rosetta Stone.The Rosetta Stone is arguably the most famous archaeological artifact ever discovered. It contains the same exact text written in three different alphabets Greek, demotic, hieroglyphic.But we didn't even know at first that the three texts on the Rosetta Stone contain the same information. And two of the three alphabets are ancient Egyptian scripts that stopped being used: the hieroglyphic and the demotic. The demotic script found on the Rosetta Stone, well, demotic was not as elaborate as hieroglyphic writing. It was used for more mundane matters, oh, like administrative documents. These ancient Egyptian scripts were replaced by Coptic scripts. But eventually, the Arabic language replaced Coptic and this cut off the linguistic link between ancient and modern Egypt.Now, the Rosetta Stone was remarkable because as I said, on it was the same text in three different alphabets: Greek, demotic and hieroglyphic. The Stone was essentially the dictionary that scholars needed to interpret the meaning of the hieroglyphs. And it took a uniquely equipped researcher to finally decipher and understand what was written onThomas Young, an English scholar, was the first to seriously attempt to decipher the symbols on the Rosetta Stone. He suspected rightly that the hieroglyphs were phonetic symbols, that they represented sounds rather than pictures. Until then, all scholars assumed that hieroglyphs were pictographs, that they symbolize objects or concepts. Thomas Young focused his attention on one set of hieroglyphs that he thought would probably spell out a single word: the name of a King or Queen. He guessed that the symbols represented the name of the early Egyptian ruler Ptolemy, since Ptolemy was also written in Greek on the stone and was indeed a Greek name. And Young did actually proved that these hieroglyphs represented sounds rather than whole words. Strangely though, he gave into the dominant thesis of the day that hieroglyphs were pictographs. He actually dismissed his own findings as an anomaly because the Ptolemaic dynasty was Greek, not Egyptian. In other words, he figured it was an exception to the rule. It was phonetic because it was Greek, not Egyptian. How else could an Egyptian depict a Greek name other than spell it out? And that brings us to the hero of our story: Jean-Francois Champollion.Champollion built on Young's work, showing that different hieroglyphs spelled the names of Kings and Queens like Alexander or Cleopatra. But his critics noted that this was still not traditional Egyptian names. He hadn't done any more than Young had been able to do, so he couldn't disprove the dominant theory.Then Champollion was shown a set of hieroglyphs that contain traditional Egyptian names. The first two of these symbols were unknown, but Champollion knew that the repeated hieroglyphs to the far right symbolized an "S" sound. He then drew on his linguistic knowledge to arrive at the solution to the problem. You see, unlike any of the other scholars who had tried to crack the code, Champollion happened to be fluent in Coptic. He wondered, and this was the real breakthrough, if Coptic was the language symbolized by the hieroglyphs on the Rosetta stone. And if so, then perhaps that first disc-shape symbol might represent the Sun. And the Coptic word for Sun is "ra". See where this is headed? So if the symbol were Coptic, the first symbol would be "ra". And then an unknown symbol followed by a double "S" sound. Was this, Champollion wondered, the name Rameses? He was eventually able to confirm that it was. So, he had figured it out. Hieroglyphs were mainly phonetic, they represented sounds, not pictures, and the underlying language was Coptic. A lot of work remained, but Champollion had cracked the code.Lecture4-Animal BehaviorNarratorListen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.ProfessorAll right. I hope you all had a chance to finish the assigned readings about animal play, because I want to spend some time discussing the different viewpoints presented in those articles. Let's start with the play-as-preparation hypothesis. Jerry, can you explain it?Male StudentYeah, Play-as-preparation? Young animals play in order to get really good at certain specific things they will need to do when they are adults, things like chasing, pouncing, climbing. In other words, they play in order to practice survival skills, like movements used in hunting and fighting. That hypothesis makes a lot of sense, like, maybe the most sense of all the theories we read about.ProfessorAnd what leads you to that conclusion?Male StudentWell, like wolves, the young pups, they fight a lot and bite, you know, not to hurt each other, but... It just seems obvious why those wolf pups play like that. It gives them practice with skills that will make them better hunters or fighters as adults.Female StudentOh, I don't know about that. I mean, some of the things a young animal does while playing are totally different from tilings they'll do as an adult. There was a really good example in the second article. I can't remember what it is called exactly, uh, self-...ProfessorSelf-handicapping.Female StudentRight. Self-handicapping. Like during a fake fight, a play fight, if one of the animals is winning, the winning animal might just stop and give up its advantage.ProfessorYes. And often it shifts to a submissive posture too. Of course self-handicapping hardly ever happens in a real fight. Because in a real fight, well, the point is to win. So, this self-handicapping, it is important to take this into account before just deciding to go with that first explanation. And in fact, there really isn't much in the way of solid experimental evidence to support the play-as-preparation hypothesis.Female StudentWhat about the other one? The flexibility hypothesis?ProfessorAh, yes. Let's talk about that. As you say, play is much more than just pretend fighting or practicing other adultbehaviors. Apparently, it also contributes to the development of a brain that's flexible, a brain that's quickly able to get a handle on unfamiliar situations. This notion, the flexibility hypothesis, well, many of my colleagues find it quite persuasive.Female StudentSo, like with kids, a little kid might play a game with a friend, and then they might race each other across the field. So they are switching from one type of play to another There's a lot of variety? I mean, they are learning to respond to whatever happens?ProfessorWell, that's the general idea. But let's hold off on talking about human behaviors for now. OK. According to the flexibility hypothesis, yes, the diversity, the variety in play can lead to a broader behavioral vocabulary.Male StudentA broader behavioral vocabulary? Can you explain what that means?ProfessorWell, sometimes playing results in an animal doing something it would not normally do. That can lead to the animal learning to adapt, to come up with new behaviors that can help it cope with major problems later on, like staying safe or finding food.Female StudentYeah. And there was that brain study you had us read about too.ProfessorOh, the one on how play affects development within the brain?Female StudentRight. That's it. About the animals raised in an environment where they did not get opportunities to play?ProfessorYes. Wasn't the conclusion interesting? That playing literally stimulates growth, creates connections within the brain? We need to do further studies, but...Male StudentExcuse me, can we go back to play fighting for a minute? I am wondering,can the flexibility hypothesis really explain that?ProfessorPlay fighting? Actually, that's something the flexibility hypothesis explains very well. Since play fighting includes variations in speed and intensity, and quick role reversals involved with self-handicapping. An animal that's play fighting is constantly responding to changes. So it's learning to be flexible.。

TPO25阅读答案详解(全)

THE SURFACE OF MARS1.enormous巨大的，所以正确答案是B，extremely large。

如果不认识，将答案代入原文，原文说在T这个地方有三座非常大的火山，定语从句修饰说T是个什么样的地区，能容下三座大火山的当然是很大的地方。

A重要C不寻常和D活跃都不靠谱2.注意问的是Olympus M，以这个词做关键词定位至第三句，讲O是最大的，所以正确答案只能是C，比较高，如果不确定可以往下看到最后一句，说三个大的跟O比起来要小点儿，也说明O比较大，其他答案都没说3.distinctive有特点的，不同的，所以正确答案是characteristic，dis作为前缀，有分或者否定之意，所以猜出distinctive有不同的意思，这道词汇题代入原文不靠谱，因为几个错误答案带进去也说得通，大家还是抓紧背单词吧4.以A的broad, sloping sides做关键词定位至第二段第二句的破折号后，正确，不选；B选项的smaller定位至第一段尾句，正确，不选；C的channel定位至第二段第三句，正确，不选；D的数字定位至第一段倒数第二句，但25说的是O，而不是shield volcano，所以D错，是答案5.roughly大概，所以正确答案是D的approximately，代入原文，说火星的gravity只有地球的40%，因此火星上山的高度应该大致是地球的2.5倍，其他代入都说不通6.以Maxwell为关键词定位至第三段第四句，这句只是在比较，于是往前看，说gravity越低，高度越高，所以作者进行这个比较无外乎想证明这个结论，所以正确答案A。

C 稍有迷惑性，但C的问题在于没有提及高度，只是单纯说不同planet之间gravity的关系，错7.提出主干，没有证据，但是如果blabla，有些火山至少intermittently活跃，完全重复这个意思的只有C，A后半句的比较错，那句话事实上是条件；B同样因为比较排除；D 强调的点与原文反8.considerably相当地，显著地，程度大地，所以正确答案是significantly，consider做考虑讲大家都知道，也就是说这个词至少应该被译为值得考虑的，所以可以得出B，frequently说不通；clearly只表示清楚，没法表示程度；surprisingly带有主观色彩，同样不沾边9.以craters fill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon定位至最后一句，说Martianatmosphere是erosive的，风搬运尘土并擦掉撞击留下的痕迹，所以正确答案是D风，A的比较对象错，原文是火星的erase比撞击快，不是A说的火星的撞击比月亮的撞击快；B原文没讲谁dust多；C的dry没说10.跟9题是同一题，定位至倒数第二句后，发现整个句子是个例子，然后看前句，发现同样是个例子，然后看后一句，就是第9题的那句话就可以找到答案C11.细节题，studies of large impact cratering on Mars定位至首句，说是age indicator，但遗憾的是，凭这句只能排除C，所以这道题只能读完这段，还好不长，答案在第二句，说南部和火山地区的不一样，也就是B说的不同地方age不同12.以Yuty做关键词定位至三五两句，第五句说火星的是液体，所以正确答案是C，第四句说月亮的ejecta是dust，soil and boulders，但问题问的是火星，所以答案不是B，别混了。

新托福TPO25阅读原文及译文(三)

新托福TPO25阅读原文(三)：The Evolutionary Origin of PlantsTPO25-3：The Evolutionary Origin of PlantsThe evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of to day’s different groups of algae, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic (natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are p lants’closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red and brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different.Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats. If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats, unlike those of ocean habitats, are highly variable. Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily and changing level of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemical in the water or even to period in which the aquatic habitat dries up. Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness. These adaptations served their descendant well asthey invaded land.The terrestrial world is green now, but it did not start out that way. When plants first made the transition ashore more than 400 million years ago, the land was barrenand desol ate, inhospitable to life. From a plant’s evolutionary view point, however, it was also a land of opportunity, free of competitors and predators and full of carbon dioxide and sunlight (the raw materials for photosynthesis, which are present in far higher concentrations in air than in water).So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants prospered and diversified.When plants pioneered the land, they faced a range of challenges posed by terrestrial environments. On land, the supportive buoyancy of water is missing, the plant is no longer bathed in a nutrient solution, and air tends to dry things out. These conditions favored the evolution of the structures that support the body, vessels that transport water and nutrients to all parts of plant, and structures that conserve water. The resulting adaptations to dry land include some structural features that arose early in plant evolution; now these features are common to virtually all land plant. They include roots or root like structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. Other adaptations occurred later in the transition to terrestrial life and now wide spread but not universal among plants. These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leavesto the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.These adaptations allowed an increasing diversity of plant forms to exploit dry land. Life on land, however, also required new methods of transporting sperm to eggs. Unlike aquatic and marine forms, land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carry their sex cells and disperse their fertilized eggs. So the most successful groups of land plants are those that evolved methods of fertilized sex cell dispersal that are independent of water and structures that protest developing embryos from drying out. Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plants and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and later, flowers and fruits.TPO25-3译文：植物的进化起源植物的进化史是以一系列对周遭环境的适应为标记的。

TPO-25 Reading 2解析

Q1正确答案：B解析：resurgence，回潮;再起;复苏，复活;中断之后的继续；近义词是comeback，回归;东山再起;恢复，复原;巧妙的回答或反驳。

通过began an economic resurgence that made them into the most important economic centers of Europe 推断此处是“经济复苏”之意。

Q2正确答案：C解析：compulsorily，强迫地，强制地；近义词是by requirement。

根据guilds were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for句子的前后逻辑一致，推断compulsorily和were required to意思一致。

Q3正确答案：A解析：第二段主要分析威尼斯航运地位下降的原因。

A项对应第2句叙述的第一个原因，这句话的主干是Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea were lost to direct trading。

B项和C项的表述都出现在第4句，但是这2点都不是威尼斯航运地位下降的原因，原因是第5句的shortage of crews；D项的表述与最后一句话矛盾，原句意思是“虽然船员的工资加倍了，但对供应的增加没有太大帮助”，工资增加虽然没起到帮助作用，但也不是导致航运衰退的因素。

Q4正确答案：B解析：在第二段中，A项对应第3句中的guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers；C项对应第3句中的through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for；D项对应倒数第2句中的despite continuous appeal to Venice’s tradition of maritime greatness。

托福36套词表汇总TPO (25)

n.口，气孔；（植物）气孔，
oak
n.栎树；橡木色；栎木，橡木adj.栎树的；栎木制的
lignin
n.木质素
ejecta
n.抛出物，喷出物
outclass
…高一等，大大超过
obliterate
vt.涂去，擦掉;使消失;使被忘却;忘掉
propel
vt.推进;推动;驱动;驱使
elicit
vt.引出，探出;诱出（回答等）
splash
vt.使（液体）溅起n.溅泼声；溅上的斑点；溅泼的量
meteoritic
adj.陨石的
intermittently
adv.间歇地;断断续续
cuticle
n.（手指甲或脚趾甲根部的）外皮
spacecraft
n. [航天]宇宙飞船，航天器
scarcity
n.不足，缺乏;稀少;萧条
shipyard
n.船坞;造船厂
starch
n.淀粉，含淀粉的食物vt.浆硬;使僵硬
collision
n.碰撞;冲突;（意见，看法）的抵触;（政党等的）倾轧
council
n.委员会;（郡、镇等）政务会;
cellulose
n.细胞膜质，纤维素;
expertise
n.专门知识或技能;专家的意见;专家评价，鉴定
crater
n.火山口，喷火口；弹坑；vt.在……上形成坑；取消
stomata
unrest
n.动荡，不安定;骚乱;风潮;乱腾
rower
n.划船者，划手
sperm
n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油
warship
n.军舰，战舰
monopoly
n.垄断;专卖;垄断者;专利品