PETS讲解 9.15 (1)

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Pets英语课件教案.

Pets英语课件教案.一、教学内容本节课我们将学习《Pets》这一主题，教材对应章节为Unit 2，详细内容包括宠物的基本词汇、描述宠物的形容词、动词，以及如何用英语表达对宠物的喜好和照顾。

二、教学目标1. 能够听懂、会说、会读、会写与宠物相关的词汇和句子。

2. 能够用英语描述自己的宠物，表达对宠物的喜好。

3. 培养学生的合作意识和口语表达能力。

三、教学难点与重点重点：宠物词汇和句型的学习。

难点：如何用英语描述宠物的特征和表达对宠物的喜好。

四、教具与学具准备教师准备：PPT课件、宠物图片、词汇卡片、录音机。

学生准备：课本、练习本、彩色笔。

五、教学过程1. 导入：展示宠物图片，引导学生用英语说出图片中的宠物，回顾已学宠物词汇。

2. 呈现：呈现新词汇和句型，让学生跟读、模仿，并进行小组合作练习。

3. 实践：设置情景，让学生模拟在宠物店选购宠物，练习使用目标句型。

4. 例题讲解：讲解如何用英语描述宠物的特征，展示例题，引导学生进行分析。

5. 随堂练习：分组进行角色扮演，练习描述宠物和表达喜好。

六、板书设计1. 宠物词汇：cat, dog, fish, bird, rabbit等。

2. 描述宠物的形容词：cute, lovely, funny, lazy等。

3. 目标句型：What pet do you like? I like七、作业设计1. 作业题目：用英语描述你最喜欢的宠物，并说明原因。

答案示例：My favorite pet is a dog. It's cute and loyal.I like playing with it after school.提示：A和B在宠物店选购宠物，A想买一只狗，B想买一只猫。

讨论各自喜欢的宠物类型和原因。

答案示例：A: Hi, B. I want to buy a pet. I think a dog is a good choice. It's loyal and can protect us.B: Hi, A. I prefer a cat. It's independent and easy totake care of. Besides, I like its soft fur.八、课后反思及拓展延伸本节课通过宠物主题，让学生掌握了与宠物相关的词汇和句型，提高了学生的口语表达能力。

公共英语考试技巧概述

公共英语考试技巧概述公共英语考试（Public English Test，简称PETS）是中国国内广泛举办的一项英语水平考试，旨在评估考生在听、说、读、写四个方面的英语能力。

本文将为各位考生提供一些应对PETS考试的技巧和建议，希望能帮助大家在考试中取得好成绩。

一、听力部分技巧听力部分是PETS考试的第一项任务，也是很多考生感到困难的一部分。

以下是一些听力技巧，可帮助你更好地完成任务：1. 做好预测：在听力材料开始之前，快速浏览题目并预测可能会出现的关键词汇，这样可以提前了解材料内容和目标信息。

2. 注意关键词：关注主题词、数字、时间和地点等关键信息。

这些信息通常是回答问题所必需的。

3. 集中注意力：尽可能做到全神贯注，注意力集中在听力材料上，避免分散注意力。

4. 做好笔记：在听力过程中，用简洁的关键词记录重要信息。

这有助于加深对听力内容的理解，并且可在答题时提供参考。

二、口语部分技巧口语部分是PETS考试中另一个重要的任务，以下是一些口语技巧，可帮助你在口语考试中取得好成绩：1. 大量练习：多进行口语练习，增加与他人交流的机会。

通过多说多练，提高自己的口语表达能力和自信心。

2. 打破语言障碍：在口语考试中，遇到生词或无法表达时，尽量利用已学会的英语表达或者换一种方式来表达。

3. 注意语调和语速：口语表达时要注意语调，使自己的语言更加流利自然。

适当控制语速，避免过快或过慢，使听众更容易理解。

4. 维持清晰逻辑：在回答问题时，要尽量保持回答的逻辑性，让自己的观点更加清晰明确。

三、阅读部分技巧阅读部分是PETS考试的重点之一，下面是一些阅读技巧，可帮助你更好地应对阅读任务：1. 快速浏览：在阅读之前，先快速浏览全文，了解文章的主题和段落结构。

这样可以更好地理解文章的整体意义。

2. 理解关键词：注意关键词和短语，这些词汇通常承载着文章的关键信息，并且在答题时可能会用到。

3. 注意连词：文章中的连词可以帮助我们理解文章的逻辑关系，例如转折、因果、并列等。

精品解析：2024年新课标全国Ⅰ卷英语高考真题解析(参考版)-A4答案卷尾

A．To keep records of her progress.
B．To sell home-grown vegetables.
C．To motivate her fellow gardeners.
15．Why does Marie recommend beginners to grow strawberries?
Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.GROUPS
A．To discover mineral resources.B．To develop new wildlife parks.
C．To protect the local ecosystem.D．To conduct biological research.
22．What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team?
A．A pop star.B．An old song.C．A radio program.

全国pets等级考试-概述说明以及解释

全国pets等级考试-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述全国pets等级考试是一项旨在评估个人英语能力水平的全国性考试。

随着全球化进程的加速，英语作为一种国际语言的重要性日益凸显。

越来越多的人认识到掌握英语对于个人发展和职业提升的重要性。

因此，全国pets等级考试应运而生，为广大英语学习者提供了一个衡量自己英语水平的标准化方法。

全国pets等级考试以促进英语教学的有效性为目的，通过评估考生的听、说、读、写综合能力，帮助考生确定自己在英语学习上的强弱项，并提供相应的学习建议和指导。

考试内容涵盖了日常生活、学习和工作等多个领域，旨在全面考察考生在各个层面的英语能力。

本次考试采用了科学、客观、公正的评分标准，通过对考生的语言运用能力、语法准确性、词汇量和语言流利度等方面的考察，对考生进行全面、准确的评价和分级。

考试标准严谨，对考生的英语能力要求较高，可以帮助考生更好地了解自己在英语学习中的现状和进步空间。

全国pets等级考试不仅可以为个人提供一种展示自己英语水平的机会，也可以为学校、企事业单位等提供一个评估人才的基准。

通过参加全国pets等级考试，考生可以提高自信心，激发学习英语的兴趣，进而更好地适应英语在社会交流、学习和工作中的应用。

总之，全国pets等级考试是一个重要的英语考试，它不仅可以评估个人的英语水平，也可以帮助考生全面提高英语能力，为个人的发展和未来的职业规划打下坚实的基础。

无论是对于个人还是社会的发展，全国pets 等级考试都具有重要的意义。

1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以描述全国pets等级考试的构成和组成部分。

可以包括以下内容：全国pets等级考试由多个考试部分组成，每个部分涵盖不同的语言技能和知识领域。

主要的考试部分包括听力、口语、阅读和写作。

在听力部分，考生需要听取并理解录音材料，完成问题回答和填空题等任务。

这一部分旨在测试考生的听力理解能力和对不同口音和语速的适应能力。

9月公共英语二级口语辅导

9月公共英语二级口语辅导将来完成时1) 构成：will/be going to do sth.2) 概念a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。

They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。

We are waiting for you.b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。

Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。

)She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等。

The leaves are turning red.It's getting warmer and warmer.d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always changing your mind.典型例题My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A. has lost, don't findB. is missing, don't findC. has lost, haven't foundD. is missing, haven't found.答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

2022年9月全国公共英语等级考试一级真题及答案（文字版）

2022年9月全国公共英语等级考试一级真题及答案（文字版）第一节单项填空阅读下面的句子和对话，从A．、B．、C．三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处选项．并在答题卡I上将该项涂黑。

例：0．Bob and I made_________agreement last Monday．A．aB．anC．any答案：B．26．We don’t like the________there because it IS toohot in summer·A．windB．winterC．weather27．Mary does not like to talk with her parents，but I enjoy________with mine．A．talkingB．to talkC．talk28．You must show your receipt________you want toget your ba9．A．ifB．tillC．though29．You should________playing computer games．It’S bad for your eyes．A．keep upB．give upC．look up30．Don’t worry．Our friendswill come to help________．A．ourselvesB．oursC．US31．I usually go back home by bus．It’S much________than going by train．A．cheapB．cheaperC．cheapest32．Look!Alice is________a red dress．A．havingB．wearingC．dressing33．We looked everywhere for the money but________findit．A．couldn’tB．wouldn’tC．shouldn’t34．The smile on her face shows that she is pleased________0urwork．A．forB．byC．with35．Jane isn”t in the office atthe moment, but she will be back________A．in a mi．nute B．once upon a time C．from now on36．We told Mary to come back________shecould．A．as well as B．as soon as C．as much as37．He has lived in thatvillage________ he moved out of the city．A．sinceB ．beforeC．when38．Would you mind ________ thewindow? It”s getting a little cold in here．A．closeB．to closeC．closing39．She________South America atthe age of 15 and has never returned．A．leavesB．has leftC．left40．—Would you like another cup of tea?—________A．Yes, I willB．Yes, pleaseC．Yes, I do答案：A41．A．news B．idea C．plan42．A．While B．Since C．Until43．A．never B．sometimes C．also44．A．grow B．fall C．seem45．A．and B．but C．besides46．A．parent B．parents C．parents”47．A．setting up B ．making up C．giving up48．A．what B．why C．how49．A．answered B．suggested C．said50．A．All B．Any C．Some第三局部阅读理解第一节词语配伍从右栏所给选项中选出与左栏各项意义相符的选项，并在答题卡I 上将该项涂黑。

《Pets》PPT

What colour is it?Do you need to clean the fish tank?
What is it?
It is very small and soft.We can hold it in our hands.It often go out at night.It is afraid of cats.
What is it?
cat
Does it often sleep on your lap?Does it sleep on the window-ledge?Does it sleep in the cardboard?
What color is it? Where does it sleep?
mouse
Where can you put it?Can you hold it in your hands?Do you put it in the cage? 来自What is it?
The color of it is often white or grey.It likes eating vegetables.It has long ears.It has red eyes.
rabbit
What do they eat?We can feed them carrots.Where do they live?They live in the hutch.
Some idioms about animals, can you guess the meaning?
Love me, love my dog.Every dog has his day.Lead a dog’s life.Teach the dog how to bark.

高教版公共英语3级精讲班讲义9

高教版公共英语3级精讲班讲义9公共英语3级精讲班第9讲讲义MonologueMonologue 1：Language points:1.2004 TUC launched “Work Your Proper Hours Day” where workers were encouraged to take thelunch breaks they usually work through and leave for home at their contracted time.2004年英国劳工联合会提出“合理工作时间”这一号召。

鼓励工人中午休息并且按照合同的要求准时回家。

1)TUC: Trades Union Congress 英国劳工联合会2)Work Your Proper Hours Day:英国劳工联合会提倡的“合理工作时间”3)Contracted time:合同约定的时间2. Friday February 25 is the day in 2005 when the TUC estimates that people who do unpaid overtime will stop working for free and start to get paid.2005年2月25日是英国劳工联合会估计没有报酬加班的人们应该停止加班并开始得到报酬的日子。

unpaid overtime 没有报酬的加班工作3. The TUC is urging people who do unpaid overtime to “work your proper hours” on that day, takinga proper lunch-break , and arriving and leaving wok on time.英国劳工联合会激励没报酬加班的人们在那天“合理工作”，进行合理的午休，按时上下班。

PETS知识讲解

A. put on B. in
C. wear
4. If you want to take it, you have to _____ the form.
A. write B. fill in
C. write on
必答题C:
1. Do you speak English? Yes, only ____.
知识运用
Every group should choose a set of questions to answer. (5 marks every question)
必答题A： 1. Your child is lovely. ______ A. Thank you. B. where C. what 2. Hi, Mary! We won the match yesterday! ______ A. Never mind. B. Congratulations! C. Excuse me. 3. I am sorry I can’t do it. _______ A. It doesn’t matter. B. Not at all. C. You are welcome. 4. Happy new year, Tom. _______ A.Welcome! B. You are happy. C. The same to you.
扣3分)
1. Tom’s brother works in a factory.
2. Mary will arrive here at half past seven.
3. Mike always has bread for breakfast.
4. We went to see a film last night.

公共英语二级(PETS2)语法基础知识(9)

延续动词与瞬间动词
1)用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。

(表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。

(表经历)
2)用于till/until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10点。

典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met
B. have met
C. met
D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。

再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

2.——I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
——Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been
B. had been
C. was
D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

pets 初中教案

pets 初中教案## 知识与技能1. 学生能够掌握关于宠物的词汇，如狗、猫、鱼、鸟等。

2. 学生能够运用所学的宠物词汇进行简单的交流和描述。

3. 学生能够理解并运用祈使句表达关于照顾宠物的指令。

## 过程与方法1. 学生通过观察、听、说、读、写等途径，感知、理解和运用宠物相关的词汇和祈使句。

2. 学生通过小组合作和角色扮演，提高交流和表达能力。

## 情感态度与价值观1. 学生能够培养对宠物的兴趣和爱心，学会尊重和照顾动物。

2. 学生能够在日常生活中运用所学的知识和技能，提高自己的语言运用能力。

# 教学内容## 1. 宠物词汇学生需要掌握的宠物词汇包括：狗（dog）、猫（cat）、鱼（fish）、鸟（bird）等。

## 2. 祈使句学生需要理解并运用祈使句表达关于照顾宠物的指令，如：- 给宠物喝水（ Give the pet some water.）- 带宠物出去散步（ Take the pet for a walk.）- 不要吓到宠物（ Don't scare the pet.）## 3. 宠物照顾手册学生需要根据所学的宠物词汇和祈使句，编写一份宠物照顾手册，内容包括如何喂养、清洁和锻炼宠物等。

# 教学步骤1. 导入：教师展示一些宠物的图片，引导学生说出宠物名称，复习已学的词汇。

2. 新课内容：教师介绍祈使句的基本结构和用法，如“祈使句+and/or+句子”、“Don't+动词原形+其他”等。

3. 实践环节：学生分组，每组选择一种宠物，编写关于照顾宠物的祈使句，如“给宠物喝水”、“带宠物出去散步”等。

4. 展示环节：每组向全班展示编写的手册，其他学生进行评价和提问。

5. 总结与拓展：教师对学生的表现进行点评，指出优点和需要改进的地方。

同时，鼓励学生在日常生活中多关注和照顾宠物，培养爱心和责任感。

# 教学评价1. 学生能够正确识别和运用宠物词汇。

2. 学生能够理解并运用祈使句表达关于照顾宠物的指令。

9月公共英语三级考试靠谱攻略

9月公共英语三级考试靠谱攻略2017年9月公共英语三级考试靠谱攻略10日就是全国公共英语三级考试的日子啦!你们准备好了吗?下面yjbys网店铺为大家准备了公共英语三级考试靠谱攻略，希望对大家有用!1、关于考试的注意事项考试开始前你要准备好准考证!身份证!没有这两样东西就不能参加考试，所以出门前一定要记住带上它们哦~除此之外你还需要准备黑色字迹的签字笔以及2B铅笔考试不能用其他类型的笔答题考试开始后你要严格遵守《考生守则》并听从监考人员的指导，违反考试规定者将取消其考试成绩。

记住考试的时候不要做违纪的事情哦，没叫你答题的时候别乱动笔，答题的时候不要东张西望考试结束后除了你一开始带来的东西以外，不能带别的东西离开考场，没错，小阿指的就是卷子，答题卡及草稿纸这些，收拾的时候别拿错了啊!2、关于考试的.答题技巧考试内容分为五个部分，分别是阅读理解、词语用法与语法结构、挑错、完形填空和英汉互译。

全部题目按顺序统一编号，共85题。

阅读理解：考查的就是词汇方面的能力啦，总共有三篇短文，总阅读量不超过900个词，平时认真背过单词的小伙伴是没有什么问题的~你说你没有认真背单词(手动doge)少年莫方，这就是考验你人品的时候了，好吧其实你并不需要认识文章里的每个单词，做阅读理解最重要的就是认真审题，很多答案都可以在原文中直接找到，就是这么简单!词语用法和语法结构：这个题是单选的形式，考的内容都是些基础知识，告诉你一句，在你不确定的情况下不要随便改答案挑错：常见错误类型1、谓语动词的时态和语态2、句子结构和句子完整性3、名词单复数及主谓一致问题4、上下文语意和代词5、介词固定搭配6、固定(习惯)用法7、形容词和副词是否误用及其比较等级是否正确;8、冠词。

取舍与选择是否正确9、连词和从句引导词10、非谓语动词的形式是否正确以上内容实在看不懂的考试当天就找随便找几个单数名词改成复数，复数改成单数，找有-ing的去掉ing，没有-ing的加上ing...完形填空：这个题需要结合上下文来做，不一定要一个空一个空挨着选，当你遇到一个不确定的空时，可以跳过结合后面的内容来选，但是你一跳就跳到最后一题那么(手动再见)英汉互译：汉译英的时候注意语态时态主谓!英译汉的时候翻译出来句子要通顺!最后，注意书写!尽量保持卷面整洁，这样可以给阅卷老师留下比较好的印象，虽然不保证这样阅卷老师会高分，但如果你字迹潦草，卷面也乱七八糟，分也不会很高。

2024年全国英语等级考试PETS大纲解析

2024年全国英语等级考试PETS大纲解析Introduction2024年全国英语等级考试（PETS）是中国广泛认可的英语水平考试之一。

通过对PETS大纲的解析，我们可以更好地理解考试内容和要求。

本文将对2024年PETS大纲进行详细解析，以帮助考生备考。

考试结构2024年PETS考试由四个部分组成：听力、阅读、写作和口语。

每个部分都对考生的英语语言能力进行测试，并根据难度逐级增加。

一．听力（Listening）听力部分包括听力理解和听力选择题。

考生需要听取录音并回答相关问题。

题目涵盖日常生活、工作和学习等各个领域，旨在测试考生的听力理解能力和综合运用语言的能力。

二．阅读（Reading）阅读部分分为填空、选择和判断题。

考生需要阅读一系列短文，并根据文中的信息回答问题。

题目的内容广泛，涉及社会生活、科技、文化等多个领域，旨在考查考生的阅读理解和推理能力。

三．写作（Writing）写作部分要求考生根据提供的题目或图表，写一篇短文，表达自己的观点和看法。

题目可能涉及社会热点、教育、环境等议题，考察考生的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。

四．口语（Speaking）口语部分主要考察考生的口语表达能力和应对能力。

考生需要回答问题、演讲或对话，并在规定的时间内作出准确、流利的回答。

题目涵盖个人经历、社会问题等，旨在测试考生的口语交际能力和思维逻辑能力。

备考建议为了取得好的考试成绩，考生可以参考以下备考建议：1. 提前了解考试大纲和题型，熟悉考试要求和内容。

2. 多听多读，提高自己的语言理解和运用能力。

可以通过听英语广播、看英语电影、读英文报纸等方式，提升自己的英语水平。

3. 制定合理的学习计划，合理安排每天的学习时间，进行有针对性的练习和复习。

4. 注重写作和口语的训练。

可以多写作文、练习口语对话，积累词汇和表达方式。

5. 参加模拟考试，提前适应考试环境和节奏，找出自己的不足，并进行改进。

总结2024年全国英语等级考试PETS大纲解析，本文对考试结构和各个部分的要求进行了详细解析，并给出了备考建议。

三一口语九级讲义

三一口语九级讲义（全）第一部分：自选话题●听懂考官的谈话内容并切题应答●话语连贯且有条理●就所选话题与考官交替持续开展交流，叙述事实、想法，阐述个人观点及态度●交谈中若考官插话打断，能运用合适的交际策略把谈话引回到原话题●交谈中能突出谈话重点●使考官参与讨论第二部分：互动交流●主动引导交谈●通过提问获取更多信息，依据考官的回答进一步扩展深入●请考官发表评论、阐述观点，使讨论深入进行●灵活运用本级别所列的语言功能第三部分：对话●听懂考官的谈话内容并切题应答●更主动地与考官对话交流●对考官的评论或见解作出反应，使对话深入展开●若交流不畅停顿时，应变换方式或更换词语使对话继续不停顿新增对话题目●梦和梦魇●犯罪和惩罚●技术●习惯和对事物的迷恋●全球环境问题●设计（如：服装、建筑、汽车、家具等）语言功能●表达抽象的思想、观点●表达遗憾、愿望和希望●表达设想、假定●变换词语表达相同的意思●权衡各种选择●假设●评论往事或事情发生的过程新增语法项目●带动名词和/或不定式的动词，如：forget, stop, go on, remember●带情态动词的被动语态● should/must/might/could ＋现在完成时● wish 和hope后正确的动词用法词汇●与自选话题相关的词语●与第三部分对话话题相关的词汇●用于引回到原话题的用语, 如：As I was saying, Anyway …●用于表示犹豫的用语, 如：I mean, you know,●为赢得思考时间继续自己谈话的常用语，如：Well, let me think …语音●词语发音正确●运用升调和降调，表示继续或中止自己的谈话运用重读和节奏，突出强调谈话重点●运用语调、音的高低表明态度GESE-9Format●Candidate-led discussion of a prepared topic(up to5 min)●An interactive task (up to 4 min)●Conversation (up to 5 min)Candidate performance●Understand complex and extended speech●Communicate with spontanity●Initiate, maintain and end the discourse witheffective turn-taking●Use complex expressionsFunctionsGive adviceMaking suggestionsDiscribingGrammatical itemsSecond conditional/third conditionalForgert, stop, go on, rememberMore complex forms of the passiveShould/must/might/could+ present perfectWish/hopeSubject Area 1 Dreams and Nightmares Vocabularynightmare,elaborated, physical, frustration,panic,grief, confusion , proportion, abstract, physiological, psychological, paralysis,be associated with, laboratory, motivation, phenomenon, significant, self-awareness unscientific, speculation,denial, explosion, integrityDefinition●What are dreams?Dreams are a form of mental activity that occurs during sleep. Dreaming activity can vary from very simple thoughts or images, to elaborated stories with ivid colour images and intense physical activity.●What is a nightmare?Any strongly unpleasant dream may be a nightmare. It’s the feeling, not the content that turns a dream into a nightmare. Fear, shame, guilt, frustration, pain, panic, anger, grief, confusion, or any other negative emotion may reach nightmare proportions. My mother had a horrible nightmare: she was in a huge white room with hundreds of plants. Sounded lovely to me – but to her it was (unconsciously) the afterworld, and she wasn’t ready to die. It was a terrifying nightmare!Type of dreams: terrible dreams (nightmares) and sweet ones.Qs related to this aspect: describe your dream( the most impressive or recent dream) and give an example since an abstract subject can usually be illustrated by examples (Think of a dream and describe it)Recurring ThemesThere are many common recurrent dream themes in our culture: earthquakes, tidal waves, fires, being stalked or attacked, trying to lock doors against an intruder, teeth crumbling, lost toilets, test taking, no-pants in public, etc.When do we dream?Two different schools of thought exist as to why we dream: the physiological school and the psychological school.Both, however, agree that we dream during the REM, or rapid eye movement, phase of sleep. During this phase of sleep, our closed eyes dart rapidly about, our brain activity peaks, and our muscles suffer temporary paralysis.In dreams, we can recall things happened decades ago, it may be associated with early memories or state of mind at a certain period.Dream recallMany people do not remember their dreams. However research in the laboratory has demonstrated that almost everybody experiences dreams but, for a number of reasons, many people do not recall their dreams upon awakening. Dream recall can be improved by some simple measures such as changing wake-up times, paying attention to dreams immediately upon awakening and writing them down, or telling them to a partner. Simple interest in dreams and motivation to remember them have also been found to increase dream recall.Are dreams useful?Dreams are a natural phenomenon and there is no harm in recalling them.In fact, the distorted representation that dreams use can beuseful because sometimes they lead to very creative images and associations. Many artists and writers use dream images and stories to inspire them in their work.●However, since most dreams are unpleasant to the dreamer, theycan sometimes have a negative impact on mood at wake-up time.● A number of scientists have made significant insight anddiscoveries following dreams. Because dreams can reflect in one form or another our waking state of mind or our concerns, they are used in psychotherapy.●There are also many techniques that have been developed for theuse of dreams in everyday life. Paying attention to dreams can help improve self-awareness. However, universal dream symbols found in popular books are the result of unscientific speculations. Each individual has their own manner of dream expression.ReasonsWhat causes nightmares?●Usually it is your own trapped personal power, turned inward.This is very common in our society, because of childhood training and social conventions that require you to hide or deny some parts of yourself – even some positive ones.For instance, women in our culture are never supposed to get angry. Yet anger is a natural emotion that is very useful and appropriate in some circumstances. Anger appears in nightmares in many forms (explosions, wild animals, fires, floods, to name just a few possible images). When you work a nightmare, by speaking as the image, you’ll find out very quickly what it represents to you. And once you hear the message, you are on the road to breaking the denial and recovering the personal power that was locked away.●Another cause of nightmares is imbalance. If you’ve gottenout of alignment with your inner integrity in some way,perhaps even a way that you’re not consciously aware of, your mind may create a nightmare to get your attention. Or if you are developing a physical condition (or there’s something in your environment that’s not right) your dreaming mind may let you know through nightmares.Subject area 2 Crime and punishmentI. Crime types●burglary, damage to a vehicle, fraud and forgery, check andcredit card fraud, drug trafficking, vehicle/driver document fraud, sexual offences, homicide, Murder, Premeditated and unlawful killing of another person, manslaughter, Infanticide, harassment, child abduction, Blackmail, kidnappingII. What are the main reasons of committing a crime?(How do some people decide to commit a crime?)●The desire for material gain (money or expensive belongings)leads to property crimes such as robberies, burglaries, white-collar crimes, and auto thefts.●The desire for control, revenge, or power leads to violentcrimes such as murders, assaults, and rapes. These violent crimes usually occur on impulse or the spur of the moment when emotions run high. Property crimes are usually planned in advance.●Parental relationsChildren who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others. The cycle of abuse, crime, and sociopathy keeps repeating itself.Children who are neglected or abused commit substantially more crimes later in life than others. The cycle of violence concept, based on the quality of early life relationships, has its positive counterpart. Supportive and loving parents who respond to the basic needs of their child instill self-confidence and an interest in social environments. These children are generally well-adjusted in relating to others and are far less likely to commit crimes.●Heredity and brain activitySearching for the origins of antisocial personality disorders and their influence over crime led to studies of twins and adopted children in the 1980s. Identical twins have the exact same genetic makeup. Researchers found that identical twins were twice as likely to have similar criminal behavior than fraternal twins who have similar but not identical genes, just like any two siblings.The death penaltyIt’s taken for granted that a person who is convicted of murder should pay with his or her life. However, there exists a world-wide movement for the abolition of the death penalty. The abolitionists argue that the death penalty is not only inhuman but also unscientific.●Those in favour of capital punishment are motivated onlyby desire for revenge and retaliation.●Capital punishment does not deter.●There’re numerous miscarriages of justice, especially incapital cases.● A civilised state should uphold, not violate, the sanctityof human life.EducationConforming to Merton's earlier sociological theories, a survey of inmates in state prisons in the late 1990s showed very low education levels. Many could not read or write above elementary school levels, if at all. The most common crimes committed by these inmates were robbery, burglary, automobile theft, drug trafficking, and shoplifting. Because of their poor educational backgrounds, their employment histories consisted of mostly low wage jobs with frequent periods of unemployment.Employment at minimum wage or below living wage does not help deter criminal activity. Even with government social services, such as public housing, food stamps, and medical care, the income of a minimum wage household still falls short of providing basic needs. People must make a choice between continued long-term low income and the prospect of profitable crime. Gaining further education, of course, is another option, but classes can be expensive and time consuming. While education can provide the chance to get a better job, it does not always overcome the effects of abuse, poverty, or other limiting factors.●Peer influenceA person's peer group strongly influences a decision to commit crime. For example, young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes become Crack cocaine pipe displayed by police. Drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions, giving a person greater courage to commit a crime. Children of families who cannot afford adequate clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap. Researchers believe these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminalgangs, since membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different manner. In gangs, antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility.●Drugs and alcoholSome social factors pose an especially strong influence over a person's ability to make choices. Drug and alcohol abuse is one such factor. The urge to commit crime to support a drug habit definitely influences the decision process. Both drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions (socially defined rules of behavior), giving a person greater courage to commit a crime. Deterrents such as long prison sentences have little meaning when a person is high or drunk.The idea that drug and alcohol abuse can be a major factor in a person's life is why there are numerous treatment programs for young people addicted to these substances. Treatment focuses on positive support to influence a person's future decision making and to reduce the tendency for antisocial and criminal behavior.●Easy accessAnother factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier is the availability of handguns in U.S. society. Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders some distance or detachment from their victims.Ⅲ Discouraging the choice of crimeSolutionThere are several ways to prevent the youth from committing crimes.●Firstly, school education plays an important role to teachtraditional beliefs.●Secondly, the present situation also calls for a control andsupervision on the mass media. Books and programs should be in good quality. There should be more educational books and programs for young children in to tell them how to distinguish the right from the wrong.●Thirdly, mutual understanding between parents and childrenis also very important. Parental supervision and guidance are a key factor of self-cultivation in lifetime. The two generations need to smooth away disagreement. Parents can spend much time staying with their children and patiently carry out the duty of family education.Subject area 3 Habits and obsessionsDefinition of habitHabit: a behavior pattern acquired by 、frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b:an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary.Types of habits: You have two major types of habits. You have habits that revolve around your desires and you have habits that revolve around your fears.The habits that revolve around your desires for health, happiness, financial independence, and success are life-enhancing. They are the habits that have brought you the success you enjoy today.The habits that revolve around your fears, on the other hand, act as brakes on your potential. They hold you back. They interfere with your success. They trip you up on a regular basis. They cause you to sell yourself short and settle for far less than your potential.Definition of ObsessionObsession: a persistent disturbing preoccupation with an often unreasonable idea or feeling; A recurrent and persistent idea, thought, or impulse to carry out an act that is ego dystonic, that is experienced as senseless or repugnant, and that the person cannot voluntarily suppress.An obsession is an unwelcome, uncontrollable, and persistent idea, thought, image, or emotion that a person cannot help thinking even though it creates significant distress or anxiety.SymptomsTypical obsessions include fear of contamination as from doorknobs or handshakes, worry about leaving things in their proper order, persistent doubts about one's responsible behavior, scary images involving violent acts, and images of sexual acts. People with obsessions may find themselves acting in compulsive ways in largely futile attempts to relieve the anxiety associated with their persistent, unpleasant thoughts. Others suffering from obsessions may try very hard to control or ignore them. It is important to note that legitimate worries about daily concerns—paying bills, studying for exams, keeping a job, interpersonal relationships—are not obsessions. Although they can occasionally be carried to obsessive lengths, these concerns can change with circumstances and, in most cases be controlled, with planning, effort, and action. Obsessions relate to problems that most people would consider far removed from normal, daily events and concerns.smokingThere’re millions of people who still smoke today. There’re no advertisements for cigarettes on television or in the newspapers in China. Every cigarette packet carries a Government health warning. It says “Smoking can damage your health”. People die every year from the effects of smoking. But many people continue to smoke. The main reason is that their body is addicted to nicotine and that they lack the willpower to stop smoking. What worries us most is that the number of schoolchildren who smoke seems to be increasing. They smoke because they like the image of being a smoker. Some diseases are linked to smoking, such as lung cancer, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and so on. It’s high time we took some measures to discourage people from smoking.●Smoking should be banned in public places.●The anti-smoking campain should be strengthened.drinkingA person who is unable to stop the habit of drinking too much is an alcoholic. Doctors say that moderate drinking of good ale, good cider, or good natural wine does not injure the health of most people who are leading reasonably active lives. But there’re people who drink too much. They think they can temporarily get rid of their worries by getting themselves drunk. As we all know, the continued and habitual drinking of too much alcohol damages mind and nerve.●We must prohibit the sale of alcohol to people who are alreadydrunk. If such people are served at a bar, the bartender should be held responsible. The bar’s licence should be withdrawn.●Pubs should not be allowed to offer parking space for theircustomers’cars and motorbikes, since this encourages drunken driving.Reasons●Those who have a particular deadline, e.g. a new job, wedding,birth of baby, holiday or educational course. Some wish to make a swift change due to personal eatment plan●Gain greater self-awarenessSubject area 4 TechnologyCell Phones: New DevelopmentsIn the world, mobility is not just a luxury, it is a way of life. And, many people have come to rely on using cell phones to manage their lives, sometimes even canceling their land-lines in favor of their mobile.Thus, poor reception quality and lack of cell phone coverage, is not merely an inconvenience, it is also a matter of publicsafety. Increasingly 911 phone calls are being placed on cell phones.GM foodWhat do you know about GM food?Should it be further developed or should it be suspended?\ What is the potential impact of GM food?The lack of data is due to a number of reasons, including:●It's more difficult to evaluate the safety of crop-derivedfoods than individual chemical, drug, or food additives.Crop foods are more complex and their composition varies according to differences in growth and agronomic conditions.●Publications on GM food toxicity are scarce. An article inScience magazine said it all: "Health Risks of Genetically Modified Foods: Many Opinions but Few Data".1 In fact, no peer-reviewed publications of clinical studies on the human health effects of GM food exist. Even animal studies are few and far between.●Our present data base is woefully inadequate. Moreover, thescientific quality of what has been published is, in most instances not up to expected standards. If, as claimed, our future is dependent on the success of the promise of genetic modification delivering wholesome, plentiful, more nutritious and safe GM foods, the inescapable conclusion of this review is that the present crude method of genetic modification has so far not delivered these benefits and the promise of a superior second generation is still in the future. Although it is argued by some that small differences between GM and non-GM crops have little biological meaning, it is clear that most GM and parental line crops fall short of the definition of "substantial equivalence." In any case, this crude, poorly defined and unscientific concept outlived its possible previous usefulness and we need novel methodsand concepts to probe into the compositional, nutritional/toxicological and metabolic differences between GM and conventional crops and into the safety of the genetic techniques used in developing GM crops if we want to put this technology on a proper scientific foundation and allay the fears of the general public. We need more science, not lessCloningCloning, like any other science is hindered by the general public's fear of the unknown. Whether it is a single cell to a full human, cloning research is a major next step in scientific development. It is easy to understand why people fear the unknown, but it is hard to figure out why they can't take a step back and realize that cloning is basically an extension of current and accepted practices.Technology in generalTechnology, above all else, has changed the nature of the state, not least in terms of making boundaries permeable.Effect of technologies:●Why Do People Feel Isolated from Each Other and SolutionsModern people have a feeling that they are becoming more and more isolated from each other though it is believed that the development of information technology has made the world smaller. There are three reasons for this.●Firstly, modern people have greater tensions so that theyhave less time to communicate with each other. More and more people are living in urban areas, where life is in a quick rhythm. Due to fierce competition, city dwellers have to behardworking in order to keep up with the steps of city life.Everybody is busy all the time. Work pressures deprive them of a casual way of life. Moreover, living in apartments in different blocks, people are isolated from each other. It is not convenient for them to meet each other freely.●Secondly, the wide use of telephone and overwhelmingemergence of the Internet prevent modern people from seeing each other quite often. Nowadays people can simply send an email or make a phone call to send good wishes in a few minutes.However, sitting before the computer screen is not the same thing as meeting, talking and writing. People are loosing the pleasure of writing and talking and hospitality towards each other. In some sense, people are becoming mechanic.●Thirdly, modern people's spare time are occupied by variouskinds of entertainments and activities. In the past, meeting and talking to others is a fundamental way to get information.However, today TV programs are very attractive. People can just stay at home and knows clearly what is happening in the world. Therefore, people have few chances to meet each other and thus a feeing of isolation arises.SolutionsThere are some solutions to the present situation. First of all, people need to be fully aware of the fact that the modern ways of communication cannot take the place of the traditional ones. Sending emails cannot have the same effect as writing or face-to-face talk. Traditional ways should be encouraged and people can write letters as much as possible. Secondly, activities held in one neighborhood can create a warm atmosphere among people. Thirdly, the people need to know how to enjoy life, which is a new and popular idea in modern society.What do you think is the greatest invention in the 20th century?The Internet, a very complex and revolutionary invention of 1965, has changed our world.The Internet can be explained as a network of networks, linking numerous government, university and private computers to one another, while providing many services such as E-mail, hypertext documents, instant messages, and data exchanges. The Internet is the largest network of networks worldwide. The Internet uses many different protocols, the most important being TCP/IP.InternetThere is a big influence of technique on our daily life. Electronic devices, multimedia and computers are things we have to deal with everyday.Especially the Internet is becoming more and more important for nearly everybody as it is one of the newest and most forward-looking media and surely “the” medium of the future.Therefore we thought that it would be necessary to think about some good and bad aspects of how this medium influences us, what impacts it has on our social behaviour and what the future will look like.The Internet changed our life enormously, there is no doubt about that. There are many advantages of the Internet that show you the importance of this new medium. What I want to say is that Internet changed our life in a positive way.First we have to make a differentiation concerning the usage. You can use the Internet at home for personal or you at work for professional usage. Let’s come to the first. To spend a part of our day on the Internet is for many people quite normal. They use this kind of medium to get information about all kinds topics. Maybe some of them are interested in chatting, probably they are members of a community. Whatever you are looking for, you will find it. Even if you want to have very specific information, you will find it in a short time. Normally, youoften have to send a letter, than you have to wait for the reception of the reply, or you have to make some telephone calls and so on. In any case, the traditional way is the longer one. To put your own information on the Internet is also possible. Create your own homepage, tell other users about your interests, what you want, that’s no problem at all.Advanced "Disruptive" TechnologiesThere are several opportunities for true breakthroughs to occur in technologies that would directly benefit mobile and wireless systems. One of these is happening right now with the introduction of UWB (ultra-wide band), which will enable wireless PANs to go from 720Kbps to more than 100Mbps in a few short years of development. A number of companies are developing UWB technologies that should result in consumer products on the market by 2005 or 2006. You can see the effect that a disruptive technology like UWB has on the forecast process in Figure 2. Some of the areas ripe for experiencing disruptive technologies are:●Nanotechnology — Making really small computer systems●Software defined radio — Generates the radio signal in realtime●Voice processing — Dialoging with a handheld computer viavoice●Location-based services — Providing services based on yourlocation●Intelligent systems — Software robots that are intelligentand serve our needs●Autonomic computing — Auto-detect and repair of hardwareand software systemsIf we're lucky, in 2050 our lives will be more productive, more interactive, and more balanced than today.Subject area 5 Global EnvironmentThere are many issues relating to global environment, for example, green house gas, climate change, biodiversity, clean energy, and so on.Green house gasWater vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, followed by carbon dioxide and other trace gases.What is the concern of green house effect?So, the concern is not with the fact that we have a greenhouse effect, but whether human activities are leading to an enhancement of the greenhouse effect.It is very likely (over 90%) that human activities are causing global warmingProbable temperature rise by the end of the century will be between 1.8C and 4CPossible temperature rise by the end of the century ranges between 1.1 and 4.5 deg CSea levels are likely to rise by 28-43cmArctic summer sea ice is likely to disappear in second half of centuryIt is very likely that parts of the world will see an increase in the number of heatwavesClimate change is likely to lead to increased intensity of tropical stormsAre greenhouse gases increasing?Human activity has been increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (mostly carbon dioxide from combustion of coal, oil, and gas; plus a few other trace gases). There is no scientific debate on this point. Pre-industrial levels of carbon dioxide (prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution) were about 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv), and current levels are about 370 ppmv. The concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere today, has not been exceeded in the last 420,000 years, and likely not in the last 20 million years. According to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), by the end of the 21st century, we could expect to see carbon dioxide concentrations of anywhere from 490 to 1260 ppm (75-350% above the pre-industrial concentration).Climate ChangeThe climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing. Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Recent years show increasing temperatures in various regions, and/or increasing extremities in weather patterns.Global DimmingResearch has shown that air pollutants from fossil fuel use make clouds reflect more of the sun’s rays back into space. This leads to an effect known as global dimming whereby less heat and energy reaches the earth. At first, it sounds like an ironic savior to climate change problems. However, it is believed that global dimming caused the droughts in Ethiopia in the 1970s and 80s where millions died, because the northern hemisphere oceans were not warm enough to allow rain formation. Global dimming is also hiding the true power of global warming. By cleaning。