Naturalizing the Boundary between Humanity and Nature
2025高考英语步步高大一轮复习讲义人教版必修第一册高考题型组合练必修第一册 Unit 4 Nat
2025高考英语步步高大一轮复习讲义人教版必修第一册高考题型组合练必修第一册Unit 4Natural DisastersⅠ.阅读理解A(★)As a shift in the polar vortex(极地涡旋) swept across much of the US，many people in the country were hit with a sudden snap of cold.Heavy ice and snow coupled with fallen trees caused the outages in major cities，with companies unable to tell their customers when power will be restored.Polar vortices were noticed long ago.But the first known use of the term “polar vortex” was in a magazine in 1853.Polar vortices are present year-round，but we don’t hear about them until they cause problems.They maintain freezing temperatures at the North and South Poles by moving in tight counterclockwise patterns.Polar vortices grow stronger in winter and weaken in summer.They are kept in place at the poles by another atmospheric current called the jet stream.However，when the jet streams weaken，the cold winds of the polar vortex are pushed southwards and it is during this time that people begin to pay attention!In Texas，roads froze over，causing six traffic deaths，and many schools were shut down.People are not the only Earthlings to struggle with the cold.Crops and animals are also freezing.This could have major consequences，especially if herds of cattle die.If snow blocks cattle，the animals can’t reach basic necessities like food and fresh water.On a brighter note，some Texas cities were more prepared than others，for instance，Amarillo，which is located in North Texas，so they are more accustomed to colder temperatures.Amarillo is notable because the city was redesigned to stand up to severe winter storms.Officials have spread out fire stations to increase coverage of first responders，employed modified dump trucks for clearing ice，and upgraded civic centers to provide shelter during storms.Hopefully，other Texas cities will follow the good example set by Amarillo!1．What does the underlined word “outages” refer to in paragraph 1?A．Traffic jams. B．Power struggles. C．Power cuts. D．Traffic accidents.2．What can we learn about polar vortices?A．They grow stronger in summer. B．They are affected by jet streams.C．They were first observed in 1853. D．They move in a clockwise direction.3．What is the last but one paragraph mainly about?A．The definition of the polar vortex.B．The characteristics of the polar vortex.C．The ways to deal with the polar vortex.D．The serious impact made by the polar vortex.4．Why is Amarillo striking?A．Because it is located in the north of Texas.B．Because it has been upgraded and modernized.C．Because it has been regarded as an example to other cities.D．Because it has taken effective measures to resist winter storms.BWhat is the 15-minute city？It’s the urban planning concept that everything city residents need should be a short walk or bike ride away—about 15 minutes from home to work，shopping，entertainment，restaurants，schools，parks and health care.Supporters argue that 15-minute cities are healthier for residents and the environment，creating united mini-communities，boosting local businesses，and encouraging people to get outside walk，and cycle.Many cities across Europe offer similar ideas，but Paris has become its poster child.Mayor Anne Hidalgo has sought to fight climate change by decreasing choking traffic in the streets and fuel emissions.In 2015，Paris was 17th on the list of bike-friendly cities; by 2019，it was 8th.Car ownership，meanwhile，dropped from 60 percent of households in 2001 to 35 percent in 2019.The 15-minute city figured largely in Hidalgo’s successful 2020 re-election campaign.The idea has also gained support in the U．S.It clearly won’t work everywhere：Not every city is as centralized and walkable as Paris.Some car-dominated cities like Los Angeles and Phoenix would be hard-pressed to provide everything people need within walking distance.In addition，some urban planners argue that the 15-minute city could increase the separation of neighborhoods by income.Neighborhoods equipped with all the conveniences required by the 15-minute city also tend to have high housing costs and wealthier residents.Despite some resistance，the basic principles behind the 15-minute city are influencing planning in cities around the world，including Melbourne，Barcelona，Buenos Aires，Singapore，and Shanghai.Urban designer and thinker Jay Pitter says cities where basic needs are within walking distance create more individual freedom than needing to drive everywhere.“In a city where services are always close by，” he says，“mobility is a choice：You go where you want because you want to，not because you have to.My fight is not against the car.My fight is how we could improve the quality of life.”5．Which best describes the 15-minute city?A．Modern. B．Smart. C．Entertaining. D．Convenient.6．What’s the original intention for Paris to advocate the 15-minute city?A．To address climate issues. B．To beautify the city.C．To promote the bike industry. D．To help Hidalgo get re-elected.7．What’s some urban planners’ worry about the 15-minute city?A．It slows the city’s expansion.B．It represents a setback for society.C．It may widen the gap between neighborhoods.D．It can cause the specialization of neighborhoods.8.What’s Jay Pitter’s attitude to the concept of 15-minute city?A．Doubtful. B．Favorable. C．Critical. D．Uninterested.C(★)Earthquake forecasting is one of the most ancient skills known to mankind.From ancient Greece to the present day，countless scientists have tried to develop tools to predict earthquakes.Their attempts usually focused on searching for reliable evidence of coming quakes.However，there are many reasons why predicting quakes is so hard.“We don’t understand some basic physics of earthquakes，” said Egill，a research professor at the California Institute of Technology.Scientists have also attempted to create mathematical models of movement，but precisely predicting would require great mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust.Other challenges include a lack of data on the early warning signs，given that these warning signs are not yet entirely understood.Actually，real earthquake prediction is very similar to the diagnosis of potential human illnesses based on observing and analyzing each patient’s signs and symptoms.As it turns out，quake prediction is extremely difficult.Many sources show that earthquake forecasting was recognized science in ancient Greece.Ancient Greeks lived very close to nature and were able to detect unusual phenomena and forecast earthquakes.The first known forecast was made by Pherecydes of Syros about 2,500 years ago：he made it as he scooped water from a well and noticed that usually very clean water had suddenly become muddy.Indeed，an earthquake occurred two days later，making Pherecydes famous.Nowadays，seismic(地震的) and remote-sensing methods are considered to have the greatest potential in terms of solving the earthquake prediction problem.Currently，Terra Seismic can identify a forthcoming earthquake with a high level of confidence.Generally，Terra Seismic does not predict a quake if the earthquake’s epicenter is located beyond a depth of 40km.Fortunately，such quakes are almost always harmless，since quake’s energy reduces before reaching the Earth’s surface.“Scientists have tried every possible method to try to predict earthquakes，” Bruneau said.“Nobody has been able to crack it and make a believable prediction.”9．What do we know about earthquake forecasting?A．Scientists have been passionate about accurately predicting earthquakes.B．As long as enough data is collected，earthquakes can be avoided.C．Mathematical models of motion can simulate and predict earthquakes.D．Scientists have fully studied the structure of earthquakes.10．How did Pherecydes successfully predict that earthquake?A．By seismic and remote-sensing methods.B．By observing unusual natural phenomena.C．By living in seismic zones throughout the year.D．By looking into data on the early warning signs.11．What was Bruneau’s opinion about the current methods of earthquake prediction? A．He strongly believed the Terra Seismic can solve the difficult problem.B．He was sure that humans could accurately predict earthquakes in the future.C．He considered it harmless to humans for an earthquake deeper than 40km.D．He thought that scientists had no reliable method to predict earthquakes.12．What is the text mainly about?A．Why do humans predict earthquakes.B．How to protect oneself during an earthquake.C．What methods can be used to forecast earthquakes.D．When to achieve accurate earthquake forecasting.Ⅱ.七选五(★)Hurricane season can be wild and unpredictable. 1 Here are some ways you can beef up your home security in hurricane weather，even if you need to move out.2 That actually does nothing to ensure your safety in the powerful winds.Sticking to hurricane shelters or plywood(胶合板) is the only way to go when it comes to protecting those points of entry in hurricane conditions.Buy sheets of plywood，measure your windows and use brackets(支架) to hold the plywood in place.Sandbags are very useful.While sandbags won’t be able to help in the extreme storm，many people will be able to prevent flooding and extensive damage to their belongings by placing sandbags. 3 Any storm water that is kept out of your home is storm water that won’t be able to damage the belongings inside your home，so sandbags are well worth having at your doorways during a hurricane.It’s important to prepare the inside of your home for strong winds and rain.But you should also keep an eye on the outside of your house，too.Trim(修剪) trees，especially dead branches，to prevent anything else that could fly through a window and cause damage during a hurricane. 4 You should also take pictures of expensive items like electronics and keep notes of their serialnumbers. 5 Also，there are always bad people out right after a storm.If the worst happens and your home is broken into right after a bad storm，having pictures and detailed notes about what was in your home prior to the hurricane will make it easier for police to track down stolen items. A．You should have a camera at home.B．It can be strong enough to resist the forceful winds.C．Making sure nothing is loose in your yard is important.D．You may see people taping windows before a hurricane comes.E．They will be able to effectively keep storm water out in many cases.F．It will aid with your insurance company if anything needs to be replaced.G．These dangerous storms can bring damage to your home and belongings.必修第一册Unit 5Languages Around the WorldⅠ.阅读理解AMost of us take the task of buying a cup of coffee for granted，as it seems simple enough.However，we have no idea just how stressful tasks like this can be for people who suffer from disabilities.That’s why it’s so heart-warming to see a story like this in which a barista (咖啡师) does something small to make life a little easier for someone who is deaf.Ibby Piracha lost his hearing when he was only two years old，and he now goes to his local cafe in Leesburg，Virginia to order a cup of coffee at least three times a week.Though all the baristas who work there have his order memorized，Ibby always writes his order on his phone and shows it to the barista.One day，however，one of the baristas did something that changed everything! After Ibby ordered his coffee，he was amazed when barista Krystal Pane handed him a note in response.“I’ve been learning sign language just so you can have the same experience as everyone else，” the note read.Krystal then asked Ibby in sign language what he would like to order.Ibby was touched that she would learn sign language just to help him feel welcome.“I was just so moved that she actually wanted to learn sign language.It is really a totally different language and it was something that she wanted to do because of me.Because I was a deaf customer.I was very，very impressed，” Ibby said.Krystal had spent hours watching teaching videos so that she could learn enough sign language to give Ibby the best customer service that she could! “My job is to make sure peoplehave the experience they expect and that’s what I gave him，” Krystal says.Ibby posted a photo of Krystal’s note online，and it quickly went viral，getting hundreds of likes and comments that praised Krystal for her kind action.1．What can we learn about Ibby Piracha from paragraph 2?A．He was born deaf. B．He lives a hard life.C．He loves to order take-out food. D．He visits the cafe regularly.2．Why did Krystal learn sign language?A．To serve Ibby better. B．To attract more customers.C．To give Ibby a big surprise. D．To make herself more popular.3．Which of the following can best describe Krystal?A．Kind and considerate. B．Honest and responsible.C．Sociable and humorous. D．Ambitious and sensitive.4．What message does the author want to convey in the text?A．Two heads are better than one. B．A small act makes a difference.C．One good turn deserves another. D．Actions speak louder than words.B(★)(2024·湖北武汉调研)When I mentioned to some friends that we all have accents，most of them proudly replied，“Well，I speak perfect English/Chinese/etc.” But this kind of saying misses the point.More often than not，what we mean when we say someone “has an accent” is that their accent is different from the local one，or that pronunciations are different from our own.But this definition of accents is limiting and could give rise to prejudice.Funnily enough，in terms of the language study，every person speaks with an accent.It is the regular differences in how we produce sounds that define our accents.Even if you don’t hear it yourself，you speak with some sort of accent.In this sense，it’s pointless to point out that someone “has an accent”．We all do!Every person speaks a dialect，too.In the field of language study，a dialect is a version of a language that is characterized by its variations of structure，phrases and words.For instance，“You got eat or not？”(meaning “Have you eaten？”) is an acceptable and understood question in Singapore Oral English.The fact that this expression would cause a standard American English speaker to take pause doesn’t mean that Singapore Oral English is “wrong”or “ungrammatical”．The sentence is well-formed and clearly communicative，according to native Singapore English speakers’ solid system of grammar.Why should it be wrong just because it’s different?We need to move beyond a narrow conception of accents and dialects—for the benefit ofeveryone.Language differences like these provide insights into people’s cultural experiences and backgrounds.In a global age，the way one speaks is a distinct part of one’s identity.Most people would be happy to talk about the cultures behind their speech.We’d learn more about the world we live in and make friends along the way.5．What does the author think of his/her friends’ response in paragraph 1?A．It reflects their self confidence.B．It reflects their language levels.C．It misses the point of communication.D．It misses the real meaning of accents.6．Why does the author use the example of Singapore Oral English?A．To justify the use of dialects. B．To show the diversity of dialects.C．To correct a grammatical mistake. D．To highlight a traditional approach.7．What does the author recommend us to do in the last paragraph?A．Learn to speak with your local dialect.B．Seek for an official definition of accents.C．Appreciate the value of accents and dialects.D．Distinguish our local languages from others’．8．What can be a suitable title for the passage?A．Everyone Has an Accent B．Standard English Is at RiskC．Accents Enhance Our Identities D．Dialects Lead to MisunderstandingⅡ.完形填空One summer night in a seaside cottage，a small boy was in bed，sound asleep.Suddenly，he felt himself 1 from bed and carried in his father’s arms onto the beach.Overhead was the clear starry sky.“Watch！” As his father spoke， 2 ，one of the stars moved.It 3 across the sky like a golden fire.And before the 4 of this could fade，another star leapt from its place，then another...“What is it？” the child asked in 5 .“Shooting stars.They 6 every year on a certain night in August.”That was all：just an 7 encounter of something magic and beautiful.But，back in bed，the child stared into the dark，with mind full of the falling stars.I was the 8 seven-year-old boy whose father believed that a new experience 9 more for a small boy than an unbroken night’s sleep.That night，my father opened a door for his child，leading him into an area of splendid10 .Children are naturally curious，but they need someone to 11 them.This art of adding new dimensions to a child’s world doesn’t 12 require a great deal of time.It simply 13 doing things more often with children instead of for them or to them.Good parents know this：The most precious gift they can give a child is to spark their flame of 14 .That night is still deeply 15 in my memory.Next year，when August comes with its shooting stars，my son will be seven.1．A.hidden B．robbed C．lifted D．kicked2．A.incredibly B．accidentally C．apparently D．actually3．A.exploded B．circled C．spread D．flashed4．A.success B．wonder C．exhibition D．discovery5．A.amazement B．horror C．relief D．delight6．A.blow up B．turn up C．show off D．give out7．A.uncomfortable B．unbearable C．undetected D．unexpected8．A.curious B．fortunate C．determined D．chosen9．A.worked B．mattered C．deserved D．proved10．A.newness B．emptiness C．freedom D．innovation11．A.protect B．challenge C．guide D．believe12．A.absolutely B．basically C．possibly D．necessarily13．A.involves B．risks C．admits D．resists14．A.hope B．faith C．curiosity D．wisdom15.A.trapped B．set C．lost D．rootedⅢ.语法填空(★)The Olympics are a series of international athletic competitions held in different countries.They’re 1. important multi-sport event that takes place every four years.For the Olympics，participants from all over the world train for years and try their best 2. (win)．Pierre Coubertin，a French man,3. (found) the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894.He was once a teacher and historian.In his honor，French had the official status(地位) and 4. (prior) over other languages at the Olympics.According to the Olympic Charter，English and French are the official languages of the Olympics.Therefore，every participant needs to have their documents 5. (translate) in both languages.Besides，real-time interpretations in Arabic，German，Russian，and Spanish must be available for all sessions.The IOC has a complete guide for those 6. want to apply to these contests.French has the status of being the first official language for Olympic events and it was the language of diplomacy (外交) in the beginning.But later，more countries considered 7. (participate) in this contest.The IOC then made French and English the official languages of the Olympics.8．(actual)，more than 100 countries in the world speak English now.Besides，almost every country has made 9. a must that children learn English in schools and colleges.This 10. (influence) status has caused the IOC to make English one of the official languages.必修第一册Welcome UnitⅠ.阅读理解AThroughout all the events in my life，one in particular sticks out more than the others.As I reflect on this significant event，a smile spreads across my face.As I think of Shanda，I feel loved and grateful.It was my twelfth year of dancing，I thought it would end up like any other year：stuck in emptiness，forgotten and without the belief of any teacher or friend that I really had the potential to achieve greatness.However，I met Shanda，a young，talented choreographer(编舞者)．She influenced me to work to the best of my ability，pushed me to keep going when I wanted to give up，encouraged me and showed me the real importance of dancing.Throughout our hard work，not only did my ability to dance grow，but my friendship with Shanda grew as well.With the end of the year came our show time.As I walked to a backstage filled with other dancers，I hoped for a good performance that would prove my improvement.I waited anxiously for my turn.Finally，after what seemed like days，the loudspeaker announced my name.Butterflies filled my stomach as I took trembling steps onto the big lighted stage.But，with the determination to succeed and eagerness to live up to Shanda’s expectations for me，I began to dance.All my troubles and nerves went away as I danced my whole heart out.As I walked up to the judge to receive my first-place shining，gold trophy(奖杯)，I realized that dance is not about becoming the best.It is about loving dance for dance itself，a getaway from all my problems in the world.Shanda showed me that you could let everything go and just dance what you feel at that moment.After all the doubts that people had in me，I believed in myself and did not care what others thought.Thanks to Shanda，dance became more than a love of mine，but a passion.1．What did the author think her dancing would be for the twelfth year?A．A change for the better. B．A disappointment as before.C．A proof of her potential. D．A pride of her teachers and friends.2．How did Shanda help the author?A．By offering her financial help. B．By entering her in a competition.C．By coaching her for longer hours. D．By awakening her passion for dancing.3．How did the author feel when she stepped on the stage?A．Proud. B．Nervous. C．Scared. D．Relieved.4．What can we learn from the author’s story?A．Success lies in patience. B．Fame is a great thirst of the young.C．A good teacher matters. D．A youth is to be treated with respect.B(★)Are you a good judge of character？Can you make an accurate judgement of someone’s personality based only on your first impression of them？Interestingly，the answer lies as much in them as it does in you.One of the first people to try to identify good judges of character was US psychologist Henry F Adams in 1927.His research led him to conclude that people fell into two groups—good judges of themselves and good judges of others.Adams’s research has been widely criticized since then，but he wasn’t entirely wrong about there being two clearly different types.More on that in a moment，but first we need to define what a good judge of character is.Is it someone who can read personality or someone who can read emotion？Those are two different skills.Emotions such as anger or joy or sadness can generate easily identifiable physical signs.Most of us would probably be able to accurately identify these signs，even in a stranger.As such，most of us are probably good judges of emotion.In order to be a good judge of personality，however，there needs to be an interaction with the other person，and that person needs to be a “good target”．“Good targets” are people who reveal relevant and useful signals to their personality.So this means “the good judge” will only manifest when reading “good targets”．This is according to Rogers and Biesanz in their 2019 journal entitled “Reassessing the good judge of personality”．“We found consistent，clear and strong evidence that the good judge does exist，” Rogers and Biesanz concluded.But their key finding is that the good judge does not have magical gifts of perception—they are simply able to “detect and use the information provided by the good target”．So，are first impressions really accurate？Well，if you’re a good judge talking to a “good target”，then it seems the answer is “yes”．And now we know that good judges probably do exist，more research can be done into how they read personality，what kind of people they are—and whether their skills can be taught.5．What can we learn about Adams from paragraph 2?A．He is a good judge of character.B．He divided psychologists into two groups.C．His research result has been widely accepted.D．His research on good judges was partially right.6．What does the author think of emotion reading?A．Annoying. B．Joyful. C．Simple. D．Strange.7.Which of the following would Rogers and Biesanz agree with?A．A good target is necessary for personality judgement.B．A good target needs to get his personality reassessed.C．A good judge can provide useful signals to our personality.D．It’s possible to be a good judge just by looking at the other person.8．What does the author think future research should focus on?A．The skills of good communication. B．The features of good judges.C．The ways to read personality. D．The accuracy of first impressions.C(2023·新课标Ⅱ，C)Reading Art: Art for Book Lo v ers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book，represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears throughout history，in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading，we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智)，wealth or faith of the subject.Before the wide use of the printing press，books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right.More recently，as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway，artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers，pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.To serve its function，a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened，the pages parted，the contents reviewed，perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where theinformation we consume is monitored and tracked，a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.9．Where is the text most probably taken from?A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing.C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings.10．What are the selected artworks about?A．Wealth and intellect. B．Home and school.C．Books and reading. D．Work and leisure.11．What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Understand. B．Paint. C．Seize. D．Transform.12．What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?A．The printed book is not totally out of date.B．Technology has changed the way we read.C．Our lives in the 21st century are networked.D．People now rarely have the patience to read.Ⅱ.七选五Wonderful views from the mountains，breathtaking places waiting to explore，fresh air，as well as all the special health benefits，are the main rewards of mountain hiking. 1You need to train your lower body muscles，anytime and anywhere.Strong legs and core muscles will improve your balance and help you hike longer.Focus on your lower body strength and on your cardiovascular(心血管的) workout. 2 You really can train anywhere：use your backyard，living room，or bedroom to keep your body ready for the true conditions in the mountains.You will need a stronger back.Who’s going to carry your backpack？ 3 So we are quite sure what the true answer is.Develop back muscles with exercises like V-ups，deadlifts，diver push-ups，and exercise named “mountain climbers”：Start in a traditional plank(平板支撑) position and then bring your knee forward under your chest.You will start to feel your abs(腹肌) for sure，too.4 Even Rome wasn’t built in a day so give yourself the pleasure to enjoy discovering what your body is capable of! All the perfect benefits will improve your blood pressure and blood sugar levels，helping you strengthen your core，and even help you control your weight as an additional benefit.5 Just don’t forget to stretch after each training.Please remember that your training for mountain hiking should be combined with real hiking.And don’t miss the other clues on what to do for mountaineering training!。
the greeks assumed that the structure of language
The Greeks Assumed That the Structure of LanguageIntroductionLanguage is a fundamental aspect of human communication and plays a significant role in shaping our thoughts and ideas. The Greeks, renowned for their contributions to philosophy and literature, also pondered over the nature and structure of language. This article aims to delve intothe Greek assumptions regarding the structure of language, exploringtheir theories and implications.Origins of Greek Linguistic ThoughtThe Greek fascination with language can be traced back to prominent philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Plato believed that language was not a mere tool for communication but a reflection of the ultimate reality. According to him, words and their meanings were not arbitrarybut had a deeper connection to the essence of objects or concepts. Aristotle, on the other hand, studied language from a more empirical perspective, focusing on its function and structure.Greek Assumptions about Language StructureThe Greeks made several assumptions about the structure of language,which had a profound impact on subsequent linguistic thought. These assumptions include:1. Words Reflect RealityThe Greeks assumed that words had an inherent connection to the objectsor concepts they represented. They believed that through language, individuals could access and understand the true nature of reality. This assumption laid the foundation for the philosophical concept of “logos,” which refers to the relationship between words and reality.2. Language Is Composed of Basic ElementsThe Greeks recognized that language could be broken down into smaller units with distinctive meanings. They postulated that these basic elements, known as morphemes, combined to form words. This assumption paved the way for the development of morphological analysis in linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words.3. Syntax and Grammar Govern LanguageAncient Greek philosophers acknowledged the importance of syntax and grammar in organizing and conveying meaning. They recognized that language followed specific rules and structures that determined the relationships between words in a sentence. This assumption laid the groundwork for syntactical analysis, which explores the arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence.4. Language Is InnateThe Greeks assumed that the ability to acquire and understand language was innate to humans. They believed that language proficiency stemmed from natural predispositions rather than external influences. This assumption aligns with modern theories of language acquisition, such as Noam Chomsk y’s concept of a Universal Grammar.Implications of Greek Linguistic ThoughtThe Greek assumptions about language structure had far-reaching implications for various disciplines, including linguistics, philosophy, and literature. Some of these implications are:1. Language as a Mirror of RealityThe concept of language reflecting reality influenced subsequent philosophical and metaphysical thought. It prompted thinkers to explore the relationship between language, perception, and knowledge. This exploration ultimately shaped diverse philosophical schools, such as phenomenology and hermeneutics.2. Development of Linguistic AnalysisThe Greek assumptions regarding the composition of language elements and the importance of syntax and grammar laid the groundwork for linguistic analysis. These assumptions influenced the development of structural linguistics, generative grammar, and other linguistic theories that investigate the form and function of language.3. Influence on Literary StylesGreek linguistic thought permeated literary works, influencing writing styles and literary devices. Writers began incorporating rhetorical techniques, such as metaphors and analogies, to convey deeper meanings and evoke emotional responses. These techniques shaped the foundations of poetry, prose, and dramatic literature.4. Evolution of Language EducationThe Greek assumptions about language being innate and governed by rules contributed to the development of language education methodologies. They inspired instructional approaches that emphasize the systematic teaching of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. These approaches continue to influence language teaching methodologies worldwide.ConclusionThe Greeks’ assumptions about the structure of language have left an indelible mark on human understanding and exploration of linguistic phenomena. Their belief that language reflects reality, the recognition of basic language elements, the importance of syntax and grammar, and the innate nature of language have shaped various disciplines. From philosophy to linguistics, and literature to education, the Greek assumptions continue to shape our understanding and appreciation of language.。
(2024年高考真题含解析)2024年北京市普通高中学业水平等级性考试英语试卷(含解析)
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试北京卷英语试卷养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题 1. 5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
I’d just arrived at school, ready for another school day. I was reading a book in the classroom when there was an 1 . “Today at 1: 10 there will be auditions (面试) for a musical.” My friends all jumped up in excitement and asked me, “Will you be going, Amy?” “Sure,” I said. I had no 2 in drama, but I’d try out because my friends were doing it.At 1:10, there was a 3 outside the drama room. Everyone looked energetic. I hadn’t expected I’d be standing there that morning. But now that I was doing it, I 4 felt nervous. What if I wasn’t any good?I entered the room and the teachers made me say some lines from the musical. They then 5 my singing skills and asked what role I wanted to play. The teachers were smiling and praising me. I felt like I had a 6 , so I said, “A big role.” They said they’d look into it. I started getting really nervous. What if I didn’t get a main role?Soon, the cast list was 7 . My friends checked and came back shouting, “Amy, you got the main role!” Sure enough, my name was at the top. I just stared at it and started to 8 . I was so happy.After two months we were all prepared and ready to go on stage. It was fun. And when people started 9 , that gave me a boost of confidence. It stayed with me and made me feel 10 . I realised that by trying something new, I can have fun — even if it means stepping out of my comfort zone.1．A．assignment B．initiative C．announcement D．interview2．A．hesitancy B．interest C．worry D．regret3．A．game B．show C．play D．line4．A．suddenly B．continuously C．originally D．generally5．A．advertised B．tested C．challenged D．polished6．A．demand B．credit C．dream D．chance7．A．traded B．posted C．questioned D．claimed8．A．well up B．roll in C．stand out D．go off9．A．whispering B．arguing C．clapping D．stretching10．A．funnier B．fairer C．cleverer D．braver第二节(共10小题;每小题1. 5分，共15分)A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。
文化对比阅读补充阅读材料-7 Philosophy-2
Nature in Chinese PhilosophySince ancient times, Chinese culture has paid great attention to the natural world, and even very early philosophical and historical texts contain sophisticated conceptions about the nature of the cosmos. These ideas predate the formal development of the native belief systems of Daoism and Confucianism, and as part of the foundation of Chinese culture, they were incorporated into the fundamental tenets of these two philosophies. Similarly, these ideas strongly influenced Buddhism when it arrived in China in the first or second century A.D. Therefore, the ideas about nature described below, as well as their manifestation in Chinese gardens, are consistent with all three belief systems.The natural world has long been conceived in Chinese thought as a self-generating complex arrangement of elements that are continuously changing and interacting. Uniting these disparate elements is the Dao, or the Way. Dao is the dominant principle by which all things exist, but it is not understood as a causal or governing force. Chinese philosophy tends to focus on the relationships between the various elements in nature rather than on what made or controls them.Within this structure, each part of the universe is made up of complementary aspects known as yin and yang. Yin, which can be described as passive, dark, secretive, negative, weak, feminine, and cool, and yang, which is active, bright, revealed, positive, masculine, and hot, constantly interact and shift from one extreme to the other, giving rise to the rhythm of nature and unending change.Traditional Chinese gardens were meant to offer a feeling of being in the larger natural world, so that the occupant could capture the sensations of wandering through the landscape. Compositions of garden rocks were viewed as mountain ranges and towering peaks; miniature trees and bushes suggested ancient trees and forests; and small ponds or springs represented mighty rivers and oceans. In other words, the garden presented the larger world of nature in microcosm. In keeping with this goal to recreate actual landscapes, masses of colorful cultivated blossoms, flowerbeds of regular geometric shape, and singular viewing points (such as the formal gardens of Versailles, for example) were all avoided. Instead, the many aspects of a Chinese garden are revealed one at a time. A garden’s scenery is constantly altered by the shifting effects of light and the seasons, which form an important part of one’s experience of a garden and help engage all the senses, not just sight. (Although the Museum’s garden court is protected by a skylight, Chinese gardens are open to the air and, therefore, are affected by the weather.)According to Daoist beliefs, man is a crucial component of the natural world and is advised to follow the flow of nature’s rhythms. Daoism also teaches that people should maintain a close relationship with nature for optimal moral and physical health. The interdependence of man and nature is expressed in Chinese gardens by the presence of pavilions and walkways among the plants, rocks, and water. Similarly, Chinese gardens formed an integral part of an enclosed family compound that included residential buildings, kitchens, studios, and storage rooms for multiple generations of a family—people could step into or glimpse the beauty of nature at any moment in their daily routine.Chinese gardens were arranged in accordance with a set of principles for siting structures and interpreting landscape configurations—known as fengshui or geomancy. Thus, before a structure was to be built, a fengshui master would be engaged to identify a location and directional placement that would take advantage of the beneficial flow of qi, the enlivening energy of the cosmos. The structure and its accompanying natural elements were placed to conduct the earth’s qi along the best possible course. The earth’s qi influences the qi of people in ways that can either aid or harm their health, happiness, and fortune. (Traditional Chinese medicine is similarly concerned with the proper flow of qi within the body and achieving a harmonious balance among influential elements.)One of the most important considerations in garden design is the harmonious arrangement of elements expressing different aspects of yin and yang. The juxtaposition and blending of opposites can be seen in the placement of irregularly shaped rocks next to smooth, rectangular clay tiles; soft moss growing on rough rocks; flowing water contained by a craggy grotto; and a dark forecourt that precedes entry into a sun-drenched central courtyard. The Chinese word for landscape, shanshui, embodies the juxtaposition of opposites joining the characters for mountain (shan) and water (shui).Since at least the Han dynasty (206 b.c.– 220 a.d.), mountains have been thought of as the home of immortals and Daoist deities, as well as the point of communication between Earth and the heavens. The ideograph for immortal, (xian), is made up of a combination of the character for person, (ren), and the character for mountain, (shan). Bronze and ceramic conical incense burners depicting overlapping mountain peaks filled with small images of people and animals (when the object was used, it would have been surrounded by cloudlike billows of smoke) are early visualizations of this notion. (For an example, see the Museum’s earthenware incense burner from the Eastern Han period ([25–220 a.d.], 65.74.2.) There are numerous legends in Chinese literature, most notably Peach Blossom Spring by the fifth-century poet Tao Yuanming (365 –427 a.d.), that tell ofhidden paradises accessible only through passageways in mountain grottoes. While immortal beings and paradises are associated primarily with Daoism, Buddhist texts also describe the heavenly abodes of some of the Buddhas and bodhisattvas (enlightened beings) as mountainous islands. This mystical quality of mountain retreats inspired a preference in garden design for doorways that separated the garden from the everyday world; rocks with convoluted, fantastic shapes; and the practice of incorporating mythical references in the choice of names for gardens and their components./~/media/Files/Learn/For%20Educators/Publications%20for %20Educators/nature_chinese_garden.pdf。
unit 3 Ships in the Desert
--bringing rising…with its ability …warm the earth:
adverbial of result: making the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere grow; heat cannot easily get through carbon dioxide and go into the high altitude so carbon dioxide plays the role of a cover, keeping the heat near the earth.
Clean Air Act:
American Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1970, which is one of the oldest environmental laws of the U.S. as well as the most farreaching, the costliest, and the most controversial.
What’s Paragraph 3 talking about?
What’s the cause of the global warming?
Began with the industrial revolution,
Industry meant coal:
the development of industry meant the use of large amount of coal as fuel to generate power.
to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton in the dessert:
我最喜欢的小说英语作文
My favorite novel is a captivating piece of literature that has deeply resonated with me,both emotionally and intellectually.It is a story that has the power to transport me to another world,allowing me to experience a myriad of emotions and thoughts that are both profound and enlightening.The novels plot is intricately woven,with a series of events that unfold in a manner that keeps the reader engaged and eager to turn the next page.The narrative is filled with unexpected twists and turns,which serve to maintain the suspense and intrigue throughout the story.The authors masterful storytelling skills are evident in the way they have crafted a plot that is both complex and coherent.The characters in the novel are welldeveloped and relatable,each with their own unique personality traits and motivations.The protagonist is a character that I find myself rooting for,as they face numerous challenges and obstacles in their journey.The supporting characters are equally welldrawn,adding depth and richness to the story.One of the aspects that I particularly admire about this novel is the authors ability to create a vivid and immersive setting.The descriptions of the locations,the atmosphere, and the cultural nuances are so detailed and evocative that I can almost see,hear,and feel the world that the characters inhabit.The themes explored in the novel are thoughtprovoking and relevant to our lives today. The author delves into issues such as love,friendship,betrayal,and the human condition, prompting the reader to reflect on their own experiences and beliefs.The novel also offers valuable insights into the complexities of human relationships and the choices we make.The language used in the novel is eloquent and poetic,with a rich vocabulary that enhances the reading experience.The authors writing style is both descriptive and engaging,making it a pleasure to read.The dialogue between characters is natural and believable,adding to the authenticity of the story.In conclusion,my favorite novel is a literary gem that has left an indelible mark on my heart and mind.It is a testament to the power of storytelling and the impact that a wellcrafted narrative can have on its readers.This novel has not only provided me with countless hours of entertainment but has also enriched my understanding of the world and the human experience.。
成教 英语 新版Book 4 Unit_7_Language
Language Study
Para 3： 3. Barrier a natural barrier天然屏障. barriers of race and religion 种族和宗教的鸿沟 * the language barrier 语言的隔阂. This mountain forms a natural barrier between the two countries.
III. Writing
Supporting Statement: Cause and Effect Expressions: Because, because of, since, for, as, owing to, due to, for this reason, so, thus, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, one reason why, one of the most important reason why… Topic-Why it is difficult to learn English?
Language Study
Language Study
Para 2： 2. Be flushed with—脸上发红的,兴奋的,得意 洋洋的 Our team was ~ with its great victory. 我们的球队因大胜而洋洋得意 be ~ with money 有很多钱
Language Study
Language Study
Para 1： Approaching :接近, 靠近The time is approaching when we must think about buying a new house. 我们要想一 想买新房子的事了, 时机即将来临. May day holiday is approaching.
新GRE阅读真题与解析(维C上校 编著)
新GRE阅读真题&解析维C上校·编著【Preface写在前面】发现，在那些日子里，自己做了很多让自己想吐的事情...----那个，还在学校的冬季，和金哥每天早上六七点，穿着羽绒服在操场上早读一个多小时直到要吐；当年备考GRE的时候，每天五点起来，单词一直背到晚上，直到想吐的时候,很多个夜晚，做实验做得太晚，晚上回来，宿舍锁门，不得不从楼梯的阳台翻上宿舍。
晚上健身跑步的时候，跑几公里，直到想吐的时候；在琴房练琴，练到想吐的时候。
我清楚无论怎么练，自己这辈子都不会成为一个伟大的钢琴家，但我知道，无论做什么，是可以活在那种精神里的。
无论在做什么，我都会提醒自己，是在练琴。
日子久了，慢慢懂得，生命里，快乐是一种能力。
很多事，有些人就有能力把那些大多数人感到痛苦、煎熬的事情，做得津津有味，乐在其中。
每一件事，似乎都有它本身的快乐点，于是，似乎我们在这一路的备考过程中，得去快乐去备考。
永远不要轻易的去和别人比较考试后的结果，分数。
而是努力的学会去让这个自己已经选择的路上，更加的快乐，无论是和自己的过去相比，还是和别人相比，那么我愿意相信，最终的某天，暮然回首，你会看到属于你自己的，幸福的泪水。
当年备考GRE的时候，我很想一份这样的阅读资料，可是发现一直没有发现，有些有吧，可是偏偏打上那些irritating的水印！！！讨厌！！于是，我萌生了自己去弄的念头，而且绝无任何水印的痕迹（如果某天你发现有的话，肯定是出问题了。
要么是你有问题，要么是我出问题了，哈哈哈。
）。
于是，你现在看到的这份资料。
如今，暮然回首，一直很想为那些还在追梦，考G的你们做点事情--因为我曾经也走过这条路。
希望可以能为你们做点事情。
在此，祝你们备考快乐，我相信，你会的。
2013·夏季维C上校维多利·广州目录：Part1新GRE OG阅读部分 (3)Part2新GRE Practice book阅读部分 (36)Part3新GRE PP II阅读部分 (55)Part4新GRE阅读解析 (72)【注】由于ppII中，第二部分的内容会取决于你做第一部分的正确率，于是大家的第二部分的内容可能不同。
Unit1-TextA-Man in the Realm of Nature
Man in the Realm of NatureThe unity of man and nature. Human beings live in the realm of nature, they are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it. The most intimate part of nature in relation to man is the biosphere, the thin envelope embracing the earth, its soil cover, and everything else that is alive. Our environment, although outside us, has within us not only its image, as something both actually and imaginatively reflected, but also its material energy and information channels and processes. This presence of nature in an ideal, materialised, energy and information form in man's Self is so organic that when these external natural principles disappear, man himself disappears from life. If we lose nature's image, we lose our life.Everything, from each separate cell of a living organism to the organism as a whole, generates bioenergy. Just as the bioenergy of the separate cell goes beyond its boundaries, so the bioenergy of the organs and the organism as a whole extends beyond their boundaries, forming a luminous aura. As the ancient acupuncture therapists intuitively established, bioenergy and bioinformation move along special channels (meridians) forming a complex structure, in which all the components of the living whole interact both with themselves and with the external world. Energy-information interactions are a vital dimension of any living system, including that of man as the highest stage in the hierarchy of the structures of existence known to science.Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, the food he eats, and the flow of energy and information. And many of his troubles are a response to the natural processes and changes in the weather, intensified irradiation of cosmic energy, and the magnetic storms that rage around the earth. In short, we are connected with nature by "blood" ties and we cannot live outside nature. During their temporary departures from Earth spacemen take with them a bit of the biosphere. Nowhere does nature affect humanity in exactly the same way. Its influence varies. Depending on where human beings happen to be on the earth's surface, it assigns them varying quantities of light, warmth, water, precipitation, flora and fauna. Human history offers any number of examples of how environmental conditions and the relief of our planet have promoted or retarded human development.At any given moment a person comes under the influence of both subterranean processes and the cosmic environment. In a very subtle way he reflects in himself, in his functions theslightest oscillations occurring in nature. Electromagnetic radiations alone from the sun and stars may be broken down into a large number of categories, which are distinguishable from one another by their wavelength, the quantity of energy they emit, their power of penetration, and the good or harm they may do us. During the periods of peak solar activity we observe a deterioration in the health of people suffering from high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis or infarction of the myocardium. Disturbances occur in the nervous system and the blood vessels are more liable to suffer from spasms. At such times the number of road accidents increases, and so on. It has been noted that there is a dependence between any weakening in the Earth's magnetic field and acceleration of growth, and vice versa, growth is retarded when the magnetic field becomes stronger. The corpuscular, radioactive irradiations, cosmic dust, and gas molecules which fill all universal space are also powerful creators and regulators of human existence in biological life. The universe is in a state of dynamic balance and is constantly receiving various forms of energy. Some forms are on the increase or decrease, while others experience periodic fluctuations. Each of us is a sensitive resonator, a kind of echo of the energy flows of the universe. So it would be quite wrong to regard only the energy of the sun as the source of life on earth and humanity as its highest manifestation. The energy of distant cosmic bodies, such as the stars and the nebulae, have a tremendous influence on the life of man as an organism. For this reason our organisms adjust their existence and development to these flows of external energy. The human organism has developed receptors that utilise this energy or protect themselves from it, if it is harmful. It may be said, if we think of human beings as a high-grade biological substance, that they are accumulators of intense energy drives of the whole universe. We are only a response to the vibrations of the elemental forces of outer space, which bring us into unity with their oscillations. Every beat of the organic pulse of our existence is coordinated with the pulse of the cosmic heart. Cosmic rhythms exert a substantial influence on the energy processes in the human organism, which also has its own rhythmic beat.Man's influence on nature. Man is not only a dweller in nature, he also transforms it. From the very beginning of his existence, and with increasing intensity human society has adapted environing nature and made all kinds of incursions into it. An enormous amount of human labour has been spent on transforming nature. Humanity converts nature's wealth into the means of the cultural, historical life of society. Man has subdued and disciplined electricity and compelled it to serve the interests of society. Not only has man transferred variousspecies of plants and animals to different climatic conditions; he has also changed the shape and climate of his habitation and transformed plants and animals. If we were to strip the geographical environment of the properties created by the labour of many generations, contemporary society would be unable to exist in such primeval conditions.Man and nature interact dialectically in such a way that, as society develops, man tends to become less dependent on nature directly, while indirectly his dependence grows. This is understandable. While he is getting to know more and more about nature, and on this basis transforming it, man's power over nature progressively increases, but in the same process, man comes into more and more extensive and profound contact with nature, bringing into the sphere of his activity growing quantities of matter, energy and information.On the plane of the historical development of man-nature relations we may define certain stages. The first is that of the complete dependence of man on nature. Our distant ancestors floundered amid the immensity of natural formations and lived in fear of nature's menacing and destructive forces. Very often they were unable to obtain the merest necessities of subsistence. However, despite their imperfect tools, they worked together stubbornly, collectively, and were able to attain results. This process of struggle between man and the elements was contradictory and frequently ended in tragedy. Nature also changed its face through interaction with man. Forests were destroyed and the area of arable land increased. Nature with its elemental forces was regarded as something hostile to man. The forest, for example, was something wild and menacing and people tried to force it to retreat. This was all done in the name of civilisation, which meant the places where man had made his home, where the earth was cultivated, where the forest had been cut down. But as time goes on the interaction between man and nature is characterised by accelerated subjugation of nature, the taming of its elemental forces . The subjugating power of the implements of labour begins to approach that of natural forces. Mankind becomes increasingly concerned with the question of where and how to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production. Science and man's practical transforming activity have made humanity aware of the enormous geologic al role played by the industrial transformation of earth.At present the interaction between man and nature is determined by the fact that in addition to the two factors of change in the biosphere that have been operating for millions of years—the biogenetic and the abiogenetic—there has been added yet another factor which isacquiring decisive significance—the technogenetic. As a result, the previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between nature and society as a whole, has shown ominous signs of breaking down. The problem of the so-called replaceable resources of the biosphere has become particularly acute. It is getting more and more difficult to satisfy the needs of human beings and society even for such a substance, for example, as fresh water. The problem of eliminating industrial waste is also becoming increasingly complex. The threat of a global ecological crisis hangs over humanity like the sword of Damocles. His keen awareness of this fact has led man to pose the question of switching from the irresponsible destructive and polluting subjugation of nature to a reasonable harmonious interaction in the "technology-man-biosphere" system. Whereas nature once frightened us and made us tremble with her mysterious vastness and the uncontrollable energy of its elemental forces, it now frightens us with its limitations and a new-found fragility, the delicacy of its plastic mechanisms. We are faced quite uncompromisingly with the problem of how to stop, or at least moderate, the destructive effect of technology on nature. In socialist societies the problem is being solved on a planned basis, but under capitalism spontaneous forces still operate that despoil nature's riches.Unforeseen paradoxes have arisen in the man-nature relationship. One of them is the paradox of saturation. For millions of years the results of man's influence on nature were relatively insignificant. The biosphere loyally served man as a source of the means of subsistence and a reservoir for the products of his life activity. The contradiction between these vital principles was eliminated by the fact that the relatively modest scale of human productive activity allowed nature to assimilate the waste from labour processes. But as time went on, the growing volume of waste and its increasingly harmful properties destroyed this balance. The human feedback into nature became increasingly disharmonised. Human activity at various times has involved a good deal of irrational behaviour. Labour, which started as a specifically human means of rational survival in the environ ment, now damages the biosphere on an increasing scale and on the boomerang principle—affecting man himself, his bodily and mental organisation. Under the influence of uncoordinated production processes affecting the biosphere, the chemical properties of water, air, the soil, flora and fauna have acquired a negative shift. Experts maintain that 60 per cent of the pollution in the atmosphere, and the most toxic, comes from motor transport, 20 per cent from power stations, and 20 per cent from other types of industry.It is possible that the changes in the chemical properties of the biosphere can be somehow buffered or even halted, but the changes in the basic physical parameters of the environ ment are even more dangerous and they may turn out to be uncontrollable. We know that man can exist only in a certain range of temperature and at a certain level of radiation and electromagnetic and sound-wave intensity, that is to say, amid the physical influences that come to us from the atmosphere, from outer space and from the depths of the earth, to which we have adapted in the course of the whole history of the development of human life. From the beginning man has existed in the biosphere, a complex system whose components are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the phytosphere, the radiation sphere, the thermosphere, the phonosphere, and so on. All these spheres are and must remain in a natural state of balance. Any excessive upsetting of this balance must be to the detriment not only of normal existence but of any existence at all, even human vegetation. If humanity does not succeed in preventing damage to the biosphere, we run the risk of encountering the paradox of replacement, when the higher plants and animals may be ousted by the lower. As we know, many insects, bacteria, and lichens are, thanks to their relatively simple structure, extremely flexible in adapting to powerful chemical and even physical factors, such as radiation. Mutating under the influence of an unfavourable environment, they continue their modified existence. Man, on the other hand, "nature's crown", because of the exceptional complexity of his bodily and mental organisation and the miraculous subtlety and fragility of his genetic mechanism may, when faced with a relatively small change in the chemical and physical factors of the environment, either produce unviable progeny or even perish altogether.Another possible result of harmful influences on the environment is that the productivity of the biosphere may substantially decline. Already we observe unfavourable shifts in the great system of the universe: Sun-plants-animals-plants. Much more carbon dioxide is being produced on earth than plants can assimilate. Various chemical preparations (herbicides, antibiotics, etc.) affect the intensity of photosynthesis, that most subtle mechanism for the accumulation of the vital energy required by the universal torch of life. Thus, not only progress but even human life itself depends on whether humanity can resolve the paradoxes in the ecological situation that have arisen today.Modern technology is distinguished by an ever increasing abundance of produced and used synthetic goods. Hundreds of thousands of synthetic materials are being made. Peopleincreasingly cover their bodies from head to foot in nylon, capron and other synthetic, glittering fabrics that are obvious ly not good for them. Young people may hardly feel this and pay more attention to appearance than to health. But they become more aware of this harmful influence as they grow older. As time goes on the synthetic output of production turns into waste, and then substances that in their original form were not very toxic are transformed in the cycle of natural processes into aggressive agents. One gets the impression that human beings are working harder and harder to organise bits of synthetic reality by disorganising the systems evolved by nature. Emphasising man's hostility to nature—a hostility armed with the vast achievements of modern technology—both natural scientists and philosophers are today asking themselves the pessimistic question: Is it not the fatal mission of man to be for nature what cancer is for man himself? Perhaps man's destruction of the biosphere is inevitable?One would like to think that the limited capacities of nature do not signify a fatal limitation of civilisation itself. The irrational principle, which once permeated human nature, still exists in human behavioural mechanisms, as can be seen, for instance, in the unpredictable consequences of their individual and concerted efforts. Much in human activity goes beyond the limits of the predictable, even when it is humanely oriented.The man-nature relation, the crisis of the ecological situation is a global problem. Its solution lies in the plane of rational and humane, that is to say, wise organisation, both of production itself and care for mother nature, not just by individuals, enterprises or countries, but by all humanity, linked with a clear awareness of our planetary responsibility for the ecological consequences of a civilisation that has reached a state of crisis. One of the ways to deal with the crisis situation in the "man-nature" system is to use such resources as solar energy, the power of winds, the riches of the seas and oceans and other, as yet unknown natural forces of the universe. At one time in his evolution man was a gatherer. He used the ready-made gifts of nature. This was how human existence began. Perhaps even today it would be wise to resort to this method, but on a quite different level, of course. The human being cannot restrict himself to gathering, any more than he could in primitive times. But such a shift in attitude could at least abate the destructive and polluting principle in civilisation.As cybernetic methods and principles in the various fields of knowledge and practice develop, control theory has been widely applied in many spheres. Its aim is to ensure the optimal function of a system. A humanely oriented mind should be able to transfer the idea of optimality and harmony to ecological phenomena.In their production activity people are mastering more and more new materials and learning to replace one with another. In the long term this could lead, as the alchemists once believed, to production on the principle of everything out of everything. Moreover, our planet has an active balance—it loses less substance in the upper layers of the atmosphere than it receives from outer space. It would therefore appear that the amount of substance available as a whole will not place any radical limitation on material production.Life, including human life, is not only metabolism; it is also a form of energy transformation and movement developed to degrees of subtlety that are as yet beyond our comprehension. Every cell, every organ and organism as a whole is a crucial arena of the struggle between entropic (dispersing) and anti-entropic processes, and the biosphere represents the constant victory of life, the triumph of the anti-entropic principle in the existence of the living.Losses of living energy from our organism are constantly compensated by various forms of energy flowing from the vast expanses of the universe. We need not simply energy, such as electromagnetic radiation or heat, but radiant energy of the finest quality. The struggle for the existence of living creatures, including man, is a struggle not so much for the elements that compose his organism—they are abundantly available in the air, water and underground—not for solar energy in its direct, electromagnetic radiation, but for the energy that is captured by the mechanisms of photosynthesis and exists in the form of organic, particularly plant structures. When we consume vegetable food, we take the energy of nature, particularly that of the sun, at first hand, so to speak. But plants are also the food of herbivorous animals, and when we eat meat, we take this energy at second hand.So the biosphere is not a chaotic conglomeration of natural phenomena and formations. By a seemingly objective logic everything is taken into account and everything mutually adapts with the same obedience to proportion and harmony that we discern in the harmonious motion of the heavenly bodies or the integral paintings of the great masters. With a sense ofwonder we see revealed before us a picture of the magnificent universe, a universe whose separate parts are interconnected by the most subtle threads of kinship, forming the harmonious whole which the ancient philosophers surmised when they viewed the world with their integrating, intuitively perceptive gaze. We are part of the ecological environment and it is a part of the universe. It contains myriads of stars and the nearest of them is the Sun. The Sun is the master of Earth. We are, in a certain sense, its children. Not for nothing did the rich imagination on whose wings mankind flies ever further and higher in the orbit of civilisation portray the Sun in ancient legends as the highest deity.But to return to our theme, the bitter truth is that those human actions which violate the laws of nature, the harmony of the biosphere, threaten to bring disaster and this disaster may turn out to be universal. How apt then are the words of ancient Oriental wisdom: live closer to nature, my friends, and its eternal laws will protect you!。
人与自然英语好理解
人与自然英语好理解Humans and Nature: A Harmonious Relationship。
Introduction。
The relationship between humans and nature is an essential aspect of our existence. Throughout history, humans have relied on nature for resources, inspiration, and sustenance. In recent times, however, this relationship has become strained due to environmental degradation and unsustainable practices. This article aims to explore the importance of a harmonious relationship between humans and nature and the ways in which we can foster a deeper connection with the natural world.Understanding the Interconnectedness。
Humans are an integral part of the natural world, and our well-being is intricately linked to the health of the environment. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we consume are all products of nature. Recognizing this interconnectedness is crucial for our survival and the preservation of the planet. By understanding that our actions have consequences, we can begin to make more informed choices that prioritize sustainability and environmental stewardship.Preserving Biodiversity。
西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文
西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文English:In Western culture, the relationship between humans and nature has often been characterized by a sense of mastery and control. This perspective can be traced back to the influence of Judeo-Christian beliefs that humans have dominion over the earth and its resources, as well as the legacy of the Enlightenment period that emphasized human rationality and progress. As a result, the Western view of nature has often been anthropocentric, viewing nature as a resource to be exploited for human benefit. This mentality has led to significant environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources. However, there is also a growing recognition in Western societies of the interconnectedness between humans and nature, and the importance of sustainable and harmonious relationships with the natural world. Concepts such as conservation, environmentalism, and sustainability have gained prominence, reflecting a shift towards a more holistic and respectful approach to nature.中文翻译:在西方文化中，人类与自然的关系往往被描述为一种掌控和控制的感觉。
waldenthoreau瓦尔登湖梭罗
• He was simplifying his life and reducing his expenditures, increasing the amount of leisure time in which he could work on his writings
• Green lifestyles: thoreau simplified his life ,reduced his expenditures, increasing the amount of leisure time in which he could work.
Famous lines and quatations
• Recognizing the terminal nature of his disease, Thoreau spent his last years revising and editing his unpublished works, He also wrote letters and journal entries until he became too weak to continue.
Байду номын сангаасranscendentalism and Zen（禅宗）
Similarities
Transcendentalism
Zen
Human beings have the inward
resources to improve oneself.
人和自然间的关系英语作文大学生
人和自然间的关系英语作文大学生In the modern era, the relationship between humans and nature has become a topic of significant concern and discussion. As college students, it is imperative that we not only understand this relationship but also actively engage in efforts to maintain a sustainable and harmonious coexistence with the natural world.The relationship between humans and nature is one of interdependence. Nature provides us with essential resources such as air, water, food, and materials for shelter, while humans have the ability to shape and utilize these resources to improve their quality of life. However, this relationship has been strained due to the increasing demands and pressures that human activities place on the environment.One of the most pressing issues is climate change, which is largely a result of human-induced factors such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. This has led to rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and an increase in extreme weather events, all of which threaten the delicate balance of ecosystems and the survival of countless species, including our own.As college students, we have a unique role to play in addressing these challenges. We are the future leaders, innovators, and decision-makers who will shape the policies and practices that will determine the health of our planet.Here are some ways in which we can contribute to a healthier relationship with nature:1. Education and Awareness: We must educate ourselves and others about the importance of environmental conservation and the impact of our actions on the natural world. This can be done through participating in seminars, workshops, and courses that focus on environmental studies.2. Sustainable Practices: Adopting sustainable practices in our daily lives can make a significant difference. This includes reducing waste, recycling, conserving water and energy, and supporting renewable energy sources.3. Advocacy and Policy Influence: As students, we have the power to influence policy through advocacy. We can lobby for sustainable policies on campus and in our local communities, and support legislation that protects the environment.4. Research and Innovation: Engaging in research projects that focus on environmental issues can lead to innovative solutions. Students in fields such as biology, chemistry, and engineering can contribute to the development of new technologies that are more environmentally friendly.5. Community Engagement: Participating in communityclean-ups, tree planting initiatives, and wildlife conservation programs can help restore and protect natural habitats.6. Global Cooperation: Recognizing that environmental issues are global in nature, we should support international efforts such as the Paris Agreement and work towards global sustainability goals.In conclusion, the relationship between humans and nature is not just about survival; it is about thriving together. As college students, we have the knowledge, passion, and potential to make a positive impact. It is our responsibility to use our resources and influence to protect and preserve the environment for future generations. By taking action now, we can ensure a healthier, more sustainable, and harmonious relationship with the natural world.。
小学英语教师培训课件：自然拼读法在低段教学中的实践
This method uses pinyin, the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, to assist students in learning English. It teaches students how to use pinyin to transcribe English words into Chinese and how to use pinyin to help them learn English pronunciation.
01
Integrate traditional teaching methods with technology: Use digital tools and online resources to enhance traditional teaching methods, making learning more engaging and interactive.
要点一
要点二
Teaching the pronunciation of letter combinations
This method also teaches the pronunciation of letter combinations, such as "bl," "br," "cl," "cr," etc. It helps students to understand the pronunciation rules and to correctly pronounce words containing these letter combinations.
某些奇怪的事情英文作文
某些奇怪的事情英文作文Title: Unraveling the Curious: Exploring Strange Phenomena。
Have you ever found yourself pondering the mysteries of the universe? Perhaps you've encountered something so strange, so inexplicable, that it left you questioning the very fabric of reality. In this essay, we delve into the realm of the peculiar, exploring strange phenomena that challenge our understanding of the world.One of the most perplexing phenomena is the Bermuda Triangle. Situated between Miami, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico, this region has gained notoriety for the inexplicable disappearances of ships and aircraft. Despite extensive investigations, no conclusive explanation has been reached. Theories range from magnetic anomalies to extraterrestrial interference, fueling speculation and intrigue.Another enigma that captivates the imagination is themystery of the Nazca Lines in Peru. These ancient geoglyphs, etched into the desert plains, depict various animals, geometric shapes, and humanoid figures. The sheer scale and precision of these drawings have led to speculation about their purpose, with hypotheses ranging from religiousrituals to astronomical calendars. Yet, the true intentions of the Nazca people remain shrouded in mystery.Moving from the terrestrial to the celestial, we encounter the phenomenon of black holes. These cosmic entities, formed from the collapse of massive stars, possess such intense gravitational pull that not even light can escape their grasp. Despite their theoretical existence being supported by astrophysical models, the true nature of black holes remains elusive. The paradoxes they present, such as the information paradox and the firewall paradox, challenge our understanding of fundamental physics.Closer to home, we find anomalies within the human mind itself. Synesthesia, for example, is a condition where sensory perceptions become intertwined, leading individuals to experience colors when hearing music or tasting flavorswhen seeing words. This blurring of sensory boundaries offers insights into the complexities of perception and cognition, yet its underlying mechanisms remain a subject of debate among neuroscientists.In the realm of biology, the phenomenon of bioluminescence adds another layer of intrigue. From glowing mushrooms in dark forests to luminous creatures in the depths of the ocean, bioluminescence is a testament to the wonders of nature. Yet, the evolutionary purpose behind this phenomenon is not always clear, leaving scientists to unravel its mysteries.The world of quantum mechanics introduces us to yet another realm of strangeness. Quantum entanglement, for instance, describes a phenomenon where particles become interconnected in such a way that the state of one particle instantaneously influences the state of another, regardless of the distance between them. This baffling concept challenges our classical notions of cause and effect, opening new frontiers in our quest to understand the nature of reality.As we journey through these strange phenomena, one thing becomes clear: the universe is far more mysterious and wondrous than we can comprehend. Each anomaly invites us to question, to wonder, and to explore the limits of our understanding. While we may never fully unravel the mysteries that surround us, the pursuit of knowledge remains an endless and exhilarating endeavor.。
《中国的传统与转型》第一章
1.1.3 The Sinitic Languages
The significant human divisions within East Asia, as in the West, are primarily linguistic rather than racial. In both East Asia and the West there is a common misconception that these linguistic differences correspond to racial divisions, but in fact there is no more a Chinese or Japanese race than there is a German or Hungarian race. The largest linguistic division in East Asia is Sinitic (or Sino-Tibetan) family of languages, which is comparable to the great Indo-European family that spreads over most of Europe and much of the Islamic and Indian zones of civilization. The sinitic family of languages occupies a very solid block in the center of Asia, covering all of China proper, Tibet, Thailand, Laos, most of Buema, and perhaps Vietnam.
Naturalism is a gene of writing
Naturalism is a gene of writing. It started in France. The main theme of naturalism is to expose the gloomy side of the society and i feel that the atmosphere of this kind of articles is a little dejected but it also includes the sweet affection between couples or other people, for example ,the text Spring Sowing. I like the silent and peaceful sene. I appreciate the love between Martin and Mary, the two new married couple. In this article, it gives readers hope , love and comfort. It's amazing. While another story, The Gift od the Magi, is written by O.Henry. It can be classified a naturalistic story. The characters are Della and her husband Jim. Now i want to share my ideas about a part of an excerpt of the story.First,it uses numbers to show the poor financial condition, such as those sentences: "one dollar and eighty_seventy cents";"sixty cents of it was pennies .Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied";"a furnished flat at $8 per week ";"when the income was shrunk to $20" and so on.Second, the wring style of repeated is used. "one dollar and eighty seventy cents" appeared several times. It shows that their savings are not much they live a un-rich life. We can also infer that they belongs to the raga root class and representative them. People of this class live justlike them.Third, some color words also add the extent of unpleasant sphere. "a Gray cat walking a gray fence in a gray backyard";"on went her brown jacket; on went her old brown hat". All these words stand the coll clour.Finally, from the descriptions of dialogues and mental activities, we can realize the care and love between Martin and Mary. Their wish is very simple. Just to give each other a gift to welcome the new Christmas.Naturalism can reflect the true society, can expose the sufferings from people of the bottom of the society.（105071120 张琛彬）。
中考英语作文高分技巧
English teacher
Middle school English teachers can use the high scoring skills provided in this article to guide students in writing training.
Punctuation error
01
Improper use of commas
Avoid using too many or too few commas to ensure sentence
coherence and accuracy.
02
Improper use of periods
Use periods after complete sentences to avoid confusing
to avoid omissions or misuse.
Spelling errors
Common spelling errors
Pay attention to checking the spelling of commonly used words, such as "because", "through", etc.
Model Essays • Exam preparation suggestions and
practical exercises
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HUMANITY AND NATURE
By
J. Baird Callicott Professor nstitute of Applied Sciences
University of North Texas
Post-Darwinian boundaries between humanity and nature persist in anthropology—also essentially “essentialistic,” albeit empirical (1) Unique use of language proper (2) Unique use of tools But . . . (1) Chimpanzees and gorillas taught use of ASL (2) Chimpanzees also discovered to make and use tools—e.g., modified sticks to “fish” for termites.
Plato: mathematized rationality (ratio root of rationality— the capacity for calculation). Aristotle defined anthropos as the “rational animal”
Boundaries between humanity and nature in traditional Western thought are essentially “essentialistic” & quasi-metaphysical Early Modern Cartesian tradition = J-C + G-R Rationality is image of God in “man” and immortal element of human soul. Descartes connects rationality with creative use of language, a capacity unique to humans, even the least intelligent. Parrots seem to use language, but only reproduce the sounds they hear and cannot recombine elements to create novel expressions. Hence, D concludes, they do not think and therefore they have no rational (immortal) soul.
Aldo Leopold makes the obliterated boundary between humanity and nature a cornerstone of his “land ethic” “It is a century now since Darwin gave us the first glimpse of the origin of species. We know now what was unknown to all the preceding caravan of generations: that men are only fellow voyagers with other creatures in the odyssey of evolution. This new knowledge should have given us, by this time, a sense of kinship with fellow creatures . . . [and] a wish to live and let live.” “A land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow members and also respect for the community as such.”
photo by priscilla solis ybarra
Boundaries between humanity and nature in traditional Western thought are essentially “essentialistic” & metaphysical Judeo-Christian tradition: “Man” uniquely created in image of God (a mysterious, non-empirical property, if God not physical) also (later) uniquely endowed with an immortal soul
Charles Darwin erases the boundary between humanity and Nature with Descent of Man, in 1872
Argues that such seemingly unique human capacities as speech, intelligence, even religion, and ethics, evolved from “nascent” or “insipient” capacities possessed by non-human animals, such as complex call systems among primates (speech), problemsolving skills exhibited by various species (intelligence), dogs howling at the moon (religion via superstition), expanded “parental and filial affections” plus “social instincts and sympathies” (ethics).
Boundaries between humanity and nature in traditional Western thought are essentially “essentialistic” & quasi-metaphysical
Greco-Roman tradition: Reason (rationality) is “man’s” essence