peer_review_Sheet
peerreview方法定义
peerreview方法定义Peer review是一种学术评审的方法，用于确保学术研究的质量和准确性。
通过这种方法，同行专家对研究论文、项目提案或研究数据进行审查和评估，提出意见和建议，以帮助学术研究者改进和完善其工作。
Peer review的目标是确保学术研究的透明度、可靠性和可信度，并提高学术界的质量和水平。
Peer review的过程通常包括以下几个步骤：3.评估和审查：同行专家会仔细审阅论文或项目，评估其中的科学方法、实验设计、数据分析、结果和结论等方面的可靠性和合理性。
4.提供反馈：同行专家会就论文或项目提出评价意见和建议。
这些意见可能包括对研究方法和设计的改进建议，对数据分析和结果的评价，以及对结果和结论的讨论。
评审意见通常是匿名的，以确保评审的独立性。
Peer review的重要性和优势在于：1.提高学术研究的质量和准确性：通过专家的审查和评估，学术研究的错误和缺陷可以被发现和纠正，从而提高研究的质量和准确性。
2.保证学术研究的可信度和可靠性：通过对研究的审查，可以评估其方法的可靠性、数据的准确性和结论的合理性，提供对学术研究的公正评价，增强其可信度和可靠性。
3.促进学术交流和合作：通过审查过程，同行专家可以与研究者进行互动和讨论，提供宝贵的意见和建议，促进学术交流和合作，推动学术界的进步和发展。
4. 约束学术不端行为：Peer review可以有效地约束学术不端行为，如抄袭和数据造假。
审查过程中的评审者可以识别不端行为的迹象，并及时揭示其不诚信行为。
然而，Peer review也存在一些局限性和挑战：1. 时间和资源的压力：Peer review通常耗时较长，需要评审者花费较多的时间和精力。
此外，评审者通常是学术研究者自愿承担，因此可能会面临资源和时间的限制。
2.主观性和偏见：评审者的主观偏见和个人观点可能会影响对论文或项目的评价。
虽然采用匿名评审可以减少此类问题，但并不能完全消除。
2009年考研英语真题英一
绝密★启用前2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (lOpoints)Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. _1_ the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs bum longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright.Intelligence, it_5_, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, bums more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning -a(n) _?_process -instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to -�8__ _Is there an adaptive value to _9_ intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real_l_l_ of our own intelligence might be. This is...U the mind of every animal we've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____lL animals ran the labs, they would test us to ___lQ__ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 2Q__ the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [ C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [ C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [ C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [BJ c omprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20.[A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21 st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try -the more we step outside our comfort zone -the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of The O p en Mind. "But we are taught instead to 'decide' , just as our president calls himself 'the Decider'. " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally ( o r collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system -that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will ... and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. In Wordsworth's view, "habits" is characterized by being[A] casual.[B] familiar.[C] mechanical.[D] changeable.22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be[A] predicted.[B] regulated.[C] traced.[D] guided.23. The word "ruts" (Para. 4) is closest in meaning to[A] tracks.[B] series.[C] characteristics.[D] connections.24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind.[B] innovativeness could be taught.[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.[D] curiosity activates creative minds.25. Ryan's comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing[A] prevents new habits from being formed.[B] no longer emphasizes commonness.[C] maintains the inherent American thinking mode.[D] complies with the American belief s ystem.Text2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom -or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore -and another $120 to get the results.More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $ 2, 500.Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists -and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical. "There's a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors -numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person's test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's[A] easy availability.[B] flexibility in pricing.[C] successful promotion.[D] popularity with households.27. PTK is used to[A] locate one's birth place.[B] promote genetic research.[C] identify parent-child kinship.[D] choose children for adoption.28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to[A] trace distant ancestors.[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines.[C] fully use genetic information.[D] achieve the claimed accuracy.29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is[A] disorganized data collection.[B] overlapping database building.[C] excessive sample comparison.[D] lack of patent evaluation.30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing.[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems.[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab.[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing.Text3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards ofliving.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotiveassembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in tum afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poorcountries[A] is subject to groundless doubts.[B] has fallen victim of bias.[C] is conventionally downgraded.[D] has been overestimated.32. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational system[A] challenges economists and politicians.[B] takes efforts of generations.[C] demands priority from the government.[D] requires sufficient labor force.33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive.[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education.[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized.34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged[A] when people had enough time.[B] prior to better ways of finding food.[C] when people no longer went hungry.[D] as a result of pressure on government.3 5. According to the last paragraph, development of education[A] results directly from competitive environments.[B] does not depend on economic performance.[C] follows improved productivity.[D] cannot afford political changes.Text4The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits." According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church -i mp ortant subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope -all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish."36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.3 7. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World.[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life.[D] were obsessed with religious innovations.38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay[A] were famous in the New World for their writings.[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs.[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World.[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England.39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders wereoften[A] influenced by superstitions.[B] troubled with religious beliefs.[C] puzzled by church sermons.[D] frustrated with family earnings.40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England[A] were mostly engaged in political activities.[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect.[C] came from different intellectual backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later reference.PartBDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. ( 41) ________ _American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modem anthropology -the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs -thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. ( 42) ________ _ In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (43) ________ _Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. ( 44) ________Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. ( 45) ________ _ Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, hada single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known asdiffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilledin linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the"survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's socialstructure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families,forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts thatwork together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perryincorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. ( 46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the QY:product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even tod ay, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world' s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. ( 48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. ( 49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White Pollution" is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly, and2) make two or three suggestions.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not si gn your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)PartB52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
软件测试英语术语缩写
软件测试常用英语词汇静态测试：Non-Execution-Based Testing或Static testing 代码走查：Walkthrough代码审查：Code Inspection技术评审：Review动态测试：Execution-Based Testing白盒测试：White-Box Testing黑盒测试：Black-Box Testing灰盒测试：Gray-Box Testing软件质量保证SQA：Software Quality Assurance软件开发生命周期：Software Development Life Cycle冒烟测试：Smoke Test回归测试：Regression Test功能测试：Function Testing性能测试：Performance Testing压力测试：Stress Testing负载测试：Volume Testing易用性测试：Usability Testing安装测试：Installation Testing界面测试：UI Testing配置测试：Configuration Testing文档测试：Documentation Testing兼容性测试：Compatibility Testing安全性测试：Security Testing恢复测试：Recovery Testing单元测试：Unit Test集成测试：Integration Test系统测试：System Test验收测试：Acceptance Test测试计划应包括：测试对象：The Test Objectives测试范围： The Test Scope测试策略： The Test Strategy测试方法： The Test Approach,测试过程： The test procedures,测试环境： The Test Environment,测试完成标准：The test Completion criteria测试用例：The Test Cases测试进度表：The Test Schedules风险：Risks接口：Interface最终用户：The End User正式的测试环境：Formal Test Environment确认需求：Verifying The Requirements有分歧的需求：Ambiguous Requirements运行和维护：Operation and Maintenance.可复用性：Reusability可靠性： Reliability/Availability电机电子工程师协会IEEE：The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 正确性：Correctness实用性：Utility健壮性：Robustness可靠性：Reliability软件需求规格说明书：SRS （software requirement specification ）概要设计：HLD （high level design ）详细设计：LLD （low level design ）统一开发流程：RUP （rational unified process ）集成产品开发：IPD （integrated product development ）能力成熟模型：CMM （capability maturity model ）能力成熟模型集成：CMMI （capability maturity model integration ）戴明环：PDCA （plan do check act ）软件工程过程组：SEPG （software engineering process group ）集成测试：IT （integration testing ）系统测试：ST （system testing ）关键过程域：KPA （key process area ）同行评审：PR （peer review ）用户验收测试：UAT （user acceptance testing ）验证和确认：V&V （verification & validation ）控制变更委员会：CCB （change control board ）图形用户界面：GUI （graphic user interface ）配置管理员：CMO （configuration management officer ）平均失效间隔时间：（MTBF mean time between failures ）平均修复时间：MTTR （mean time to restoration ）平均失效时间：MTTF （mean time to failure ）工作任务书：SOW （statement of work ）α测试：alpha testingβ测试：beta testing适应性：Adaptability可用性：Availability功能规格说明书：Functional Specification软件开发中常见英文缩写和各类软件开发文档的英文缩写：英文简写文档名称MRD market requirement document （市场需求文档）PRD product requirement document （产品需求文档）SOW 工作任务说明书PHB Process Handbook (项目过程手册)EST Estimation Sheet (估计记录)PPL Project Plan (项目计划)CMP Software Management Plan( 配置管理计划)QAP Software Quality Assurance Plan （软件质量保证计划）RMP Software Risk Management Plan （软件风险管理计划）TST Test Strategy（测试策略）WBS Work Breakdown Structure （工作分解结构）BRS Business Requirement Specification(业务需求说明书)SRS Software Requirement Specification(软件需求说明书)STP System Testing plan (系统测试计划)STC System Testing Cases （系统测试用例）HLD High Level Design (概要设计说明书)ITP Integration Testing plan (集成测试计划)ITC Integration Testing Cases （集成测试用例）LLD Low Level Design (详细设计说明书)UTP Unit Testing Plan ( 单元测试计划)UTC Unit Testing Cases （单元测试用例）UTR Unit Testing Report （单元测试报告）ITR Integration Testing Report （集成测试报告）STR System Testing Report （系统测试报告）RTM Requirements Traceability Matrix (需求跟踪矩阵)CSA Configuration Status Accounting （配置状态发布）CRF Change Request Form （变更申请表）WSR Weekly Status Report （项目周报）QSR Quality Weekly Status Report （质量工作周报）QAR Quality Audit Report(质量检查报告)QCL Quality Check List(质量检查表)PAR Phase Assessment Report （阶段评估报告）CLR Closure Report （项目总结报告）RFF Review Finding Form (评审发现表)MOM Minutes of Meeting （会议纪要）MTX Metrics Sheet （度量表）CCF ConsistanceCheckForm（一致性检查表）BAF Baseline Audit Form（基线审计表）PTF Program Trace Form（问题跟踪表）领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /软件测试中英文对照术语表A• Abstract test case (High level test case) ：概要测试用例• Acceptance：验收• Acceptance criteria：验收标准• Acceptance testing：验收测试• Accessibility testing：易用性测试• Accuracy：精确性• Actual outcome (actual result) ：实际输出/实际结果• Ad hoc review (informal review) ：非正式评审• Ad hoc testing：随机测试• Adaptability：自适应性• Agile testing：敏捷测试• Algorithm test (branch testing) ：分支测试• Alpha testing：alpha 测试• Analyzability：易分析性• Analyzer：分析员• Anomaly：异常• Arc testing：分支测试• Attractiveness：吸引力• Audit：审计• Audit trail：审计跟踪• Automated testware：自动测试组件• Availability：可用性B• Back-to-back testing：对比测试• Baseline：基线• Basic block：基本块• Basis test set：基本测试集• Bebugging：错误撒播• Behavior：行为• Benchmark test：基准测试• Bespoke software：定制的软件• Best practice：最佳实践• Beta testing：Beta 测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Big-bang testing：集成测试• Black-box technique：黑盒技术• Black-box testing：黑盒测试• Black-box test design technique：黑盒测试设计技术• Blocked test case：被阻塞的测试用例• Bottom-up testing：自底向上测试• Boundary value：边界值• Boundary value analysis：边界值分析• Boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖率• Boundary value testing：边界值测试• Branch：分支• Branch condition：分支条件• Branch condition combination coverage：分支条件组合覆盖率• Branch condition combination testing：分支条件组合测试• Branch condition coverage：分支条件覆盖率• Branch coverage：分支覆盖率• Branch testing：分支测试• Bug：缺陷• Business process-based testing：基于商业流程的测试C• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ：能力成熟度模型• Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ：集成能力成熟度模型• Capture/playback tool：捕获/回放工具• Capture/replay tool：捕获/重放工具• CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) ：电脑辅助软件工程• CAST (Computer Aided Software Testing) ：电脑辅助软件测试• Cause-effect graph：因果图• Cause-effect graphing：因果图技术• Cause-effect analysis：因果分析• Cause-effect decision table：因果判定表• Certification：认证• Changeability：可变性• Change control：变更控制• Change control board：变更控制委员会• Checker：检查人员• Chow's coverage metrics (N-switch coverage) ：N 切换覆盖率• Classification tree method：分类树方法• Code analyzer：代码分析器• Code coverage：代码覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Code-based testing：基于代码的测试• Co-existence：共存性• Commercial off-the-shelf software：商用离岸软件• Comparator：比较器• Compatibility testing：兼容性测试• Compiler：编译器• Complete testing：完全测试/穷尽测试• Completion criteria：完成标准• Complexity：复杂性• Compliance：一致性• Compliance testing：一致性测试• Component：组件• Component integration testing：组件集成测试• Component specification：组件规格说明• Component testing：组件测试• Compound condition：组合条件• Concrete test case (low level test case) ：详细测试用例• Concurrency testing：并发测试• Condition：条件表达式• Condition combination coverage：条件组合覆盖率• Condition coverage：条件覆盖率• Condition determination coverage：条件判定覆盖率• Condition determination testing：条件判定测试• Condition testing：条件测试• Condition outcome：条件结果• Confidence test (smoke test) ：信心测试（冒烟测试）• Configuration：配置• Configuration auditing：配置审核• Configuration control：配置控制• Configuration control board (CCB) ：配置控制委员会• Configuration identification：配置标识• Configuration item：配置项• Configuration management：配置管理• Configuration testing：配置测试• Confirmation testing：确认测试• Conformance testing：一致性测试• Consistency：一致性• Control flow：控制流• Control flow graph：控制流图• Control flow path：控制流路径• Conversion testing：转换测试• COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf software) ：商业离岸软件• Coverage：覆盖率• Coverage analysis：覆盖率分析领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Coverage item：覆盖项• Coverage tool：覆盖率工具• Custom software：定制软件• Cyclomatic complexity：圈复杂度• Cyclomatic number：圈数D• Daily build：每日构建• Data definition：数据定义• Data driven testing：数据驱动测试• Data flow：数据流• Data flow analysis：数据流分析• Data flow coverage：数据流覆盖率• Data flow test：数据流测试• Data integrity testing：数据完整性测试• Database integrity testing：数据库完整性测试• Dead code：无效代码• Debugger：调试器• Debugging：调试• Debugging tool：调试工具• Decision：判定• Decision condition coverage：判定条件覆盖率• Decision condition testing：判定条件测试• Decision coverage：判定覆盖率• Decision table：判定表• Decision table testing：判定表测试• Decision testing：判定测试技术• Decision outcome：判定结果• Defect：缺陷• Defect density：缺陷密度• Defect Detection Percentage (DDP) ：缺陷发现率• Defect management：缺陷管理• Defect management tool：缺陷管理工具• Defect masking：缺陷屏蔽• Defect report：缺陷报告• Defect tracking tool：缺陷跟踪工具• Definition-use pair：定义-使用对• Deliverable：交付物• Design-based testing：基于设计的测试• Desk checking：桌面检查领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Development testing：开发测试• Deviation：偏差• Deviation report：偏差报告• Dirty testing：负面测试• Documentation testing：文档测试• Domain：域• Driver：驱动程序• Dynamic analysis：动态分析• Dynamic analysis tool：动态分析工具• Dynamic comparison：动态比较• Dynamic testing：动态测试E• Efficiency：效率• Efficiency testing：效率测试• Elementary comparison testing：基本组合测试• Emulator：仿真器、仿真程序• Entry criteria：入口标准• Entry point：入口点• Equivalence class：等价类• Equivalence partition：等价区间• Equivalence partition coverage：等价区间覆盖率• Equivalence partitioning：等价划分技术• Error：错误• Error guessing：错误猜测技术• Error seeding：错误撒播• Error tolerance：错误容限• Evaluation：评估• Exception handling：异常处理• Executable statement：可执行的语句• Exercised：可执行的• Exhaustive testing：穷尽测试• Exit criteria：出口标准• Exit point：出口点• Expected outcome：预期结果• Expected result：预期结果• Exploratory testing：探测测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /F• Fail：失败• Failure：失败• Failure mode：失败模式• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) ：失败模式和影响分析• Failure rate：失败频率• Fault：缺陷• Fault density：缺陷密度• Fault Detection Percentage (FDP) ：缺陷发现率• Fault masking：缺陷屏蔽• Fault tolerance：缺陷容限• Fault tree analysis：缺陷树分析• Feature：特征• Field testing：现场测试• Finite state machine：有限状态机• Finite state testing：有限状态测试• Formal review：正式评审• Frozen test basis：测试基线• Function Point Analysis (FPA) ：功能点分析• Functional integration：功能集成• Functional requirement：功能需求• Functional test design technique：功能测试设计技术• Functional testing：功能测试• Functionality：功能性• Functionality testing：功能性测试G• glass box testing：白盒测试H• Heuristic evaluation：启发式评估• High level test case：概要测试用例• Horizontal traceability：水平跟踪领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /I• Impact analysis：影响分析• Incremental development model：增量开发模型• Incremental testing：增量测试• Incident：事件• Incident management：事件管理• Incident management tool：事件管理工具• Incident report：事件报告• Independence：独立• Infeasible path：不可行路径• Informal review：非正式评审• Input：输入• Input domain：输入范围• Input value：输入值• Inspection：审查• Inspection leader：审查组织者• Inspector：审查人员• Installability：可安装性• Installability testing：可安装性测试• Installation guide：安装指南• Installation wizard：安装向导• Instrumentation：插装• Instrumenter：插装工具• Intake test：入口测试• Integration：集成• Integration testing：集成测试• Integration testing in the large：大范围集成测试• Integration testing in the small：小范围集成测试• Interface testing：接口测试• Interoperability：互通性• Interoperability testing：互通性测试• Invalid testing：无效性测试• Isolation testing：隔离测试• Item transmittal report：版本发布报告• Iterative development model：迭代开发模型K• Key performance indicator：关键绩效指标领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Keyword driven testing：关键字驱动测试L• Learnability：易学性• Level test plan：等级测试计划• Link testing：组件集成测试• Load testing：负载测试• Logic-coverage testing：逻辑覆盖测试• Logic-driven testing：逻辑驱动测试• Logical test case：逻辑测试用例• Low level test case：详细测试用例M• Maintenance：维护• Maintenance testing：维护测试• Maintainability：可维护性• Maintainability testing：可维护性测试• Management review：管理评审• Master test plan：综合测试计划• Maturity：成熟度• Measure：度量• Measurement：度量• Measurement scale：度量粒度• Memory leak：内存泄漏• Metric：度量• Migration testing：移植测试• Milestone：里程碑• Mistake：错误• Moderator：仲裁员• Modified condition decision coverage：改进的条件判定覆盖率• Modified condition decision testing：改进的条件判定测试• Modified multiple condition coverage：改进的多重条件判定覆盖率• Modified multiple condition testing：改进的多重条件判定测试• Module：模块• Module testing：模块测试• Monitor：监视器• Multiple condition：多重条件• Multiple condition coverage：多重条件覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Multiple condition testing：多重条件测试• Mutation analysis：变化分析• Mutation testing：变化测试N• N-switch coverage：N 切换覆盖率• N-switch testing：N 切换测试• Negative testing：负面测试• Non-conformity：不一致• Non-functional requirement：非功能需求• Non-functional testing：非功能测试• Non-functional test design techniques：非功能测试设计技术O• Off-the-shelf software：离岸软件• Operability：可操作性• Operational environment：操作环境• Operational profile testing：运行剖面测试• Operational testing：操作测试• Oracle：标准• Outcome：输出/结果• Output：输出• Output domain：输出范围• Output value：输出值P• Pair programming：结队编程• Pair testing：结队测试• Partition testing：分割测试• Pass：通过• Pass/fail criteria：通过/失败标准• Path：路径• Path coverage：路径覆盖• Path sensitizing：路径敏感性• Path testing：路径测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 / • Peer review：同行评审• Performance：性能• Performance indicator：绩效指标• Performance testing：性能测试• Performance testing tool：性能测试工具• Phase test plan：阶段测试计划• Portability：可移植性• Portability testing：移植性测试• Postcondition：结果条件• Post-execution comparison：运行后比较• Precondition：初始条件• Predicted outcome：预期结果• Pretest：预测试• Priority：优先级• Probe effect：检测成本• Problem：问题• Problem management：问题管理• Problem report：问题报告• Process：流程• Process cycle test：处理周期测试• Product risk：产品风险• Project：项目• Project risk：项目风险• Program instrumenter：编程工具• Program testing：程序测试• Project test plan：项目测试计划• Pseudo-random：伪随机Q• Quality：质量• Quality assurance：质量保证• Quality attribute：质量属性• Quality characteristic：质量特征• Quality management：质量管理领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /R• Random testing：随机测试• Recorder：记录员• Record/playback tool：记录/回放工具• Recoverability：可复原性• Recoverability testing：可复原性测试• Recovery testing：可复原性测试• Regression testing：回归测试• Regulation testing：一致性测试• Release note：版本说明• Reliability：可靠性• Reliability testing：可靠性测试• Replaceability：可替换性• Requirement：需求• Requirements-based testing：基于需求的测试• Requirements management tool：需求管理工具• Requirements phase：需求阶段• Resource utilization：资源利用• Resource utilization testing：资源利用测试• Result：结果• Resumption criteria：继续测试标准• Re-testing：再测试• Review：评审• Reviewer：评审人员• Review tool：评审工具• Risk：风险• Risk analysis：风险分析• Risk-based testing：基于风险的测试• Risk control：风险控制• Risk identification：风险识别• Risk management：风险管理• Risk mitigation：风险消减• Robustness：健壮性• Robustness testing：健壮性测试• Root cause：根本原因S• Safety：安全领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Safety testing：安全性测试• Sanity test：健全测试• Scalability：可测量性• Scalability testing：可测量性测试• Scenario testing：情景测试• Scribe：记录员• Scripting language：脚本语言• Security：安全性• Security testing：安全性测试• Serviceability testing：可维护性测试• Severity：严重性• Simulation：仿真• Simulator：仿真程序、仿真器• Site acceptance testing：定点验收测试• Smoke test：冒烟测试• Software：软件• Software feature：软件功能• Software quality：软件质量• Software quality characteristic：软件质量特征• Software test incident：软件测试事件• Software test incident report：软件测试事件报告• Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) ：软件可用性调查问卷• Source statement：源语句• Specification：规格说明• Specification-based testing：基于规格说明的测试• Specification-based test design technique：基于规格说明的测试设计技术• Specified input：特定输入• Stability：稳定性• Standard software：标准软件• Standards testing：标准测试• State diagram：状态图• State table：状态表• State transition：状态迁移• State transition testing：状态迁移测试• Statement：语句• Statement coverage：语句覆盖• Statement testing：语句测试• Static analysis：静态分析• Static analysis tool：静态分析工具• Static analyzer：静态分析工具• Static code analysis：静态代码分析• Static code analyzer：静态代码分析工具• Static testing：静态测试• Statistical testing：统计测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Status accounting：状态统计• Storage：资源利用• Storage testing：资源利用测试• Stress testing：压力测试• Structure-based techniques：基于结构的技术• Structural coverage：结构覆盖• Structural test design technique：结构测试设计技术• Structural testing：基于结构的测试• Structured walkthrough：面向结构的走查• Stub: 桩• Subpath: 子路径• Suitability: 符合性• Suspension criteria: 暂停标准• Syntax testing: 语法测试• System:系统• System integration testing：系统集成测试• System testing：系统测试T• Technical review：技术评审• Test：测试• Test approach：测试方法• Test automation：测试自动化• Test basis：测试基础• Test bed：测试环境• Test case：测试用例• Test case design technique：测试用例设计技术• Test case specification：测试用例规格说明• Test case suite：测试用例套• Test charter：测试宪章• Test closure：测试结束• Test comparator：测试比较工具• Test comparison：测试比较• Test completion criteria：测试比较标准• Test condition：测试条件• Test control：测试控制• Test coverage：测试覆盖率• Test cycle：测试周期• Test data：测试数据• Test data preparation tool：测试数据准备工具领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 / • Test design：测试设计• Test design specification：测试设计规格说明• Test design technique：测试设计技术• Test design tool: 测试设计工具• Test driver: 测试驱动程序• Test driven development: 测试驱动开发• Test environment: 测试环境• Test evaluation report: 测试评估报告• Test execution: 测试执行• Test execution automation: 测试执行自动化• Test execution phase: 测试执行阶段• Test execution schedule: 测试执行进度表• Test execution technique: 测试执行技术• Test execution tool: 测试执行工具• Test fail: 测试失败• Test generator: 测试生成工具• Test leader:测试负责人• Test harness：测试组件• Test incident：测试事件• Test incident report：测试事件报告• Test infrastructure：测试基础组织• Test input：测试输入• Test item：测试项• Test item transmittal report：测试项移交报告• Test level：测试等级• Test log：测试日志• Test logging：测试记录• Test manager：测试经理• Test management：测试管理• Test management tool：测试管理工具• Test Maturity Model (TMM) ：测试成熟度模型• Test monitoring：测试跟踪• Test object：测试对象• Test objective：测试目的• Test oracle：测试标准• Test outcome：测试结果• Test pass：测试通过• Test performance indicator：测试绩效指标• Test phase：测试阶段• Test plan：测试计划• Test planning：测试计划• Test policy：测试方针• Test Point Analysis (TPA) ：测试点分析• Test procedure：测试过程领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Test procedure specification：测试过程规格说明• Test process：测试流程• Test Process Improvement (TPI) ：测试流程改进• Test record：测试记录• Test recording：测试记录• Test reproduceability：测试可重现性• Test report：测试报告• Test requirement：测试需求• Test run：测试运行• Test run log：测试运行日志• Test result：测试结果• Test scenario：测试场景• Test script：测试脚本• Test set：测试集• Test situation：测试条件• Test specification：测试规格说明• Test specification technique：测试规格说明技术• Test stage：测试阶段• Test strategy：测试策略• Test suite：测试套• Test summary report：测试总结报告• Test target：测试目标• Test tool：测试工具• Test type：测试类型• Testability：可测试性• Testability review：可测试性评审• Testable requirements：需求可测试性• Tester：测试人员• Testing：测试• Testware：测试组件• Thread testing：组件集成测试• Time behavior：性能• Top-down testing：自顶向下的测试• Traceability：可跟踪性U• Understandability：易懂性• Unit：单元• unit testing：单元测试• Unreachable code：执行不到的代码领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Usability：易用性• Usability testing：易用性测试• Use case：用户用例• Use case testing：用户用例测试• User acceptance testing：用户验收测试• User scenario testing：用户场景测试• User test：用户测试V• V -model：V 模式• Validation：确认• Variable：变量• Verification：验证• Vertical traceability：垂直可跟踪性• Version control：版本控制• Volume testing：容量测试W• Walkthrough：走查• White-box test design technique：白盒测试设计技术• White-box testing：白盒测试• Wide Band Delphi：Delphi 估计方法。
2020浙江考研英语一真题及答案
答卷时应注意事项１、拿到试卷，要认真仔细的先填好自己的考生信息。
２、拿到试卷不要提笔就写，先大致的浏览一遍，有多少大题，每个大题里有几个小题，有什么题型，哪些容易，哪些难，做到心里有底；３、审题，每个题目都要多读几遍，不仅要读大题，还要读小题，不放过每一个字，遇到暂时弄不懂题意的题目，手指点读，多读几遍题目，就能理解题意了；容易混乱的地方也应该多读几遍，比如从小到大，从左到右这样的题；４、每个题目做完了以后，把自己的手从试卷上完全移开，好好的看看有没有被自己的手臂挡住而遗漏的题；试卷第１页和第２页上下衔接的地方一定要注意，仔细看看有没有遗漏的小题；５、中途遇到真的解决不了的难题，注意安排好时间，先把后面会做的做完，再来重新读题，结合平时课堂上所学的知识，解答难题；一定要镇定，不能因此慌了手脚，影响下面的答题；６、卷面要清洁，字迹要清工整，非常重要；７、做完的试卷要检查，这样可以发现刚才可能留下的错误或是可以检查是否有漏题，检查的时候，用手指点读题目，不要管自己的答案，重新分析题意，所有计算题重新计算，判断题重新判断，填空题重新填空，之后把检查的结果与先前做的结果进行对比分析。
亲爱的小朋友，你们好! 经过两个月的学习，你们一定有不小的收获吧，用你的自信和智慧，认真答题，相信你一定会闯关成功。
相信你是最棒的！2020浙江考研英语一真题及答案【完形】Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quilty pleasure 4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin -crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such adarmlist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 it was rumourded that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15Doubtless a piece of boiled feef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the York shire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living?17 ,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but reduce their lifetime intake.However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. [A]In [B]Towards [C]on [D]Till2. [A ]match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concem4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C] compelled [D]guaranteed5. [A]issued [B]received [C]ignored [D]cancelled6. [A] under [B]at [C]for [D]by7. [A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D] avoid8. [A]partially [B]regularly [C] easily [D]initially9. [A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D]While10.[A] secondary [B]extermal [C] conclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D]slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C] In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully19.[A] promise [B] experience [C]campaign [D] competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C] open up [D]end up答案（1-20）1. on2. match3. enjoyment4. intensified5. issued6. at7. avoid8. easily9. while10. conclusive11. bound12. on the basis of13. advisable14. after all15. connection16. served17. to be fair18. entirely19. campaign20. end up【阅读】Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for Zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that thesuccess of the crown for Hull, where it brought in220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. "A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture"washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as[A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-cotching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it[A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.[D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present[A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical答案（21-25）21.D focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.B a self-deceiving attempt.23.D commits to its long-term growth.24.B a supporting example.25.C Favourable.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money, Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every pay walled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms; either freely available from the moment of publication,or pay walled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around500 to $5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.!27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing industry.[D] financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? [A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned.[D] Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms[A] allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?[A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D] The few feed on the many.答案（26-30）26.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27.A thrived mainly on university libraries.28.D Encouraged.29.A allow publishers some room to make money.30.D The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government board are lessthan40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will[A] help little to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to[A] the underestimation of elite women's role[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility, should be a prime concern in policy making.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.答案（31-35）31.A help little to reduce gender bias.32.C It may go against the Constitution.33.D the needlessness of government interventions.34.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.35.B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.Text4 :Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a"GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax).Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance, law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union. Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach aconsensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nationsthat will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work[A] is being resisted by US companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy答案（36-40）36.C impose alevy on tech multinationals.37.A may trigger countermeasures against France.38.B the current international tax system needs upgrading39.C is faced with uncertain prospects.40.B France leads the charge on Digital TaxPart B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fix actions are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way, But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact: We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will lookback. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you' re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you' re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44.When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image. are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.答案（41-45）41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signal42.E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated43.G Eye contact can also be aggressive44.A Eye fixactions are brief45.D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14h century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17h century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) with the Church's teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored itellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking.including the geo-centric view that the Earth was a the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress. this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth torationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of 17h century. (49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17h and I8h centuries were times of radical change and curiosity, Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase' sapere aude' or dare to know',after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay" An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?".It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.答案（46-50）46.随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。
文章review回来意见
文章review回来意见篇一：1.审稿意见分类a.分类式回复：如果意见很多，可以试着将它们进行分类，例如将方法相关的意见分在一起、语言相关的一组等等，如果将意见进行分组，记得在信里提及“I have separated my responses to the reviewers’ comments according to several categories in order to achieve an integrated approach in my responses.”。
b.点列式回复:如果评审员的意见是长长的段落，可以将意见分离成点各别回应，如果不确定某项意见的意思，可以先解释自己对该意见的理解，然后再进行回复。
2.与审稿意见的分歧处理同行评审的老师通常是领域内的专家，如果作者认为审稿人误解了论文里的任何段落，有时候很有可能是因为表达不够清楚。
这种情况下，可以礼貌性的指出误解然后提供必要的说明。
可以这么写“I am sorry that this part was not clear in the original manuscript.I should have explained that (……详细说明). I have revised the contents of this part”。
3.SCI修改稿回答审稿人意见范文模板修改稿回答审稿人的意见（最重要的部分）List of ResponsesDear Editors and Reviewers:Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers’ comments concerning our manuscript entitled “Paper Title” (ID: 文章稿号). Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made corrections which we hope meet with approval. Revised portions are marked in red in the paper. The main corrections in the paper and the response to the reviewer’s comments are as flowing:Response to the reviewer’s comments:Reviewer #1:1. Response to comment: (……简要列出意见……)Response: ××××××2. Response to comment: (……简要列出意见……)Response: ××××××逐条意见回答，切忌一定不能有遗漏针对不同的问题有下列几个礼貌术语可适当用用：We are very sorry for our negligence of ……...We are very sorry for our incorrect writing ……...It is really true as Reviewer suggested that ……We have made corrections according to the Reviewer’s comments.We have re-written this part according to the Reviewer’s suggestionAs Reviewer suggested that……Considering the Reviewer’s suggestion, we have ……最后特意感谢一下这个审稿人的意见：Special thanks to you for your good comments.Reviewer #2:同上述Reviewer #3:××××××Other changes:1. Line 60-61, the statements of “……” were corrected as “…………”2. Line 107, “……” was added3. Line 129, “……” was deleted××××××We tried our best to improve the manuscript and made some changes in the manuscript. These changes will not influence the content and framework of the paper. And here we did not list the changes but marked them in red in the revised paper.We appreciate for Editors/Reviewers’ warm work earnestly, and hope that the correction will meet with approval.Once again, thank you very much for your comments and suggestions.实例修稿意见：Reviewers' comments:Reviewer #3: While revising the script, it is to be suggested that author should clearly indicate the aim & scope of the study and while making conclusion, it is to be mentioned how the study is useful for the practical purposes. In addition the following are the few suggestions/comments, which may be included while revision.1. Introduction part first para last line, author must avoid to write ambiguous statement i.e., much work is still ahead, may indicate properly.2. Author could not demonstrate the reason why, to select the organic compound such as ethyl pyruvate for this study?3. Experimental part: It is difficult to understand the in-situ RAIRS experiments with homemade liquid-solid RAIRS cell. More detailed information may be useful for the others those who are working in the area. Photograph of the assembled cell may be included.4. The description given for the experimental set up (page4) can be presented by flow diagram instead, as an ease to understand the set up.5. Resluts Part (Page 6): "CO adlayers with identical monolayer coverages", the monolayer coverage, is it been performed with some adsorption model? Further, it was suggested that CO-saturated Pt surface, but not mentioned about the saturation experiments. Is it obtained after 60 min of CO bubbling?6. Page 12, 2nd para: The displacement of EtPy by CCl4 flushing, is it confirmed by the EtPy peaks? If so, it has to be mentioned clearly in the para. Also in the same para, author referred for Fig. 7a and 7b but in the figures, it didn't appear, only figure 7 appeared. I feel it refers for figure 7, portion A and B, to be corrected. Similarly, in the text referred the fig 2a, 2b. etc but on the figure sheet it is mentioned as 2A, 2B .etc. to be corrected.7. Page 14, 1st para: 'contamination of the Pt surface by corrosion of o-rings in high concentration EtPy', but the statement has not been supported by other evidence/literature.8. Pages 14 through 17: the observed reactivity of various solvents for adsorbed CO on the Pt surface (figs 3 & 4) has to be discussed more precisely. This reviewer is unable to followthe reason why they showed different reactivity, is it principally due to the organic moieties, or due to the impurities of commercially available chemicals or a mixed effect. It has to be clearly demonstrated, however, the only experiment performed with CO/water? CCl4 would difficult to describe it in detail.9. The author try to restrain with repeated arguments in the text e.g., page 3 para 1: It was generalized that.......篇二科研论文投稿到期刊以后，都要经历一个同行评审（peer review）的过程。
peer_review_process
<Organization>Peer Review Process DescriptionVersion 1.0 draft1 <date> <author>Table of Contents1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Overview ..................................................................................................................................1 Work Aids ...............................................................................................................................1 Risk Assessment Guidance ....................................................................................................1 Participants .............................................................................................................................2 Inspection Procedure ..............................................................................................................4 Walkthrough Procedure ........................................................................................................9 Passaround Procedure..........................................................................................................10 Measurements .......................................................................................................................11 Process Maintenance ............................................................................................................12 Revision History ..................................................................................................................12Peer Review Process Description1. OverviewIn a peer review, co-workers of a person who created a software work product examine that product to identify defects and correct shortcomings. A review: verifies whether the work product correctly satisfies the specifications found in any predecessor work product, such as requirements or design documents identifies any deviation from standards, including issues that may affect maintainability of the software suggests improvement opportunities to the author promotes the exchange of techniques and education of the participants.All interim and final development work products are candidates for review, including: requirements specifications user interface specifications and designs architecture, high-level design, and detailed designs and models source code test plans, designs, cases, and procedures software development plans, including project management plan, configuration management plan, and quality assurance planThis document defines an overall peer review process. It includes procedures for conducting inspections and two types of informal peer review, a walkthrough and a passaround, as well as guidance for selecting the appropriate approach for each review.2. Work AidsThe following peer review work aids are available from <location>: Inspection Summary Report Issue Log Typo List Inspection Moderator’s Checklist Inspection Lessons Learned Questionnaire defect checklists for several types of software work products3. Risk Assessment GuidanceTo judge which software components (or portions of components) to review and what type of review method to use, consider the following risk criteria: components that use new technology, techniques, or tools key architectural components<organization>Page 1Peer Review Process Description complex logic or algorithms that are difficult to understand but must be accurate and optimized mission-, security-, or safety-critical components with dangerous failure modes components having many exception conditions or failure modes exception handling code that cannot easily be tested components that are intended to be reused components that will serve as models or templates for other components components that affect multiple portions of the product complex user interfaces components created by less experienced developers code modules having high cyclomatic complexity modules having a history of many defects or changesWork products that fit in one or more of these categories are considered high risk. A product is considered low risk if an undetected error will not significant affect the project’s ability to meet its schedule, quality, cost, and feature objectives. Use inspections for high-risk work products, or the high-risk portions of large products, and for major work products that are about to be baselined. Less formal reviews are acceptable for other work products4. ParticipantsTable 1 suggests project roles who might review different work products. Not all of these perspectives need to be represented. In general, a work product should be reviewed by: the author of any predecessor document or specification someone who must base their subsequent work on the work product peers of the author anyone responsible for a component to which the work product interfacesAttendance by anyone with supervisory authority over the author is by invitation of the author only. Table 1. Review Participants for Different Types of Work Products. Work Product Type Architecture or HighLevel Design Detail Design Process Documentation Suggested Reviewers architect, requirements analyst, designer, project manager, integration test engineer designer, architect, programmer, integration test engineer process improvement group leader, process improvement working group members, managementlevel process owner, practitioner representatives who will use the process project manager, program manager, business sponsor, marketing or sales representative, technical lead, quality assurance managerPage 2Project Plans<organization>Peer Review Process DescriptionRequirements SpecificationSource Code System Technical Documentation Test Documentation User Interface Design User Manualrequirements analyst, project manager, architect, designer, system test engineer, quality assurance manager, user or marketing representative, documentation writer, subject matter expert, technical support representative programmer, designer, unit test engineer, maintainer, requirements analyst, coding standards expert author, project manager, maintainer, programmer test engineer, programmer (unit testing) or architect (integration testing) or requirements analyst (system testing), quality assurance representative user interface designer, requirements analyst, user, application domain expert, usability or human factors expert, system test engineer documentation writer, requirements analyst, user or marketing representative, system test engineer, maintainer, designer, instructional designer, trainer, technical support representative<organization>Page 3Peer Review Process Description5. Inspection ProcedureParticipants The roles and responsibilities shown below pertain to the inspection process. All participants are inspectors, in addition to any specialized role they might have. At least three participants, including the author, are required for an inspection. If only three people participate in an inspection, the moderator shall also serve as recorder or reader. The author may not serve as reader, moderator, or recorder. Role Author Responsibilities Creator or maintainer of the work product to be inspected. Initiates the inspection process by asking the peer review coordinator to assign a moderator. States his or objectives for the inspection. Delivers work product and its specification or predecessor document to moderator. Works with moderator to select inspectors and assign roles. Addresses items on the Issue Log and Typo Lists. Reports rework time and defect counts to moderator. Uses Inspection Moderator’s Checklist as a work aid. Plans, schedules, and leads the inspection events. Works with author to select inspectors and assign roles. Assembles inspection package and delivers it to inspectors at least 3 days prior to the inspection meeting. Determines whether preparation is sufficient to hold the meeting. If not, reschedules the meeting. Facilitates inspection meeting. Corrects any inappropriate behavior. Solicits input from inspectors as reader presents each section of the work product. Records any action items or side issues that arise during the inspection. Leads inspection team in determining the work product appraisal. Serves as verifier or delegates this responsibility to someone else. Delivers completed Inspection Summary Report to the organization’s peer review coordinator. Presents portions of the work product to the inspection team to elicit comments, issues, or questions from inspectors. Records and classifies issues raised during inspection meeting. Examines work product prior to the inspection meeting to find defects and prepare for contributing to the meeting. Records preparation time. Participates during the meeting to identify defects, raise issues, and suggest improvements. Performs follow-up to determine whether rework has been performed appropriately and correctly. Custodian of the project’s inspection metrics database. Maintains records of inspections conducted and data from thePage 4ModeratorReader Recorder InspectorVerifier Peer Review Coordinator<organization>Peer Review Process DescriptionInspection Summary Report for each inspection. Generates reports on inspection data for management, process improvement team, and peer review process owner. Entry Criteria The author selected an inspection approach for the product being reviewed. All necessary supporting documentation is available The author has stated his or her objectives for this inspection. Reviewers are trained in the peer review process. Documents to be inspected are identified with a version number. All pages are numbered and line numbers are displayed. The documents have been spell-checked. Source code to be inspected is identified with a version number. Listings have line numbers and page numbers. Code compiles with no errors or warning messages using the project’s standard compiler switches. Errors found using code analyzer tools have been corrected. For a re-inspection, all issues from the previous inspection were resolved. Any additional entry criteria defined for the specific type of work product are also satisfied. Task Give moderator the work product to be inspected and supporting documents, such as specifications, predecessor documents, or pertinent test documentation. Determine whether work product satisfies inspection entry criteria. Based on the size and complexity of the work product, determine how many inspection meetings will be required. Select inspectors and assign roles to individuals. Gain agreement from the other inspectors to participate. Determine whether an overview meeting is required. Schedule the inspection, and possibly overview, meetings and distribute a meeting notice. Distribute the inspection package to the participants at least 3 working days prior to the inspection meeting. Responsible Moderator Author Moderator and Author Moderator and Author Author Moderator Moderator or Author Responsible Author InspectorsPlanning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. OverviewTask 1. Describe the important features of the work product to the rest of the inspection team. State inspection objectives. Evaluate the assumptions, history, and context of the work product.PreparationTask Responsible 1. Ask Individual inspectors to prepare with specific objectives Moderator in mind, such as: checking the consistency of cross-references; and Author checking for interface errors; checking traceability to, and consistency with, predecessor specifications; or checkingPage 5<organization>Peer Review Process Descriptionconformance to standards. 2. Examine the work product, to understand it, find defects, and Inspectors raise questions about it. Use the appropriate defect checklist to focus attention on defects commonly found in the type of product being inspected. Use other analysis methods to look for defects as appropriate. 3. Log minor defects found, such as typographical errors or style Inspectors inconsistencies, on the Typo List. Deliver this to the author at or prior to the inspection meeting. Inspection Meeting Task 1. Open the Meeting: Introduce the participants (if necessary) and state their roles, state the purpose of the inspection, and direct inspectors to focus their efforts toward finding defects, not solutions. Remind participants to address their comments to the work product under review, not to the author. Establish Preparedness: Ask each inspector for his or her preparation time and records the times on the Inspection Summary Report. If preparation is insufficient, reschedule the meeting. Present Work Product: Describe portions of the work product to the inspection team. Raise Defects and Issues: Point out concerns, potential defects, questions, or improvement opportunities after the reader presents each section. Record Issues: Capture the information in Table 2 on the Issue Log for each issue raised. State aloud what was recorded to make sure it was recorded accurately. Answer Questions: Respond briefly to any specific questions raised, and contribute to defect detection based on special understanding of the work product. Make Product Appraisal: After all meetings scheduled for a given inspection are complete, decide on the work product appraisal, selecting from the options in Table 3. If the inspectors disagree, assign the most conservative appraisal offered by any of the inspectors. Sign Inspection Summary Report: All participants sign the Inspection Summary Report to indicate their agreement with the inspection outcome. Collect Inspection Feedback. Ask the inspectors to evaluate the inspection and suggest improvements, using the Inspection Lessons Learned Questionnaire. Responsible ModeratorModerator Reader Inspectors Recorder Author InspectorsInspectors Moderator<organization>Page 6Peer Review Process DescriptionTable 2. Information to Record for Each Defect Found. Column Origin Type Description development phase in which the defect was introduced missing (something needs to be there but is not) wrong (something is erroneous or conflicts with something else) extra (something unnecessary is present) usability performance non-defect issue (question, point of style, suggestion, clarification needed) major (could cause product failure or cost significantly more to correct in the future) minor (non-fatal error, cosmetic problem, annoyance, or a workaround is available) page and line or section number where the defect is located concise description of the issue or possible defectSeverityLocation DescriptionTable 3. Possible Appraisals of Inspected Work Products. Appraisal Accepted As Is Accept Conditionally Re-inspect Following Rework Inspection Not Completed Meaning Modifications may be required in the work product, but verification of the modification is not necessary. Defects must be corrected, and the changes must be verified by the individual named on the Inspection Summary Report. A substantial portion of the product must be modified, or there are many changes to make. A second inspection is required after the author has completed rework. A significant fraction of the planned material was not inspected, or the inspection was terminated for some reason. Responsible Author Author Author Author ModeratorReworkTask 1. Correct defects and typos found, resolve issues raised, and modify work product accordingly. Mark issues list to indicate action taken. Correct any other project documents based on defects identified in the inspected work product. Record any uncorrected defects in the project’s defect tracking system. If rework verification is not needed, report the number of major and minor defects found and corrected and the actual rework effort to the moderator. Record the actual rework effort on the Inspection Summary Report.<organization>Page 7Peer Review Process DescriptionFollow-UpTask 2. Confirm that the author has addressed every item on the Issue Log. Determine whether the author made appropriate decisions as to which defects not to correct and which improvement suggestions not to implement. Examine the modified work product to judge whether the rework has been performed correctly. Report any findings to the author, so rework can be declared complete, incorrect rework can be redone, or items that were not originally pursued can be addressed. Report the number of major and minor defects found and corrected and the actual rework effort to the moderator. Check whether the exit criteria for the inspection and for the peer review process have been satisfied. If so, the inspection is complete. Check the baselined work product into the project’s configuration management system. Deliver Inspection Summary Report and counts of defects found and defects corrected to peer review coordinator. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Baselined work product Completed Inspection Summary Report Completed Issue Log Completed Typo Lists Counts of defects found and defects correctedResponsible VerifierVerifierAuthor Moderator Author AuthorDeliverablesExit Criteria All of the author’s inspection objectives are satisfied. Issues raised during the inspection are tracked to closure. All major defects are corrected. Uncorrected defects are logged in the project’s defect tracking system. The modified work product is checked into the project’s configuration management system. If changes were required in earlier project deliverables, those deliverables have been correctly modified, checked into the project’s configuration management system, and any necessary regression tests were passed. Moderator has collected and recorded the inspection data. Moderator has delivered the completed Inspection Summary Report and defect counts to the peer review coordinator.<organization>Page 8Peer Review Process Description6. Walkthrough ProcedureParticipants Entry Criteria The author selects the participants in a walkthrough. No specific roles are assigned. The author selected a walkthrough review approach for the product being reviewed. The author has stated his or her objectives for the review. Task Select review participants, obtain their agreement to participate, and schedule a walkthrough meeting. Distribute work product to reviewers prior to the meeting. Describe the work product to the reviewers during the meeting in any appropriate way. Lead discussion on the topics of interest or concerns about the work product. Present comments, possible defects, and improvement suggestions to the author. Based on reviewer comments, perform any necessary rework of the work product. Responsible Author Author Author Reviewers AuthorTasks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Deliverables Verification Exit CriteriaModified work product No verification of rework is required. Changes are made at the author’s discretion. The author has made any appropriate changes in the work product.<organization>Page 9Peer Review Process Description7. Passaround ProcedureParticipants The author selects the participants in a passaround. No specific roles are assigned. However, it can be beneficial to ask individual reviewers to examine the work product from specific perspectives, such as checking internal cross-references, confirming interface definitions, checking conformance to standards, or identifying grammatical and typographical errors. The author selected a passaround review approach. The author has stated his or her objectives for the review. The document has been spell-checked. Task Either distribute a physical or electronic copy of the work product to each reviewer, or create a file to which all reviewers have read/write access. Notify reviewers that work product is available and indicate the date by which review comments are to be provided. Either hand-write comments directly on the work product, or enter comments into the work product file, using a revision marks convention or an annotation feature of the tool being used. If working with an individual copy of the work product, deliver the work product with comments to the author after completing the review. After the final date of the review period, remove work product from the shared file location and examine added comments. Based on reviewer comments, perform any necessary rework of the work product. If a shared file was used to accumulate comments, delete each comment from the work product as it is resolved. Leave any comments that require discussion in the work product until agreement is reached on actions to be taken. Responsible Author Author ReviewersEntry CriteriaTasks 1. 2. 3.4. 5. 6.Author Author AuthorDeliverables Verification Exit CriteriaModified work product No verification of rework is required. The author is responsible for making appropriate decisions on issues and for correctly performing any rework. The author has addressed all review issues raised.<organization>Page 10Peer Review Process Description8. MeasurementsThe moderator shall collect the data items in Table 4 from each inspection. These data items are used to calculate the process metrics in Table 5 and to monitor and improve the inspection process. The moderator shall record the data items in the appropriate spaces on the Inspection Summary Report and Issue Log and report them to the organization’s peer review coordinator. The peer review coordinator shall maintain these metrics in a repository and produce periodic reports of summary data for practitioners and managers. <add section to describe tools and procedures for peer review coordinator to enter inspection data into the repository and generate reports> Table 4. Data Items Collected From Each Inspection. Data Item Effort.Planning Effort.Overview Effort.Preparation Effort.Rework Time.Meeting Defects.Found.Major, Defects.Found.Minor Definition total labor hours spent by the moderator and author in planning, scheduling meetings, assembling, duplicating, and distributing materials, and any other related tasks total labor hours spent by the participants in an overview meeting, if one was held total labor hours spent by the inspectors and author preparing for the inspection total labor hours the author spent correcting defects in the initial deliverable and making other improvements; include verification time from the follow-up stage duration of the inspection meeting in hours total number of major and minor defects found by the inspection team; do not include non-defect issues raised, such as questions, requests for clarification, points of style, or items from the Typo Lists total number of major and minor defects corrected during reworkDefects.Corrected.Major, Defects.Corrected.Minor Size.Planned, Size.Actual total physical lines of code (not including comments and blank lines) or number of document pages that were planned for inspection and that were actually inspected Number.of.Inspectors number of active participants in the inspection meeting Inspection.Appraisal inspection team’s decision about disposition of the inspected work product (accepted as is, accepted conditionally, re-inspect following rework)<organization>Page 11Peer Review Process DescriptionTable 5. Metrics Calculated From Inspection Data Items. Metric Defect.Density Defects.Found.Total Defects.Corrected.Total Effort.Inspection Effort.per.Defect Effort.per.Unit.Size Percent.Inspected Percent.Majors Rate.Inspection Rate.Preparation Rework.per.Defect How Calculated Defects.Found.Total / Size.Actual Defects.Found.Major + Defects.Found.Minor Defects. Corrected.Major + Defects. Corrected.Minor Effort.Planning + Effort.Overview + Effort.Preparation + Effort.Meeting +Effort.Rework Effort.Inspection / Defects.Found.Total Effort.Inspection / Size.Actual 100 * Size.Actual / Size.Planned 100 * Defects.Found.Major / Defects.Found.Total Size.Actual / Time.Meeting Size.Planned / (Effort.Preparation / Number.of.Inspectors) Effort.Rework / Defects.Corrected.Total9. Process MaintenanceSubmit suggestions for improvements to be made in this peer review process to <organization>’s peer review process owner.10.Revision HistoryName Date Reason For Changes original draft Version 1.0 draft 1<organization>Page 12。
peer review常用句式
1. 什么是peer review常用句式Peer review是指同行评审，是学术界和科研领域非常常见的一种学术评价方式。
在进行科研论文、学术成果、出版物等评审时，常常需要使用一些特定的句式来描述、评价和讨论文章的质量、内容和方法。
这些peer review常用句式不仅有助于传达评审者的意见和建议，也可以帮助作者更好地理解评审结果，并在后续的修改和改进工作中提供参考。
2. peer review常用句式的分类在peer review中，常用的句式可以分为肯定句式、建议性句式和否定句式。
肯定句式用于表扬文章的优点和亮点，建议性句式用于提出改进和加强的建议，而否定句式则用于指出文章的不足和需要纠正的地方。
这些句式在peer review中扮演着不同的角色，综合运用可以使评审意见更全面、有针对性和具有建设性。
3. peer review常用句式的应用在进行peer review时，评审者可以根据文章的具体情况选择合适的句式来表达自己的观点。
对于一篇优秀的文章，可以使用肯定句式来赞扬作者的创新思维、严谨方法和清晰表达；对于一篇有待改进的文章，可以使用建议性句式来提出修改的建议，包括拓展论点、增加证据、改进结构等；对于一篇质量较差的文章，也可以使用否定句式来指出其中存在的问题，并提出改进的方向。
4. 个人观点与总结在peer review中，使用恰当的句式可以使评审意见更加准确和有效。
不同的句式可以传达不同的信息，帮助作者深入了解自己文章的优缺点，也有助于评审者将自己的想法清晰地表达出来。
熟练掌握peer review常用句式对于进行学术评审是非常重要的。
希望本文所介绍的peer review常用句式能够帮助读者更好地进行学术评审工作，提升文章质量和学术研究水平。
5. 点评和展望总体来说，peer review常用句式是进行学术评审不可或缺的工具，熟练掌握不同句式的使用可以使评审意见更具有说服力和建设性。
peer review 示例 英语
标题：深度剖析peer review示例中文在科研领域，peer review（同行评议）是一种非常重要的机制，它不仅能够保证学术论文的质量，也能够促进学术界的交流与发展。
本文将以peer review为主题，深入探讨其实例与意义，帮助读者更好地理解这一主题。
1. peer review的定义与意义peer review是指学术界专家学者对他人学术工作进行评价和审核的过程，简而言之就是专家对专家的评审。
这一机制的意义在于保证学术成果的真实性、可信度和严谨性，避免了不严谨、虚假和低质量的学术成果影响学术界的发展。
2. peer review的实例举一个peer review的实例：一篇关于新药研发的学术论文被提交给某一知名期刊，经过编辑初审后进入了peer review阶段。
该论文由多位同行专家进行了匿名评审，他们审阅了论文并就其创新性、学术价值、实验设计和数据分析等方面提出了意见和建议。
论文作者在接收到审稿意见后进行修改和完善，并重新提交给期刊编辑。
经过多轮的修改和审议，该论文被接受并发表在该期刊上。
3. peer review的个人观点与理解在我看来，peer review不仅是一种学术责任，也是一种学术支持，因为它能够帮助学者提高自己的学术水平，促进学术研究的深入发展。
peer review也有助于建立学术界的信任机制，确保学术成果的质量和可靠性。
在我进行学术研究时，也会积极参与同行评议，将自己的观点和建议共享给他人，并从他人的评审中受益。
总结通过以上的讨论，我们可以知道peer review作为一种学术评审机制，在推动学术界发展和保障学术成果质量方面发挥着重要作用。
我们也要认识到peer review在实践中还存在一些问题，例如审稿人的评议标准不一、审稿时间过长等，这些问题需要学术界共同努力来解决。
期待peer review机制在未来能够得到进一步的完善和提升，为学术界的发展做出更大的贡献。
软件测试英语术语缩写
软件测试常用英语词汇静态测试：Non-Execution-Based Testing或Static testing 代码走查：Walkthrough代码审查：Code Inspection技术评审：Review动态测试：Execution-Based Testing白盒测试：White-Box Testing黑盒测试：Black-Box Testing灰盒测试：Gray-Box Testing软件质量保证SQA：Software Quality Assurance软件开发生命周期：Software Development Life Cycle冒烟测试：Smoke Test回归测试：Regression Test功能测试：Function Testing性能测试：Performance Testing压力测试：Stress Testing负载测试：Volume Testing易用性测试：Usability Testing安装测试：Installation Testing界面测试：UI Testing配置测试：Configuration Testing文档测试：Documentation Testing兼容性测试：Compatibility Testing安全性测试：Security Testing恢复测试：Recovery Testing单元测试：Unit Test集成测试：Integration Test系统测试：System Test验收测试：Acceptance Test测试计划应包括：测试对象：The Test Objectives测试范围： The Test Scope测试策略： The Test Strategy测试方法： The Test Approach,测试过程： The test procedures,测试环境： The Test Environment,测试完成标准：The test Completion criteria测试用例：The Test Cases测试进度表：The Test Schedules风险：Risks接口：Interface最终用户：The End User正式的测试环境：Formal Test Environment确认需求：Verifying The Requirements有分歧的需求：Ambiguous Requirements运行和维护：Operation and Maintenance.可复用性：Reusability可靠性： Reliability/Availability电机电子工程师协会IEEE：The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 正确性：Correctness实用性：Utility健壮性：Robustness可靠性：Reliability软件需求规格说明书：SRS （software requirement specification ）概要设计：HLD （high level design ）详细设计：LLD （low level design ）统一开发流程：RUP （rational unified process ）集成产品开发：IPD （integrated product development ）能力成熟模型：CMM （capability maturity model ）能力成熟模型集成：CMMI （capability maturity model integration ）戴明环：PDCA （plan do check act ）软件工程过程组：SEPG （software engineering process group ）集成测试：IT （integration testing ）系统测试：ST （system testing ）关键过程域：KPA （key process area ）同行评审：PR （peer review ）用户验收测试：UAT （user acceptance testing ）验证和确认：V&V （verification & validation ）控制变更委员会：CCB （change control board ）图形用户界面：GUI （graphic user interface ）配置管理员：CMO （configuration management officer ）平均失效间隔时间：（MTBF mean time between failures ）平均修复时间：MTTR （mean time to restoration ）平均失效时间：MTTF （mean time to failure ）工作任务书：SOW （statement of work ）α测试：alpha testingβ测试：beta testing适应性：Adaptability可用性：Availability功能规格说明书：Functional Specification软件开发中常见英文缩写和各类软件开发文档的英文缩写：英文简写文档名称MRD market requirement document （市场需求文档）PRD product requirement document （产品需求文档）SOW 工作任务说明书PHB Process Handbook (项目过程手册)EST Estimation Sheet (估计记录)PPL Project Plan (项目计划)CMP Software Management Plan( 配置管理计划)QAP Software Quality Assurance Plan （软件质量保证计划）RMP Software Risk Management Plan （软件风险管理计划）TST Test Strategy（测试策略）WBS Work Breakdown Structure （工作分解结构）BRS Business Requirement Specification(业务需求说明书)SRS Software Requirement Specification(软件需求说明书)STP System Testing plan (系统测试计划)STC System Testing Cases （系统测试用例）HLD High Level Design (概要设计说明书)ITP Integration Testing plan (集成测试计划)ITC Integration Testing Cases （集成测试用例）LLD Low Level Design (详细设计说明书)UTP Unit Testing Plan ( 单元测试计划)UTC Unit Testing Cases （单元测试用例）UTR Unit Testing Report （单元测试报告）ITR Integration Testing Report （集成测试报告）STR System Testing Report （系统测试报告）RTM Requirements Traceability Matrix (需求跟踪矩阵)CSA Configuration Status Accounting （配置状态发布）CRF Change Request Form （变更申请表）WSR Weekly Status Report （项目周报）QSR Quality Weekly Status Report （质量工作周报）QAR Quality Audit Report(质量检查报告)QCL Quality Check List(质量检查表)PAR Phase Assessment Report （阶段评估报告）CLR Closure Report （项目总结报告）RFF Review Finding Form (评审发现表)MOM Minutes of Meeting （会议纪要）MTX Metrics Sheet （度量表）CCF ConsistanceCheckForm（一致性检查表）BAF Baseline Audit Form（基线审计表）PTF Program Trace Form（问题跟踪表）领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网软件测试中英文对照术语表A• Abstract test case (High level test case) ：概要测试用例• Acceptance：验收• Acceptance criteria：验收标准• Acceptance testing：验收测试• Accessibility testing：易用性测试• Accuracy：精确性• Actual outcome (actual result) ：实际输出/实际结果• Ad hoc review (informal review) ：非正式评审• Ad hoc testing：随机测试• Adaptability：自适应性• Agile testing：敏捷测试• Algorithm test (branch testing) ：分支测试• Alpha testing：alpha 测试• Analyzability：易分析性• Analyzer：分析员• Anomaly：异常• Arc testing：分支测试• Attractiveness：吸引力• Audit：审计• Audit trail：审计跟踪• Automated testware：自动测试组件• Availability：可用性B• Back-to-back testing：对比测试• Baseline：基线• Basic block：基本块• Basis test set：基本测试集• Bebugging：错误撒播• Behavior：行为• Benchmark test：基准测试• Bespoke software：定制的软件• Best practice：最佳实践• Beta testing：Beta 测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Big-bang testing：集成测试• Black-box technique：黑盒技术• Black-box testing：黑盒测试• Black-box test design technique：黑盒测试设计技术• Blocked test case：被阻塞的测试用例• Bottom-up testing：自底向上测试• Boundary value：边界值• Boundary value analysis：边界值分析• Boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖率• Boundary value testing：边界值测试• Branch：分支• Branch condition：分支条件• Branch condition combination coverage：分支条件组合覆盖率• Branch condition combination testing：分支条件组合测试• Branch condition coverage：分支条件覆盖率• Branch coverage：分支覆盖率• Branch testing：分支测试• Bug：缺陷• Business process-based testing：基于商业流程的测试C• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ：能力成熟度模型• Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ：集成能力成熟度模型• Capture/playback tool：捕获/回放工具• Capture/replay tool：捕获/重放工具• CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) ：电脑辅助软件工程• CAST (Computer Aided Software Testing) ：电脑辅助软件测试• Cause-effect graph：因果图• Cause-effect graphing：因果图技术• Cause-effect analysis：因果分析• Cause-effect decision table：因果判定表• Certification：认证• Changeability：可变性• Change control：变更控制• Change control board：变更控制委员会• Checker：检查人员• Chow's coverage metrics (N-switch coverage) ：N 切换覆盖率• Classification tree method：分类树方法• Code analyzer：代码分析器• Code coverage：代码覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Code-based testing：基于代码的测试• Co-existence：共存性• Commercial off-the-shelf software：商用离岸软件• Comparator：比较器• Compatibility testing：兼容性测试• Compiler：编译器• Complete testing：完全测试/穷尽测试• Completion criteria：完成标准• Complexity：复杂性• Compliance：一致性• Compliance testing：一致性测试• Component：组件• Component integration testing：组件集成测试• Component specification：组件规格说明• Component testing：组件测试• Compound condition：组合条件• Concrete test case (low level test case) ：详细测试用例• Concurrency testing：并发测试• Condition：条件表达式• Condition combination coverage：条件组合覆盖率• Condition coverage：条件覆盖率• Condition determination coverage：条件判定覆盖率• Condition determination testing：条件判定测试• Condition testing：条件测试• Condition outcome：条件结果• Confidence test (smoke test) ：信心测试（冒烟测试）• Configuration：配置• Configuration auditing：配置审核• Configuration control：配置控制• Configuration control board (CCB) ：配置控制委员会• Configuration identification：配置标识• Configuration item：配置项• Configuration management：配置管理• Configuration testing：配置测试• Confirmation testing：确认测试• Conformance testing：一致性测试• Consistency：一致性• Control flow：控制流• Control flow graph：控制流图• Control flow path：控制流路径• Conversion testing：转换测试• COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf software) ：商业离岸软件• Coverage：覆盖率• Coverage analysis：覆盖率分析领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Coverage item：覆盖项• Coverage tool：覆盖率工具• Custom software：定制软件• Cyclomatic complexity：圈复杂度• Cyclomatic number：圈数D• Daily build：每日构建• Data definition：数据定义• Data driven testing：数据驱动测试• Data flow：数据流• Data flow analysis：数据流分析• Data flow coverage：数据流覆盖率• Data flow test：数据流测试• Data integrity testing：数据完整性测试• Database integrity testing：数据库完整性测试• Dead code：无效代码• Debugger：调试器• Debugging：调试• Debugging tool：调试工具• Decision：判定• Decision condition coverage：判定条件覆盖率• Decision condition testing：判定条件测试• Decision coverage：判定覆盖率• Decision table：判定表• Decision table testing：判定表测试• Decision testing：判定测试技术• Decision outcome：判定结果• Defect：缺陷• Defect density：缺陷密度• Defect Detection Percentage (DDP) ：缺陷发现率• Defect management：缺陷管理• Defect management tool：缺陷管理工具• Defect masking：缺陷屏蔽• Defect report：缺陷报告• Defect tracking tool：缺陷跟踪工具• Definition-use pair：定义-使用对• Deliverable：交付物• Design-based testing：基于设计的测试• Desk checking：桌面检查领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Development testing：开发测试• Deviation：偏差• Deviation report：偏差报告• Dirty testing：负面测试• Documentation testing：文档测试• Domain：域• Driver：驱动程序• Dynamic analysis：动态分析• Dynamic analysis tool：动态分析工具• Dynamic comparison：动态比较• Dynamic testing：动态测试E• Efficiency：效率• Efficiency testing：效率测试• Elementary comparison testing：基本组合测试• Emulator：仿真器、仿真程序• Entry criteria：入口标准• Entry point：入口点• Equivalence class：等价类• Equivalence partition：等价区间• Equivalence partition coverage：等价区间覆盖率• Equivalence partitioning：等价划分技术• Error：错误• Error guessing：错误猜测技术• Error seeding：错误撒播• Error tolerance：错误容限• Evaluation：评估• Exception handling：异常处理• Executable statement：可执行的语句• Exercised：可执行的• Exhaustive testing：穷尽测试• Exit criteria：出口标准• Exit point：出口点• Expected outcome：预期结果• Expected result：预期结果• Exploratory testing：探测测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Fail：失败• Failure：失败• Failure mode：失败模式• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) ：失败模式和影响分析• Failure rate：失败频率• Fault：缺陷• Fault density：缺陷密度• Fault Detection Percentage (FDP) ：缺陷发现率• Fault masking：缺陷屏蔽• Fault tolerance：缺陷容限• Fault tree analysis：缺陷树分析• Feature：特征• Field testing：现场测试• Finite state machine：有限状态机• Finite state testing：有限状态测试• Formal review：正式评审• Frozen test basis：测试基线• Function Point Analysis (FPA) ：功能点分析• Functional integration：功能集成• Functional requirement：功能需求• Functional test design technique：功能测试设计技术• Functional testing：功能测试• Functionality：功能性• Functionality testing：功能性测试G• glass box testing：白盒测试H• Heuristic evaluation：启发式评估• High level test case：概要测试用例• Horizontal traceability：水平跟踪领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Impact analysis：影响分析• Incremental development model：增量开发模型• Incremental testing：增量测试• Incident：事件• Incident management：事件管理• Incident management tool：事件管理工具• Incident report：事件报告• Independence：独立• Infeasible path：不可行路径• Informal review：非正式评审• Input：输入• Input domain：输入范围• Input value：输入值• Inspection：审查• Inspection leader：审查组织者• Inspector：审查人员• Installability：可安装性• Installability testing：可安装性测试• Installation guide：安装指南• Installation wizard：安装向导• Instrumentation：插装• Instrumenter：插装工具• Intake test：入口测试• Integration：集成• Integration testing：集成测试• Integration testing in the large：大范围集成测试• Integration testing in the small：小范围集成测试• Interface testing：接口测试• Interoperability：互通性• Interoperability testing：互通性测试• Invalid testing：无效性测试• Isolation testing：隔离测试• Item transmittal report：版本发布报告• Iterative development model：迭代开发模型K• Key performance indicator：关键绩效指标领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Keyword driven testing：关键字驱动测试L• Learnability：易学性• Level test plan：等级测试计划• Link testing：组件集成测试• Load testing：负载测试• Logic-coverage testing：逻辑覆盖测试• Logic-driven testing：逻辑驱动测试• Logical test case：逻辑测试用例• Low level test case：详细测试用例M• Maintenance：维护• Maintenance testing：维护测试• Maintainability：可维护性• Maintainability testing：可维护性测试• Management review：管理评审• Master test plan：综合测试计划• Maturity：成熟度• Measure：度量• Measurement：度量• Measurement scale：度量粒度• Memory leak：内存泄漏• Metric：度量• Migration testing：移植测试• Milestone：里程碑• Mistake：错误• Moderator：仲裁员• Modified condition decision coverage：改进的条件判定覆盖率• Modified condition decision testing：改进的条件判定测试• Modified multiple condition coverage：改进的多重条件判定覆盖率• Modified multiple condition testing：改进的多重条件判定测试• Module：模块• Module testing：模块测试• Monitor：监视器• Multiple condition：多重条件• Multiple condition coverage：多重条件覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Multiple condition testing：多重条件测试• Mutation analysis：变化分析• Mutation testing：变化测试N• N-switch coverage：N 切换覆盖率• N-switch testing：N 切换测试• Negative testing：负面测试• Non-conformity：不一致• Non-functional requirement：非功能需求• Non-functional testing：非功能测试• Non-functional test design techniques：非功能测试设计技术O• Off-the-shelf software：离岸软件• Operability：可操作性• Operational environment：操作环境• Operational profile testing：运行剖面测试• Operational testing：操作测试• Oracle：标准• Outcome：输出/结果• Output：输出• Output domain：输出范围• Output value：输出值P• Pair programming：结队编程• Pair testing：结队测试• Partition testing：分割测试• Pass：通过• Pass/fail criteria：通过/失败标准• Path：路径• Path coverage：路径覆盖• Path sensitizing：路径敏感性• Path testing：路径测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Peer review：同行评审• Performance：性能• Performance indicator：绩效指标• Performance testing：性能测试• Performance testing tool：性能测试工具• Phase test plan：阶段测试计划• Portability：可移植性• Portability testing：移植性测试• Postcondition：结果条件• Post-execution comparison：运行后比较• Precondition：初始条件• Predicted outcome：预期结果• Pretest：预测试• Priority：优先级• Probe effect：检测成本• Problem：问题• Problem management：问题管理• Problem report：问题报告• Process：流程• Process cycle test：处理周期测试• Product risk：产品风险• Project：项目• Project risk：项目风险• Program instrumenter：编程工具• Program testing：程序测试• Project test plan：项目测试计划• Pseudo-random：伪随机Q• Quality：质量• Quality assurance：质量保证• Quality attribute：质量属性• Quality characteristic：质量特征• Quality management：质量管理领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Random testing：随机测试• Recorder：记录员• Record/playback tool：记录/回放工具• Recoverability：可复原性• Recoverability testing：可复原性测试• Recovery testing：可复原性测试• Regression testing：回归测试• Regulation testing：一致性测试• Release note：版本说明• Reliability：可靠性• Reliability testing：可靠性测试• Replaceability：可替换性• Requirement：需求• Requirements-based testing：基于需求的测试• Requirements management tool：需求管理工具• Requirements phase：需求阶段• Resource utilization：资源利用• Resource utilization testing：资源利用测试• Result：结果• Resumption criteria：继续测试标准• Re-testing：再测试• Review：评审• Reviewer：评审人员• Review tool：评审工具• Risk：风险• Risk analysis：风险分析• Risk-based testing：基于风险的测试• Risk control：风险控制• Risk identification：风险识别• Risk management：风险管理• Risk mitigation：风险消减• Robustness：健壮性• Robustness testing：健壮性测试• Root cause：根本原因S• Safety：安全领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Safety testing：安全性测试• Sanity test：健全测试• Scalability：可测量性• Scalability testing：可测量性测试• Scenario testing：情景测试• Scribe：记录员• Scripting language：脚本语言• Security：安全性• Security testing：安全性测试• Serviceability testing：可维护性测试• Severity：严重性• Simulation：仿真• Simulator：仿真程序、仿真器• Site acceptance testing：定点验收测试• Smoke test：冒烟测试• Software：软件• Software feature：软件功能• Software quality：软件质量• Software quality characteristic：软件质量特征• Software test incident：软件测试事件• Software test incident report：软件测试事件报告• Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) ：软件可用性调查问卷• Source statement：源语句• Specification：规格说明• Specification-based testing：基于规格说明的测试• Specification-based test design technique：基于规格说明的测试设计技术• Specified input：特定输入• Stability：稳定性• Standard software：标准软件• Standards testing：标准测试• State diagram：状态图• State table：状态表• State transition：状态迁移• State transition testing：状态迁移测试• Statement：语句• Statement coverage：语句覆盖• Statement testing：语句测试• Static analysis：静态分析• Static analysis tool：静态分析工具• Static analyzer：静态分析工具• Static code analysis：静态代码分析• Static code analyzer：静态代码分析工具• Static testing：静态测试• Statistical testing：统计测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Status accounting：状态统计• Storage：资源利用• Storage testing：资源利用测试• Stress testing：压力测试• Structure-based techniques：基于结构的技术• Structural coverage：结构覆盖• Structural test design technique：结构测试设计技术• Structural testing：基于结构的测试• Structured walkthrough：面向结构的走查• Stub: 桩• Subpath: 子路径• Suitability: 符合性• Suspension criteria: 暂停标准• Syntax testing: 语法测试• System:系统• System integration testing：系统集成测试• System testing：系统测试T• Technical review：技术评审• Test：测试• Test approach：测试方法• Test automation：测试自动化• Test basis：测试基础• Test bed：测试环境• Test case：测试用例• Test case design technique：测试用例设计技术• Test case specification：测试用例规格说明• Test case suite：测试用例套• Test charter：测试宪章• Test closure：测试结束• Test comparator：测试比较工具• Test comparison：测试比较• Test completion criteria：测试比较标准• Test condition：测试条件• Test control：测试控制• Test coverage：测试覆盖率• Test cycle：测试周期• Test data：测试数据• Test data preparation tool：测试数据准备工具领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Test design：测试设计• Test design specification：测试设计规格说明• Test design technique：测试设计技术• Test design tool: 测试设计工具• Test driver: 测试驱动程序• Test driven development: 测试驱动开发• Test environment: 测试环境• Test evaluation report: 测试评估报告• Test execution: 测试执行• Test execution automation: 测试执行自动化• Test execution phase: 测试执行阶段• Test execution schedule: 测试执行进度表• Test execution technique: 测试执行技术• Test execution tool: 测试执行工具• Test fail: 测试失败• Test generator: 测试生成工具• Test leader:测试负责人• Test harness：测试组件• Test incident：测试事件• Test incident report：测试事件报告• Test infrastructure：测试基础组织• Test input：测试输入• Test item：测试项• Test item transmittal report：测试项移交报告• Test level：测试等级• Test log：测试日志• Test logging：测试记录• Test manager：测试经理• Test management：测试管理• Test management tool：测试管理工具• Test Maturity Model (TMM) ：测试成熟度模型• Test monitoring：测试跟踪• Test object：测试对象• Test objective：测试目的• Test oracle：测试标准• Test outcome：测试结果• Test pass：测试通过• Test performance indicator：测试绩效指标• Test phase：测试阶段• Test plan：测试计划• Test planning：测试计划• Test policy：测试方针• Test Point Analysis (TPA) ：测试点分析• Test procedure：测试过程领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Test procedure specification：测试过程规格说明• Test process：测试流程• Test Process Improvement (TPI) ：测试流程改进• Test record：测试记录• Test recording：测试记录• Test reproduceability：测试可重现性• Test report：测试报告• Test requirement：测试需求• Test run：测试运行• Test run log：测试运行日志• Test result：测试结果• Test scenario：测试场景• Test script：测试脚本• Test set：测试集• Test situation：测试条件• Test specification：测试规格说明• Test specification technique：测试规格说明技术• Test stage：测试阶段• Test strategy：测试策略• Test suite：测试套• Test summary report：测试总结报告• Test target：测试目标• Test tool：测试工具• Test type：测试类型• Testability：可测试性• Testability review：可测试性评审• Testable requirements：需求可测试性• Tester：测试人员• Testing：测试• Testware：测试组件• Thread testing：组件集成测试• Time behavior：性能• Top-down testing：自顶向下的测试• Traceability：可跟踪性U• Understandability：易懂性• Unit：单元• unit testing：单元测试• Unreachable code：执行不到的代码领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Usability：易用性• Usability testing：易用性测试• Use case：用户用例• Use case testing：用户用例测试• User acceptance testing：用户验收测试• User scenario testing：用户场景测试• User test：用户测试V• V -model：V 模式• Validation：确认• Variable：变量• Verification：验证• Vertical traceability：垂直可跟踪性• Version control：版本控制• Volume testing：容量测试W• Walkthrough：走查• White-box test design technique：白盒测试设计技术• White-box testing：白盒测试• Wide Band Delphi：Delphi 估计方法。
什么是PeerReview
什么是PeerReview在这周的学习中，我们学习了Peer Review，并以⼩组的形式⼀块对⼀份项⽬介绍开发书进⾏了评审。
那么什么是Peer Review呢？同⾏评审（Peer review，在某些领域亦称Refereeing），或译为同侪审查，是⼀种学术成果审查程序，即⼀位作者的学术著作或计划被同⼀领域的其他专家学者评审。
⼀般学术出版单位主要以同⾏评审的⽅法来选择与筛选所投送的稿件录取与否，⽽学术研究资⾦提供机构，也⼴泛以同⾏评审的⽅式来决定研究是否授予资⾦、奖⾦等。
The division of Review stageØ(1) System analysis and designØ(2) Software requirement analysisØ(3) System outline designØ(4) Software detailed designØ(5) Coding and unit testØ(6) Software component testØ(7) Software configuration testØ(8) Software system testØ(9) System acceptanceThe organizational form of PR技术评审（Technical review ）正规检视（Formal Inspection）⾛读（Walkthroughs）管理评审（Management Review）The general process of PRRoles of participantsØModerator （主持⼈）ØInspectors （评审员）ØAuthor （作者）ØReader （讲解员）ØRecorder （书记员）按照以上步骤，我们⼩组五⼈：潘博、苏志华、周正、张洲源、李海杰对停车场管理系统开发说明书进⾏了评审，共总结出15项缺点和不⾜。
软件测试英语术语+缩写
软件测试常用英语词汇静态测试：Non-Execution-Based Testing或Static testing 代码走查：Walkthrough代码审查：Code Inspection技术评审：Review动态测试：Execution-Based Testing白盒测试：White-Box Testing黑盒测试：Black-Box Testing灰盒测试：Gray-Box Testing软件质量保证SQA：Software Quality Assurance软件开发生命周期：Software Development Life Cycle冒烟测试：Smoke Test回归测试：Regression Test功能测试：Function Testing性能测试：Performance Testing压力测试：Stress Testing负载测试：Volume Testing易用性测试：Usability Testing安装测试：Installation Testing界面测试：UI Testing配置测试：Configuration Testing文档测试：Documentation Testing兼容性测试：Compatibility Testing安全性测试：Security Testing恢复测试：Recovery Testing单元测试：Unit Test集成测试：Integration Test系统测试：System Test验收测试：Acceptance Test测试计划应包括：测试对象：The Test Objectives测试范围： The Test Scope测试策略： The Test Strategy测试方法： The Test Approach,测试过程： The test procedures,测试环境： The Test Environment,测试完成标准：The test Completion criteria测试用例：The Test Cases测试进度表：The Test Schedules风险：Risks接口：Interface最终用户：The End User正式的测试环境：Formal Test Environment确认需求：Verifying The Requirements有分歧的需求：Ambiguous Requirements运行和维护：Operation and Maintenance.可复用性：Reusability可靠性： Reliability/Availability电机电子工程师协会IEEE：The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 正确性：Correctness实用性：Utility健壮性：Robustness可靠性：Reliability软件需求规格说明书：SRS （software requirement specification ）概要设计：HLD （high level design ）详细设计：LLD （low level design ）统一开发流程：RUP （rational unified process ）集成产品开发：IPD （integrated product development ）能力成熟模型：CMM （capability maturity model ）能力成熟模型集成：CMMI （capability maturity model integration ）戴明环：PDCA （plan do check act ）软件工程过程组：SEPG （software engineering process group ）集成测试：IT （integration testing ）系统测试：ST （system testing ）关键过程域：KPA （key process area ）同行评审：PR （peer review ）用户验收测试：UAT （user acceptance testing ）验证和确认：V&V （verification & validation ）控制变更委员会：CCB （change control board ）图形用户界面：GUI （graphic user interface ）配置管理员：CMO （configuration management officer ）平均失效间隔时间：（MTBF mean time between failures ）平均修复时间：MTTR （mean time to restoration ）平均失效时间：MTTF （mean time to failure ）工作任务书：SOW （statement of work ）α测试：alpha testingβ测试：beta testing适应性：Adaptability可用性：Availability功能规格说明书：Functional Specification软件开发中常见英文缩写和各类软件开发文档的英文缩写：英文简写文档名称MRD market requirement document （市场需求文档）PRD product requirement document （产品需求文档）SOW 工作任务说明书PHB Process Handbook (项目过程手册)EST Estimation Sheet (估计记录)PPL Project Plan (项目计划)CMP Software Management Plan( 配置管理计划)QAP Software Quality Assurance Plan （软件质量保证计划）RMP Software Risk Management Plan （软件风险管理计划）TST Test Strategy（测试策略）WBS Work Breakdown Structure （工作分解结构）BRS Business Requirement Specification(业务需求说明书)SRS Software Requirement Specification(软件需求说明书)STP System Testing plan (系统测试计划)STC System Testing Cases （系统测试用例）HLD High Level Design (概要设计说明书)ITP Integration Testing plan (集成测试计划)ITC Integration Testing Cases （集成测试用例）LLD Low Level Design (详细设计说明书)UTP Unit Testing Plan ( 单元测试计划)UTC Unit Testing Cases （单元测试用例）UTR Unit Testing Report （单元测试报告）ITR Integration Testing Report （集成测试报告）STR System Testing Report （系统测试报告）RTM Requirements Traceability Matrix (需求跟踪矩阵)CSA Configuration Status Accounting （配置状态发布）CRF Change Request Form （变更申请表）WSR Weekly Status Report （项目周报）QSR Quality Weekly Status Report （质量工作周报）QAR Quality Audit Report(质量检查报告)QCL Quality Check List(质量检查表)PAR Phase Assessment Report （阶段评估报告）CLR Closure Report （项目总结报告）RFF Review Finding Form (评审发现表)MOM Minutes of Meeting （会议纪要）MTX Metrics Sheet （度量表）CCF ConsistanceCheckForm（一致性检查表）BAF Baseline Audit Form（基线审计表）PTF Program Trace Form（问题跟踪表）领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /软件测试中英文对照术语表A• Abstract test case (High level test case) ：概要测试用例• Acceptance：验收• Acceptance criteria：验收标准• Acceptance testing：验收测试• Accessibility testing：易用性测试• Accuracy：精确性• Actual outcome (actual result) ：实际输出/实际结果• Ad hoc review (informal review) ：非正式评审• Ad hoc testing：随机测试• Adaptability：自适应性• Agile testing：敏捷测试• Algorithm test (branch testing) ：分支测试• Alpha testing：alpha 测试• Analyzability：易分析性• Analyzer：分析员• Anomaly：异常• Arc testing：分支测试• Attractiveness：吸引力• Audit：审计• Audit trail：审计跟踪• Automated testware：自动测试组件• Availability：可用性B• Back-to-back testing：对比测试• Baseline：基线• Basic block：基本块• Basis test set：基本测试集• Bebugging：错误撒播• Behavior：行为• Benchmark test：基准测试• Bespoke software：定制的软件• Best practice：最佳实践• Beta testing：Beta 测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Big-bang testing：集成测试• Black-box technique：黑盒技术• Black-box testing：黑盒测试• Black-box test design technique：黑盒测试设计技术• Blocked test case：被阻塞的测试用例• Bottom-up testing：自底向上测试• Boundary value：边界值• Boundary value analysis：边界值分析• Boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖率• Boundary value testing：边界值测试• Branch：分支• Branch condition：分支条件• Branch condition combination coverage：分支条件组合覆盖率• Branch condition combination testing：分支条件组合测试• Branch condition coverage：分支条件覆盖率• Branch coverage：分支覆盖率• Branch testing：分支测试• Bug：缺陷• Business process-based testing：基于商业流程的测试C• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ：能力成熟度模型• Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ：集成能力成熟度模型• Capture/playback tool：捕获/回放工具• Capture/replay tool：捕获/重放工具• CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) ：电脑辅助软件工程• CAST (Computer Aided Software Testing) ：电脑辅助软件测试• Cause-effect graph：因果图• Cause-effect graphing：因果图技术• Cause-effect analysis：因果分析• Cause-effect decision table：因果判定表• Certification：认证• Changeability：可变性• Change control：变更控制• Change control board：变更控制委员会• Checker：检查人员• Chow's coverage metrics (N-switch coverage) ：N 切换覆盖率• Classification tree method：分类树方法• Code analyzer：代码分析器• Code coverage：代码覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Code-based testing：基于代码的测试• Co-existence：共存性• Commercial off-the-shelf software：商用离岸软件• Comparator：比较器• Compatibility testing：兼容性测试• Compiler：编译器• Complete testing：完全测试/穷尽测试• Completion criteria：完成标准• Complexity：复杂性• Compliance：一致性• Compliance testing：一致性测试• Component：组件• Component integration testing：组件集成测试• Component specification：组件规格说明• Component testing：组件测试• Compound condition：组合条件• Concrete test case (low level test case) ：详细测试用例• Concurrency testing：并发测试• Condition：条件表达式• Condition combination coverage：条件组合覆盖率• Condition coverage：条件覆盖率• Condition determination coverage：条件判定覆盖率• Condition determination testing：条件判定测试• Condition testing：条件测试• Condition outcome：条件结果• Confidence test (smoke test) ：信心测试（冒烟测试）• Configuration：配置• Configuration auditing：配置审核• Configuration control：配置控制• Configuration control board (CCB) ：配置控制委员会• Configuration identification：配置标识• Configuration item：配置项• Configuration management：配置管理• Configuration testing：配置测试• Confirmation testing：确认测试• Conformance testing：一致性测试• Consistency：一致性• Control flow：控制流• Control flow graph：控制流图• Control flow path：控制流路径• Conversion testing：转换测试• COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf software) ：商业离岸软件• Coverage：覆盖率• Coverage analysis：覆盖率分析领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Coverage item：覆盖项• Coverage tool：覆盖率工具• Custom software：定制软件• Cyclomatic complexity：圈复杂度• Cyclomatic number：圈数D• Daily build：每日构建• Data definition：数据定义• Data driven testing：数据驱动测试• Data flow：数据流• Data flow analysis：数据流分析• Data flow coverage：数据流覆盖率• Data flow test：数据流测试• Data integrity testing：数据完整性测试• Database integrity testing：数据库完整性测试• Dead code：无效代码• Debugger：调试器• Debugging：调试• Debugging tool：调试工具• Decision：判定• Decision condition coverage：判定条件覆盖率• Decision condition testing：判定条件测试• Decision coverage：判定覆盖率• Decision table：判定表• Decision table testing：判定表测试• Decision testing：判定测试技术• Decision outcome：判定结果• Defect：缺陷• Defect density：缺陷密度• Defect Detection Percentage (DDP) ：缺陷发现率• Defect management：缺陷管理• Defect management tool：缺陷管理工具• Defect masking：缺陷屏蔽• Defect report：缺陷报告• Defect tracking tool：缺陷跟踪工具• Definition-use pair：定义-使用对• Deliverable：交付物• Design-based testing：基于设计的测试• Desk checking：桌面检查领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Development testing：开发测试• Deviation：偏差• Deviation report：偏差报告• Dirty testing：负面测试• Documentation testing：文档测试• Domain：域• Driver：驱动程序• Dynamic analysis：动态分析• Dynamic analysis tool：动态分析工具• Dynamic comparison：动态比较• Dynamic testing：动态测试E• Efficiency：效率• Efficiency testing：效率测试• Elementary comparison testing：基本组合测试• Emulator：仿真器、仿真程序• Entry criteria：入口标准• Entry point：入口点• Equivalence class：等价类• Equivalence partition：等价区间• Equivalence partition coverage：等价区间覆盖率• Equivalence partitioning：等价划分技术• Error：错误• Error guessing：错误猜测技术• Error seeding：错误撒播• Error tolerance：错误容限• Evaluation：评估• Exception handling：异常处理• Executable statement：可执行的语句• Exercised：可执行的• Exhaustive testing：穷尽测试• Exit criteria：出口标准• Exit point：出口点• Expected outcome：预期结果• Expected result：预期结果• Exploratory testing：探测测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /F• Fail：失败• Failure：失败• Failure mode：失败模式• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) ：失败模式和影响分析• Failure rate：失败频率• Fault：缺陷• Fault density：缺陷密度• Fault Detection Percentage (FDP) ：缺陷发现率• Fault masking：缺陷屏蔽• Fault tolerance：缺陷容限• Fault tree analysis：缺陷树分析• Feature：特征• Field testing：现场测试• Finite state machine：有限状态机• Finite state testing：有限状态测试• Formal review：正式评审• Frozen test basis：测试基线• Function Point Analysis (FPA) ：功能点分析• Functional integration：功能集成• Functional requirement：功能需求• Functional test design technique：功能测试设计技术• Functional testing：功能测试• Functionality：功能性• Functionality testing：功能性测试G• glass box testing：白盒测试H• Heuristic evaluation：启发式评估• High level test case：概要测试用例• Horizontal traceability：水平跟踪领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /I• Impact analysis：影响分析• Incremental development model：增量开发模型• Incremental testing：增量测试• Incident：事件• Incident management：事件管理• Incident management tool：事件管理工具• Incident report：事件报告• Independence：独立• Infeasible path：不可行路径• Informal review：非正式评审• Input：输入• Input domain：输入范围• Input value：输入值• Inspection：审查• Inspection leader：审查组织者• Inspector：审查人员• Installability：可安装性• Installability testing：可安装性测试• Installation guide：安装指南• Installation wizard：安装向导• Instrumentation：插装• Instrumenter：插装工具• Intake test：入口测试• Integration：集成• Integration testing：集成测试• Integration testing in the large：大范围集成测试• Integration testing in the small：小范围集成测试• Interface testing：接口测试• Interoperability：互通性• Interoperability testing：互通性测试• Invalid testing：无效性测试• Isolation testing：隔离测试• Item transmittal report：版本发布报告• Iterative development model：迭代开发模型K• Key performance indicator：关键绩效指标领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Keyword driven testing：关键字驱动测试L• Learnability：易学性• Level test plan：等级测试计划• Link testing：组件集成测试• Load testing：负载测试• Logic-coverage testing：逻辑覆盖测试• Logic-driven testing：逻辑驱动测试• Logical test case：逻辑测试用例• Low level test case：详细测试用例M• Maintenance：维护• Maintenance testing：维护测试• Maintainability：可维护性• Maintainability testing：可维护性测试• Management review：管理评审• Master test plan：综合测试计划• Maturity：成熟度• Measure：度量• Measurement：度量• Measurement scale：度量粒度• Memory leak：内存泄漏• Metric：度量• Migration testing：移植测试• Milestone：里程碑• Mistake：错误• Moderator：仲裁员• Modified condition decision coverage：改进的条件判定覆盖率• Modified condition decision testing：改进的条件判定测试• Modified multiple condition coverage：改进的多重条件判定覆盖率• Modified multiple condition testing：改进的多重条件判定测试• Module：模块• Module testing：模块测试• Monitor：监视器• Multiple condition：多重条件• Multiple condition coverage：多重条件覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Multiple condition testing：多重条件测试• Mutation analysis：变化分析• Mutation testing：变化测试N• N-switch coverage：N 切换覆盖率• N-switch testing：N 切换测试• Negative testing：负面测试• Non-conformity：不一致• Non-functional requirement：非功能需求• Non-functional testing：非功能测试• Non-functional test design techniques：非功能测试设计技术O• Off-the-shelf software：离岸软件• Operability：可操作性• Operational environment：操作环境• Operational profile testing：运行剖面测试• Operational testing：操作测试• Oracle：标准• Outcome：输出/结果• Output：输出• Output domain：输出范围• Output value：输出值P• Pair programming：结队编程• Pair testing：结队测试• Partition testing：分割测试• Pass：通过• Pass/fail criteria：通过/失败标准• Path：路径• Path coverage：路径覆盖• Path sensitizing：路径敏感性• Path testing：路径测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 / • Peer review：同行评审• Performance：性能• Performance indicator：绩效指标• Performance testing：性能测试• Performance testing tool：性能测试工具• Phase test plan：阶段测试计划• Portability：可移植性• Portability testing：移植性测试• Postcondition：结果条件• Post-execution comparison：运行后比较• Precondition：初始条件• Predicted outcome：预期结果• Pretest：预测试• Priority：优先级• Probe effect：检测成本• Problem：问题• Problem management：问题管理• Problem report：问题报告• Process：流程• Process cycle test：处理周期测试• Product risk：产品风险• Project：项目• Project risk：项目风险• Program instrumenter：编程工具• Program testing：程序测试• Project test plan：项目测试计划• Pseudo-random：伪随机Q• Quality：质量• Quality assurance：质量保证• Quality attribute：质量属性• Quality characteristic：质量特征• Quality management：质量管理领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /R• Random testing：随机测试• Recorder：记录员• Record/playback tool：记录/回放工具• Recoverability：可复原性• Recoverability testing：可复原性测试• Recovery testing：可复原性测试• Regression testing：回归测试• Regulation testing：一致性测试• Release note：版本说明• Reliability：可靠性• Reliability testing：可靠性测试• Replaceability：可替换性• Requirement：需求• Requirements-based testing：基于需求的测试• Requirements management tool：需求管理工具• Requirements phase：需求阶段• Resource utilization：资源利用• Resource utilization testing：资源利用测试• Result：结果• Resumption criteria：继续测试标准• Re-testing：再测试• Review：评审• Reviewer：评审人员• Review tool：评审工具• Risk：风险• Risk analysis：风险分析• Risk-based testing：基于风险的测试• Risk control：风险控制• Risk identification：风险识别• Risk management：风险管理• Risk mitigation：风险消减• Robustness：健壮性• Robustness testing：健壮性测试• Root cause：根本原因S• Safety：安全领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Safety testing：安全性测试• Sanity test：健全测试• Scalability：可测量性• Scalability testing：可测量性测试• Scenario testing：情景测试• Scribe：记录员• Scripting language：脚本语言• Security：安全性• Security testing：安全性测试• Serviceability testing：可维护性测试• Severity：严重性• Simulation：仿真• Simulator：仿真程序、仿真器• Site acceptance testing：定点验收测试• Smoke test：冒烟测试• Software：软件• Software feature：软件功能• Software quality：软件质量• Software quality characteristic：软件质量特征• Software test incident：软件测试事件• Software test incident report：软件测试事件报告• Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) ：软件可用性调查问卷• Source statement：源语句• Specification：规格说明• Specification-based testing：基于规格说明的测试• Specification-based test design technique：基于规格说明的测试设计技术• Specified input：特定输入• Stability：稳定性• Standard software：标准软件• Standards testing：标准测试• State diagram：状态图• State table：状态表• State transition：状态迁移• State transition testing：状态迁移测试• Statement：语句• Statement coverage：语句覆盖• Statement testing：语句测试• Static analysis：静态分析• Static analysis tool：静态分析工具• Static analyzer：静态分析工具• Static code analysis：静态代码分析• Static code analyzer：静态代码分析工具• Static testing：静态测试• Statistical testing：统计测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Status accounting：状态统计• Storage：资源利用• Storage testing：资源利用测试• Stress testing：压力测试• Structure-based techniques：基于结构的技术• Structural coverage：结构覆盖• Structural test design technique：结构测试设计技术• Structural testing：基于结构的测试• Structured walkthrough：面向结构的走查• Stub: 桩• Subpath: 子路径• Suitability: 符合性• Suspension criteria: 暂停标准• Syntax testing: 语法测试• System:系统• System integration testing：系统集成测试• System testing：系统测试T• Technical review：技术评审• Test：测试• Test approach：测试方法• Test automation：测试自动化• Test basis：测试基础• Test bed：测试环境• Test case：测试用例• Test case design technique：测试用例设计技术• Test case specification：测试用例规格说明• Test case suite：测试用例套• Test charter：测试宪章• Test closure：测试结束• Test comparator：测试比较工具• Test comparison：测试比较• Test completion criteria：测试比较标准• Test condition：测试条件• Test control：测试控制• Test coverage：测试覆盖率• Test cycle：测试周期• Test data：测试数据• Test data preparation tool：测试数据准备工具领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 / • Test design：测试设计• Test design specification：测试设计规格说明• Test design technique：测试设计技术• Test design tool: 测试设计工具• Test driver: 测试驱动程序• Test driven development: 测试驱动开发• Test environment: 测试环境• Test evaluation report: 测试评估报告• Test execution: 测试执行• Test execution automation: 测试执行自动化• Test execution phase: 测试执行阶段• Test execution schedule: 测试执行进度表• Test execution technique: 测试执行技术• Test execution tool: 测试执行工具• Test fail: 测试失败• Test generator: 测试生成工具• Test leader:测试负责人• Test harness：测试组件• Test incident：测试事件• Test incident report：测试事件报告• Test infrastructure：测试基础组织• Test input：测试输入• Test item：测试项• Test item transmittal report：测试项移交报告• Test level：测试等级• Test log：测试日志• Test logging：测试记录• Test manager：测试经理• Test management：测试管理• Test management tool：测试管理工具• Test Maturity Model (TMM) ：测试成熟度模型• Test monitoring：测试跟踪• Test object：测试对象• Test objective：测试目的• Test oracle：测试标准• Test outcome：测试结果• Test pass：测试通过• Test performance indicator：测试绩效指标• Test phase：测试阶段• Test plan：测试计划• Test planning：测试计划• Test policy：测试方针• Test Point Analysis (TPA) ：测试点分析• Test procedure：测试过程领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Test procedure specification：测试过程规格说明• Test process：测试流程• Test Process Improvement (TPI) ：测试流程改进• Test record：测试记录• Test recording：测试记录• Test reproduceability：测试可重现性• Test report：测试报告• Test requirement：测试需求• Test run：测试运行• Test run log：测试运行日志• Test result：测试结果• Test scenario：测试场景• Test script：测试脚本• Test set：测试集• Test situation：测试条件• Test specification：测试规格说明• Test specification technique：测试规格说明技术• Test stage：测试阶段• Test strategy：测试策略• Test suite：测试套• Test summary report：测试总结报告• Test target：测试目标• Test tool：测试工具• Test type：测试类型• Testability：可测试性• Testability review：可测试性评审• Testable requirements：需求可测试性• Tester：测试人员• Testing：测试• Testware：测试组件• Thread testing：组件集成测试• Time behavior：性能• Top-down testing：自顶向下的测试• Traceability：可跟踪性U• Understandability：易懂性• Unit：单元• unit testing：单元测试• Unreachable code：执行不到的代码领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Usability：易用性• Usability testing：易用性测试• Use case：用户用例• Use case testing：用户用例测试• User acceptance testing：用户验收测试• User scenario testing：用户场景测试• User test：用户测试V• V -model：V 模式• Validation：确认• Variable：变量• Verification：验证• Vertical traceability：垂直可跟踪性• Version control：版本控制• Volume testing：容量测试W• Walkthrough：走查• White-box test design technique：白盒测试设计技术• White-box testing：白盒测试• Wide Band Delphi：Delphi 估计方法。
干货,OKR制度实施纲要及细则
欢迎阅读OKR制度实施纲要及细则一、OKR制度的两个典型特征1）在精不在多——因为它是用来明确工作重心的（setone'spriorities）；三、OKRs与KPI的区别§OKRs要可量化的（SMARTOKRs）——与KPI要求相同§OKRs中，最多5个O，每个O最多4个KRs——与KPI要求也一致，只不过KPI一般可以5-8个§公司、团队、个人都有自己的OKRs，而且必须达成一致——与传统KPI类似§OKRs每季度都打分，并且公示——与传统KPI类似§OKRs要是有野心的，有一些挑战的，有些让你不舒服的（按照谷歌的说法，理念四、OKRs体系的优势与疑问相对于传统的KPI方式，OKRs将工作重心从“考核”回归到了“管理”。
以前绩效管理整天围绕着“考核”转，离数字、公式很近，离目标、管理很远；通过OKRs体系的实施，把大家的目光转移到了真正重要的事情上来：1）对于员工而已，OKRs化被动为主动，让员工敢想、敢干。
以前的操作方式，由于直接涉及到利益，目标设定变成上下级斗智斗勇、尔虞我诈的谈判过程，员工有想法也不一定提。
剥离了直接利益因素之后，员工只要认为有利于公司发展，就会“敢为人先”。
人，内容与自评类似，只是要求peers对被评估人进行相对排序，以方便奖金发放。
Review之后会有相应的薪资、奖金调整机制。
很多企业都采取类似的方式，只不过维度上略有差异——有的公司会单独将直接上级单列出来，作为一个重要维度。
类似谷歌等公司之所以没有，是源于相信与其“民主化”的管理理念有关。
当然，也没有一个明确的项目奖金计算“公式”——决定奖金额度的，在于项目的重要程度：奖金不是根据工作量分配，而是依赖于项目的重要程度。
即使你负责一个非常小并且在其他人看来是超乎目前应用水平，或者毫无实际应用的软件产品，但是只要你能证明你的想法正确，那么你的奖金同样数目不菲。
peer review方法 定义
peer review方法定义Peer Review方法定义Peer Review方法是一种学术交流和评估的机制，用以确保学术研究的质量和可信度。
它基于学术界的自律精神和合作伙伴关系，通过同行专家对论文、研究计划或学术著作的评审，以判断其是否符合学术标准并提供改进建议。
理由及重要性1.验证可靠性：Peer Review方法的主要目的是验证学术研究的可靠性和准确性。
通过同行专家的评审，可以排除研究中的错误、偏见或不严谨的方法，从而增加研究的可信度。
2.促进学术进步：通过Peer Review方法，学者可以相互借鉴、学习和提高。
同行专家的建议和批评可以帮助研究者改进论文或研究计划，推动学术进步和创新。
3.保护学术声誉：Peer Review方法可以防止不合格或低质量的研究被发表。
这有助于维护学术期刊的声誉，并确保读者获得高质量的学术信息。
4.提高研究可见性：通过接受Peer Review并发表在学术期刊上，研究可以获得更多的关注和引用。
这有助于研究者在学术界获得声誉和机会。
书籍推荐•[《Handbook of Scholarly Writing and Publishing》]( （作者：Timothy J. Pans）•[《The Oxford Handbook of Peer Review andPublication》]( （作者：Unknown）以上书籍提供了丰富的关于Peer Review方法的定义、历史和实践指南。
它们详细介绍了同行评审的重要性、流程和标准，并提供了如何进行有效评审的技巧和策略。
这些书籍还涵盖了学术写作、学术出版和学术交流等相关主题，适合那些希望更深入了解Peer Review方法的学者和研究人员。
以上是关于Peer Review方法的定义及相关书籍推荐的整理。
通过Peer Review方法，学术界可以更好地保证研究的可靠性和可信度，促进学术进步和创新。
这一评估机制的有效运用有助于维护学术声誉和提高研究的可见性。
英语作文同伴互评表
Peer Review Sheet for English Essays: A Toolfor Enhancing LearningIn the world of academic writing, peer review is an essential component of the learning process. It involves students critically analyzing and evaluating each other's work, providing feedback that can lead to improvements in content, structure, and language use. The peer review sheet for English essays serves as a guide for this process, ensuring that feedback is focused, constructive, and useful. The peer review sheet typically includes several sections, each designed to target a different aspect of the essay. The first section might focus on the overall quality of the writing, evaluating factors such as clarity, coherence, and grammar. This allows students to identify areas where their language skills might need improvementand to gain a better understanding of how to craft more effective sentences.The second section of the peer review sheet typically deals with the content of the essay. Here, peers evaluate whether the essay addresses the prompt adequately, provides evidence to support its claims, and demonstrates a logicalflow of ideas. This feedback helps writers to identify any gaps in their argumentation and to consider how they can more effectively convey their ideas.The third section of the peer review sheet often focuses on the structure of the essay. This involves examining whether the essay has a clear introduction, body paragraphs that build towards a conclusion, and a concluding paragraph that ties everything together. By evaluating these aspects, peers can help writers to develop a more organized and coherent structure for their essays. In addition to these main sections, the peer review sheet may also include spaces for specific comments or suggestions. This allows peers to provide more detailed feedback on individual aspects of the essay that they found particularly noteworthy or that they think could be improved upon.The benefits of using a peer review sheet for English essays are numerous. Firstly, it helps to foster a culture of collaboration and learning within the classroom. By sharing their work with peers and receiving feedback,students learn to appreciate the value of working together and to see their own writing in a new light.Secondly, peer review can help to improve students' writing skills. By analyzing and evaluating their peers' work, students gain a better understanding of what makes effective writing and can apply these insights to their own writing. They also learn to be more critical readers, ableto identify strengths and weaknesses in their own andothers' work.Finally, the peer review process can boost students' confidence. Receiving positive feedback from peers can be鼓励性的, helping writers to feel more secure in their abilities and more willing to take risks in their writing. Even constructive criticism can be valuable, as it provides opportunities for growth and improvement.In conclusion, the peer review sheet for English essays is a valuable tool that can enhance the learning process in academic writing. By providing a structured framework for feedback, it helps students to improve their writing skills, develop a more critical eye, and build confidence in theirabilities. As such, it should be a key component of any academic writing course.**同伴互评表在英语作文中的应用：提升学习的有力工具** 在英语学术写作的世界里，同伴互评是学习过程中不可或缺的一部分。
英语作文同伴互评表
Peer Review Sheet for English CompositionPeer review is an essential part of the learning process, especially in the context of writing. It not only helps us improve our writing skills but also enhances our understanding of the subject matter. The peer review sheet for English composition serves as a guide for students to provide constructive feedback to their peers, ensuring that the writing process is both effective and fruitful.**Structure and Content*** **Introduction**: The introduction should be clearand concise, immediately setting the tone and direction of the essay. It should effectively introduce the topic and provide a brief overview of the main points to be discussed. * **Body Paragraphs**: Each body paragraph should have a clear topic sentence followed by supporting evidence or examples. Transitions between paragraphs should be smooth, ensuring that the flow of the essay remains coherent. ***Conclusion**: The conclusion should sum up the mainpoints of the essay and leave a lasting impression on the reader. It should not introduce any new ideas or arguments.**Language and Grammar*** **Vocabulary**: A range of vocabulary should be used appropriately to convey the ideas effectively. Avoid repeating the same words or phrases excessively. ***Grammar**: Correct grammar is crucial in writing. Sentences should be structured correctly, with appropriate punctuation and tense usage. * **Style**: The writing style should be appropriate to the target audience and the purpose of the essay. Avoid using colloquial or informal language.**Content Evaluation*** **Relevance**: The content of the essay should be relevant to the topic. Ensure that all ideas and examples are directly related to the main argument. * **LogicalFlow**: The essay should have a logical flow, with ideas and examples supporting the main argument. Avoid introducing irrelevant or tangential information. ***Critical Analysis**: The essay should include a critical analysis of the topic, discussing both sides of the argument and providing a balanced perspective.**Recommendations for Improvement*** **Clarity**: If any part of the essay is unclear or ambiguous, suggest ways to improve clarity and make the ideas more accessible to the reader. * **Evidence and Examples**: If the essay lacks sufficient evidence or examples to support the main argument, suggest adding relevant information or sources. * **Structure**: If the structure of the essay seems disorganized or incoherent, suggest ways to improve the flow and coherence of the writing.Peer review is a mutual learning process that benefits both the writer and the reviewer. By providing constructive feedback and suggestions for improvement, we can help each other become better writers and thinkers. The peer review sheet for English composition serves as a valuable tool in this process, guiding us towards more effective and engaging writing.**英语作文同伴互评表**在英语学习中，同伴互评是一个至关重要的环节，特别是在写作方面。
初中生英语作文互评表
初中生英语作文互评表In the realm of language learning, the process of peer review is an invaluable tool for students to enhance their writing skills. Especially in the context of English composition writing for junior high school students, the implementation of an English essay peer review sheet not only serves as a guide for students to evaluate theirpeers' work but also acts as a mirror for them to reflect on their own writing abilities.**一、互评表的应用**The application of the peer review sheet begins with the clear guidelines it provides. Students are able to follow a structured framework that encourages them to delve into various aspects of the composition, such as content, language use, and organization. This structured approach ensures that the feedback given is not only comprehensive but also focused, enabling students to identify areas where they excel and where they need improvement.For instance, when evaluating content, students are prompted to consider if the ideas are clear, relevant, andsupported by examples. This encourages them to think critically about the depth and quality of the information presented in the essay. Similarly, when assessing language use, they are guided to look for accuracy, variety, and clarity of vocabulary and sentence structure. This helps them to refine their language skills and make their writing more engaging.**二、互评表的意义**The significance of the peer review sheet lies in its ability to foster a learning environment that is both collaborative and reflective. Through peer review, students learn to appreciate the diversity of thoughts and expressions while also gaining a new perspective on their own writing. This collaborative learning experience cultivates a sense of community within the classroom, encouraging students to support and learn from each other. Moreover, the peer review sheet acts as a catalyst for self-reflection. As students evaluate their peers' work, they are also forced to consider their own writing practices. This self-reflection helps them to identifyareas where they need to improve and激励他们更加努力地提升自己的英语写作能力。
文章投稿后该如何向期刊催稿
文章投稿后该如何向期刊催稿文章发表对于科研工作者，包括医生，重要性可谓不言而喻。
从申请课题项目基金，到找工作、评定职称，所发表文章的质量和数量都起着关键性的作用。
而投稿到某个期刊之后，如果比较长的时间都没有收到回应，该不该写信去催稿呢？要回答这个问题，让我们先来看一看期刊审稿的大致过程。
这里我们所说的是peer-reviewed journals（同行评审期刊），基本上所有质量比较好、影响力比较高，或者说影响因子（impact factor，即IF）比较高的英文期刊，都属于这一类型。
在一个peer-reviewed journal的审稿过程中，关键人物有三类：作者、期刊编辑和评审人（reviewer）。
作者把稿件投递到期刊，第一站到达的是期刊编辑。
期刊编辑一般拥有博士学位、具有一定的科学素养。
对于一篇稿件，编辑通过阅读cover letter和稿件本身，能够对文章的大致水平有一个了解。
如果一篇稿件的质量太差，或者和本期刊的刊登内容范围相去甚远，编辑有所谓desk rejection的权力。
也就是说，经过编辑本人的判断，认为此篇文章不适合发表，直接拒掉。
这是属于比较悲催的情况。
这种情况下，期刊编辑会直接写信回复作者，通知结果。
所以，不存在无限等待的问题。
我们大家比较经常经历的是下面第二种情形。
期刊编辑阅读稿件之后，认为可以送给reviewer（评审人）评审，然后通过评审人的意见，再决定是否拒稿、通知作者改稿、或直接采纳稿件。
请注意，评审人的意见在决定一篇稿件是否最终被采纳的问题上才是最最重要的，除了desk rejection，期刊编辑的所有决定都取决于评审人的评审意见。
评审人是些什么人呢？有些朋友有个认识上的误区，以为评审人是期刊的雇员。
其实不然，评审人本身和期刊没有任何关系。
期刊编辑通过稿件的内容，把稿件发给自己觉得合适的相同行业的专家（即评审人），比如各个大学或者研究机构的教授、医院的医生。
作文批改讲解教案模板
作文批改讲解教案模板Lesson Plan for Essay Critique。
Grade Level: [Grade Level]Subject: English Language Arts。
Topic: Essay Critique。
Objectives:Students will be able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of an essay.Students will be able to provide constructive criticism to improve the essay.Students will be able to apply the principles of effective writing to their own writing.Materials:Student essays。
Peer review sheets。
Rubrics。
Computers or writing paper。
Procedure:1. Introduction (5 minutes)。
Begin by introducing the concept of essay critique.Explain that critique is a process of examining a written work to identify its strengths and weaknesses.Emphasize that the purpose of critique is not to find fault, but to help the writer improve their work.2. Model Essay (10 minutes)。
Distribute a model essay to students.Ask students to read the essay carefully and identify its strengths and weaknesses.Discuss the essay as a class, focusing on specific examples of effective and ineffective writing.3. Peer Review (20 minutes)。