抗生素英文介绍ppt课件
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--抗生素(英文PPT)
Bacteroides
Enterococcus
Pseudomonas
Staphylococcus
Haemophilus Neisseria
E.coli Other coliforms
Coventry and Warwickshire Pathology
Gram Positives vs Gram Negatives
– Glycopeptides
• Vancomycin, (Teicoplanin) IV
– Tetracyclines
• Doxycycline PO
– Others
• Trimethoprim, Nitrofurantoin PO • Rifampicin, Clindamycin PO/IV • Ciprofloxacin PO
Antibiotics
James Clayton Consultant Microbiologist
Coventry and Warwickshire Pathology
Antibiotic groups
• β-Lactams
– Penicillins
• Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Flucloxacillin PO/IV
Streptococci
• Group A streptococci
– Skin & soft tissue infection – Necrotising fasciitis – Tonsillitis – Toxic shock, sepsis
• Group B streptococci
– Neonatal infection, UTI
Pseudomonas
头孢菌素类抗生素(英文PPT)Cephalosporin Antibiotics
IM/IV use only, adjust dose as a function of creatinine clearance with 80% excreted renally unchanged, 86% protein bound
1st Generation Cephalosporins
OH
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
C H3
C O2H
Indications: UTI, pharyngitis and tonsillitis due to group A b-hemolytic Streptococcus, skin and skin structure infections.
Gram(+) aerobic bacteria - limited Gram(-)
Oral use only, 10% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
One of the Top 200
Indications: Oral - Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, Bone infections, GU infections, UTI;
N N
N
H
N
S
O O
N
SN
N
CO2H
S CH3
Cefazolin - Ancef®, Kefzol®, Zolicef®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, GU infections, skin and skin structure infections, Biliary tract infections, bone and joint infections, Septicemia, endocarditits; pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis. Used for staph or strep infection in patients with mild hypersensitivity to penicillins! NOT for meningitis (can’t cross BBB).
1st Generation Cephalosporins
OH
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
C H3
C O2H
Indications: UTI, pharyngitis and tonsillitis due to group A b-hemolytic Streptococcus, skin and skin structure infections.
Gram(+) aerobic bacteria - limited Gram(-)
Oral use only, 10% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
One of the Top 200
Indications: Oral - Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, Bone infections, GU infections, UTI;
N N
N
H
N
S
O O
N
SN
N
CO2H
S CH3
Cefazolin - Ancef®, Kefzol®, Zolicef®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, GU infections, skin and skin structure infections, Biliary tract infections, bone and joint infections, Septicemia, endocarditits; pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis. Used for staph or strep infection in patients with mild hypersensitivity to penicillins! NOT for meningitis (can’t cross BBB).
抗生素类别简介PPT课件
第三代 弱 强
铜绿假单胞菌
及厌氧菌有效
酶稳定性
用途
青霉素酶稳定 耐青霉素 -内酰胺酶差 金葡菌感染
多种 -内酰 产酶耐药G胺酶稳定 杆菌感染;
敏感G+菌感染
各种高度 稳定
重症耐药G杆菌感染
肾毒性
大
降低 基本无毒
第四代 更强 更强 更稳定
同上
无毒
不良反应
1. 过敏反应: 多为皮疹、荨麻疹、发热等;过敏性休克罕见; 与青 霉素有交叉过敏。
2. 肾毒性:第一代多见;肾功能不全者禁用; 注意:避免与肾毒性的药物合用 如:氨基糖苷类、万古霉素等
3. 胃肠反应:口服头孢氨苄、头孢克洛 4. 其他:低凝血酶原血症、二重感染等
非典型-内酰胺类抗生素
药物分烯类 亚胺培南
1、抗菌谱广,作用强,对多数G+、G-菌有效
对厌氧菌是-内酰胺类中作用最强者 2、不仅对-内酰胺酶高度稳定,且有抑酶作用 3、易被肾脱氢肽酶降解,需与此酶的特异性抑
( 四)单环-内酰胺类抗 生素
氨曲南
(三)各代头孢菌素的特点
第一代头孢菌素
1. 体内过程:组织穿透力差,脑脊液浓度低; 2. 抗菌谱:对G+菌(含耐药金葡菌)作用强 2~4 代
对G-菌作用弱 对铜绿假单胞菌、厌氧菌无效 3. 酶稳定性:对青霉素酶稳定,
但对_内酰胺酶稳定性 2~4代头孢 4. 不良反应:有肾毒性
(3)四环素类
四环素、土霉素、强力霉素、米诺环素(美满霉素 )等
(4)氯霉素类
6
从广义上可分为十大类:
(5)大环内酯类
如红霉素、阿奇霉素、罗红霉素等
(6)林可霉素
林可霉素、克林霉素
(7)其他抗生素
抗生素英文介绍
Downstream processing can account for 50% for the cost of a process.
HSC
drug resistance
superbugs
HSC
Lance Armstrong
The Oprah Winfrey Show
EPO
HSC
Erythropoietin, also known as erythropoetin or erthropoyetin , is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Human EPO has a molecular weight of 34 kDa. Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and tubular epithelial tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood. In addition to erythropoiesis, erythropoietin also has other known biological functions. For example, it plays an important role in the brain's response to neuronal injury.EPO is also involved in the wound healing process. When exogenous EPO is used as a performance-enhancing drug, it is classified as an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA). Exogenous EPO can often be detected in blood, due to slight differences from the endogenous protein, for example, in features of posttranslational modification.
内酰胺类抗生素英文PPTLactam
Benzathine penicillin
Long acting (every 3-4 weeks ) Acid unstable Penicillinase sensitive Treatment of β-hemolytic streptococcal
pharyngitis. Used as prophylaxis against reinfection with β-
β-Lactam Antibiotics
1. PENICILLINS 2.Cephalosporins
3.Carbapenems ( Imipenems ) 4. Monobactams ( Aztreonam)
Penicillins
Classification Narrow spectrum penicillins Antistaphylococcal penicillins Broad spectrum penicillins Extended –spectrum penicillins
pneumococci
Carboxypenicillins(Ticarcillin)&Ur eidopenicillin(Piperacillin)
Less effective than penicillin G Acid stable Penicillinase sensitive Short acting Used in minor infections
Penicillinase resistant to staphylococcal β-lactamase producer
Narrow spectrum penicillins
Penicillin G Short duration Acid unstable Penicillinase sensitive Used in enterococcal endocarditis usually
抗生素课件PPT
In 1928,Sir Alexander Fleming:
苏格兰生物学家,发现 Penicillium notatum可使培养的葡萄球菌裂解、死亡。
但感染创口涂抹、染菌鼠喂食培养物均 无效。健康动物注射:仅仅观察了毒性。
停止进一步研究,但在1929年的论文中 提及。
实用精品课件PPT
5
Sir Alexander Fleming Fleming’s Petri Dish
β-内酰胺酶可迅速牢固结合广谱青霉素 和第二、三代头孢菌素,使药物滞留于细胞 膜外间隙而不能到达靶点(PBPs)发挥抗菌作 用,此种耐药性又称“牵制机制”。
实用精品课件PPT
12
3.PBPs的改变: 耐甲氧西林金葡球菌 (MRSA)具多重耐药性就是由于PBPs改 变引起。
4.胞壁和外膜通透性改变: 使药物的透 入减少而耐药。
白喉杆菌、炭疽杆菌感染。
实用精品课件PPT
19
5、不良反应:
①过敏反应 过敏性休克(呼吸、循环、中 枢、胃肠道症状)、药疹、溶血性贫血及粒 细胞减少等。
过敏性休克及其救治:发生率0.004~0.04%。可用 0.1%肾上腺素注射液0.5ml sc或im急救,严重者加用氢化 可的松和抗组胺药物。
②赫氏反应 治疗梅毒或钩端螺旋体病时发生。
实用精品课件PPT
21
(四)半合成青霉素
实用精品课件PPT
22
⑴.耐酸青霉素类 : 品种:
青霉素V(苯氧甲青霉素)、非奈西林(苯氧 乙青霉素)、叠氮类青霉素、环青霉素。
特点: 耐酸可口服,但不耐酶。 抗菌谱与青霉素G相同,活性较青霉
素G弱,故不宜用于严重感染。
实用精品课件PPT
23
⑵.耐酸耐酶青霉素类 品种:
苏格兰生物学家,发现 Penicillium notatum可使培养的葡萄球菌裂解、死亡。
但感染创口涂抹、染菌鼠喂食培养物均 无效。健康动物注射:仅仅观察了毒性。
停止进一步研究,但在1929年的论文中 提及。
实用精品课件PPT
5
Sir Alexander Fleming Fleming’s Petri Dish
β-内酰胺酶可迅速牢固结合广谱青霉素 和第二、三代头孢菌素,使药物滞留于细胞 膜外间隙而不能到达靶点(PBPs)发挥抗菌作 用,此种耐药性又称“牵制机制”。
实用精品课件PPT
12
3.PBPs的改变: 耐甲氧西林金葡球菌 (MRSA)具多重耐药性就是由于PBPs改 变引起。
4.胞壁和外膜通透性改变: 使药物的透 入减少而耐药。
白喉杆菌、炭疽杆菌感染。
实用精品课件PPT
19
5、不良反应:
①过敏反应 过敏性休克(呼吸、循环、中 枢、胃肠道症状)、药疹、溶血性贫血及粒 细胞减少等。
过敏性休克及其救治:发生率0.004~0.04%。可用 0.1%肾上腺素注射液0.5ml sc或im急救,严重者加用氢化 可的松和抗组胺药物。
②赫氏反应 治疗梅毒或钩端螺旋体病时发生。
实用精品课件PPT
21
(四)半合成青霉素
实用精品课件PPT
22
⑴.耐酸青霉素类 : 品种:
青霉素V(苯氧甲青霉素)、非奈西林(苯氧 乙青霉素)、叠氮类青霉素、环青霉素。
特点: 耐酸可口服,但不耐酶。 抗菌谱与青霉素G相同,活性较青霉
素G弱,故不宜用于严重感染。
实用精品课件PPT
23
⑵.耐酸耐酶青霉素类 品种:
抗生素ppt课件
因细菌产生耐药性 7)聚合反应:在生产、储存中,内酰胺开
环,发生分子间成酰胺的聚合反应成高聚物
8)鉴别反应:羧酸衍生物具有异羟肟酸铁盐反 应,用于鉴别(与NH2-0H/0H-;FeCl3)
5、用途:G+引起的局部或全身感染 优点:安全、价廉、疗效确切 缺点:代谢快-------如何解决 不耐酸-------耐酸的青霉素 不耐酶-------耐酶的青霉素 窄 谱-------广谱的青霉素 过 敏-------皮试
b
O
NH S H
O
H+ or HgCl2
HN
aO H
OH
O
NH S H
N PenilloicAcid HH
+
O
OH
a
NH b
O CHO
HOOC
HOCO
Penaldic Acd
β-环开裂,-CO2
-CO2
NH O
Penilloaldehyde
CHO
β-内酰胺环对水、光、热、酸、碱、酶、醇、
胺不稳定,β-环开裂、活性降低或消失
O
NH S H
O
OH
HN
O HH
OH
HN
H
O
NH S H
O
OH
HN O HH
OH n
HN
H
O
NH S H
O
HN
OH
OH
青霉素的构效关系
3位二甲基为 非活性基团
3个手性中心构 型是必须基团
NH
S
O
H
O
R基的不同影响活
性、抗菌谱、稳定 H
N H
性、肠道的吸收
O
OH
抗生素的应用(英文PPT)
• 4 months - 4 years:
– NO ANTIBIOTICS FOR VIRAL INFECTION Amoxicillin (80-100 mg/kg/d divided tid) OR ampicillin 200 mg/kg/d divided q 6 hrs, OR cefuroxime or cefotaxime
– Staphylococcus aureus
– Haemophilus influenzae type b
– non-typable H. influenzae
McIntosh,K: NEJM 2002;346:429
Likelihood that the pneumonia is bacterial is greater if:
• Fever is > 39 degrees C • The patient “looks sick” • There are alveolar infiltrates on chest x-
ray • WBC is > 15,000 • NB: Blood culture is positive in about 10%
抗生素的应用(英文PPT)
Shorter courses?
• Approved by the FDA for 5-day regimen: – cefpodoxime (Vantin) – cefdinir (Omnicef) – azithromycin (Zithromax)
What about the penicillinallergic child?
What do you think is causing his pneumonia? How will you treat him?
– NO ANTIBIOTICS FOR VIRAL INFECTION Amoxicillin (80-100 mg/kg/d divided tid) OR ampicillin 200 mg/kg/d divided q 6 hrs, OR cefuroxime or cefotaxime
– Staphylococcus aureus
– Haemophilus influenzae type b
– non-typable H. influenzae
McIntosh,K: NEJM 2002;346:429
Likelihood that the pneumonia is bacterial is greater if:
• Fever is > 39 degrees C • The patient “looks sick” • There are alveolar infiltrates on chest x-
ray • WBC is > 15,000 • NB: Blood culture is positive in about 10%
抗生素的应用(英文PPT)
Shorter courses?
• Approved by the FDA for 5-day regimen: – cefpodoxime (Vantin) – cefdinir (Omnicef) – azithromycin (Zithromax)
What about the penicillinallergic child?
What do you think is causing his pneumonia? How will you treat him?
【医学精品课件之抗生素】Tetracyclines(四环素类)and Chloramphenicol
耐药机理:
1.产生钝化酶(氯霉素乙酰转移酶); 2.降低胞膜的通透性,使菌体内药物浓度降低。
应用:一般不作首选药
1.耐药菌引起的严重感染,包括化脓性脑膜炎。
2.伤寒及副伤寒:多首选氟喹诺酮类及第三代头 孢菌素类,也可选用本品
3.立克次体感染:斑疹伤寒、恙虫病、Q热等。 一般用于8岁以下儿童、孕妇或对四环素类过 敏者。
药。 2.70%~90%以原形经肾排出,肾功不良者应减量。 3.免疫抑制作用>氯霉素 4.可逆性血细胞减少发生率>氯霉素;未见引起
致死性再生障碍性贫血和灰婴综合征。
Summary
四环素类和氯霉素均属广谱抗生素,其抗菌 谱包括:大多数细菌、放线菌、“四体”及阿米 巴原虫。因其不良反应较多较重,故不主张广泛 使用。
害
多数细菌、立克次 体、支原体、衣原
体
50S亚基 速抑,偏重于G-菌 骨髓抑制、灰婴综
合征
2.灰婴综合症:表现为呼吸、循环衰竭,新生 儿、出生2周内的早产儿不宜使用,必要时剂 量<25mg/Kg.d。
3.其它:胃肠反应;二重感染(较少);过敏;神 经系反应(视神经炎、周围神经炎、中毒性精 神病等);可致G-6-PD缺乏者出现溶血性贫血。
甲砜霉素 (Thiamphenicol)
基本性质与氯霉素相同 特点: 1.细菌耐药性发展较慢,但与氯霉素完全交叉耐
衣原体(砂眼除外)作用较强;对螺旋体<青霉 素。
4.对阿米巴小滋养体有间接抑制作用。
机理:1)抑制菌体蛋白质合成(作用于30S亚基, 抑制70s始动复合物的形成及aa-tRNA进入A位, 阻止肽链延伸);2)尚可增加细菌胞膜通透性。
特点:快速抑菌剂(低抑高杀)。
耐药性:缓慢。天然品间完全交叉耐药,但对 天然品耐药者对半合成品仍敏感。
1.产生钝化酶(氯霉素乙酰转移酶); 2.降低胞膜的通透性,使菌体内药物浓度降低。
应用:一般不作首选药
1.耐药菌引起的严重感染,包括化脓性脑膜炎。
2.伤寒及副伤寒:多首选氟喹诺酮类及第三代头 孢菌素类,也可选用本品
3.立克次体感染:斑疹伤寒、恙虫病、Q热等。 一般用于8岁以下儿童、孕妇或对四环素类过 敏者。
药。 2.70%~90%以原形经肾排出,肾功不良者应减量。 3.免疫抑制作用>氯霉素 4.可逆性血细胞减少发生率>氯霉素;未见引起
致死性再生障碍性贫血和灰婴综合征。
Summary
四环素类和氯霉素均属广谱抗生素,其抗菌 谱包括:大多数细菌、放线菌、“四体”及阿米 巴原虫。因其不良反应较多较重,故不主张广泛 使用。
害
多数细菌、立克次 体、支原体、衣原
体
50S亚基 速抑,偏重于G-菌 骨髓抑制、灰婴综
合征
2.灰婴综合症:表现为呼吸、循环衰竭,新生 儿、出生2周内的早产儿不宜使用,必要时剂 量<25mg/Kg.d。
3.其它:胃肠反应;二重感染(较少);过敏;神 经系反应(视神经炎、周围神经炎、中毒性精 神病等);可致G-6-PD缺乏者出现溶血性贫血。
甲砜霉素 (Thiamphenicol)
基本性质与氯霉素相同 特点: 1.细菌耐药性发展较慢,但与氯霉素完全交叉耐
衣原体(砂眼除外)作用较强;对螺旋体<青霉 素。
4.对阿米巴小滋养体有间接抑制作用。
机理:1)抑制菌体蛋白质合成(作用于30S亚基, 抑制70s始动复合物的形成及aa-tRNA进入A位, 阻止肽链延伸);2)尚可增加细菌胞膜通透性。
特点:快速抑菌剂(低抑高杀)。
耐药性:缓慢。天然品间完全交叉耐药,但对 天然品耐药者对半合成品仍敏感。
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Introduction
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago.Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections.
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria). The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and ”rediscovered” by Alexander Flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
HSC
Penicillium fungus
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the Second World War. Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation. When penicillin was first made at the end of the Second World War using the fungus Penicilium notatum, the process made 1mg dm-3. Today, using a different species (P.chrysogenum) and a better extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm-3. There is a constant search to improve the yield.
HSC
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin.
Antibiotics can be selectively toxic by targeting such features as the bacterial cell wall, 70S ribosomes, and enzymes that are specific to bacteria. In this way the human eukaryotic cells are unaffected.
Downstream processing can account for 50% for the cost of a process.
HSC
HSC
1.Downstream processing is relatively easy since penicillin is secreted into the medium (to kill other cells), so there is no need to break open the fungal cells. 2.The product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug, so it is dissolved and then precipitated as a potassium salt so separate it from other substances in the medium.
Downstream Processing Products in a fermenter are impure and dilute, so need to be purified by downstream processing. This usually involves filtration to separate the microbial cells from the liquid medium, followed by chemical purification and concentration of the product.
HSC
In short, antibiotics(antibacterials) are medical drugs used to kill bacteria and treat infection. At the beginning, the term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life," was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.