2009年中山大学宪法与行政法学B考研真题答案精解

【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：12009年中山大学宪法与行政法学B 考研真题答案精解2015考研英语写作七大误区【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2词汇与语法错误考研英语写作让很多同学都很头痛，有两点原因：一为词汇，二为语法。

因为英语与汉语的区别是一词多义，非常讲究用词准确而且正式。

同时，英语的词汇非常丰富，一个词语通常都有许多同义词和近义词。

考生如果平时注意积累并加以练习，就能够在考试中熟练地加以运用。

英文写作也同样非常讲究语法，尤其是考研作文作为正式文体，需要注意以下几点小细节：(1)尽量少用缩写形式。

如don't,can't,won't 应写为do not,cannot,will not 等。

(2)用更加正式的否定形式。

如not…any 应写为no,not…much 写为little,not many 写做few 等。

(3)尽量少用"etc.","and so on"等表达方式。

例如：Activities include dancing,singing,etc 。

Activities include dancing,singing,and other fun stuff 。

◎中文式思维模式很多考生在考试过程中把一些中文的成语、谚语翻译成英文，这种做法导致的结果就是文章不仅行文不符合英文的规律，读起来也让人觉得非常不舒服。

纠正中文思维习惯的关键依然在于培养英文语感，同时考生在平时的练习中也要尽量让自己用英文来思考。

如果考生需要用到谚语，名句等，最好的办法是直接掌握英文的谚语、名句，并灵活运用到文章中。

◎注意字数与标点考研英语作文一分钟平均7～8个字，字数多少算个够?自己目测一下，以大作文为例，中等大小一行15字，最起码写到12，13位置,因为阅卷人做的第一件事情就是看你的字数，就看你的位置到没有到。

如果你的字数没写够，他就认为你连最起码的写够字数的能力都不具备。

但是这不是说写得越多就会得到高分。

一是时间不允许，二是写得越长，越容易暴露你的缺点。

所以临考前要掐表练习字数。

◎忽视优秀范文的背诵通过范文的背诵，我们可以有针对性的了解高分范文的写作特点，积累写作常用的词语表达，和闪光句型，解决考生在进行写作训练时，心中有千言万语，笔下无一言的困境。

但是，考生一定要谨记，高分范文的背诵在精不在多，20篇足够，但是一定要背的滚瓜烂熟，张口就能说，提笔就能写。

很多考生抱怨过，我背了很多范文，可还是什么也写不出来，根本原因就是这些范文背诵不够熟练，根本没有深化成自己的东西。

◎写作训练的量不足很多时候，考生容易高估自己的写作水平，或者说，意识不到自己的经常会犯下的语法错误。

这些问题只有通过实战才能发现并解决。

但是在这个过程中，考生练习时写的作文，必须英语水平好的同学或是老师，有条件的同学可以请专业的认识进行批改，只有这样，训练的作用才能最大化。

◎准备不足，匆忙下笔任何一篇作文出题都是有它独特的道理的，所以提前审题和构思就显得必不可少了。

很多考生目前存在一个情况，想到哪写到哪，使作文杂乱无章，毫无条理，同时容易出现写错单词和用错句型的情况。

英语写作不是语文散文，写英语作文，之前一定要认真审题和思考，对出题者希望得到的预期尚未揣摩透彻，这也就造成了一些同学虽然语言功底非常不错，但是最终的结果还是没有拿到一个自己预期的心理分数，最大的问题就出在切题不准确或者不够突出中心上了。

◎忽视文化差异，用中文思维串联英文词汇【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：3一些同学在绞尽脑汁也写不出英语作文的情况下，会先按照题目写一个中文稿出来，然后再借助电子辞典翻译出一篇所谓的英语作文。

还有一些同学习惯性地用中文的表达方式来写英语作文。

这就造成了所谓的中国式英语作文。

在这样的作文里，我们常常读到以下这类用中文的语法和英语单词拼凑出来的句子：“When Iwas a child,my parents very love me 。

”(正确表达：When Iwas achild,my parents loved me very much)。

2015考研英语：从出题角度看图表作文的“谋篇布局”一、出题形式例1题目：Changes in People’s DietStudy the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table.Write three paragraphs to:1.state the changes in people’s diet(饮食)in the past five years;2.give possible reasons for the changes;3.draw your own conclusions.You should quote as few figures as possible.例2题目：Car Accidents Declining in Walton CityRemember that your composition must be written according to the following outline;1.Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;2.Possible reason(s)for the decline of car accidents in the city;3.Your predictions of what will happen this year.Your composition should be no less than 120words and you should quote as few figures as possible.例3For this part,you are allowed 30minutes to write a composition on the topic Health Gain in Developing Countries.Your composition must be no less than 120words and you should base your composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese):1.以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality)的变化情况2.说明引起变化的各种原因从以上例子可见，图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格、圆形图、曲线图或条形图，有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示，要求我们：1)用文字描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势;2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。

二、写作要领图表作文着重说明事实，常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、比较，对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明，并提出结论或看法。

因此，图表作文常常采用议论文体的写作方法。

跨考教育英语教研室杨老师认为，写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。

三、写作步骤【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：4写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤：1)认真分析图表的含义，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系;2)确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据;3)编列文章的提纲;4)根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡;5)检查与修改。

四、篇章结构写图表作文时，常采用三段式的谋篇方式。

文章的第一段往往分析图表中的数据变化反映什么问题或趋势，概述图表所揭示的信息。

第二段分析造成这一问题或趋势的原因。

第三段则展望未来的情况或提出解决问题的办法或建议。

这一结构可以简单地表述为：第一段：概述图表反映的主题思想第二段：分析产生的原因第三段：展望未来或提出方法或建议五、作文模版(一)问题解决型As is shown in the picture(graph\cartoon\table)，it goes without saying that the drawing aims at revealing a common problem(in China):______.Its status as the focus of public concern mainly results from its profound influence on individuals,collective and even the whole world.Each of us should attach high emphasis on solving it.As a matter of fact,the symbolic meaning the picture conveys is deep and profound.Naturally and necessarily,there are two major ways coping with this problem.The first way to tackle it is to appeal to authorities to take measures.Once achieving the success of solving the problem,the whole society also thrives/makes progress.Solving the problem can accelerate better individuals’development.The other way that is worth adopting is to work out new laws.Where there are better laws,there are more hopes,vitality and development.These advisable laws eventually brings economic prosperity and socialharmony.Finally,I can safely come to the conclusion that it is high time we enhanced the awareness of people that is every vital to us.Only by these means can we succeed in solving the problem in the near future.(1Therefore,measures should be taken to terminate the ridiculous affair.First and foremost,governments should establish some regulations to prohibit enterprises and people from making such misdeeds.What’s more,people should get ready to pass criticism upon such misdeeds anytime and anywhere.After all,it is necessary to develop our society by performing hard work instead of talking nonsense.In my opinion,it is imperative that we should take some drastic actions.On the one hand,we should appeal to our authorities to enact concrete laws to control commercial fishing.On the other hand,we should enhance people's awareness that ocean resources are vital to us and the ecological balance will【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：5be guaranteed with the strategy of sustainable development.Only by doing so can we effectively protect our natural resources.Also I am convinced that we humans can overcome this difficulty and we will have a bright future.)To conclude,we should not yield to mediocrity regardless of seemingly insurmountable obstacles.So the prospect we are looking forward to will be bright and encouraging.作文模版(二)正面现象歌颂型1As is shown in the picture(graph\cartoon\table),it goes without saying that the drawing aims at revealing a common problem(in China):______.It has attracted extensive attention of the society.Nowadays,increasingly more argumentations about it can be found in TVprograms,newspapers,university classes and many aspects of our everyday life.Its status as the focus of public concern mainly results from its profound influence on individuals,collective and even the whole world.First of all,______________is crucial for every individual.With its seemingly magic power,it can not only accelerate better individuals’development,but serve as an efficient instrument for individuals tochange the world.Those equipped with it are always admired and respected,because it may endow them with more competence,chances,self-confidence to overcome difficulties and handle problems.Those people appear to possess a special charm,bringing to others hope,passion and surprise,and,thuswinning others’favor and trust.It can directly promote the rapid progress of the organization with its energy and indirectly spurs continuous development with the good culture it generates.Through continuously promoting the social productivity,unceasingly improving the productive relationship,and gradually enriching human material and spiritual wealth,______________eventually brings economic prosperity and social harmony.In short,where there is better______________,there are more hopes,vitality and development.When we are benefiting from it,we shall also do our utmost to maintain its vitality to ensure ourselves a brighter future.正面现象歌颂型2As is vividly in the picture(s),it is a contemporary social issue in China of common interests and permanent value.The picture(s)does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon which is not uncommon nowadays.When weighing in the mind,we find an apparent tendency underlying this sight:_______________.Simple as it is,what the picture conveys to us is thought-provoking.With the development of economy and society,competition is becoming increasingly fierce.It is impossible for anyone to finish a task without .Hence,people in mounting numbers put great emphasis on .In fact,it has been universally acknowledged that the ability of s the most essential qualification that anyone who wants to achieve success should possess.Numerous examples can be given,but this will suffice.A case in point is the【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：6successful host of Beijing 2008Olympic Games and the deadly earthquake in Si Chuan province.These cases effectively clarify that really counts in this competition society.Accordingly,it is imperative for us to take some measures to enhance the sense of in our society.We should bear in mind that is of great significance to both our society and ourselves.Everyone should have the ability of______.Only in this way can we achieve success and only in this way can our society become more harmonious to live in.反面现象批评型How enlightening and compelling the above drawing is!It is so funny that whoever sees it cannot help thinking:_____.(这句自己加完整，从宏观上描述一下图画就可以，笼统的，大体的)______while_______.(这句从微观上具体说明一下图画要描述的矛盾点，必须找到矛盾点，用到while 这个单词)Simple as it looks,its intended meaning goes far deeper what on earth does the drawer really aim to convey.第二段：What the image above vividly mirrors goes far more than a simple image,instead,it carries a thought provoking social phenomenon:____.(本文的主旨)There are upsetting(如文章不是讽刺性的，就把upsetting 删除)parallels today in our contemporary community.For example,______.(举2个例子，如果字数够就举1个)第三段：Much can be done.To begin with the schools and the mass media should develop,guide andcultivate noble and worthy values and qualities among people,doing their utmost to awaken people of the growing threat of this worsening situation.(of this worsening situation 自己可以换成主旨的词，如果不换，这样也可以。