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石油行业常用英语词汇(全面)

石油行业常用英语词汇（全面）1. 石油勘探（Petroleum Exploration）Seismic survey：地震勘探Exploration well：探井Reservoir：储层Porosity：孔隙度Permeability：渗透率2. 钻井与完井（Drilling and Completion）Drilling rig：钻机Bit：钻头Drill pipe：钻杆Casing：套管Cementing：固井Completion：完井Fracking：水力压裂3. 采油与生产（Oil Production and Extraction）Production well：生产井Pumpjack：抽油机Artificial lift：人工举升Separator：分离器Flowline：输油管线Tank farm：储油罐区4. 石油加工（Petroleum Refining）Crude oil：原油Refinery：炼油厂Distillation：蒸馏Cracking：裂化Catalytic reforming：催化重整Asphalt：沥青Lube oil：润滑油5. 石油产品（Petroleum Products）Gasoline：汽油Diesel：柴油Jet fuel：航空煤油Fuel oil：燃料油Petrochemicals：石油化工产品6. 安全与环保（Safety and Environmental Protection）HSE（Health, Safety and Environment）：健康、安全与环境 Spill：泄漏Emission：排放Waste treatment：废物处理Environmental impact assessment：环境影响评估7. 国际合作与市场（International Cooperation and Market）OPEC（Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries）：石油输出国组织Brent crude：布伦特原油NYMEX（New York Mercantile Exchange）：纽约商品交易所Spot market：现货市场Futures contract：期货合约本文档为您提供了石油行业常用英语词汇的全面梳理，希望对您的工作和学习有所帮助。

天然气常用英文词汇[整理版]

oil field 油田wildcat 盲目开掘的油井percussive drilling 冲击钻探rotary drilling 旋转钻探offshore drilling 海底钻探well 井，油井derrick 井架Christmas tree 采油树crown block 定滑轮travelling block 动滑轮drill pipe, drill stem 钻杆drill bit 钻头roller bit 牙轮钻头diamond bit 钻石钻头swivel 泥浆喷嘴turntable, rotary table 轮盘pumping station 泵站sampling 取样sample 样品，样本core sample 矿样storage tank 储油罐pipeline 油管pipe laying 输油管线oil tanker 油轮tank car, tanker （铁路）罐车，槽车tank truck, tanker （汽车）运油罐车，油罐车refining 炼油refinery 炼油厂cracking 裂化separation 分离fractionating tower 分馏塔fractional distillation 分馏distillation column 分裂蒸馏塔polymerizing, polymerization 聚合reforming 重整purification 净化hydrocarbon 烃，碳氢化合物crude oil, crude 原油petrol 汽油（美作：gasoline）LPG, liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气LNG, liquefied natural gas 谷物Grains种质Germ plasm真菌Fungi薪柴Fuel wood淡水FRESHWATER林学Forestry食品Food飞灰Fly ash洪水Floods防洪Flood control渔轮Fishing vessels鱼类Fish外部Externalities展示Exhibit能源Energy sources电力Electric power地震Earthquakes旱作Dry farming干洗Dry cleaning抗旱Drought control干旱Drought疏浚Dredging挽畜Draught animals灾难DISASTERS防灾Disasterprevention脱盐Desalination水坝Dams旋风Cyclones原油Crude oil堆肥Composts通勤Commuting气候Climate分类Classification烟囱Chimneys木炭Charcoal洞穴Caves桥梁Bridges边界Boundaries高炉Blast furnaces鸟类Birds沼气Biogas细菌Bacteria雪崩Avalanches属性Attributes大气ATMOSPHERE石棉Asbestos群岛Archipelagoes碱地Alkali lands藻花Algal bloom消费品Consumer goods针叶林Coniferous forests内燃机Combustionengines煤液化Coal liquefaction煤气化Coal gasification气候学Climatology气候带Climatic zones氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons纤维素Cellulose集水区Catchment areas制图学Cartography致癌物Carcinogens碳循环Carbon cycle镉污染Cadmiumcontamination建成区Built-up areas建筑物Buildings酿造业Brewing industry植物学Botany植物园Botanical gardens生物量Biomass生物学Biology自行车Bicycles细菌学Bacteriology建筑学Architecture养蜂业Apiculture畜产品Animal products畜牧学Animal husbandry氧化铝Alumina过敏素Allergens农工业Agro-industry学术的Academic工作环境Workingenvironment木材废料Wood waste木材保存Woodpreservation妇女地位Women status野生生物Wildlife天气预报Weatherprediction天气监测Weathermonitoring水边开发Watersidedevelopment流域管理Watershedmanagement水上运输Water法规控制Regulatory control区域规划Regional planning查阅服务Reference service铁路运输Railway transport广播节目Radio programme辐射防护Radiationprotection辐射监测Radiationmonitoring辐射效应Radiation effects种族关系Race relations质量控制Quality control纸浆工业Pulp industry公用事业Public utilities公共服务Public services公共关系Public relations公共信息Public information公共卫生Public health公共花园Public gardens原生生物Protozoa专业团体Professionalsociety产品标签Product labelling印刷工业Printing industry施压集团Pressure groups新闻发布Press release降水增加Precipitationenhancement家禽饲养Poultry farming池塘尾渣Ponds tailings多氯联苯Polychlorinatedbiphenyls污染风险Pollution risk污染标准Pollution norms污染监测Pollutionmonitoring污染责任Pollution liabilities污染基准Pollution criteria污染治理Pollutionabatement政策规划Policy planning塑料废物Plastic wastes植物病害Plant diseases试验项目Pilot projects自然改变Physicalalterations光合作用Photosynthesis医药废物Pharmaceuticalwastes石油提炼Petroleum refining液化天然气octane number 辛烷数，辛烷值vaseline 凡士林paraffin 石蜡kerosene, karaffin oil 煤油gas oil 柴油lubricating oil 润滑油asphalt 沥青benzene 苯fuel 燃料natural gas 天然气olefin 烯烃high-grade petrol, high-octane petrol ，高辛烷值汽油plastic 塑料chemical fiber 合成橡胶solvent 溶剂氡Radon点Point酚Phenols线Lines冰Ice烃Hydrocarbons雾Fog酶Enzymes能ENERGY煤Coal氯Chlorine酸Acids社会-经济因素Socio-economic factors成本-效益分析Cost-benefit analysis酵母Yeasts风蚀Wind erosion风能Wind energy杂草Weeds水禽Waterfowl水井Water wells水盾Water quality水泵Water pumps水蚀Water erosion废物Wastes废热Waste heat火山Volcanoes病毒Viruses 藻类Algae机场Airports飞机Aircraft空运Air transportation空调Air conditioning农业AGRICULTURE声学Acoustics隔音Acoustic insulation酸化Acidification酸雨Acid rain通道Access roads动物学Zoology动物园Zoologicalgardens万维网World Wide Web木产品Wood products广域网Wide areanetwork波浪能Wave energy水涝地Waterloggedlands水处理Water treatment水污染Water pollution凤眼蓝Water hyacinth病毒学Virology兽医学Veterinarymedicine植物油Vegetable oils联合国United Nations紫外线Ultraviolet毒理学Toxicology潮汐能Tidal energy同义词Thesaurus热污染Thermalpollution致畸剂Teratogens分类学Taxonomy焦油砂Tar sands地表水Surface waters硫酸盐Sulphates地下水Subterraneanwater潜水艇Submarines暴风雨Storms太阳能Solar energy土壤学Soil sciences小岛屿Small islands化粪池Septic tanks分离器Separators海平面Sea leveltransportation水的盐化Water salination废物利用Waste use废物回收Waste recovery废物处置Waste disposal报警系统Warningsystems车辆检验Vehicleinspection城市供水Urban watersupply城市交通Urban traffic城区压力Urban stress城区改造Urban renewal城区设计Urban design城市衰败Urban decay城市地区Urban areas贫困阶层Under-privileged people热带森林Tropical forests树木苗圃Tree nurseries运输系统Transportsystems运输计划Transportplanning蒸腾作用Transpiration越境污染Trans-frontierpollution培训中心Training centre交通噪音Traffic noise交通监测Trafficmonitoring传统保健Traditionalhealth care贸易避垒Trade barriers痕量物质Trace materials痕量元素Trace elements毒理测定Toxicologicaltesting有毒废物Toxic waste有毒物质Toxicsubstances旅游设施Tourist facilities海洋热能Thermal seapower进入术语Terms of access临时住房Temporaryhousing温带林地Temperatewoodlands图象识别Patternrecognition寄生生物Parasites过度拥挤Overcrowding有机物质Organicsubstances有机溶剂Organic solvents有机农业Organic farming有机化学Organic chemistry在线服务On-line services石油泄漏Oil spills残油回收Oil residuerecuperation原油开采Oil extraction石油勘探Oil exploration恶臭公害Odour nuisance海洋温度Oceantemperature海洋倾倒Ocean dumping海洋环境Ocean circulation职业安全Occupationalsafety职业健康Occupationalhealth核能利用Nuclear energyuses噪声污染Noise pollution噪声监制Noise monitoring噪音治理Noise abatement氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides亚硝酸盐Nitrites新闻通讯Newsletter自然保护Natureconservation自然资源Natural resources天然纤维Natural fibres天然肥料Natural fertilizers国家公园National parks国内立法Nationallegislation国家边界Nationalboundaries城市废物Municipal waste登山运动Mountaineering机动车辆Motor vehicles镶嵌图案Mosaics监测技术Monitoringtechniques监测系统Monitoringsystems录象Video振动Vibration植被Vegetation矢量Vector台风Typhoons隧道Tunnels滴灌Trickle irrigation树木Trees旅行Travel运输TRANSPORTATION 毒素Toxins毒性Toxicity旅游Tourism烟草Tobacco隔热Thermal insulation 术语Terminology电信Telecommunications 硫酸Sulphuric acid科目Subjects学科SUBJECT DISCIPLINES结构Structures主食Staple foods泄漏Spillage谱学Spectroscopy谱带Spectral bands土壤Soils吸烟Smoking防烟Smoke prevention烟雾Smog模拟Simulation商店Shops污水Sewage渗漏Seepage沉积Sedimentation锯屑Sawdust沙丘Sand dunes径流Run-off道路Roads河流Rivers遥感Remote sensing释放Release难民Refugees赤潮Red tide回收Recycling娱乐Recreation光栅Raster降雨Rainfall雷达Radar采石Quarrying 洗涤器Scrubbers废金属Scrap metals分辨率Resolution居民区Residentialareas再造林Reafforestation放射性Radioactivity辐射病Radiationsickness保护区Protected areas灵长目Primates多边形Polygons污染源Pollutionsources污染物Pollutants运动场Playgrounds磷酸盐Phosphates杀虫剂Pesticides臭氧层Ozone layer油页岩Oil shales办公室Offices海洋学Oceanography营养物Nutrients核武器Nuclearweapons核安全Nuclear safety核电站Nuclear powerplants核燃料Nuclear fuels核事故Nuclearaccidents流浪者Nomads亚硝胺Nitrosamines硝酸盐Nitrates新闻组Newsgroup新社区Newcommunities天然气Natural gas突变体Mutants诱变剂Mutagens摩托车Motorcycles矿产业Mineral industry移栖种Migratoryspecies微生物Microorganisms气象学Meteorology汞污染Mercurycontamination岩石圈LITHOSPHERE液化气Liquefied gas温带森林Temperateforests电视节目Televisionprogramme技术转让Technologytransfer技术评价Technologyassessment技术信息Technicalinformation税收差别Taxdifferentiation焦油使用Tar use焦油生产Tar production露天剥采Strip mining河道观测Streammeasurement炼钢工业Steel industry发展状况Status ofdevelopment统计信息Statisticalinformation体育设施Sports facilities航天运输Spacetransportation固体废物Solid wastes固态地球Solid Earth太阳辐射Solar radiation日照加热Solar heating土壤改良Soilimprovement土壤侵蚀Soil erosion土壤退化Soil degradation土壤污染Soilcontamination土壤保持Soilconservation土壤潜力Soil capabilities软件开发Softwaredevelopment社会调查Social surveys社会指数Social indicators林农轮作Shiftingcultivation污水处置Sewagedisposal自助计划Self-helpprogrammes地震海浪Seismic seawaves监测仪器Monitoringequipment监测数据Monitoring data监测基准Monitoring criteria软体动物Molluscs拖车住房Mobile homes少数民族Minorities采矿废物Mining wastes采矿工程Miningengineering矿产资源Mineral resources矿山回填Mine filling军事活动Military activity流动工人Migrant workers微污染物Micropollutants微气候学Microclimatology微生物学Microbiology金属冶炼Metal smelting金属电镀Metal plating金属加工Metal finishing药用植物Medicinal plants材料科学Materials science海洋污染Marine pollution海洋监测Marine monitoring海洋环境MARINEENVIRONMENTS船舶工程Marineengineering边缘土地Marginal lands红树沼泽Mangroveswamps哺乳动物Mammals营养不良Malnutrition邮寄清单Mailing list低价住房Low-cost housing长期趋势Long-term trends长期预报Long-termforecasting液体废物Liquid wastes生活方式Lifestyles皮革工业Leather industry洗烫衣服Laundering陆地活动Land-basedactivities土地价值Land values陆上运输Landtransportation土地恢复Land restoration土地开垦Land reclamation土地污染Land pollution公园Public parks港口Ports污染POLLUTION毒物Poisons愉猎Poaching像素Pixel管道Pipelines照片Photograph汽油Petrols轨迹Path涂料Paints包装Packaging氧气Oxygen矿床Ore deposits空地Open spaces油类Oils油轮Oil tankers海洋Oceans洋流Ocean currents营养Nutrition核能Nuclear energy固氮Nitrogen fixation监测MONITORING采矿Mining甲烷Methane医疗Medical treatment 海运Maritime transport 疟疾Malaria经度Longitude照明Lighting纬度Latitude山崩Landslides湖泊Lakes灌溉Irrigation内插Interpolation工业INDUSTRY水电Hydroelectric power 盐酸Hydrochloric acid飓风Hurricanes捕猎Hunting湿度Humidity人权Human rights人口Human population 医院Hospitals主页Homepage公路Highways荒地Heath lands保健Health care薄烟Haze沙坑Gravel pits 图书馆Library铅污染Leadcontamination灌溉渠Irrigation canals因特网Internet红外线Infrared工业区Industrial areas免疫学Immunology超文本Hypertext水文学Hydrology硫化氢Hydrogensulphide园艺学Horticulture除草剂Herbicides重金属Heavy metals血液学Haematology布网格Gridding绿化带Greenbelts政府的Governmental冰川学Glaciology地热能Geothermalenergy地貌学Geomorphology地质学Geology遗传学Genetics基因库Gene banks林产品Forest products食物链Food chain过滤器Filters流行病Epidemics环境法ENVIRONMENTALLAW浓缩铀Enricheduranium发电厂Electric powerplants饮用水Drinking water蒸馏业Distillingindustry残疾人Disabledpersons沙漠化Desertification数据库Database危险品Dangerousgoods乳品业Dairy industry细胞学Cytology珊瑚礁Coral reefs冷却水Cooling waters地震监测Seismicmonitoring地震活动Seismic activity沉积盆地Sedimentarybasins部门评价Sectoralassessment海底采矿Sea bed mining海底开发Sea bedexploitation血吸虫病Schistosomiasis景物确认Sceneidentification环境卫生Sanitation卫生填埋Sanitary landfills沙石开采Sand extraction沙丘固定Sand dunefixation采样技术Samplingtechniques农村供水Rural watersupply农村地区Rural areas橡胶废物Rubber waste橡胶加工Rubberprocessing道路运输Road transport道路安全Road safety道路养护Roadmaintenance道路建设Roadconstruction河流污染River pollution河流流域River basins植被恢复Revegetation资源管理Resourcesmanagement资源保护Resourceconservation资源估价Resourceappraisal爬行动物Reptiles繁殖控制Reproductivemanipulation重置成本Replacementcosts租赁房屋Rental housing遥感中心Remote sensingcentre再建房屋Rehousing土地分配Land allotment湖泊流域Lake basins灌溉农业Irrigation farming炼铁工业Iron industry电离辐射Ionizing radiation国际水道Internationalwatercourses国际贸易International trade政府间的Intergovernmental无机物质Inorganicsubstances无机化学Inorganicchemistry内陆水道Inland waterways内河运输Inland watertransport基础设施Infrastructure信息技术Informationtechnology信息系统Informationsystems信息服务Informationservices信息处理Informationprocessing信息网络Informationnetworks信息交换Informationexchange信息中心Information centre工业产品Industrial products工业噪声Industrial noise工业材料Industrialmaterials工业立法Industriallegislation工业烟尘Industrial fumes工业废水Industrial effluents工业建筑Industrialbuildings本地知识Indigenousknowledge本地森林Indigenous forests废物焚烧Incineration ofwaste免疫疾病Immunologicaldiseases影像配准Image registration图象滤光Image filtering图象增强Image enhancement。

船舶英语1

naval architect 造船工程（设计）师naval architecture造船（工程）学 instruction 任务书、指导书oil tanker 油轮deadweight 载重量knot 节specification 规格书，设计任务书vessel 船舶cargo 货物passenger 旅客trade 贸易machinery 机械、机器 holdcapacity 舱容consumable store 消耗物品light weight 轻载重量、空船重量hull 船体dimension 尺度、量纲、维（数）displacement 排水量、位移、置换tonnage 吨位fineness 纤瘦度draft 吃水breadth 船宽freeboard 干舷rule 规范tentative 试用（暂行）的longitudinal direction 纵向vertical direction 垂向trim 纵倾stability 稳性shaft horse power 轴马力strength 强度service 航区、服务scantling 结构（件）尺寸frame 肋骨classificationsociety 船级社steering 操舵、驾驶vibration 振动net register tonnage 净登记吨位harbour港口dues 税收gross tonnage 总吨位 deductible space 扣除空间revenue 收入docking 进坞charge 费用、电荷bulkhead 舱壁subdivision分舱（隔）、细分collision 碰撞compromise 折衷、调和coefficient 系数training 培训fluid mechanics 流体力学structural strength结构强度resistance 阻力propulsion 推进shipbuilding 造船aptitude （特殊）才能，适应性maritime 航运，海运polytechnical school 工艺（科技）学校academic 学术的shipyard 造船厂electronic computer 电子计算机owner 船主，物主encyclop(a)edia 百科全书The Chinese Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (CSNAME)中国造船工程学会The Chinese Society of Navigation中国航海学会 "Shipbuilding of China" 中国造船Ship Engineering 船舶工程"Naval 安定Merchant Ships" 舰船知识China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) 中国船舶工业总公司China offshore Platform Engineering Corporation (COPECO) 中国海洋石油平台工程公司Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA) 英国皇家造船工程师学会Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) 美国造船师与轮机工程师协会Principle of naval architecture 造船原理ship statics (or statics of navalarchitecture) 造船静力学ship dynamics 船舶动力学ship resistance and propulsion 船舶阻力和推进ship rolling and pitching 船舶摇摆ship manoeuvrability 船舶操纵性shipconstruction 船舶结构ship structural mechanics 船舶结构力学ship strength and structural design 船舶强度和结构设计ship design 船舶设计shipbuilding technology 造船工艺marine (or ocean)engineering 海洋工程principal dimension 主要尺度naval architecture 造船（工程）学length between perpendiculars (LBP) 垂线间长summer load waterline 夏季载重水线forward/after perpendicular 首/尾垂线rudder post 尾柱stem 首柱rudderpintle 舵销length over all (LOA) 总长overhang （水线以上）悬伸部分bulbous bow 球鼻艏length on the waterline （LWL）水线长amidship 船中breath moulded 型宽breath extreme 最大船宽shell plating 船壳板rivet 铆接weld 焊接strake （船壳板）列板fender 护舷木deck area 甲板面积（区域）cross channel vessel 海峡船port 港口，船的左舷side 舷侧（边）quay 码头depth moulded 型深plating of deck 甲板板base line 基线upper deck 上甲板second deck 第二甲板the uppermost continuous deck 最上层连续甲板rounded gunwale 圆弧舷边顶部moulded line 型线sheer 舷弧ends 船端deck line at side 甲板边线deck at side line 甲板边线deck at side 甲板边线profile 纵剖面（图）、轮廓sheer forward/aft 首/尾舷platform 平台 roughsea 强浪，汹涛海面seakeeping 耐波性appearance 外形（观）、出现camber 梁拱 round ofbeam 梁拱weather deck 露天甲板drainage 排水upright 正浮、直立at rest 在静水中accommodation 居住舱，适应bilge radius 舭（部）半径midship section 船中剖面bilge 舭（部）rise of floor 船底升高flat of keel 龙骨宽flat plate keel 平板龙骨vertical center girder 中桁材bevel 折射角，将直角钢改为斜角connectingangle 联接角钢tumble home 内倾sailing ship 帆船 steel merchant ship 钢质商船bar 棒，巴（气压单位）rake 倾斜draught 吃水，草图，通风even keel 等吃水，正浮trimmed by thestern/bow 尾/首倾moulded draught 型吃水extreme draught 最大吃水bar keel 棒龙骨drawing 吃水draught marks 吃水标志imperial unit 英制单位metric unit 公制单位spacing间距hogging 中拱sagging 中垂heel 横倾dry dock 干船坞fully loaded condition 满载标志freeboard 干舷seaworthiness 适航性reserve buoyancy 储备浮力range of stability 稳性范围Load Line Regulations 载重线规范form coefficients 船型系数blockcoefficient 方型系数prismatic coefficient 棱型系数midship area coefficient 船中横剖面面积系数waterplane area coefficient 水线面面积系数vertical prismatic coefficient 竖向棱型系数body section of U-form U形横剖面V-shaped section V形横剖面geometricallysimilar ships 几何相似船base plane 基平面center plane 中线面midstation plane 中站面mouldedbase line 基线length breadth ratio 长度比cruiser stern 巡洋舰型尾principal coordinateplanes 主坐标面transom 方尾soft chine 圆舭hard chine 尖舭counter 尾伸部forefoot 首踵aftfoot 尾踵deadwood 尾鳍（呆木） break-bulk cargo ship 件杂货船inboard 船内compartment 舱室transverse bulkhead 横舱壁main deck 主甲板strength deck 强力甲板innerbottom 内底hold(cargo hold ) 货舱tween deck space 甲板间舱double bottom 双层底deep tank 深舱water ballast 水压载latex 胶乳coconut oil 椰子油edible oil 食用油hatch舱口hatch cover 舱口盖palletized cargo 货盘运货multiple hatch 多舱口abreast并排container 集装箱pier 码头cargo boom 吊货杆wire rigging 钢索索具kingpost 吊杆柱，起重柱wire rope 钢丝绳sheave 滑轮winch 绞车cargo hook 吊货钩marriedbooms 联合吊杆burtoning 双杆操作 cargo handling 货物装卸packaged cargo 包装货pallet货盘sling load 悬吊荷重hold gang 货舱理货组wings 货舱两侧forklift truck 铲车terminal 码头、终端turnaround 周转期profitability 利益container ship 集装箱船\trade route 贸易航线weather proof 风雨密stacking 堆压stowage 装载，贮藏waterway 水路rental 出租（费）lease 租借shipper 货运主custom 海关consignee 收货人highway trailer 公路拖车payload 净载重量、有效载荷cell 格栅、电池、元件roll-on/roll-off ship 滚装船heading 标题，航向trailer ships 拖车运输船sea trains ferry 海上火车渡船truck 卡车trailer 拖车military vehicle carriers军用车辆运输船cubic capacity 舱容ramp 跳板、坡道transom stern 方尾motor boat 机动艇、汽艇clear deck 畅通甲板parking 停车（场）barge-carrying ship 载驳船lighter 港驳船barge 驳船portable fixture 轻便固定装置bulk cargo ship/bulk carrier 散装货船dry bulk cargo 散装干货limestone 石灰石bauxite 矾土gypsum 石膏Great Lakes （美国）大湖petroleum 石油chemicals 化学制（产）品molasses糖浆liquefied gas 液化气体molten sulfur 熔态硫conning station 驾驶室ore hold矿砂舱engine room 机舱liquid bulk carrier 液体散货船combination bulk carrier 混装散货船ocean-going ore carrier 远洋矿砂船lane 航道（线）tanker 油船crude oil 原油anhydrous ammonia 无水氨natural gas 天然气passenger-cargo ship 客货船tourist 旅游者freight-rate 运费率carriage 装（载）运、车辆stateroom 客舱suite 套间living room 卧室veranda 阳台lounge 休息室cocktail room 酒吧间card and game room 牌戏娱乐室foundering 沉没capsizing 倾覆abandoning 弃船emergency 应急installation 装置、运载工具vehicle 车辆，运载工具gantry crane 门式起重机container cell 集装箱格栅siporter 横向装卸机rolled on and off 滚进滚出side port 舷门cargo elevator 运货升降机conveyor 输送机transport ship 运输船general cargo ship 杂货船liquid cargo ship 液货船refrigerated ship 冷藏船working ship 工程船ocean development ship 海洋开发船dredger 挖泥船floating crane/derrick boat 起重船salvage vessel 救捞船submersible 潜水器ice-breaker 破冰船fisheries vessel 渔业船trawler 拖网渔船seine netter 围网渔船harbour boat港务船supply ship 供应船pleasure yacht 游艇hydrofoil craft 水翼艇air-cushionvehicle 气垫船hovercraft 全垫升气垫船catamaran 双体船concrete ship 水泥船fiberglass reinforced plastic boat 玻璃钢艇form 船型、形状、格式proportion 尺度比、比例workmanship 工艺质量basic fundamentals 基本原理marine engineering 轮机工程intensive 精致的propulsion plants 推进装置naval ship 军舰special-purpose ship 特殊用途船buoyancy 浮力fittings 配/附件piping 管路ventilation 通风cargo-handing equipment 货物装卸装置crew and effects 船员及自身物品stores 储藏物fresh water 淡水feed water给水boiler 锅炉measurement (吨位)丈量、测量trial 试航、试验distance of travel 航行距离refueling 添加燃料consumption 消耗initial cost 造价cost of operation 营运成本unloadingfacility 卸货设备cross sectional area 横剖面面积fineness 纤瘦度prismatic coefficient 菱形系数slender 瘦长（型）beam 船宽inclined 倾斜的external force 外力surface ship 水面船舶submarine 潜水艇submerged condition 潜水状态initial stability 初稳性weather deck 楼天甲板righting arm 复原力臂capsize 倾复stress 应力unequal distribution 分布不相等longitudinal plane纵向平面hull girder 船体梁tentative design 方案设计preliminary design 初步设计technical design 技术设计working design 施工设计basic design 基本设计conceptual design 概念设计inquire design 咨询设计contract design 合同设计detailed design 详细设计finished plan 完工图hullspecification 船体说明书general specification 全船说明书steel weight 钢料重量outfit weight（木作）舾装重量machinery weight 机械重量weight curve重量曲线weight estimation 重量估计cargo capacity 货舱容积bale cargo capacity 包装舱容积bulk cargo capacity散装货容积bunker capacity 燃料舱容积capacity curve 容积曲线capacity plan 容量（积）图stowage factor 积载系数homogenuous cargo 均质货物gross tonnage 总吨位net tonnage 净吨位tonnage capacity 量吨容积tonnage certificate 吨位证书displacement lengthratio 排水量长度比accommodation 居住舱室ice strengthening 冰区加强drawing office 制图室drafting room 制图室general arrangement 总布置assignment 指定、分配space 处所、空间access 通道、入口allocation 分配、配置furnishings 家具conceptual (design) 概念（设计）preliminary (design) 初步（设计）contract (stage) 合同（阶段）working plan 施工图formulation 公式化、明确表达melding 融合optimum 最佳coordinaterelationship 协调关系summary 综合、摘要integration 综合、积分division 部分、划分efficient and economical way 有效和经济的方式speciality 专业feed-in 送进、提供specifications 各种技术条件、说明书uptake 烟道commercial transportation商业运输solid (liquid) bulk type 固体（液体）散装型ferryboat 渡船transoceanic 渡（远）洋的automobile汽车aforementioned (a.m.) 上述的profit 利益annual cost 年度费用breakdown 细目terminal allocation 码头配置费overhead 管理费、杂项开支component (组成)部分、分量characteristic 特性mechanical 机械的goods货物marine terminal 港口、码头enclosing volume 密（围）闭容积hull envelope 船体外壳primary strength 总强度stowage 配载housing 容纳diagram图superstructure 上层建筑machinery space 机舱miscellaneous (其他)杂用舱室watertight subdivision水密分舱integrity 完整性tankage 液舱、容量（积）clean ballast 清洁压载lines plan型线图crusing range 巡航范围margine line 限界线floodable length curve 可浸长度曲线layout（设计、布置）草图peak bulkhead 尖舱舱壁regulatory body 主管机构（关）intact stability 完整稳性trade-off 权衡、折衷consultation 协商interiorarrangement 舱室布置stairway and passageway arrangement 梯道及走道布置interior/exteriorpassageway 内/外走道bridge deck 驾驶甲板compass deck 罗经甲板boat deck 艇甲板promendadeck 游步甲板accommodation deck 起居甲板vehicle deck 车辆甲板winch platform 起货机平台wheel house 驾驶室chart room 海图室radio room 报务室electric room 置电室mast room 桅室caption's room 船长室crew's room 船员室cabin 客舱main engine control room 主机操纵室auxiliary engine room 副机舱boiler room 锅炉间steering engine room 舵机舱workshop 机修间store 贮藏室fore/aft peak 首/尾尖舱topside/bottomside tank 顶边/底边舱wing tank 边舱steering gear 操舵装置anchor and mooring arrangement 锚泊和系缆设备howse pipe 锚链筒chainlocker 锚链舱closing appliances 关闭设备 hatch cover 舱口盖lifesavingequipment/appliance 救生设备mast 桅rigging 索bollard 双柱带缆柱bitt 带缆桩fairlead 导缆钩ship lines 船体线型ship form 船体形状mathematical expressions 数学表达式drawing 图、拉延lines plan 型线图orthogonal plan 正交平面body section 横剖面body plan 横剖线图symmetry 对称water lines /level lines 水线、水平型线half breadth plan 半宽水线图view 视图、观察sheer profile 侧视图、纵剖线图buttocks 后体纵剖线bow line 前体纵剖线after/fore body 后/前体alteration 修改、变更fairing process 光顺过程offsets 型值to lift offsets 量取型值Wooden/plastics battern 木质/塑料压条drawing office制图/设计室mould loft 放样间full size 实尺（1：1）loft floor 放样台contracted scale 缩尺lofting 放样steel pin 铁钉mathematical fairing of ship form 船体数学光顺法screw 螺旋桨、螺钉wing shaft 侧轴shaft bossing 轴包套casting 铸件 shaft bracket 轴支架appendage 附属体parallel middle body 平行中体full slow ship 丰满的低速船fine fast ship 尖瘦的快速船entrance 进流端入口run 去流端、运行、流向forward/after shoulder 前/后肩grid 格子线ordinate station 站midstation 中站station ordinate 站线finished/returned offsets 完工型值table of offsets 型值表diagonal 斜剖线keel line 龙骨线rake of keel,designed drag 龙骨设计斜度knuckle line 折角线preliminary offsets 原始型值mathematical lines 数学型线mathematical fairing of lines 型线数学光顺法equilibrium 平衡stability andtrim 稳性与纵倾floating upright 正浮force of gravity 重力resultant 合力center of buoyancy浮力couple 力偶magnitude 数值（大小）displacement 排水量、位移、置换righting moment 复原力矩righting arm 复原力臂upsetting moment 倾复力矩upsetting arm 倾复力臂metacentre 稳心stable equilibrium 稳定平衡netural equilibrium 中性平衡metacenter height稳心高righting level 复原力臂initial stability 初稳性cross-curves of stability 稳性横截曲线flooding 进水thrust 推力keelblock 龙骨墩dry dock 干船坞center offloatation 漂心Greek letter 希腊字母inclining experiment 倾斜试验pendulum 铅锤，摆lost buoyancy 损失浮力reserve buoyancy 储备浮力locus of centers ofbuoyancy 浮心轨迹Bonjean's curves 邦戎曲线Vlasov's curves 符拉索夫曲线Firsov's diagram菲尔索夫图谱Simpson's rules 辛浦生法trapezoidal rule 梯形法stability at large angles 大倾角稳性dynamical stability 动稳性damaged stability 破舱稳性stability criterionnumeral 稳性衡准书lever of form stability 形状稳性臂locus of metacenters 稳心曲线angle ofvanishing stability 稳性消失角free surface correction 自由液面修正resistance 阻力thrust 推力propeller推进器skin friction resistance 摩擦阻力wave-making resistance 兴波阻力eddy-making resistance 漩涡阻力appendage resistance 附体阻力propulsive efficiency 推进效率hull efficiency船身效率transmission efficiency 轴系效率speed/length ratio 速长比perfect fluid 理想流体roughness 粗糙度turbulence 紊动boundary layer 边界层spectacularsights 壮观景色fluid shear 流体剪力fluid viscosity 流体粘性immersed body 浸没的船体部分residuary resistance 剩余阻力bow 船首 stern 船尾divergent 分散的submarine 潜水艇aircraft 飞机crest 波峰hollow 凹陷、孔隙、波谷parallel middle body 平行中体through 波谷ship-form characteristics 船型特性laws of dynamics similarity动力相似定律rudder 舵bilge keel 舭龙骨propeller bossing 推进器箍streamline 流线型reciprocating engine 往复式发动机diesel/steam engine 柴油/蒸汽机indicatorcard 示功图indicated h.p. 指示马达brake 制动 crankshaft coupling 曲轴连轴器mechanical efficiency 机械效率thrust block 推力轴承gearing 齿轮shafth.p. 轴马达brake h.p. 制动马达turbine 汽轮机gas turbine 燃气轮机stern tube 尾轴管wake 伴流astern 向（在）船尾wake gain 伴流增益 thrust deduction 推力减额effective horse-power (e.h.p.) 有效马达screw efficiency in the open(water) 螺旋桨趟水效率imaginary vessel 假想船mechanism 作用原理（过程）、机构proposal 建议statistical 统计分析criterion 衡准ship performance prediction 船舶性能预报regression equation回归方程form parameter 形状参数service speed 服务航速design speed 设计航速cruising speed 巡航速度trial speed 试航速度endurance 续航力admiralty coefficient/constant 海军系数fouling 污底hydrodynamics 水动力学inflow 进流angle of attack 攻角lift 升力circulation 环量aspect ratio 展弦比Reynolds number 雷诺数Froude number 傅汝德数momentum theory 动量理论impulse theory 冲量理论cavitation 空泡现象adjustable-pitch propeller 可调螺距螺旋桨controllable-pitch propeller 可调螺距螺旋桨reversible propeller 可反转螺旋桨coaxial contra-rotating propellers 对转螺旋桨ducted propeller, shroudedpropeller 导管螺旋桨tandem propeller 串列螺旋桨jet propeller 喷射推进器paddle wheel 明轮ship model experiment tank 船模试验水池ship model towing tank 船模拖拽试验水池wind tunnel 风洞cavitation tunnel 空泡试验水筒self propulsion test 自航试验scale effect 尺度效应naked model 裸体模型manoeuvrability 操纵性linear displacement 线性位移surge 纵荡sway 横荡heave 垂荡 veer 变向oscillatory 振荡hydrodynamic 流体动力(学)的Amplitude 振幅acceleration 加速度wind velocity 风速fetch 风区长度，波浪形成区duration 持续时间seaway 航路（道）gusts 阵风(雨) storm 风暴 regulartrains of waves 规则波系damp 阻尼bilge keel 舭龙骨finlike 鳍状projection 突出体、投影、规则activated fin stabilitizer 主动式稳定（减摇）鳍gyroscope(gyro) 陀螺仪、回转仪steady 稳定flume 槽congested waters 拥挤水域course-keeping 保持航向tug 拖船docking 靠码头helm 操舵、驾驶swing 摆动turning circle 回转圈warship 军舰confinedwater 受限制水域seakeeping 耐波性seaworthiness 适航性course 航向track, path 航迹drift 横漂side slip 横移rudder effect 舵效sea condition 海况swell 涌trochoidal wave 坦谷波divergent wave 散波natural period 固有周期slamming 砰击 turning quality 回转性turning circle回转圈turning circle test 回转试验stopping test 停船试验free running model test 自由自航模操纵性试验rotating arm test 旋臂试验planar motion mechanism 平面运动机构structuralcomponents 结构构件strength deck 强力甲板box girder 箱形梁tight envelope 密闭外壳 longitudinal member 纵向构件hull girder 船体梁lower/upper flange 下/上翼缘板forward/aft end 首/尾端dynamic pressure 动压力slamming 砰击inner bottom 内底hold 货舱double bottom 双层底hold货舱neutral axis 中和轴longitudinal bending 纵向弯曲longitudinal strength 总纵（纵向）强度barrier挡板、屏障web 腹板static water pressure 静水压力impact 冲击shaft strut 尾轴架panel stiffness 板格刚性vibration 振动bulkhead舱壁diaphragm 隔壁racking load 横扭载荷kingpost 起重柱rigidity 刚度subdivision 分舱sheet 薄板stanchion 支柱stringer 船侧纵桁roll 辗轧extrude 挤压flange 拆边、法兰built-up plate sections 组合型材bottom shell外底板floor 肋板center vertical keel 中内龙骨、中桁材side girder 旁桁材、旁纵桁stiffener 扶强材section modulus 剖面模数moment of inertia 惯性矩The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) 美国验船局spacing 间距Lloyd's Register of Shipping 劳氏船级社 in-plane 面内beam 横梁primarystress 第一类应力pillar 支柱deck girder 甲板纵桁support 支柱（构件）main hull 主船体superstructure 上层建筑deckhouse 甲板室bridge 桥楼forecastle 首楼poop 尾楼stem 首柱sternpost 尾柱rudder post 舵柱shaft bossing 轴包架framing骨架longitudinal framing 纵骨架式transverse framing 横骨架式flat plate keel 平板龙骨margin plate 内底边板bilge bracket 舭肘板side plate 舷（船）侧板sheerstrake 舷顶列板stringer plate 甲板边板shell expansion plan 外板展开图bulwark 舷墙hatchcoaming 舱口围板cantilever 悬臂梁intercostal member 间断构件cant frame 斜肋骨pantbeam 强胸横梁lightening hole 减轻孔bracket 肘板hawse pipe 锚链筒bulb plate 球扁钢angle section 角钢T section T型材face plate 面板butt 对接（缝）seam 边接（缝）framingmembers 骨架（构件）plate membrance 板架contour 外形、轮廓breaking sea 碎波margin 余量、界限overall stress 总应力superimposed load 叠加载荷deckhouse 甲板室mast桅classification society 船级社framing shape 骨架型材frame 肋骨shellplating 外板deck plating 甲板板opening 开口watertight 水密weathertight 风雨密的stress 应力strain 应变operating machinery 转运机械exterior force 外力hydrostaticpressure 静水压力cargo-carrying vessel 载运船舶degree of freedom 自由度（d.o.f）dynamicforce 动力pitching 纵摇rolling 横摇yawing 首摇surging 纵摇swaying 横摇heaving 垂摇shearing force 剪力bending moment 弯矩SWBM(still water bending moment) 静水弯矩hog 中拱sag 中垂wave of trochoidal form 余波摆线profile 外形、纵剖面（图）trochoid 次摆线crest 波峰trough 波谷loaded/loading condition 装载状态fluctuating stress 交变应力tensile stress 拉伸应力compressive 压缩应力second moment 二次矩（惯性矩）full-scale test 实船（实尺度）实验section modulus 剖面模数midship section 船中剖面longitudinal strength 总纵强度transverse strength 横向强度local strength 局部强度docking strength 坐坞强度strength criteria of ship 船舶强度标准ultimate bending moment 极限弯矩vibration 振动slamming 抨击pounding 冲击panting 拍击fluctuation 波动buckling屈曲fatigue 疲劳fracture 断裂cracking 裂纹strength deck 强力甲板bulkheaddeck 舱壁甲板longilutinal strength member 纵向强力结构Classification society 船级社shipper 货主、航运者underwriter 水运保险商voyage航行（程）inspection 检查（验）classification入级Lloyd's register of shipping (LR) 英国劳氏船级社Bureau Veritas (BV) 法国船级社（检验局）Germanischer Lloyd (GL) 联邦德国船级社Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 挪威船级社Registro Italiano Navale (RI) 意大利船级社American Bureau of shipping(ABS)美国船级社Register of shipping the USSR(PC) 苏联船舶登记局（检验局）Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK) 日本海事协会Register of shipping of the people's republic of China(ZC)中华人民共和国船舶检验局reliability 可靠性classed ship 入级船regulating body 管理（制定条约）机构assignment 勘定、指定Safety Construction Certificate 结构安全证书register book 船名录、登记册classification symbol 船级符号class notation 船级标志liquefied gas carrier 液化气运输船 liquefied natural gas carrier(LNG) 液化天然气运输船liquefied petroleum gas carrier(LPG) 液化石油气运输船ore carrier 矿砂船 trawler 拖网渔船tug 拖船restricted service 限制航区sheltered water遮蔽水域clear water 开敞水域harbour 港口corrosion 腐蚀scantling 结构吃水ice strengthening 冰区加强anchor 锚chain cable 锚链hawser 缆（锚）索LMC(Lloyd's machinery certificate ) 劳氏船级社机械设备合格证书survey检验periodical surveys 定期检验annual surveys 年度检验dockingsurveys 坞内检验special surveys 特殊检验workmanship 工艺质量、（制造）工艺distinguishingmark 识别符号closing appliances 关闭装置auxiliary steering gear 辅助操舵装置drydock 干坞interval 间隔stern frame 尾柱、尾框架chafing 磨损、擦伤due day 到期日、支付日期grace宽限、缓期ship age 船龄non-destructive method 无损探伤方法ultrasonics 超声波supervision 管理、监督damage repair 损坏修理International Maritime Organization(IMO) 国际海事组织International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) 国际海上人命安全公约International Convention on load line 国际载重线公约International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships国际吨位丈量公约United States Coast Guard (USCG)美国海岸警备队Department of Trade(DOT)英国贸易部Rules for the Construction of Sea-Going Steel Ships钢制海船建造规范Regulation for the Classification of Sea-Going Steel Ships钢制海船入级规范Ship-surveying Office(Organ) 验船机构agreement on ship survey 验船协议safety certificate 安全证书exemption certificate 免除证书technical identification of product产品技术质量证书technical appraisal forproduct 产品技术鉴定书classification survey for the first entry 初次入级检验survey for maintenance ofclass保级入级检验in-water survey 水下检验continuous survey 循环检验postponement survey展期检验occasional survey 临时检验on-hire(off-hire) survey 起租（退租）检验warranty survey索赔检验notarial survey公证检验。

海上采油英语实用手册(英汉对照)-句子

2.Sentences 句子控制仪表1.The purpose of emergency shutdowe system is to protect personnel and the facility from threats 应急关断系统目的就是保护人身，设施免受威胁。

2.The emergency shutdown system consists of a number of individual process shutdowns.应急关断系统有许多单独的工艺流程关断组成.3.The emergeney shutdown is actuated by either manual controls or automatic devices sensing abnormol conditions.应急关断解即可由手动手动控制启动也可在感应到不正常状态下自动启动4.When a most hazardons situation has risen the total shutdown of the plant is performed manually.当最危险情况发生时，平台的最关断阀可自动启动5.Level 1A shutdown includes the shutdown of all wells and process facility.1A级关断将关断所有油井及工艺设施。

6.Level 1B causes a total shutdown , starting-up of emergency power and fire fighting system.1B级关断引起总关断，同时启动应急发电机救火系统。

7.When accidents happen during process operation ,the process shutdown is performed manually at the CCR.生产中产生意外事故，在CCR上即可手动关断工艺系统。

航海专业术语缩写

在学校学的英语都很严谨，很少有什么缩略语，要是你从事航运的话就不得不用到缩略语了，而且这些缩略语随意性很大，下面把一些比较正规常用的缩略语写下来，供大家参考。

不全的地方请补充。

A1: FIRST CLASSAAAA: ALWAYS AFLOAT, ALWAYSACCESSIBLEAB: ABLE-BODIEDABS: AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPINGABT: ABOUTABV: ABOVEACCT: ACCOUNTA/C: ACCOUNTACOL: AFTER COMPLETION OF LOADINGALL DESCRIPTION ABOVEDADD: ADDRESSADDN: ADDITIONADJ: ADJUST(ADJUSTMENT)ADNL: ADDITIONALADV: ADVANCE (ADVISE, ADVICE)AF: AS FOLLOWSAFT: AFTERAFTN: AFTERNOONAGW: ALL GOING WELLAHL: AUSTRILIAN HOLD LADDERA/M: ABOVE MENTIONEDA/M: ABOVE MENTIONEDAOH: AFTER OFFICE HOURA/O: AND/OR.: ALL PURPOSES.: ADDITIONAL PREMIUMAP: AGE PREMIUMAPL: AMERICAN PRESIDENT LINESAPLCTN: APPLICATIONAPR: APRILAPS: ARRIVAL PILOT STATIONAPT: AFTER PEAK TANKARB: ARBITRATIONARR: ARRIVE (ARRIVAL)ARRD: ARRIVEDARRV: ARRIVALARRVL: ARRIVAL.: ALONGSIDEASAP: AS SOON AS POSSIBLEASF: AS FOLLOWSATDNSHINC:ANY TIME DAY OR NIGHT SUNDAY HOLIDAY INCLUDEDATS: ALL TIME SAVEDATTN: ATTENTIONAWB: AIRWAY BILLAWIWL: ALWAYS WITHIN INSTITUDE WARRANTY LIMITSAWTSBE: ALL WORKING TIME SAVED BOTH ENDS B: BEB: BREADTHB4: BEFOREBA: BRITISH ADMIRALTYBAL: BALANCEBB: BALLAST BONUSBBB: BEFORE BREAK BULKBC: BULK CARRIERBC: BULK CARGOBDL: BUNDLEB/DOWN: BREAKDOWNBENDS: BOTH ENDSBGD: BAGGEDBIMCO: BALTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONFERENCE ORGANISATION BKG: BANKING (BOOKING)BL: BALEB/L: BILL OF LADINGBLK: BULKBLT: BUILTBM: BEAMB/N: BOOKING NOTEBOB: BUNKER ON BOARDBOD: BUNKER ON DELIVERYB/S (BS): BALESBTWN: BETWEENBV: BUREAU OF VERITAS (FRENCH = SHIP CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY)BWT: BALLAST WATER TANKC: CALMCBL: CABLECBM: CUBIC METERCC: CARBON COPY (TO)CERT: CERTIFICATECF: CUBIC FEETCFM: CONFIRMCGO: CARGOCHOPT: IN CHARTERERS’ OPTION CHTRS: CHARTERERSCIF: COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHTCLC 1969: CIVIL LIABILITY CONVENTION 1969 CLC: CIVIL LIABILITY CERTIFICATECLDY: CLOUDYC/N: CIRCULAR NOTEC/N: CONTRACT NUMBERCN: CHINESE NATIONALITYCN: CERTIFICATE OF NATIONALITYC/O: CARE OFC/O: CERTIFACATE OF ORIGINCOA: CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENTCOFR: CERTIFICATE OF FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITYCO-OP: CO-OPERATIVECOP: CUSTOM OF THE PORTCOW: CRUDE OIL WASHINGC/P: CHARTER PARTYCPCPIT: CHINA COUNCIL FOR PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADECPCPIT: CHINESE PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE FOR PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADECPT: CAPTAINCPTP: CIVIL PILOT TRAINING PROGRAMME CQD: CUSTOMARY QUICK DESPATCHCRISTAL: CONTRACT REGARDING ON INTERIM SUPPLEMENT TO TANKER LIABILITYFOR OILCS: CASE(S)C/S: CASE GOODSC/V/E: CABLE/VICTUALS/ENTERTAINMENTCY: CONTAINER YARDD/A: DISBURSEMENT ACCOUNTDD: DATED/DATE OF DELIVERY/DEADLINE DATE/DESPATCH/DEMMURRAGEDRYDOCK)DELY: DELIVERYDER.: DRRRICKDFT: DRAFT (DRAUGHT)DHD: DESPATCH HALF DEMURRAGEDIOT: DAY INCLUDING OVERTIMEDISCH: DISCHARGEDISPORT: DISCHARGE PORTDLOSP: DROP LAST OUTWARD SEA PILOT DLR: DOLLARDLY.: DELIVERYDNV: DET NORSKE VERITASDO: DIESEL OILDOC: DOCUMENT OF COMPLIANCE / DOCUMENT DOP: DROPPING OUTWARD PILOTDOSP: DROP OUTWARD SEA PILOT: DEEP TANKDWCC: DEAD WEIGHT CARGO CAPACITY DWCC: DEADWEIGHT CARRYING CAPACITYDW(T): DEAD WEIGHTEIU: EVEN IF USEDENCL: ENCLOSEENT: ENTERTAINMENTERR: ERRORETA: EXPECTED(ESTIMATED) TIME OF ARRIVALETB: EXPECTED(ESTIMATED) TIME OF BERTHINGETC: EXPECTED(ESTIMATED) TIME OF COMMENCE (COMPLETION)ETCD: EXPECTED(ESTIMATED) TIME OF COMMENCE (COMPLETED) DISCHARGEE/V/C: ENTERTAINMENT/VICTUALS/CABLE EX INS: EXTRA INSURANCEF: FRESHFAS: FREE ALONGSIDE SHIPF&CC: FULL AND COMPLETE CARGOFCL: FULL CONTAINER LOADFDD: FREIGHT, DEMURRAGE AND DEFENCE FEU: FORTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNIT FHEX: FRIDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED FIGS: FIGURESFILO: FREE IN LINER OUTFIO: FREE IN AND OUTFIOST: FREE IN AND OUT AND STOWED AND TRIMMINGFIOT: FREE IN AND OUT AND TRIMMED FLT: FLIGHT / FULL LINER TERMFLWG: FOLLOWINGFM: FROMF/N: FIXTURE NOTEFO: FREE OUT / FUEL OILFOB: FREE ON BOARDFOQ: FREE ON QUAYFOR: FREE ON RAILFRATE: FREIGHT RATEFRT: FREIGHTFW: FRESH WATERFYG: FOR YOUR GUIDANCEFYI: FOR YOUR INFORMATIONG/A: GENERAL AVERAGE.: GENERAL ARRANGEMENTGENERAL AVERAGE AGREEMENTGD: GOODGEN: GENERALGL: GERMANISCHER LLOYDGM: METACENTRIC HEIGHTGMT: GREENWICH MEAN TIMEGO: GAS OILGP: GENERAL PURPOSEGR.: GRAINGRAINVOY: GRAIN VOYAGE CHARTER PARTY GRT: GROSS REGISTER TONNAGEGT: GROSS TONNAGE (GROSS TON) GTEE: GUARANTEEHA: HATCH/HATCHWAYH/C: HOLD CLEARINGH’COVER: HATCH COVERHEVER: HOWEVERHFO: HEAVY FUEL OILH/H: HOLD/HATCHHO: HOLDHP: HORSE POWERHEAVY GRAIN, SOYAS, SORGHUMHV: HAVEHWEVR: HOWEVERIAC: INCLUDING ADDRESS COMMISSION IDL: INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE.: ID EST (THAT IS)IFO: INTERMEDIATE FUEL OILIMO: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGNIZATIONINF: INFORMILOHC: IN LIEU OF HATCH CLEANINGI/O: INSTEAD OFISM: INTERNATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT ITF: INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT WORKERS’FEDERATIONIWL: INSTITUTE WARRANTY LIMITS JAN: JANUARYJAP: JAPAN (JAPANESE)JUL: JULYJUN: JUNEKG: KILOGRAMMEKT: KNOTLAYCAN: LAYDAYS AND CANCELLING DAYS LBP: LENGTH BETWEEN PERPENDICULARSL/C: LETTER OF CREDITL/C: LAYDAYS AND CANCELLING DAYS LCL: LESS THAN CONTAINER LOADLDD: LOADEDL/DRATE: LOADING/DISCHARGE RATE LIFO: LINER IN AND FREE OUTLOA: LENGTH OVERALLLOI: LETTER OF INDEMNITYL/S/D: LASHING/SEPERATING MATERIAL/DUNNAGEL/SUM: LUMPSUMLW: LIGHT WEIGHTLYCN: LAYCANMAX: MAXIMUMMIN: MINIMUMMOLCO: MORE OR LESS IN CHARTERERS’ OPTION MOLOO: MORE OR LESS IN OWNERS’ OPTION MSG: MESSAGEN: ANDNAABSA: NOT ALWAYS AFLOAT BUT SAFE AGROUNDNEGO: NEGOTIATIONNKK: NIPPON KAIJI KYOKAINOR: NOTICE OF READINESSNRT: NET REGISTER TONNAGENVOC: NON-VESSEL OWNING CARRIER NVOCC: NON-VESSEL OWNING COMMON CARRIERNYPE: NEW YORK PRODUCE EXCHANGEO/A : ON ABOUTOAP: OVER AGE PREMIUMONE SAFE BERTH.&D: OUTTURN REPORT.&D: OVER,SHORT AND DAMAGE REPORTONE SAFE PORTO/T: OVERTIMEOWRS: OWNERSP/A: PARTICULAR AVERAGEPCT: PER CENTPDPR: PER DAY OR PRO RATAPIC(MIC): PERSON(MAN) IN CHARGEPICO: PORT IN CHARTERERS’ OPTIONPLT: PILOTPMPR: PER MONTH OR PRO RATAPNC: PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIALPOLLUTIONPNMT: PER NET METRIC TONPOB: PILOT ON BOARDPPD: PREPAIDPSTN: POSITIONPWWD: PER WEATHER WORKING DAYQTTY: QUANTITYR: ARERECAP: RECAPITULATIONREDLY: REDELIVERYREP: REPRESENTATIVERGDS: REGARDSROB: RAMAINED ON BOARDRO-RO: ROLL-ON ROLL-OFF SHIPROT: REFFER TO OUR TELCONRVTG: REVERTINGRYT: REFFER TO YOUR TELEXSA: SAFE ANCHORAGESBP: SAFE BERTH SAFE PORTSDST: SINGLE DECK SELF TRIMMINGSF: STOWAGE FACTORSHEX: SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED SHINC: SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS INCLUDED.: SPECIFIC GRAVITYSMC: SAFE MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATESOF: STATEMENT OF FACT 装卸时间事实记录S/R B/L: SIGNING/RELEASING BILL OF LADING SSHEX: SATURDAYS, SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTEDSSHINC: SATURDAYS, SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS INCLUDEDSSW: SUMMER SALT WATERSAID TO CONTAINSTEM: SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY OF CARGO SW: SALT WATER (SEA WATER)SWAD: SALT WATER ARRIVAL DRAFTSWL: SAFE WORKING LOADT4(THERE4, TFORE): THEREFORETBA: TO BE ADVISEDTBF: TO BE FORTBN: TO BE NAMED(NOMINATED)TCT: TIME CHATER ON TRIP BASISTDW: TOTAL DEADWEIGHTTDY: TODAYTELCON: TELEPHONE CONVERSATION TEMP: TEMPERATURETEU: TWENTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS TFORE: THEREFORETOTAL OSS ONLYTPC: TONS PER CENTI METRETONNES PER DAYTPI: TONS PER INCH (TONS PER INCH IMMERSION)T/T: TELEGRAPHIC TRANFERTTL: TOTALWTS: WORKING TIME SAVEDU: YOUURGT: URGRNTUSD: UNITED STATES DOLLARSUU: UNLESS USEDV: WEVAT: VALUE ADDED TAXV/C: VOYAGE CHATERVIC: VICTUALSVLCC: VERY LARGE CRUDE CARRIERVLOOC: VERY LARGE OIL/ORE CARRIERVOY: VOYAGEVSL: VESSELVSL’S: VESSEL’SW/I: WITHINW/I: WITHINW/O: WITHOUTW/T: WITH TRANSHIPMENTWD: WORKING DAYWFPON: WHETHER FREE PRATIQUE OR NOTWHD: PER WORING HATCH PER DAYWIBON: WHETHER IN BERTH OR NOTWCCON: WHETHER IN CUSTOMS CLEARANCE OR NOTWIFPON: WHETHER IN FREE PRATIQUE OR NOT WIPON: WHETHER IN PORT OR NOTWL: WILLWOG: WITHOUT GUARRANTEEWP: WEATHER PERMITTINGWTS: WORKING TIME SAVEDWUD: WOULDWWD: WEATHER WORKING DAYWWDSHEXUU:WEATHER WORKING DAYS SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED UNLESS USED WWDSHINC: WEATHER WORKING DAYS SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS INCLUDEDWWR: WHEN WHERE READYWWRCD: WHEN WHERE READY ON COMPLETION OFDISCHARGEWWWW: WHETHER IN PORT OR NOT, WHETHER IN BERTH OR NOT, WHETHER FREEPTATIQUE OR NOT, WHETHER CUSTOMS CLEARANCE OR NOTYDAY(YDY):YESTERDAYYF: YELLOW FEVERYR: YOURZ: ZERO ZONE TIME (GREENWICH MEAN TIME)。

轻烃分馏工艺流程

轻烃分馏工艺流程1.原油被送入分馏塔，由于不同组分的沸点不同，会在不同的高度进行分馏。

Crude oil is sent into the fractionation tower where different components with different boiling points are separated at different heights.2.分馏塔顶部的低沸点轻烃蒸气被冷凝成液体并收集。

The low-boiling point light hydrocarbon vapors at the top of the fractionation tower are condensed into liquid and collected.3.高沸点的重烃沿着塔体向下流动，逐渐分离出不同组分。

The high-boiling point heavy hydrocarbons flow down the tower, gradually separating different components.4.轻烃分离后可得到液化石油气、汽油和煤油等产品。

After the separation of light hydrocarbons, products such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, and kerosene can be obtained.5.温度和压力控制对轻烃分馏工艺非常重要。

Temperature and pressure control are crucial for thelight hydrocarbon fractionation process.6.分馏温度要求严格控制，以确保产品质量和产量。

Strict control of fractionation temperature is required to ensure product quality and yield.7.分馏工艺需要高效的冷却系统来冷凝轻烃蒸气。

健身教练必备英语动作英语库

有氧训练a e r o b i c t r a i n i n g 无氧训练a n a e r o b i c t r a i n i n g 全面训练a l l-r o u n d t r a i n i n g 变换训练a l t e r n a t i n g t r a i n i n g 间歇训练i n t e r v a l t r a i n i n g 意识训练a w a r e n e s s t r a i n i n g 循环训练c i r c u i t t r a i n i n g 力量训练p o w e r b u i l d i n g 肌肉训练b o d y b u i l d i n g 重复训练r e p e t i t i o n t r a i n i n g 综合训练c o m b i n a t i o n t r a i n i n g 耐力训练e n d u r a n c e t r a i n i n g 广泛训练e x t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g 密集训练i n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g 强化训练i n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g 徒手训练f i s t-f i g h t i n g t r a i n i n g 心理训练p s y c h o l o g i c a l t r a i n i n g 热身练习w a r m-u p e x e r c i s e 基础练习e s s e n t i a l e x e r c i s e集体练习g r o u p e x e r c i s e 垫上练习m a t-w o r k;m a t e x e r c i s e 散手练习f r e e-h a n d e x e r c i s e 辅助练习a u x i l i a r y e x e r c i s e 平衡练习b a l a n c e e x e r c i s e 器械练习w e a p o n s e x e r c i s e 徒手练习b a r e-h a n d e x e r c i s e 腿部练习l e g e x e r c i s e 力量练习w e i g h t t r a i n i n g 基本拳法b a s i c s f i s t t e c h n i q u e s 基本步法b a s i c s f o o t w o r k 基本动作b a s i c s m o v e m e n t 基本姿势b a s i c s p o s t u r e 基本步型b a s i c s s t a n c e 基本技法b a s i c s t e c h n i q u e s 基本理法b a s i c s t h e o r y 固定方法f i x e d m e t h o d 个别辅导i n d i v i d u a l c o a c h i n g 移步与转体一致s y n c h r o n i z e s t e p w i t h b o d y t u r n i n g重心保持在左(右)脚h o l d w e i g h t o n l e f t(r i g h t)f o o t 重心转移到…t r a n s f e r w e i g h t o n t o 重心移至左脚t r a n s f e r w e i g h t o n t o l e f t f o o t 重心称到左脚s h i f t w e i g h t o n t o l e f t f o o t 重心移到右腿w e i g h t m o v e s o n t o r i g h t l e g 左(右)拳收回腰际d r a w l e f t(r i g h t)f i s t b a c k t o h i p 与…在一直线上i n l i n e w i t h向…位置落步l a n d a t收回…位置r e t r i e v e t o;r e t u r n t o两脚分开与肩同宽f e e t s h o u l d e r-w i d t h a p a r t想像性格斗对练f i g h t a g a i n s t a n i m a g i n a r y o p p o n e n t空中转体180度t u r n i n g b o d y180d e g r e e s i n t h e a i r以拧腰带动扫腿u s e w a i s t a s d r i v i n g f o r c e f o r l e g s w e e p以…为轴u s i n g…a s p i v o t 以右脚为轴u s i n g r i g h t f o o t a s p i v o t 以左肘为轴u s i n g l e f t e l b o w a s p i v o t 单脚直立旋转o n e-f o o t u p r i g h t s p i n 以前脚掌着地l a n d o n t h e b a l l o f t h e f o o t 基本站立姿势f u n d a m e n t a l s t a n c e 左(右)腿蹬直l e f t(r i g h t)l e g s t r a i g h t e n e d 蹬直左(右)腿s t r a i g h t e n l e f t(r i g h t)l e g 左(右)手划弧c i r c l e l e f t(r i g h t)h a n d改变劲力方向c h a n g e d i r e c t i o n o f f o r c e 眼睛随视双掌e y e s f o l l o w b o t h p a l m s 两脚平行开立f e e t a p a r t a n d p a r a l l e l 腹式呼吸法a b d o m i n a l b r e a t h i n g e x e r c i s e 爆发式吸吸e x p l o s i v e b r e a t h i n g 身械不协调b o d y a n d w e a p o n n o t t o c o o r d i n a t e 讲解与示范e x p l a i n a n d d e m o n s t r a t e 集中注意力c o n c e n t r a t e o n e’s a t t e n t i o n 眼向前平视e y e s l o o k s t r a i g h t a h e a d 眼看…方向e y e s l o o k t o…力达…部位c o n c e n t r a t e p o w e r a t;f o r c e i s f o c u s e d a t…抓住…不放h o l d o n t o s t h. 前臂斜交叉c r o s s f o r e a r m d i a g o n a l l y 臂部呈弧形t h e c u r v e d a r m 自然深呼吸d e e p a n d n a t u r a l b r e a t h i n g 转体不充分i n c o m p l e t e b o d y t u r n 弧形步上跳l e a p i n c u r v e d s t e p 以…为轴p i v o t o n 以脚跟为轴p i v o t o n h e e l以脚掌为轴p i v o t o n t h e b a l l o f f o o t 以脚为轴转身f o o t p i v o t 以腰为轴w a i s t s e r v e s a s a x i s 以全脚掌着地w i t h s o l e f l a t o n g r o u n d 左脚全脚着地w i t h l e f t f o o t f l a t o n t h e f l o o r 两脚全脚着地w i t h b o t h f e e t f l a t o n t h e g r o u n d 在…前面i n f r o n t o f 在…体前i n f r o n t o f b o d y 经…内侧p a s s i n g t o t h e i n s i d e o f…经…外侧p a s s i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e o f…身体疲劳p h y s i c a l f a t i g u e;p h y s i c a l s t r a i n 精神集中c o n c e n t r a t i o n 全神贯注f o c u s o n 全身放松r e l a x w h o l e b o d y 热身准备w a r m u p a n d g e t r e a d y 准备活动w a r m-u p;l i m b e r u p 准备动作p r e p a r a t i o n m o v e m e n t 眼随剑走e y e s f o l l o w s w o r d 动作组合c o m b i n a t i o n m o v e m e n t s动作示范d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e m o v e m e n t 动作分析m o v e m e n t a n a l y s i s 动作难度m o v e m e n t d i f f i c u l t y 动作次序m o v e m e n t s e q u e n c e 动作规格m o v e m e n t s p e c i f i c a t i o n(i.e.s t a n d a r d) 动作结构s t r u c t u r e o f m o v e m e n t 动作标准s t a n d a r d o f m o v e m e n t 动作组合s e r i e s(s e q u e n c e,c o m b i n a t i o n)o f m o v e m e n t s 动作幅度r a n g e o f m o v e m e n t 动作感觉f e e l o f m o v e m e n t动作质量q u a l i t y o f m o v e m e n t 动作节奏r h y t h m o f m o v e m e n t 动静结合c o m b i n e m o v e m e n t a n d s t i l l n e s s 内外结合c o m b i n e i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l 神形兼备c o m b i n e m i n d a n d b o d y 圆形动作c i r c u l a r m o v e m e n t 向上划弧c i r c l e u p 向后摆动b a c k s w i n g 转腕旋膀c i r c l e a r m s a n d r o t a t i o n w r i s t s双手叉腰h a n d s o n h i p s;w i t h a r m s a k i m b o 双臂环绕d o u b l e a r m s c i r c l e 双手抓握d o u b l e g r i p 后腿蹬地p u s h o f f r e a r l e g;p u s h o f f t h e g r o u n d w i t h b a c k f o o t 腿部动作l e g m o v e m e n t 摆腿速度l e g-s w i n g s p e e d 摆动幅度r a n g e o f s w i n g 两腿交叉l e g s c r o s s e d 两肘松垂r e l a x a n d d r o p e l b o w s 屈膝微蹲b e n d k n e e s a n d s q u a d d o w n s l i g h t l y上体前俯b e n d u p p e r b o d y f o r w a r d借力发力b o r r o w o p p o n e n t’s f o r c e a n d u s e i t a g a i n s t h i m拳势呼吸b r e a t h i n g f o l l o w i n g m o v e m e n t 呼吸节奏b r e a t h i n g r h y t h m 左右转换a l t e r n a t i n g l e f t a n d r i g h t 挺胸立腰c h e s t t h r u s t o u t a n d w a i s t e r e c t 握紧拳头c l e n c h f i s t咬紧牙关c l e n c h t e e t h 易犯错误c o m m o n e r r o r 同时完成c o m p l e t e a t t h e s a m e t i m e 完全放松c o m p l e t e l y r e l a x e d关节松开j o i n t o p e n放松肌肉r e l a x m u s c l e s 力达脚尖c o n c e n t r a t e f o r c e a t t o e s 步伐错乱w r o n g a n d c o n f u s e d f o o t w o r k 连续动作c o n s e c u t i v e m o v e m e n t 示范动作d e m o n s t r a t i o n 多余动作e x t r a m o v e m e n t单个动作 single movement; element of movement; each move of the movement 沉肩坠肘d r o p s h o u l d e r s a n d e l b o w s双膝微屈b e n d k n e e s s l i g h t l y;k n e e s s l i g h t l y b e n t屈膝松胯b e n d k n e e s a n d r e l a x h i p s 自然呼吸n a t u r a l b r e a t h i n g;b r e a t h e n a t u r a l l y 肌肉力量m u s c u l a r s t r e n g t h 肌肉控制m u s c l e c o n t r o l 肌肉放松m u s c l e r e l a x a t i o n 训练过度o v e r t r a i n 保持平衡k e e p(b o d y)b a l a n c e 握拳姿势f i s t f o r m 用劲方法m e t h o d s o f a p p l y i n g f o r c e 充分伸展f u l l y e x t e n d e d掌心向内p a l m f a c i n g i n掌心向外p a l m f a c i n g o u t拳眼向上t h e e y e o f t h e f i s t f a c i n g u p拳眼向下t h e e y e o f t h e f i s t f a c i n g d o w n足趾抓地g r a s p i n g t h e g r o u n d w i t h t o e s 力达脚尖p o w e r r e a c h e s t h e t o e 力达脚跟p o w e r i s f o c u s e d a t h e e l 后脚拔跟h e e l s o f r e a r f o o t o f f g r o u n d 后蹬有力p o w e r f u l o f t h e p u s h i n g o f f w i t h t h e r e a r f o o t 勾尖向上h o o k p o i n t i n g u p 心与意合i n t e g r a t i o n o f X i n(i.e.m i n d)a n d Y i(i.e.w i l l) 意与气合i n t e g r a t i o n o f Y i a n d Q i 气与力合i n t e g r a t i o n o f Q i a n d L i(i.e.f o r c e) 肩与髋合i n t e g r a t i o n o f s h o u l d e r s a n d h i p s肩臂练习s h o u l d e r a n d a r m e x e r c i s e 肘与膝合i n t e g r a t i o n o f e l b o w s a n d k n e e s 手与脚合i n t e g r a t i o n o f h a n d s a n d f e e t 用脚背踢k i c k w i t h t h e b a c k o f f o o t 用脚尖踢k i c k w i t h t h e t i p o f f o o t 踢打摔拿k i c k,s t r i k e,t h r o w i n g a n d g r a s p i n g 瞻前顾后l o o k a h e a d a n d b e w a r e o f t h e b a c k 眼看前方l o o k f o r w a r d 向前平视l o o k s t r a i g h t a h e a d转体90度t u r n b o d y90d e g r e e s 转移重心s h i f t w e i g h t 转腰不充分w a i s t n o t t u r n e d s u f f i c i e n t l y 保持不动r e m a i n s t a t i o n a r y 分解练习s e g m e n t d r i l l s 分解动作s e g m e n t m o v e m e n t 自我放松s e l f-r e l a x a t i o n 静心聚神s e r e n e h e a r t a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d m i n d 重心前移s h i f t w e i g h t f o r w a r d 短冲训练s h o r t-t e r m i n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g短期课程s h o r t-t e r m c o u r s e 高与肩平s h o u l d e r h e i g h t 与肩同宽s h o u l d e r w i d t h a p a r t 单臂绕环s i n g l e a r m c i r c l e 单个动作s i n g l e m o v e m e n t 单势练习s i n g l e p o s t u r e e x e r c i s e 上体后坐s i t b a c k(o n h i p s) 抖腕亮掌s n a p w r i s t a n d f l a s h p a l m 具体动作s p e c i f i c m o v e m e n t专项技术s p e c i f i c t e c h n i q u e 专项训练s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g 速度训练s p e e d t r a i n i n g 技术训练t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g 立身中正s t a n d s t r a i g h t a n d c e n t e r e d 并步直立s t a n d u p r i g h t w i t h f e e t t o g e t h e r 开步站立s t a n d w i t h f e e t a p a r t 右腿蹬直s t r a i g h t e n r i g h t l e g 右脚起跳t a k e-o f f o n r i g h t f o o t 技术特点t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s;t e c h n i c a l f e a t u r e s技术水平t e c h n i c a l l e v e l 胸式呼吸t h o r a c i c b r e a t h i n g 脚跟外蹬h e e l s o u t w a r d;h e e l p u s h e d o u t 脚趾抓地t o e s g r a s p t h e g r o u n d 脚尖内扣t o e s i n w a r d 脚微内扣t o e s p o i n t i n g s l i g h t l y i n w a r d 脚尖外撇t o e s o u t w a r d 脚尖外展t o e s p o i n t e d o u t w a r d;t o e s t u r n e d o u t 脚尖点地t o e s o n g r o u n d脚内扣f o o t t u r n e d i n w a r d 脚外展f o o t t u r n e d o u t w a r d 脚跟转向里t u r n h e e l i n w a r d 过渡动作t r a n s i t i o n m o v e m e n t 上体后倾(t r u n k)l e a n i n g b a c k w a r d 上体后倾(t r u n k)l e a n i n g f o r w a r d 上体正直t r u n k u p r i g h t 跌扑滚翻练习t u m b l i n g e x e r c i s e 前臂内旋t u r n f o r e a r m i n w a r d 前臂外旋t u r n f o r e a r m o u t w a r d典型错误t y p i c a l f a u l t 统一规格t h e u n i f i e d s t a n d a r d 高与肩平u p t o s h o u l d e r l e v e l;s h o u l d e r h i g h 高与腰齐w a i s t h i g h; 配合协调w e l l c o o r d i n a t e d 腰部练习w a i s t e x e r c i s e 腰如中轴w a i s t l i k e a n a x l e 上动不停w i t h o u t s t o p p i n g p r e v i o u s m o v e m e n t 腕部动作w r i s t a c t i o n;w r i s t m o v e m e n t手腕交叉w r i s t s c r o s s e d 运动量t r a i n i n g l o a d 绷脚面t o e s p o i n t i n g s l i g h t l y i n w a r d 格斗术f i g h t i n g a r t s;f i g h t i n g t e c h n i q u e s;c o m b a t s k i l l 攻防术t h e a r t o f o f f e n c e a n d d e f e n s e 勾脚尖h o o k f o o t;a n k l e j o i n t f l e x e d 反关节b e n d j o i n t b a c k w a r d 身似弓b o d y l i k e a b o w 走弧线c i r c u l a r m o v e m e n t 深呼吸d e e p b r e a t h i n g腋下空e m p t y a r m p i t s 肘微屈b e n d e l b o w s s l i g h t l y;e l b o w s l i g h t l y b e n t 外三合e x t e r n a l t h r e e c o n f o r m i t i e s 内三合i n t e r n a l t h r e e c o n f o r m i t i e s 面对面f a c e t o f a c e;f a c i n g e a c h o t h e r 头正直h e a d e r e c t;h e a d s t r a i g h t o r u p r i g h t 轮换做d o i t a l t e r n a t e l y 承上势c o n t i n u e f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s m o v e m e n t 高姿势i n a h i g h p o s i t i o n低姿势i n a l o w p o s i t i o n 呈弧形i n a n a r c 反方向o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n 反绕环r e v e r s e c i r c l e 逆方向r e v e r s e d i r e c t i o n 俯卧撑p u s h-u p 向外推p u s h o u t 向上推p u s h o f f 向前推p u s h f o r w a r d 向下推p u s h d o w n向下压p r e s s d o w n 后转身r e a r p i v o t;r e v e r s e p i v o t 放松踢r e l a x e d k i c k i n g 单手操s i n g l e m o v e m e n t p r a c t i c e 支撑腿s t a n d i n g l e g;s u p p o r t i n g l e g 侧迈步t a k e a s t e p s i d e w a y s 上半步t a k e h a l f a s t e p 上下肢u p p e r a n d l o w e r l i m b s 前跳步f o r w a r d j u m p s t e p划圆d e s c r i b e a c i r c l e 划弧d e s c r i b e a c u r v e 插步b a c k c r o s s s t e p 滚翻s o m e r s a u l t 腾空i n f l i g h t 起跳t a k e o f f 起跳脚t a k e-o f f f o o t 身型b o d y f o r m 身法b o d y t e c h n i q u e;b o d y w o r k 眼法e y e t e c h n i q u e;e y e w o r k步法f o o t w o r k;f o o t t e c h n i q u e 手法h a n d w o r k;h a n d t e c h n i q u e 指法f i n g e r t e c h n i q u e;f i n g e r w o r k 握拳m a k e a f i s t;c l e n c h t h e f i s t 发声m a k e a s o u n d 团身b o d y t u c k s 俯身b e n d f o r w a r d 弓背t o a r c h b a c k;b a c k a r c h e d 拔背p i c k u p b a c k;b a c k s t r a i g h t挺胸c h e s t(t h r u s t)o u t 含胸r e l a x c h e s t;h o l l o w c h e s t;d r a w c h e s t i n 鼓腰a r c h l o w e r b a c k 塌腰d r o p w a i s t 收拳p u l l f i s t b a c k 收腿p u l l b a c k t h e l e g 收腹p u l l i n a b d o m e n(i.e.s q u e e z e o r c o n t r a c t a b s) 收髋h i p s i n 收胯d r a w h i p s i n;w i t h d r a w h i p s 收左脚w i t h d r a w l e f t f o o t收臀b u t t o c k s(t u c k e d)i n;t u c k i n b o t t o m 敛臀k e e p b u t t o c k s i n 蹶臀b u t t o c k s r a i s e d;r a i s e h i p s 落臀d r o p h i p s;b u t t o c k s l o w e r e d 送髋h i p s p u s h e d f o r w a r d 挺髋h i p s t h r u s t o u t 挺腹b o w o u t a b d o m e n(i.e.e x t e n d o r e x p a n d a b s) 圆裆r o u n d c r o t c h a r e a;r o u n d i n n e r t h i g h 尖裆p o i n t e d c r o t c h a r e a夹裆s q u e e z e d c r o t c h a r e a 松胯h i p s r e l a x e d 松肩r e l a x s h o u l d e r s 松腰r e l a x w a i s t 松握h o l d l o o s e l y 敛胯t u c k i n h i p s 沉髋s i n k h i p s;h i p s l o w e r e d 沉胯d r o p h i p s 沉肩d r o p s h o u l d e r s 分腿l e g s a p a r t分力s e p a r a t e d f o r c e 并腿l e g s t o g e t h e r 抬腿l i f t l e g 抬头r a i s e h e a d 抬肘l i f t u p e l b o w;e l b o w u p 屈膝b e n d k n e e s;k n e e s b e n t 屈肘b e n d e l b o w;e l b o w b e n t 垂肘e l b o w d o w n 扬肘r a i s e e l b o w;e l b o w r a i s e d;乍肘e l b o w o u t;e x p a n d e l b o w 坠肘d r o p e l b o w 坠肩s i n k s h o u l d e r s 开肩o p e n s h o u l d e r j o i n t s 顺肩e x t e n d s h o u l d e r(f o r w a r d) 勾脚f l e x f o o t 全蹲f u l l s q u a t 半蹲h a l f s q u a t 拔跟h e e l r a i s e d 提踵h e e l u p收腹p u l l i n a b d o m e n;h o l d b e l l y i n仰卧i n s u p i n e p o s i t i o n 侧卧l i e o n s i d e 俯卧l i e f a c e d o w n 抬头l i f t h e a d上踢k i c k u p 掩膝k n e e s t u r n e d i n w a r d 大缠l a r g e t w i n i n g h o l d 小缠s m a l l-t w i n i n g h o l d 后倾l e a n b a c k w a r d 前倾l e a n f o r w a r d 放松r e l a x;l o o s e n 低势l o w p o s t u r e;l o w p o s i t i o n上盘u p p e r-s e c t i o n 下盘l o w e r-s e c t i o n 下摆s w i n g d o w n w a r d 中盘m i d-s e c t i o n 中节m i d d l e s e c t i o n 下移m o v e d o w n 上移m o v e u p 动势m o v i n g p o s i t i o n 下按p u s h d o w n;p r e s s d o w n 反握r e v e r s e g r i p 耸肩s h r u g s h o u l d e r s 摆头s n a p h e a d a r o u n d 摆臂s w i n g a r m s 抖腕s n a p w r i s t 加速s p e e d u p;a c c e l e r a t e 蹲下s q u a t d o w n 蹲跳s q u a t-h o p 腿直s t r a i g h t l e g 腰直s t r a i g h t t o r s o腕直s t r a i g h t w r i s t 颈直n e c k s t r a i g h t 直腰w a i s t e r e c t 前伸s t r e t c h f o r w a r d 伸直s t r e t c h o u t 挥臂s w i n g o f t h e a r m 甩头s w i n g h e a d 转身t u r n b o d y 转体t u r n t o r s o 转腰t u r n w a i s t 拧身t w i s t b o d y 拧腰t w i s t b o d y 旋腕t w i s t w r i s t 对称w e l l b a l a n c e d 匀称w e l l p r o p o r t i o n e d 转腕w r i s t r o t a t i o n。

☆自助餐厅英文培训内容

☆自助餐厅英文培训内容自助餐厅英文培训内容English Training ContentsBy Nichonas Lee 一．基本烹饪方法（Usual Cookery）：煎fry 炸deep-fry 炒stir-fry 烤roast烩/红烧braise 烘bake 蒸steam 熏smoke煮boil 炖stew 铁板煎barbecue＝BBQ扒grill 白灼pouch 刺身sashimi二．菜品翻译方法（Translation）:1.烹饪方法＋主料＋辅料（热菜居多）如：西芹炒鱿鱼Fried squid with celery2.地区特色如：麻婆豆腐Mapo Tofu3.主料＋辅料（汤类居多）如：奶油蘑菇汤Cream & Mushroom soup三．早餐的学习（breakfast learning）1.欧式早餐（Continental breakfast）RMB58yuan果汁或水果盘chilled juice(lemon juice, orange juice, grape juice, apple juice) or fruit platter烤面包或早餐包Toast(white toast or whole wheat toast) or breakfast bakery(Croissant, Danish pastry, Muffin, Hard roll, Soft roll)麦片或酸奶Cereal(corn flakes, pop rice/rice crispy, all bran, raisin bran) or yoghurt(pineapple flavor or strawberry flavor) 咖啡或红茶Coffee(Brewed coffee) or English tea2. 美式早餐（American breakfast）RMB 68yuan果汁或水果盘chilled juice(lemon juice, orange juice, grape juice, apple juice) or fruit platter自选双蛋two fresh eggs of any style(with salt & pepper, magisauce)煎蛋Fried eggs(单面：sunny-side up 双面：over easy/over hard)炒蛋Scrambled eggs蛋卷Omelet (with ham, sausage, bacon, red/green pepper, onion etc.)水煮蛋boiled eggs(three minutes or five minutes)荷包蛋Pouched eggs烤面包或早餐包Toast(white toast or whole wheat toast) or breakfast bakery(Croissant, Danish pastry, Muffin, Hard roll, Soft roll)麦片或酸奶Cereal(corn flakes, pop rice/rice crispy, all bran, raisin bran) or yoghurt(pineapple flavor or strawberry flavor) 咖啡或红茶Coffee(Brewed coffee) or English tea3.中式早餐(Chinese breakfast) RMB48yuan馒头或包子（Steamed bread or steamed stuffed bun<豆沙包：Steamed stuffed black bean bun/鲜肉包：Steamed stuffed pork & vegetable bun）粥（Congee:白粥plain congee, 蔬菜粥Vegetable congee, 皮蛋瘦肉粥preserved eggand pork congee, 鸡丝粥shredded chicken congee）热饮hot beverage:绿茶green tea, 花茶jasmine tea四．自助餐Buffet1.早餐热菜（hot dishes for breakfast）饺子Dumpling 土豆泥Mashed potato 焗豆Baked bean美式煎饼American pan cake (served with honey)法多士French toast 扒蕃茄Grilled tomato with bread dough 火腿ham 扒热狗肠Grilled hot-dog sausage(made with pork) 早餐肠Breakfast sausage(made with chicken)炒时蔬Fried seasonal vegetable(菜心choisum 黄瓜cucumber茄子eggplant南瓜pumpkin 萝卜turnip 西兰花broccoli 生菜lettuce 芥兰kale 芦笋asparagus 菠菜spinach 空心菜water spinach 胡萝卜carrot 蕃茄tomato 土豆potato莲藕lotus roots 玉米sweet corn )2.牛奶hot milk 豆浆bean milk粥congee(served with 榨菜pickles, 泡菜mustard vegetable, 咸蛋salted eggs)3.甜汤Sweet soup（龟苓膏herbal jelly, 椰汁西米露coconut palm and sago soup）4.煮面boiled noodle(米线rice vermicelli, 粉丝glass vermicelli, 云吞wonton,乌冬面udon, 河粉rice noodle),意大利面spaghetti（除外）5.调味品Condiments盐salt 酱油soybean sauce 辣椒油chili oil 香油sesame oil花椒油Sichuan pepper oil 辣椒汁tobasco 大蒜garlic蒜茸garlic bulb 姜ginger 黄油butter 大葱shallot/scallion味精gourmet powder/MSG=monosodium glutamate 咖喱curry葱段shallot sprout 芥末mustard/wasabi 肉汁gravy糖sugar(方糖cube sugar, 黄糖brown sugar, 白糖white sugar, 健怡糖slimmer’ s sugar/EQUAL)醋vinegar(红醋red vinegar, 白醋distilled vinegar蕃茄酱ketchup/tomato sauce 五香five-spicy果酱jam(橙酱marmalade, 草莓酱strawberry jam)甜面酱sweet soybean paste 蛋黄酱mayonnaise 孜然cumin 法汁French dressing 千岛汁Thousand island dressing油醋汁vinegar oil dressing 橄榄olive 刺山柑/小瓜柳carper鸡尾洋葱cocktail onion6.水果fruit樱桃cherry 红毛丹rambutan 李子plum 西瓜water melon哈蜜瓜honey melon/cantaloupe 火龙果dragon fruit杏子almond 葡萄grape 龙眼/桂园longan 草莓strawberry柚子pomelo 香蕉banana 梨子pear 桃子peach 苹果apple柿子persimmon 圣女果cherry tomato 金桔cumquat柑橘tangerine 橙子orange 桔子mandarin orange菠萝/凤梨pineapple 木瓜papaya 柠檬lemon 西柚grapefruit枣date/jujube(酸枣wild jujube) 椰子coconut 芒果mango蓝莓blueberry 蜜柚sweet shaddock 核桃walnut猕猴桃/奇异果kiwi 榴莲durian7.汤soup:西式汤大多分清汤（borsch/consommé/clear soup）和浓汤（thick soup/pottage/bisque）,其中奶油浓汤也叫周打汤（chowder）罗宋汤Russian soup 意大利蔬菜汤Minestrone soup匈牙利美味汤Hungarian goulash soup奶油蘑菇汤Cream & mushroom soup法式洋葱汤French onion soup 海鲜周打汤Seafood chowder牛肉清汤Beef consom mé牛尾汤Ox’s tail soup三鲜鱼翅羹Shark’s fin soup 味噌汤Miso shiru酸萝卜老鸭汤Sour turnip and old duck soup猪骨汤Pig’s spare rib soup 泰式酸辣汤Tom yum kum8.蟹crab 鱿鱼squid 鳕鱼cod 三文鱼salmon 鲭鱼mackerel吞拿鱼/金枪鱼tuna 鲷鱼snapper 桂鱼mandarin fish鲫鱼river carp 草鱼grass fish 带鱼ribbon fish 鲤鱼carp比目鱼sole 黄鱼yellow croaker 石斑鱼sea bass 鲍鱼abalone 鳝鱼/鳗鱼eel甲鱼turtle青鱼herring 海参sea cucumber 文蛤clam 元贝scallop青口mussel 北极贝surf clam 竹蛏razor clam 龙虾lobster大明虾king prawn 虾菇squilla 沙丁鱼sardine 乳鸽pigeon蜗牛snail 火鸡turkey 鸡翅chicken wing 虾仁shrimp羊肉mutton 肉串kebab 鱼柳fish fillet T骨牛排T-bone steak 牛排beef steak(西冷sirloin, 牛柳tenderloin) 羊架lamb chop (一成bleu三成rare五成medium七成medium well全熟well-done)黑椒汁black pepper sauce 蘑菇汁mushroom sauce9.其它others比萨pizza 蛋挞tart 鲜榨果汁fresh squeezing juice寿司sushi10.西点dessert黑森林蛋糕black forest cake 英式水果蛋糕English fruit cake 意大利提拉米苏Italian tiramisu(意大利芝士蛋糕)苹果派apple pie 芝士派cheese pie 拿破仑napoleon布朗尼Browniss 巧克力慕司chocolate mousse 布丁pudding 曲奇cookie 果冻jelly 苹果酥条apple strudel11.冰淇淋ice-cream香草vanilla 香芋taro 香槟提子champagne raisin etc.12.酒水饮料beverage:西餐中，酒和菜肴搭配是有规律的，总的来说，色香味较淡的酒搭配色调冷，香气淡雅的菜肴。

Application Training Examples

component models a tank which contains a fluid. The inflow and outflow losses can be accounted for in the model.
Whereas, Constant Head Reservoir Fig: (a) is used to model constant head boundary condition, therefore at the connecting node; pressure is equal to specified liquid level plus surface pressure.
7
Compressible Transient Result:

8
Training Example 3: Modeling a gravity water system using Incompressible analysis. Back Ground to various reservoir components in Flowmaster: Finite area reservoir: This
Application Training Examples
Abdul Ludhi BEng (Hons) CEng MIMechE
Application Exercises:
Training Example 1: Using Incompressible analysis Leakage Modeling in Flowmaster. Training Example 2: Using Compressible analysis model a depressurization system in Flowmaster. Training Example 3: Modeling a gravity water system using Incompressible analysis. Training Example 4: Using Incompressible analysis model an Oil transfer pipeline system. It will investigate pressure drop and flow rate in Steady State. Also in transient what happens when the valve starts to close? Training Example 5: Model a Controlled pressure System using PID - Incompressible analysis. Similar method can be used to design water injection network for increasing oil production. Training Example 6: Compressible: How to optimize pipe insulation thickness? Training Example 7: Model a Controlled Flow System using PID - Incompressible analysis. Training Example 8: Modeling Poppet Relief Valve in a network – Incompressible analysis Training Example 9: Sizing an orifice using Flow balancing analysis. Training Example 10: Modeling a simple fire prevention system using Priming analysis. Training Example 11: Pipe Thermal Model Exercise Training Example 12: Heat Exchanger exercise

中国石油大学(北京)康永尚教授油气经济评价第4章

第二节主要财税参数六、成本油(Cost Oil) 成本油是指产品分成制中所规定的一定比例用于成本回收的原油。
•成本油上限 •结余成本油的处理 •成本油回收项目 •亏损结转期限 •有些合同还规定成本回收顺序。
第二节主要财税参数七、利润油(Profit Oil) 产品分成合同中，总产值减去矿区使用费、流转税后的净收入扣除成本油的那部分称为利润油。
第一节石油合同概述四、石油合作标准合同 2、标准合同的主要内容
Contracting Parties Recitals Article 1 Definitions Article 2 Annexes to the Agreement Article 3 Object of the Agreement Article 4 Nature of the Relationship between The Parties Article 5 Duration of the Agreement Article 6 Exploration Period Article 7 Production Period Article 8 Operator Article 9 Petroleum Operations Procedures Document Article 10 Costs and Expenses Article 11 Recovery of Costs and Expenditures Article 12 Production Sharing
第二节主要财税参数一、主要财税参数
•定金 •地租 •矿区使用费 •流转税 •成本油 •利润油 •公司所得税 •国家参与 •优惠政策 •国内销售义务 •培训费 •其它费用
第二节主要财税参数二、定金(Bonus)

中文硫化氢培训教材

15
Sulphide Stress Cracking – SSC破裂
Brittle failure by cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and H2S. 有水和硫化氢存在,张应力和腐蚀会导致脆化破裂。 , When hydrogen molecules are formed from the hydrogen ions and the electrons a volume expansion takes place。当氢原子生成氢分ogen Atom 氢原子
Hydrogen sulfide can cause damage even catastrophic failure in high strength components. 硫化氢的破坏作用能使一些高强度的零部件造成重大损害。 The presence of hydrogen sulfide tends to cause hydrogen atoms to enter the metal rather than form hydrogen molecules that can not enter the metal. 硫化氢中的氢离子可以进入金属内部生于氢原子。 The hydrogen atom migrate into the steel When two hydrogen atoms come together I the steel structure, a hydrogen molecule is formed and will cause an expansion. 氢原子在钢铁内部移与另一个氢原子结合形成分子然后膨胀。

连续重整装置工艺流程实训心得

连续重整装置工艺流程实训心得英文回答：Training Experience on Continuous Reforming Unit Process.During the training on the continuous reforming unit process, I gained valuable hands-on experience and knowledge about the operation and control of this important unit in the oil refining industry. The training provided a comprehensive understanding of the entire process, from the feedstock preparation to the final product.Firstly, I learned about the feedstock preparation stage, which involves the pre-treatment of the crude oil or naphtha to remove impurities and adjust the desired composition. This step is crucial in ensuring the quality of the feedstock and optimizing the performance of the reforming unit.Next, I was introduced to the catalytic reforming process, which is the heart of the continuous reforming unit. This process involves the conversion of low-octane hydrocarbons into high-octane components through the use of catalysts and high-temperature reactions. I gained hands-on experience in operating the reactors, monitoring the temperature and pressure, and adjusting the catalyst circulation rate to achieve the desired product specifications.Furthermore, I learned about the fractionation and separation stage, which is responsible for separating the reformate product into different components based on their boiling points. This step is crucial in obtaining the desired gasoline blend components and other valuable by-products.The training also covered the control and optimization of the continuous reforming unit. I learned about the various control loops and parameters that need to be monitored and adjusted to ensure the efficient and safe operation of the unit. This includes the control of thereactor temperature, pressure, and catalyst circulation rate, as well as the monitoring of product quality and yield.Overall, the training on the continuous reforming unit process was extremely informative and practical. It provided me with a solid foundation in understanding the process flow, operating parameters, and control strategies of this important unit in the oil refining industry.中文回答：连续重整装置工艺流程实训心得。

PALL 颇尔过滤器 -炼油系统培训

典型值：d = 800 kg/m3 l = 2 ctp
Spec : Density, Sulphur, Corrosion, Flash Point, Water, FBP,
Pour point
规格：密度、硫含量、侵蚀情况、闪点、水含量、FBP、倾点
Gasoil & Diesel 瓦斯油和柴油
Gasoil / Diesel is mainly used for diesel fuel (trucks, trains & cars) 瓦斯油/柴油主要用于柴油燃料（卡车、火车和汽车）。
主要装置简介
加氢裂化 & 催化裂化：
工艺特点：产品收率高，汽油质量好。轻油收率高，可达70%以上。可提供大量化工原料。裂化气体中C3、C4组分约占90%，C3中丙烯又占 70%，C4中各种丁烯占55%左右。柴油性质差产品方案灵活。原料选择范围比较宽，通常是以减压馏份油、焦化蜡油等做原料。
Distillation 蒸馏 Crude will be split by distillation into different quality of molecules in order to make different fuels for heating, cars, trucks, aircraft, etc. 通过蒸馏将原油分离成不同质量的分子，以便制造各种燃料，用于加热、汽车、卡车、飞机等。
通常情况下： d = 550 kg/m3 l = 0.55 ctp
Specs : Total sulphur (Doctor test) 规格：总含硫量（硫化氢试验）
Naphtha & gasoline 石脑油和汽油

石油科技英语基础教程

Gasoline: gasoline
Petroleum technology procurement
Diesel
Lubricating oil
Petrochemical industry
Petroleum technology procurement
Oil field
Oil production
"The oil company is exploring new oil fields in this region."
Common expressions in petroleum technology
Reading comprehension of petroleum technology in English
Visual Aids
Utilize charts, tables, and diagrams to enhance understanding and clarification complex concepts
Technical Detail
Provide accurate and detailed information on technical aspects of petroleum technology
Clear Structure
Organize the content into a logical flow that is easy to follow
Use of Terminology
Use precision and specific terminology to communicate effectively
The History and Development of Petroleum Technology English

一种油田伴生气生产混烃和lng工艺流程

一种油田伴生气生产混烃和lng工艺流程1.我们的油田伴生气生产工艺流程包括油气分离、气体处理和混合烃生产。

Our oilfield associated gas production process includesoil and gas separation, gas treatment and mixed hydrocarbon production.2.气体处理过程包括脱硫、除水、除酸和除CO2处理。

Gas treatment process includes desulfurization, dehydration, acid removal and CO2 removal.3.经过脱硫处理后的气体进入混合烃生产装置。

The desulfurized gas enters the mixed hydrocarbon production unit.4.在混合烃生产装置中，气体与液态烃混合，并进行分离和净化。

In the mixed hydrocarbon production unit, the gas is mixed with liquid hydrocarbons, and then separated and purified.5.分离后的轻质烃被输送到液化天然气(LNG)装置进行液化处理。

The separated light hydrocarbons are sent to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant for liquefaction.6.液化天然气装置通过低温和高压技术将轻质烃转化为液态天然气。

The LNG plant converts the light hydrocarbons into liquefied natural gas through cryogenic and high-pressure technology.7.液化天然气装置将液态天然气进行净化和升压，使其达到出厂质量标准。

石油污染英语短文作文

石油污染英语短文作文Title: Addressing Petroleum Pollution: A Global Challenge。

Petroleum pollution, a pervasive environmental issue, poses significant threats to ecosystems, human health, and the economy worldwide. This essay delves into the causes, impacts, and solutions to mitigate petroleum pollution.Firstly, the primary causes of petroleum pollution stem from oil spills, leakage from storage tanks, offshore drilling, and transportation accidents. These incidents release vast quantities of crude oil and refined petroleum products into the environment, contaminating water bodies, soil, and air. Additionally, routine activities such as oil exploration, extraction, refining, and combustioncontribute to ongoing pollution.The impacts of petroleum pollution are multifaceted and severe. Aquatic ecosystems suffer immediate and long-termconsequences, with oil slicks suffocating marine life, disrupting food chains, and damaging habitats such as coral reefs and mangroves. Oil-contaminated water sources pose health risks to humans, affecting drinking water quality and causing respiratory issues due to air pollution fromoil refineries and vehicle emissions. Moreover, oil spills have detrimental effects on coastal communities, fisheries, tourism, and local economies, exacerbating poverty and social inequality.Efforts to address petroleum pollution require a comprehensive approach involving prevention, response, and remediation strategies. Prevention entails stringent regulations, technological innovations, and industry best practices to minimize the risk of oil spills and leaks. Enhanced monitoring systems, regular maintenance of infrastructure, and the use of double-hulled tankers can mitigate the likelihood of accidents during oil transportation. Furthermore, investing in renewable energy sources and promoting energy efficiency can reduce reliance on fossil fuels, thereby decreasing the overall environmental impact.In the event of oil spills, rapid and effective response mechanisms are essential to contain the spread of pollution and minimize its ecological and socioeconomic repercussions. Emergency response teams equipped with specialized equipment and training must swiftly deploy to the affected areas to initiate cleanup operations. Various techniques such as booms, skimmers, sorbents, and dispersants are employed to recover or disperse the spilled oil, depending on the circumstances and environmental conditions. However, it is crucial to weigh the short-term benefits of dispersants against their potential long-term ecological harm and prioritize environmentally friendly methods of remediation.Remediation efforts aim to restore ecosystems and mitigate the long-term impacts of petroleum pollution. Bioremediation, using microorganisms to break down oil contaminants, shows promise as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution for cleaning up polluted sites. Additionally, restoration projectsinvolving habitat rehabilitation, reforestation, andwetland conservation can help rebuild ecosystems and promote biodiversity resilience. Collaborative initiatives involving government agencies, industry stakeholders, academia, and local communities are essential to coordinate remediation efforts and ensure their effectiveness.In conclusion, petroleum pollution poses significant challenges to environmental sustainability and human well-being, necessitating concerted action at the global, national, and local levels. By adopting preventive measures, improving emergency response capabilities, and implementing innovative remediation technologies, we can mitigate the impacts of petroleum pollution and move towards a cleaner and more sustainable future for generations to come.。

ASTM D473 沉淀物测试

旧套筒：－可以把上次恒重后的套筒重量作为下次试验的初始重量，多次测定后，如果沉淀物积累过多，应按下法处理－可以把旧套筒放在750℃马弗炉加热20min除去可燃部分，然后安装新套筒进行预抽提、干燥、恒重。 *在进行仲裁试验时必须使用新套筒，日常工作可以使用旧套筒
测试步骤
试样经充分混合后，立即倒入套筒内约10g，准确至0.01g。把套筒放到抽提器中，向锥形瓶中加入150－200mL甲苯，加热进行
烘箱：能稳定控温在115到120℃ 冷却装置：没有干燥剂的干燥器
套筒准备
新套筒：－新套筒在使用前，先用砂纸擦拭外表面，再用钢性刷子除去所有的松散物。－用甲苯进行预抽提，甲苯应从套筒中滴出至少1小时，－然后把套筒放入115－120℃烘箱中干燥1小时，－在没有干燥剂的干燥器中冷却1小时，称准至0.1mg。－重复抽提，直到两次连续抽提后套筒的重量之差不大于0.2mg。
OIL, GAS & CHEMICALS SERVICES TESTING METHOD TRAINING
D473 Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method 抽提法测燃料油和原油的沉淀物
重复抽提，让溶剂从套筒中滴出至少1小时，但不超过1.25小时。在没有干燥剂的干燥器中冷却1小时，精确至0.1mg。
再重复抽提，直到两次连续抽提后套筒的重量之差不大于0.2mg。
计算
沉淀物含量：
S, %(m/m)＝100A / B A：沉淀物的质量，g
B：样品的质量，g
报告
报告结果准确至0.01%(m/m)