lecture19_169509274

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14_Lecture_Presentation

14_Lecture_Presentation
– Temporal isolation
– Habitat isolation
– Behavioral isolation – Mechanical isolation
– Gametic isolation
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS Temporal Isolation Habitat Isolation
Sterile next-generation rice hybrid
Figure 14.5c
Mechanisms of Speciation
• A key event in the potential origin of a species occurs when a population is severed from other populations of the parent species.
• Macroevolution:
– Encompasses the major biological changes evident in the fossil record
– Includes the formation of new species
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Allopatric speciation
Simpatric speciation
Figure 14.6
Allopatric Speciation
• Geologic processes can:
– Fragment a population into two or more isolated populations

lecture

lecture
HBTs and HEMTs for wireless communications and fiber optical communications Quantum dot lasers The development of quantum dots
1990
Quantum confined Stark effect in quantum wells
5. Quantum optoelectronic devices
6. Quantum transport devices
1956 J. Bardeen, W. Brittain, W. Schockley: For inventing the transistors
1900 Planck’s Quantum Theory
d 2k 2k dk 2 2 ( 4 ) 2 (4 ) 2 m 2 dE
2dk 2 2 1 2m dE E
Density of States2-D 3-DFra bibliotek1-D
0
E
0
E
0
E
1 D1D
2m E
D2 D
m 2
D3 D
m 2mE 2 3
Density of States of Various Quantum Structures
Conduction band
k
Heavy hole band
2k 2 E E0 2m
Effective mass is related to the curvature of the energy band
Light hole band
2 m 2 d E dk 2
Electron’s velocity is also related to the band structure

学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案ppt

学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案ppt

Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
What is the author trying to prove?
What is the author assuming I will agree with?
Do you agree with the author?
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Critical reading and thinking
Activities
Example 2: water vs. diamond
Why is water so cheap, while diamonds are so
expensive?
water
Necessary for survival
diamond
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Example 3: a seat belt law
American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Key terms
marginal cost: 边际成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activity

TPO 19 听力解析

TPO 19 听力解析

TPO 19 解析Conversation 1(场景分类——询问论文)Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and the professor.StudentHi, professor Handerson. (1)That was a really interesting lecture in class today.ProfessorThanks, Tom. Yeah, animals’ use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that’s a fascinating area. One we are really just starting to understand.StudentYeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing. Oh, like non-poisonous butterflies that have come to look like poisonous ones. (2)But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other, I have never heard that before.ProfessorRight, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.StudentSo they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory?ProfessorRight, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well...StudentYeah, I can see how that might do the trick. (3)But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory. Well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.ProfessorYeah, it is fairly new to biology. Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances. But for example, a business sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university. But there is another company bidding too. So, what should they do?StudentWell, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.ProfessorRight, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs. There are risks with pricing too high, the company might get the sale, there is also the number and type of computers to consider. Each company has to find a balance between the cost and benefits. Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like this to predict outcomes.StudentOk, I get that. But how does it apply to animals?Professor(4)Well, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper. StudentThe literature review?ProfessorYeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them. If there is a conflict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.Student(5)Well, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can’t say I understand much of the statistics end.ProfessorWell, I can point you to some that presents fairly basic studies, that don’t assume much background knowledge. You’ll just need to answer a few specific questions: What was the researchers’ hypothesis? What did they want to find out? And how did they conduct their research? And then the conclusions they came to. Learning to interpret these statistics will come later.词汇:deception n. 欺骗selective adj. 选择性的deceive v. 欺骗invade v. 侵略territory n. 领土imitate v. 模仿bid v. 投标;出价hypothesis n. 假设题目:1. Why does the man go to see the professor?解析:主旨题,文中学生开头说教授今天课上的演讲很有趣,接着讨论了课上的内容。

Lecture19_Xing

Lecture19_Xing

4
Network analysis -- visualization
Eric Xing
© Eric Xing @ CMU, 2006-2010
5
Global topological measures

Indicate the g gross topological p g structure of the network
15
Modeling Evolving Networks

We observe the network at discrete, evenly y spaced p time points t = 1,2,…,T.

The observed network at time t: At. We want to design a class of statistical models for the evolution of f networks over a fixed f set of f nodes.
© Eric Xing @ CMU, 2006-2010 16

Eric Xing
Markov Assumption

To simplify p y things, g assume the network observed at timestep pt (1 ≤ t ≤ T) is independent of the rest of history given the knowledge of the network at timestep t-1, then

Dynamic tomography underlying evolving network

新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生 语音教程(第2版) 课件

新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生 语音教程(第2版) 课件

新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生语音教程(第2版) 课件全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: New Century College English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition)In the ever-evolving landscape of higher education, the New Century College offers a comprehensive English major undergraduate phonetics courseware in its 2nd edition. The courseware aims to provide students with a solid foundation in phonetics, equipping them with the necessary skills to navigate the complexities of the English language.The courseware covers a wide range of topics, including the basics of phonetics, articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. Through a combination of lectures, exercises, and practical assignments, students will have the opportunity to deepen their understanding of phonetics and develop their phonetic abilities.One of the key features of the courseware is its interactive nature. Students will have access to multimedia resources, suchas audio and video recordings, which will help them improve their pronunciation and listening skills. In addition, the courseware includes a variety of interactive exercises and quizzes that will allow students to practice their phonetic knowledge in a fun and engaging way.Furthermore, the courseware is designed to be flexible and adaptable to the needs of each student. Whether you are a beginner looking to improve your pronunciation or an advanced student seeking to refine your phonetic skills, the courseware provides a structured and comprehensive approach to phonetics education.Overall, the New Century College English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition) is an invaluable resource for students looking to enhance their understanding of phonetics and improve their English language skills. With its practical approach, interactive features, and comprehensive content, the courseware is sure to benefit students at all levels of proficiency.篇2Title: The Second Edition of Audio Tutorial for Undergraduate English Majors in New Century Higher Education InstitutionsWith the rapid development of globalization, English has become an essential tool for communication in various fields. Therefore, it is important for English majors in higher education institutions to have a strong foundation in English language skills, including pronunciation and phonetics. The second edition of the audio tutorial for undergraduate English majors in new century higher education institutions aims to improve students' English pronunciation through interactive and engaging courseware.The courseware consists of a series of modules that cover various aspects of English phonetics, such as consonant and vowel sounds, stress patterns, intonation, and rhythm. Each module includes audio recordings of native speakers pronouncing words and sentences, as well as interactive exercises that allow students to practice their pronunciation skills. The courseware also provides detailed explanations of pronunciation rules and tips for improving accent and intonation.In addition to the audio recordings and interactive exercises, the courseware also includes video tutorials that demonstrate proper pronunciation techniques and provide examples of common mistakes to avoid. The videos feature experienced English teachers who provide guidance and feedback to help students improve their pronunciation skills.Overall, the second edition of the audio tutorial for undergraduate English majors in new century higher education institutions is a valuable resource for students looking to improve their English pronunciation. By utilizing interactive courseware and engaging multimedia content, students can enhance their pronunciation skills and become more proficient in spoken English. This courseware is a valuable tool for English majors in higher education institutions who are looking to advance their language skills and succeed in today's globalized world.篇3Title: New Century Higher Education Institutions English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition)Introduction:The New Century Higher Education Institutions English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition) is a comprehensive and interactive learning resource designed for students studying English at the undergraduate level. This courseware covers a wide range of topics related to phonetics, including pronunciation, intonation, stress, rhythm, and phonetic transcription. It provides students with a solid foundation in English phonetics and helps them improve their speaking and listening skills.Key Features:1. Interactive Lessons: The courseware includes interactive lessons that allow students to practice pronunciation, intonation, stress, and rhythm in a dynamic and engaging way. These lessons help students improve their oral communication skills and develop a more natural-sounding English accent.2. Phonetic Transcription Exercises: The courseware providesa variety of exercises that allow students to practice phonetic transcription, which is essential for understanding and producing the sounds of English accurately. These exercises help students develop their phonetic skills and enhance their ability to analyze and reproduce English sounds.3. Audio and Video Resources: The courseware includes audio and video resources that allow students to listen to and imitate native speakers of English. These resources help students improve their listening comprehension and pronunciation skills by providing authentic examples of English speech.4. Self-assessment Tools: The courseware includesself-assessment tools that allow students to track their progress and identify areas for improvement. These tools provide students with feedback on their pronunciation, intonation, stress, and rhythm, helping them monitor their language development and set goals for improvement.Conclusion:The New Century Higher Education Institutions English Major Undergraduate Phonetics Courseware (2nd Edition) is an invaluable resource for students studying English at the undergraduate level. By using this courseware, students can improve their pronunciation, intonation, stress, rhythm, and phonetic transcription skills, leading to enhanced oral communication and a more accurate understanding of English sounds. This courseware is a must-have for any English major looking to excel in their language studies.。

新编英语语法教程20. Lecture_19-20_不定式

新编英语语法教程20. Lecture_19-20_不定式
• It is easy for me to follow his pace in the jungle. • It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits. (For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard.)
• One will get trouble to do such a thing.
• To be frank, your idea is not that bright. • To say the least of it, he is an honest man. • To do him justice, he has done something good. • To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me.
• He burst out crying to hear her words. • She blushed to see him. • He felt shame for his daughter to have told lies. • She smiled to see the flowers nodding in the wind.
1. 下列表示人物特征的形容词常常和of搭 配,构成 It is +adj. +of +sb. to do sth. bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, stupid, silly, thoughtful, wise, wrong, generous

高一英语第十九讲

高一英语第十九讲

第十九讲必修4 Module 1 Life in the Future、综合训练五砖混凝土泥替换的;供选择的罪;罪行预测危险的;冒险的资源(常作复数)材料依靠;依赖太阳的都市的;城市的装;装载逮捕;拘留罪犯;犯人开火;启动(常作复数)范围户外联机地目录命令;指令娱乐;消遣保龄球游戏垒球(运动)费用;价钱供给动力轻打开关交换;调换外科手术门诊病人诊所失去能力;伤残系;贴;连接宇航基地乐观的;乐观主义的无意的;确定地最后;终于殖民地语言;预料造成……形状二.词组have no alternative but (=have no choice but) 除……外别无选择; 只要……alternative energy 可代替能源an alternative plan替代方案load … with sth. 给…装某物load the truck with coal给汽车装上煤be on fire 着火(强调状态)catch fire 失火(强调动作,无被动语态) set fire to sth 放火烧某物command sb to do sth 命令某人做某事command that (that从句中要用should+动词原形, should可省略)free of charge 免费,不花钱in the charge of 由…负责take charge of 负责管理,负责照顾be charged with…充满attach sth to sth 把某物固定/附在某物上be attached to…连在…上; 附属于….; attach importance/value to sth.认为很重要for sure 肯定地,有把握地can’t…too或never…too “不可能太….”, be sure + that-clause 确信,相信……make sure of /about sth 确保……make sure + that 确保sb. run out of sth某人用完了某东西sth. run out 某物用完了(没有了) rely on/upon依靠,信赖;取决于get rid of 摆脱,丢掉;除去,place an order 订购carry out an operation 做手术be optimistic about…对……乐观的in the shape of 以….形状;呈……形out of shape 变形,走样look out of 向……外看look out!小心,当心Watch out! ; Be careful! / Take care!for a start 首先to start with = to begin with首先, 第一from the start= from the beginning 从开头, 从开始on the way out 即将被淘汰; 即将过时on the way 即将,来到,接近单选1. Give this to_____ you think can do the work well.A. whoB. whoeverC. whomeverD. however2. Y ou can take as many as you like because they are free of_____.A.fareB. chargeC. moneyD. pay3. They call the officer because they are______water and food.A. run outB. run out ofC. running outD. running out of4. I know_____ it’s you rather than anyone else that are to blame for the mistake.A. for sureB. sureC. for the sureD. for a sure5.With a lot of difficult problems______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settledB. settingC. to settleD. being settled6.It wasn’t long ____he found mother came back.A. whenB. untilC. beforeD. since7.I was________the heavy luggage.A.loading down with B.loaded down with C.loading over to D.loaded over for load sb.down with sth.使……负担……8.It’s________cold________go in to the sea yet.A.too;to B.so;to C.to;to D.in order;to9.The police arrived and________command of the situation.A.took B.charged C.made D.kepttake/have command of...习语,“对……掌握”。

《普通物理学》课件(英文)-第19章 Sound waves

《普通物理学》课件(英文)-第19章 Sound waves

Intensity I: I = Pav = (Pm )2
A 2v
(19-19)
The response of the ear to sound of increasing intensity is approximately logarithmic.
One can define a logarithmic scale of intensity
(19-8)
sm
=
m k0
=
Pm kB
ux (x,t)
=
s t
=
um
sin
(kx −
ωt )
um
=
vPm B
(19-9)
μx(x,t) is the velocity of oscillation of an element in fluids.
v= /k is the velocity of sound wave.
Chapter 19 Sound waves
19-1 Properties of Sound waves 19-2 Traveling sound waves
19-3* The speed of sound 19-4 Power and intensity of sound waves 19-5 Interference of sound waves 19-6* Standing longitudinal waves 19-7* Vibrating system and sources of sound 19-8 Beats 19-9 The Doppler effect
= m sin( kx − t)
(19-1)
P = Pm sin( kx − t)

maggie雅茹-小姜老师公开课的笔记完整版

maggie雅茹-小姜老师公开课的笔记完整版

目录Outline of Lecture 2 (2)1.读题注意的问题 (3)2.抽象词:命题时有大量抽象词 (3)3.绝对用语 (4)4.情态用语 (6)Outline of Lecture 3 (7)1.上节课复习 (8)2. 表程度和数量的词 (8)3.什么是对比元素 (10)4.什么是评价标准 (11)5.什么是未声明的假设 (12)Outline of Lecture 4 (13)• Q1: 新GRE Issue如何读题(总结)? (13)1.1抽象词 (13)1.2绝对用语 (13)1.3表情态的词 (13)1.4表数量程度的词 (13)1.5表对比的词 (14)1.6评价标准 (14)1.7未声明假设 (14)• Q2: Issue如何布局? (15)• Q3: Issue如何开头? (16)写引子hook (16)主旨句Thesis Statement (17)• Q4: Issue如何展开? (17)• Q5: Issue如何结尾? (18)Outline of Lecture 5 (18)• Q2: 如何限定题目讨论范围? (19)• Q3: 什么叫题目背景? (20)• Q4: 如何有效地举例子? (21)举例子用语 (21)• Q5: 如何使用因果展开? (22)因果展开:除了because of还可以用——变换用词 (22)• Q6: 如何让步展开? (23)Outline of Lecture 6 (24)Q1: Issue如何展开?(回顾)? (24)• Q2: 如何提出批判性问题?:用提问方法丰富句式 (26)• Q3: 如何提出其他意见?:出现only 和best (27)Q4: 升华题目观点?:必须要有 (28)• Q5: 什么是具体情况具体分析?(写作要求consider ways) (29)Outline of Lecture 7 (30)• Q1: 如何攻击对立观点?(重要) (30)• Q2: 如何权衡利弊? (32)• Q3: 怎样评价逻辑关系?Claim: ... Reason: (33)• Q4: 什么是推演结果? (34)• Q5: Issue如何展开?(回顾总结)? (34)分析几道高频题目 (35)Outline of Lecture 8 (37)• Q1: Issue如何读题(回顾)? (37)• Q2: Issue文章如何确定立场? (39)• Q3: I ssue如何展开(回顾) (39)• Q4: Issue如何论点布局? (39)• Q5: 从读题到论点布局(总结)。

Lecture(JaneAusten)

Lecture(JaneAusten)
belongs to this period, but it was not published until 1871.
In 1801 the family moved to the town of Bath. After Jane’s father died in 1805, Jane, Cassandra, and their mother moved several times, eventually settling in 1809 in the village of Chawton, very near Steventon. Austen lived and wrote there for the last eight years of her life.
Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), and
Northanger Abbey (1818). A fragment, Lady Susan, which
scholars date between 1793 and 1795, most likely also
Living a quiet life in the countryside, she kept her eyes
steadily upon the people and incidents about her, and wrote
about the small world she lived in.
With detailed descriptions, Austen portrayed the quiet, day-today life of members of the upper middle class. Her works combine romantic comedy with social satire and psychological insight.

lecture19

lecture19

Lecture19:Conditional Probability&Expectation STAT205Lecturer:Jim Pitman Scribe:Saurabh Amin<amins@> This set of notes is a revision of the work of Charles C.Fowlkes.Reference:[1], section4.1.19.1Definition of Conditional ExpectationWe present the definition of conditional expectation due to Kolmogorov(1933).Definition19.1Given the probability space(Ω,F,P),some sub-sigmafield G⊂F, and a random variable X∈L1(F)(meaning that X is F-measurable and E|X|<∞), the conditional expectation of X given G is the(almost surely unique)random variable ˆX such thati.ˆX∈L1(G)that is,ˆX is G-measurable;andii.E(ˆX1G)=E(X1G)for all G∈G:that is,ˆX integrates like X over all G-sets.Recall that E(ˆX1G)= G Xd P.The random variableˆX is denoted by E(X|G). We now discuss the motivation behind this definition by elementary considerations. Recall the‘undergraduate’definition of conditional probability given by Bayes’RuleP(A,B)P(A|B)≡this fact,Bayes’rule,and the law of total probability,we haveE(X|B)= ΩX(ω)P(dw|B)= X(ω)1(ω∈B)P(dw)P(B)Note that equation(19.1)is obtained by multiplying the identity1= i1G i on both sides by1A and taking expectations.This can easily be generalized to the following by multiplying the identity on both sides by X and taking expectations.E(X)= i E(X1G i)= i E(X|G i)P(G i)(19.2)This will be true provided E|X|<∞.A variation of equation(19.2)can be obtained as follows.Let G be any union of the G i,i.e.,G∈G where G=σ(G i,i=1,2,,...). Again,multiplying the identity1G= i:G i⊂G1G i on both sides by X and taking expectations we obtain the following:E(X1G)= i:G i⊂G E(X1G i)= i:G i⊂G E(X|G i)P(G i)(19.3)The R.H.S.of equation(19.3)can interpreted as the expectation of a random variable ˆX= i:G i⊂G E(X|G i)1G i,that is,ˆX takes the value E(X|G i)if G i occurs.We have just shown that E(X1G)=E(ˆX1G)for every G which is a union of the G i s’(refer to condition(ii)of definition19.1).Obviously,sinceˆX is measurable w.r.t.G,condition (i)of definition19.1is satisfied.So we have just constructedˆX=E(X|G)explicitly in the case when G=σ(G1,G2,...).19.2Existence and Uniqueness of Conditional Ex-pectationProposition19.2E(X|G)is unique up to almost sure equivalence.Proof Sketch:Suppose that two random variablesˆX1andˆX2are candidates for the conditional expectation E(X|G).Let Y:=ˆX1−ˆX2.So we have Y∈L1(G) and E(Y1G)=0∀G∈G.In particular,choose G={Y> }and so we haveE(Y1(Y> ))=0.By Markov’s inequality,P(Y> )≤E(Y1(Y> ))/ =0. Interchanging the roles of X1and X2,we have P(Y<− )=0.And since is arbitrary,P(Y=0)=1.19.2.2Hilbert Space MethodThis gives a nice geometric picture for the case when Y∈L2Lemma19.5Every nonempty,closed,convex set E in a Hilbert space H contains a unique element of smallest norm.Lemma19.6(Existence of Projections in Hilbert Space)Given a closed sub-space K of a Hilbert space H and element x∈H,there exists a decomposition x=y+z where y∈K and z∈K⊥(the orthogonal complement).The idea for the existence of projections is to let y be the element of smallest norm in x+K and z=x−y.See Rudin87(p.˜79)for a full discussion of Lemma19.5. Proof Sketch:(Existence via Hilbert Space Projection)Suppose Y∈L2(F)and X∈L2(G).Requirement(ii)demands that for all XE((Y−E(Y|G))X)=0which has the geometric interpretation of requiring Y−E(Y|G)to be orthogonal to the subspace L2(G).Requirement(i)says that E(Y|G)∈L2(G)so E(Y|G)is just the orthogonal projection of Y onto the closed subspace L2(G).The lemma above shows that such a projection is well defined.P(G i)1Giwhere we deal appropriately with the niggling possibility of P(G i)=0by either throwing out the offending sets or defining0Write Y n=E(Y|G n)=Y1+(Y2−Y1)+(Y3−Y2)+...+(Y n−Y n−1).The terms in this summation are orthogonal in L2so we can compute the variance ass2n=E(Y2n)=E(Y21)+E((Y2−Y1)2)...+E((Y n−Y n−1)2)where the cross terms are zero.Let s2=E(Y2)=E(Y n+(Y−Y n))<∞.Then s2n↑s2∞≤s2<∞.For n>m we know again by orthogonality that E((Y n−Y m)2)= s2n−s2m→0as m→∞since s2n is just a bounded real sequence.This means that the sequence Y n is Cauchy in L2and invoking the completeness of L2we conclude that Y n→Y∞.All that remains is to check that Y∞is a conditional expectation.It satisfies require-ment(i)since as a limit of G-measurable variables it is G-measurable.To check(ii)we need to show that E(Y G)=E(Y∞G)for all G which are bounded and G-measurable.:A i∈A}where A is an As usual,it suffices to check for a much smaller set{1Aiintersection closed collection andσ(A)=G.Take this collection to be A=∪m G m.E(Y G m)=E(Y m G m)=E(Y n G m)holds by the tower property for any n>m.Noting that E(Y n Z)→E(Y∞Z)is true for all Z∈L2by the continuity of the inner product,this sequence must go to the desired limit which gives E(Y G m)=E(Y∞G m).。

英语说课(讲座)

英语说课(讲座)

Promote fluency and accuracy
Fluency and accuracy are two key components of effective oral expression. Encourage students to speak more naturally and comfortably in English, while also focusing on grammatical accuracy and vocabulary usage.
Encourage students to apply their knowledge and skills in practical settings, such as through project-based learning or internships.
Introduce innovative teaching methods and technologies to stimulate students' creativity and imagination, such as through the use of simulations or virtual reality technology.
Encourage students to analyze and evaluate the information they receive in English, such as through critical thinking activities or argumentative writing tasks.
Description
Theme Introduction
Background

第十九讲(原题版)2021年高二英语暑假精品课程(外研版)

第十九讲(原题版)2021年高二英语暑假精品课程(外研版)

2021年新高二暑假精品课程之判断+巩固+娴熟+突破第十九讲【学习目标】1.科学回顾梳理高一学年所学所接触的重点难点词汇和短语,句型和句式,借助语篇结构的语言环境夯实基础,熟练把控语篇脉络和词汇记忆,进而实现词汇量的飞跃,且有助于答题技巧的熟练形成。

2.借助宝贵的暑假时间,科学高效迎对新课,新知识,新语言现象,走近高考,从容应对和解决高中英语的基本技能,达到知识,能力和技巧的飞跃和突破。

【梳理重难点】.重点词汇巧记忆1. graduate v./ n. 毕业,毕业生graduated adj.大学毕业的,研究生的graduation n. 毕业2.gradual adj. 逐渐的gradually adv. 逐渐地3. gentle adj.温和,高雅,温柔gently adv.温和,高雅,温柔4. grate n. 感激grateful adj. 感激的, 感谢的gratefully ad. 感激地5. happy adj.幸福的,高兴的happily adv. 幸福地,高兴happiness n. 幸福,高兴unhappy adj.不开心6. high adj/adv. 高的/高高地height n. 高,高度7. health n. 健康healthy adj 健康的healthily adv. 健康地unhealthy adj. 不健康的8. harm v./n. 危害,损害harmful adj. 有害的harmless adj. 无害的9. important adj. 重要的importance n. 重要10. invent v. 发明,创造invention n. 发明,创造11. interest n.兴趣,利益interesting adj. 有趣的,引起兴趣的interested adj. 感到兴趣的12. imagine v. 想象,设想imagination n.想象,设想,想象力13. ill adj. 病的illness n. 疾病14. invent vt.发明,创造invention n. 发明,创造inventor n.发明家15. invite vt.邀请,招待invitation n. 邀请,请帖16.judge n. 裁判;法官v. 判断,断定judgment n.判断,断定17. introduce v . 介绍;引进introduction n.引进,介绍18. kind adj. 善良,好心kindly adv. 好心地kindness n. 仁慈,和蔼19. late adj. /adv. 迟,晚later adv. 后来latest adj. 最新的20. live v. 生活,谋生,居住lively adj. 生动的,活泼的living adj. 活的,活着的life n. 生命【梳理重难点】根据要求写出单词的正确形式,扩大词汇量。

hypertension-lecture

hypertension-lecture

Antihypertensive Drugs
OVERVIEW
Hypertension is defined as a sustained diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg (mercury) accompanied by an elevated systolic blood pressure(>140 mmHg). Hypertension results from increased peripheral vascular smooth muscle tone, which leads to increased arteriolar resistance and reduced capacitance of the venous system. Elevated blood pressure is an extremely common disorder, affecting approximately 10-15% of the population. Although many of these individuals have no symptoms, chronic hypertensioneither systolic or diastolic can lead to congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, renal damage, and cerebrovascular accidents. The incidence of morbidity and mortality significantly decreases when hypertension is diagnosed early and is properly treated.
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i

(t ) i出 (t )
在电路的任一节点处 流入的电流强度之 和等于流出节点的电流强度之和 --- 节点电流定律(基尔霍夫第一定律)
8
由于
E
因此

dl 0
1 e(t ) i (t ) R C i (t )dt di di ( L M ) dt dt
自感
L / I 自感系数 自感电动势 E LdI / dt 两线圈串联的自感系数 顺接 L L1 L2 2 L1 L2 L1 L2 2 M
反接 L L1 L2 2 L1 L2 L1 L2 2 M
21
暂态过程
R-L 电路中 i 不能跃变,R-C 电路中 q 和 U 不 能跃变 电源接通与断开时,i 或 U 按 e –t/ 形式变化
28
【例】N 个线圈系统的磁能
两个线圈 N个线圈
1 1 2 2 Wm L1 I1 L2 I 2 M12 I1 I 2 2 2
1 1 2 Wm Li I i M ij I i I j 2 i 2 i i j
M ij 互感系数是带符号的
1 1 Wm Li I i M ij I j I i I i i 2 i 2 i ji
i
R
L i
C L
D △ i R
R:泄放电阻 C:续流电容 D:续流二极管 (消耗磁能) (充电续流) (导通续流)
18
第 7 章小结
电磁感应
法拉第感应定律
d 单匝:E dt d 多匝:E dt
楞次定律
闭合回路中 i 的方向,总是使得它所激 发的 B 来阻碍引起 i 的 的变化; i 的效果总是反抗引起 i 的原因。
电容区

电感区

电源区: ,E旋 = 0
E势 K

ue = E势 dl K dl e

6
电阻区: E旋 =K= 0
E势 j / ,
电容区:
uR = E势 dl j / dl iR uC = E势 dl q / C
11
(A):i
E
R
(1 e t / ),
(B):i
E
R
t / e
L — 时间常量 R
B 。 。。 A i i L R
E R
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
i
稳定
E
0 A
B
t
12
(2) R-C 电路的暂态过程 (A)
(B) B 。 。。 A i
q E iR C
dq q E R dt C dq q 0 R dt C t q CE (1 e RC )
E势 E旋 ,
电感区: ,K= 0
uL = E势 dl E旋 dl ei
di di ' ei ( L M ) dt dt di di ' uL L M dt dt
7
非电容区的节点电流定律

S
j dS 0
i1 i3
i2
i1 i2 i3
满足
E E
由欧姆定律
势 旋
dl 0 dl ei 感生电动势
j ( E势 E旋 K )
E势 j / E旋 K
5
取积分回路沿电流正向,由环路定理得
E

dl 0
电源区

E势 d l E势 d l
电阻区

E势 d l E势 d l
24
8.1 自感磁能
K
i
L
断开电源,灯为什么还亮一下?
— 线圈中磁场具有能量
25
K
i L 自感电动势做功—消耗自感线圈中的能量
di dWm EL idt L idt Lidi dt
1 2 Wm dWm L idi LI 2


I
0
26
通有电流 I 的自感线圈L的磁能
1
通过长为 l 的两圆柱面间的纵截面的磁通量为
d
R2 R1
0 lI dr 0 lI R2 ln( ) 2 r 2 R1
根据自感的定义,有
0 R2 L l ln( ) I 2 R1
所以单位长度同轴电缆的自感为
R2 L 0 L0 ln( ) l 2 R1
在似稳电路中,对每一个时刻,沿任一回路的 电源电动势的代数和等于全部元件的电压的代 数和---回路电压定律(基尔霍夫第二定律)
9
7.4: 三、暂态过程
阶跃电压
0 E
或 E 0
暂态过程 指在阶跃电压作用下,电路中的电流或 电容器上的电压从开始发生变化到逐渐趋于 定态的过程。 虽然暂态过程在时间上不长,但在实际 工作中却颇为重要。 通常暂态过程持续一定的时间,变化不 快,可以看成是似稳的,欧姆定律和基尔霍 夫定律都适用。
时间常量
= L/R (R-L 电路) = CR (R-C 电路)
LCR 电路中
电源接通与断开时,电容中电荷的随时间的变化 关系呈阻尼振荡方式。
22
第 8 章 磁能
陈少敏 2010年春季学期
23
第 8 章 磁能
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 载流线圈的磁能 载流线圈在外磁场中的磁能 磁场的能量和磁能密度 *非线性介质及磁滞损耗 *利用磁能求磁力
U 0 t / i e R
14
(3) R-L-C 电路的暂态过程 B 。 。。 A i
di dq q (A) E L R d t dt C
L C R
E
d q dq q L 2 R E dt dt C
d q dq q (B) L 2 R 0 dt dt C
15
q ( A Bt )e
2
t 2
3. 欠阻尼
1 4 0
2 2
q Ae

t 2
1 2 4
cos( ' t )
16
(A) q
1

q q
2
E
L
1 t
L R
Be
t 2
2 t
1 LC
2
1. 过阻尼
q Ae
E
C
R
dq E i e dt R
RC

t RC
时间常量(time constant)
13
充电:
uc U 0 (1 e
t /
)
B 。 。。 A i C R
U0 0 U0 0 U0 0
E
uc uR
U0 t / i e R
t
E
t t
放电: uc U 0 e
t /
类比静电能
1 We qiU i 2 i
29
CE
2. 临界阻尼 q ( A Bt )e
q Ae
t 2
CE
3. 欠阻尼
cos( ' t ) C
17
大电感 可产生很 断电时 (di/dt 大), (L大) 高的EL, 易造成线圈绝缘被击穿和触点电腐蚀。 减小断电时的电流变化率(di/dt)的措施: 。 。 。 。 。 。 L
10
(1) R-L 电路的暂态过程
di i不能突变 自感线圈中 EL dt 由楞次定律得知,i 的变化受到 EL 的阻碍,
∴L对变化电流有感抗,但对直流电流畅通。 B 。 di 。。 E iR L (A) A d t L i
E
R
(B)
di 0 iR L dt
2
7.4 似稳电路和暂态过程
7.4: 一、似稳电路条件 稳恒电路
稳恒电流、电阻、导线 I = 常数
似稳电路
非稳恒电流、电阻、导线、电 容、自感、互感 I 随时间缓慢变化
稳恒条件

E 变化
I 变化
S
j dS 0 j 0
问题:电路如何分析? 关键:两者变化是否同步?
似稳条件
电路尺寸 c/ f
2
2
L d q 1 dq 2 (B) q 0 2 R dt dt
2
1 LC
2
2 2
q~e
1. 过阻尼
t
1 1 4 2
1 4 2 2 0
q Ae
1 t
Be

2 t
2 2 1 4 0 2. 临界阻尼
【例】求通有反向电流的同轴电缆单位长度的 自感系数 z 解:由磁场的安培环路定理得到 R1 R 2 两圆柱面间的磁感应强度
0 I ˆ ˆr B z 2 r
I
O
取一长为 l、宽为 dr 的纵截面, I 穿过该截面的磁通量为
l
r
d B dS
dr
0 lI dr Bldr 2 r
3
1. 电流线(管)是闭合; 2. 沿一段没有分支的电 路,各处的 I 相等。
E 与 I 同步
7.4:二、似稳电路方程
由电荷守恒定律

对于非电容区
S
dq j dS dt
S

稳恒电路
j dS 0
与稳恒电路一样,只是 似稳电路
I 常数
i i (t )
4
似稳电路的电场
E E势 E旋
1 2 WL LI 2
自感磁能总取正值
27
【例】两互相邻近的互感为 M 的线圈的电流 分别为 I1 和 I2,求磁能。
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