Definition of Law
法律英语知识点归纳
法律英语知识点归纳法律英语是指在法律领域中使用的英语语言和术语。
对于从事国际商法、国际仲裁、国际贸易等方面的工作人员来说，掌握法律英语是非常重要的。
本文将详细介绍一些常用的法律英语知识点。
一、法律体系及法律原则1. Common Law（普通法）：源于英国的法律制度，以判例为基础，注重司法判决的先例。
2. Civil Law（民法）：法律体系以法典为基础，强调通过法典和条例规范法律事务。
3. Statute（法令）：由立法机关制定通过的具有法律效力的规定。
4. Case Law（判例法）：法院对特定案件的判决和裁决形成的先例，对类似案件具有法律约束力。
5. Precedent（先例）：判决或裁决后的法律准则，被认为可以指导类似案件的判决。
6. Hierarchy of Laws（法律等级）：指不同法律的优先级别，一般按照宪法、法令、法律、法规、命令、条例等顺序排列。
二、合同法1. Contract（合同）：双方达成的协议，包括权利和义务。
2. Offer（提议）：要约，表明愿意与他人达成协议。
3. Acceptance（接受）：对提议的同意。
4. Consideration（对价）：作为一方履行合同义务的回报。
5. Breach of Contract（违约）：未能按照合同约定履行义务。
6. Force Majeure（不可抗力）：无法预见或控制的事件，免除违约责任。
7. Jurisdiction（管辖权）：法院对案件有管辖权的能力。
8. Damages（赔偿金）：违约方需支付给另一方的经济损失补偿。
9. Termination（终止）：合同约定的条件下，解除合同关系。
三、知识产权法1. Intellectual Property（知识产权）：由创造性思维产生的无形资产。
2. Copyright（版权）：保护个人作品的权益。
3. Patent（专利）：保护新发明的独特性和可产业化的权益。
4. Trademark（商标）：区分商品来源的标志。
法律的名词解释
法律的名词解释法律是一种经过正式渠道制定并具有强制性的规则体系，旨在维护社会秩序、保护公民权利，并提供公正的司法程序。
它是社会运作的基石，对我们的日常生活具有重要的影响。
本文将对一些常见的法律术语进行解释，以帮助读者更好地理解法律的概念和应用。
1. 法律(Law)法律是一系列由立法机构制定的规则和规定，约束公民和组织的行为。
它是一种权威性的规范，在社会中塑造行为和处理争议的方式。
2. 宪法(Constitution)宪法是一部最高法律文件，规定了一个国家的政治制度、权利和自由，以及政府的职权和义务。
它通常为国家的其他法律制定了基本原则和框架。
3. 刑法(Criminal Law)刑法是处理犯罪行为的法律领域。
它规定了各种犯罪行为的定义、处理方式和处罚。
刑法的目标是维护社会秩序和公正，保护公民的安全和权利。
4. 民法(Civil Law)民法是处理个人之间的权利和责任的法律领域。
它涉及合同、财产、家庭、继承和侵权等事项。
民法的目的是保护个人财产和权利，解决争议并提供公正补偿。
5. 行政法(Administrative Law)行政法是规范政府行为和民众与政府之间关系的法律领域。
它规定了政府如何管理、监管和执法。
行政法的目标是确保政府的合法性、透明度和公正性。
6. 劳动法(Labor Law)劳动法是关于雇佣关系和工作条件的法律领域。
它规定了劳动者与雇主之间的权利和义务，包括工资、工作时间、劳动合同和工伤等事项。
劳动法的目的是保护劳动者的权益，平衡雇主和雇员之间的权力关系。
7. 法人(Persona Juridica)法人是指一种具有法律认可的实体，拥有自己的权利和义务。
例如，公司、合作社和非营利组织都是法人。
法人可以与他人签订合同、获得财产、提起诉讼等。
8. 立法(Legislation)立法是指由立法机构通过的法律的过程。
这些法律被称为法规。
立法是实施公共政策和解决社会问题的重要手段。
立法过程通常包括起草、审议和通过法律。
汉英法律专业词汇6
法律关系legal relation 法律关系的运⾏ process of legal relation 法律关系客体 object of legal relation 法律关系主体 subject of legal relation 法律规定provisions of law 法律规范 norm of law 法律规范的逻辑结构 logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系 system of legal rules 法律含义 intendment of law 法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law 法律现象legal phenomenon 法律研究legal research 法律要件 legal requirement 法律依据 legal basis 法律意见 legal advice 法律意见书 legal opinion 法律意识 law-consciousness 法律意义 legal sense 法律⽤语 legal language 法律与正义先验论 a prior theory of law and justice 法律渊源 source of law 法律原本注释 gloss 法律原理 legal doctrines 法律原则 principle of legality 法律援助legal aid 法律约束 legal binding； legal restraint 法律责任 legal responsibility 法律责任的道义基础 moral basic of legal obligation 法律责任的归结 imputaton of legal responsibility 法律责任的认定 determination of legal responsibility 法律责任的执⾏ enforcement of legal responsibility 法律责任客体 object of legal responsibility 法律责任主体 subject of legal responsibility 法律哲学 philosophy of law； philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策 policy of the law 法律职业道德 legal ethics 法律指导 legal counsel 法律制裁 legal sanction 法律制度 regime of law； legal system 法律秩序 legal order 法律主体资格 capacity as a subject of law 法律主张 proposition of law 法律属地原则 territoriality of laws 法律著述 legal literature 法律专家 legal expert 法律专业 legal profession 法律专著和教科书 legal treatise and textbook 法律咨询 legal advice 法律尊严 legal sanctity 法盲 legal illiterates 法权 right 法社会学 sociology of law 法系 legal system 法协会 law society 法学 jurisprudence 法学博⼠ doctor of jurisprudence 法学导论 leading principles of law 法学的范畴体系 the system of categories of jurisprudence 法学的范畴意识 the consciousness of category of jurisprudence 法学的基⽯范畴 fundamental categories of jurisprudence 法学⽅法 method of jurisprudence 法学⽅法论 methodology of jurisprudence。
法律专业英语词汇
汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史）Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems按照法律规定：according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法：case system案例汇编：case book; case report; law report被视为：be deemed as被宣布为非法：be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法：comparative law比较法学：comparative jurisprudence比较法学派：school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史： comparative legal history比较分析法：method of comparative analysis比较刑法：comparative penal law比较刑法学：comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系：positive causal relationship边缘法学：borderline jurisprudence变通办法：adaptation; accommodation补充规定：supplementary provision补救办法：remedial measures不成文法：unwritten law不动产所在地法律：law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci 不可分割的权利：impartible right不可抗力：force majuere不可侵犯性：inviolability不可让与性：inalienability不履行法律义务：non-performance of obligation不要式行为：informal act不要因的法律行为：non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利：imprescriptible right不作为：abstain from an act; act of omission部门法：department law部门规章：regulation参照：consult参照具体情况： in the light of actual conditions参照原文： consult the original亚里士多德： Aristotle柏拉图： Plato德拉古： Draco盖尤斯： Gaius西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero乌尔比安 Ulpianus罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世：Justinian I乌尔比安： Ulpianus西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero优士丁尼皇帝：Justinian《罗马法律汇编》：Roman Digest《民法大全》：Corpus Juris Civilis优士丁尼法典： the Codex Justinianus《优士丁尼民法大全》（《国法大全》）：Corpus Juris Civilis《十二表法》： Twelve Tables拿破仑法典： The Code Napolean《日耳曼法》：Germanic law《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici《汉穆拉比法典》： Code of Hammurabi《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) ：Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （罗）查士丁尼法典：Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编： Authenticum《德国民法典》：German Civil code《大宪章》(1215) ：Great Charter, 1215(英)欧洲大陆法： continental law南京条约： (1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843罗马－日耳曼法系： Roman-Germanic family罗马私法： Jus Privatum罗马法学派： school of Romanists家庭法： family law教会法：canon law罗马法理学： jurisprudential教会法学家 decretalists罗马法：Roman Law; Jus Romanum罗马法系： Roman-Law System（古罗马的）元老院： the Senate超出法律范围的：outside of law超出法律权限的：extralegal超过权限： exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法： written law冲突法： conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则： conflict rule; rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外： except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)除外条款： provisory clause除外责任条款： exclusion clause触犯公共利益： encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益：go against the state’s interests触犯人民利益： encroach on the interests of the people; go aga inst the people’s interests传统法律观念： traditional ideas of law纯粹法学： pure theory of law次要法规： by law次要规则： secondary rule从宽解释原则： doctrine of liberal construction从权利： accessory right达到法定年龄： come of age大法： the fundamental law大法官：Lord High Chancellor大陪审团 grand jury大法官法院：Court of Chancery大陆法系：Continental Legal System大律师：barrister《大明律》：Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty （中）《大清律例》：the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中) 单行法规：specific regulations单一法律体系：unitary legal system单一制政府：unitary government但书：proviso当代法学动向：current trend of jurisprudence当然解释： natural interpretation党纪国法：party discipline and the law of the country道德规范：norm of morality道德义务： moral obligation第二读：second reading第三读： third reading二元论：the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制： dual constitutional monarchy system二元论： the dualistic theory二元论者：dualist二元制： bicameral system法的本质： the nature of law法的变化：changes of law法的定义：definition of law法的发展：development of law法的分类： divisions of law法律概念： legal concept法的概念： concepts of law法的规范作用：normalized usage of law法的继承：succession of law法律的理想：ideal of law法律的权威： authority of law法律的失效：lapse of law法律的实施：administration of law; law enforcement法律的适用：application of law法律的统一： unification of law法律的推定： presumption of law法律的推理： analogy of law法律的完整性： integrity of law法律的效力范围：force’s scale of law法律的效力形式：force’s form of law法律的修改：alteration of law法律的演进： evolutin of law法律的原理： principle of law法律地位平等：equal in legal status法律对人的效力：personal act of law编纂法律方法： legal methodology法律分类： classification of law法律赋予权力： authority conferred by law法律改革： law reform法律根据： legal basis法律工作者： legal professional法律关系：legal relation法律关系的运行： process of legal relation法律关系客体： object of legal relation法律关系主体： subject of legal relation法律规定：provisions of law法律规范： norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构： logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系： system of legal rules法律含义： intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象：legal phenomenon法律研究：legal research法律要件： legal requirement法律依据： legal basis法律意见： legal advice法律意见书：legal opinion法律意识： law-consciousness法律意义： legal sense法律用语： legal language法律与正义先验论： a prior theory of law and justice 法律渊源： source of law法律原本注释： gloss法律原理： legal doctrines法律原则： principle of legality法律援助：legal aid法律约束： legal binding; legal restraint法律责任： legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础： moral basic of legal obligation法律责任的归结： imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定： determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行： enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体： object of legal responsibility法律责任主体： subject of legal responsibility法律哲学：philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策： policy of the law法律职业道德： legal ethics法律指导： legal counsel法律制裁： legal sanction法律制度： regime of law; legal system法律秩序： legal order法律主体资格： capacity as a subject of law法律主张： proposition of law法律属地原则： territoriality of laws法律著述： legal literature法律专家： legal expert法律专业： legal profession法律专著和教科书： legal treatise and textbook法律咨询： legal advice法律尊严：legal sanctity法盲： legal illiterates法权： right法社会学： sociology of law法系： legal system法协会： law society法学： jurisprudence法学士： bachelor of law法学博士： doctor of jurisprudence法学导论： leading principles of law法学的范畴体系： the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识： the consciousness of category of jurisprudence法学的基石范畴： fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法： method of jurisprudence法学方法论： methodology of jurisprudence法学院： faculty of law; law school法学会： law society法学教科书：law textbooks法学理论： theory of law; legal theory法学权威： an academic authority in law法学体系： system of jurisprudence法学通论： first principles of law法医： forensic medicine法医学： forensic medicine法院： court法院调查： judicial investigation法院管辖权： competence of court法院管辖以外的： extrajudicial法院判决： court decision法院系统： court structure法院组织法： judicature act法则： articles法哲学： philosophy of law法制：legal institution法制传统： tradition of law system法制的精神： spirit of legality法制的尊严： dignity of the legal system法制观念： legal concept法制观念淡薄： very weak in the understanding of law法制教育： legal education; education of legal system法制史： legal history; history of legal system法治： rule of law法治的机制： the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素： the element of rule of law非实质的： immaterial非营利的： non-profit非约束性条款： permissive provision废止法律： annulment of law分别管辖权： separate jurisdiction分别财产制： separation of property regime分别规定： separate provision分担责任： share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约： divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other分工负责制： division of labor responsibility system分级管理： different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度： distribution system分析法理学： analytical jurisprudence否决权： power veto; veto power否认事实： denial of facts服从法律： amenable to law; subject to the law服从判决： accept a judgment符合程序： be in order符合法律： be in conformity with law符合原则： be in conformity with the principle概括裁定： general verdict概括继承： general succession干扰司法公正： interference with course of justice刚性条款： entrenched clause岗位责任制： post responsibility system高度集中： highly centralize高度民主： high level of democracy高度自治权： high degree of autonomy搁置： set aside; abeyance格式条款： clause of style公认的行为准则： established standard of conduct规避法律： in fraud of law规避义务： evade obligations规范的法律规则： normative rule of law规范法学： normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件： normalizative document of law规范性法律文件的规范化： normalization of normative legal document 过错方： tort-feasor; wrongdoer过错推定原则： doctrine of presumption过错责任： liability for wrongs; tort liability合并条款： consolidation of provisions合法的个人财产： legal personal property合法地位： legal status合法权益： the lawful rights and interests合法行为： lawful acts; legality of purpose合宪性： constitutionality衡平法： equity衡平法规则： rule of equity衡平法学： equity jurisprudence衡平法院： Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）后法取代前法： A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one. 后法优于前法： lex posterior derogat priori户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered互为因果： reciprocal causation基本法： fundamental law基本法律规范： basic norm of law基本方针： basic policies基本权利和义务： basic rights and duties基本司法概念和假设： basic legal conception and assumption技术性法规： technical legal rule建立法律关系：create legal relations解释法律的技术规则： technical rule of interpretation解释权： power of interpretation近因： immediate cause禁治产人： imbecile; interdicted person经常居住地：habitual residence经法律确认的： ascertained by law经法律许可： authorized by law经验法学： scholastic theories of law纠问式审判： trial by inspection or examination 具有法律约束力的文件： legally binding instrument 具有同等效力的： with equal authenticity具有约束力的判例： binding precedent绝对衡平法： absolute equity君主立宪制度： constitutional monarchy开罗会议： Cairo Conference凯恩斯主义： keynesianism可撤销的法律行为： revocable juristic act可让与性： alienability可用法律强制执行的： enforceable at law可预见的： foreseeable可直接适用的法律： directly applicable law可追溯的： retrospective客观条件： objective condition客观因素： objective factor客体： object扩充解释： amplified interpretation理论法理学派： theoretical jurisprudence school 理性决定说： theory of rational decision理性认识： conceptual knowledge历史法学： historical jurisprudence历史法学派： historical school of law历史解释： historical interpretation立法机构：legislative body立法权： law-making power; legislative power立法委任权： legislation mandate立法效力： legislative effect立法议案 bills立法者： law-maker; legislator立宪： constitutionalism利益冲突： conflict of interests利害关系人：interested person连带法律关系： joint legal relations连带责任： joint and several obligation论理解释： logical interpretation逻辑解释： logical interpretation马克思主义法律理论： Marxism-leninism马克思主义法学：Marxist jurisprudence马克思主义法学家： Marxist jurist没有事实根据的： unsubstantial美国国际法协会： American Institute of International Law美国海事法庭： Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.美国联邦地区法院： United States district courts美国联邦法官： federal judge没有法律依据的： lawless没有判决先例的案件： case of first impression民法典： civil code民法法系：Civil-Law System民法通则： General Principles of the Civil Law民法学： science of civil law民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则：“by a preponderance of evidence” in civil cases 民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights民事权益：civil rights and interests民事诉讼法学： Civil Procedure Law民事制裁： civil punishment; civil sanction民政部门：the civil affairs department明代法规： laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty明示或默示的： express or implied默示表达： communication by implication内部规章： internal regulations纳妾制： concubinage拟制理论： fiction theory拟制买卖： mancipatio偶然权利： contingent right偶然因果关系： fortuitous causal relationship偶然因素： accidentalia偶因： accidental cause排他的权利： right to exclude all others派生的权利： derived right派生取得： derivative acquisition判例法系： Case Law System普通法法系： Common-Law System判例法系： Case Law System判例汇编： reports; reports of judgments普通法： common law普通法法系： Common-Law System普通法上的补偿： common-law remedy普通法上的过失： common-law negligence普通法上的留置权： common-law lien普通法学： general jurisprudence强制办法： coercive method强制规定： mandatory provisions强制性法规： mandatory rule of law强制性条款： mandatory term侵犯财产权： property torts侵权行为法： tort law侵权责任： tortious liability清理法规： check up laws and regulations区域性法律体系： regional system of laws取证： obtain evidence确权之诉： affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation 确认之诉： action for confirmation; actio confessoria权威解释： authentic interpretation人法： human law, statute personalia人格减等： capitis deminutio人身不可侵犯： inviolability of the person人身非财产关系： personal non-property relations人身关系： personal relation任意解释： arbitrary interpretation柔性宪法： flexible constitution三权分立： separation of powers善意推定： presumption of good faith商法： commercial law商法典： code of commerce社会法学：sociological jurisprudence社会关系： social relations社会规范： social regulation社会连带主义法学： social solidarism jurisprudence社会契约论： theory of social contract社会团体：social organization社会主义法学： socialist jurisprudence社会主义法制： socialist legal system; socialist rule of law神法： divine law神权说： theory of divine right审查制度： censorship; inspection system审计监督： supervise through auditing审计监督权： power to supervise through auditing生效条款： operative clause失效法律： expired laws失效日： expiry date施行细则： implementary provisions实证主义法学派： the positivist school实体法： material law; substantial law实体法上的抗辩： substantial defense实体权利： substantive right实用主义法学： judicial pragmaticism实在法： positive law实在法学： positive jurisprudence实在法学派： positivist实在主义法学： positivist jurisprudence实证法学： positive jurisprudence实质条款： material stipulation实质性的瑕疵： defect of substance实质性解释： material interpretation事实的推定： presumption of fact事业单位：institution适用法律： reference to the law; applicable law适用范围： area of application; sphere of application适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to) 溯及既往原则： doctrine of retroactivity溯及力： retrospect; retrospective effect损害赔偿： damages梭伦： Solon弹性宪法： elastic constitution特别程序： special procedure特别但书： special proviso特别法： special law特殊主体： special subject提案：motion; overture; proposal提出抗辩： raise a plea; raise a plead条约法： law of treaties同态复仇： retaliation推定合法：presumption of legality停止生效：cease to have effect外国法： foreign law外国法制史： foreign legal history外国人待遇： foreigner treatment完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct完全丧失行为能力的人： person entirely incapable of legal transaction完全无行为能力： absolute disability万民法： jus gentium违法构成要件： essential condition of delict违宪： violation of constitution无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释： unconditional interpretation无效的法律： void law无效法律行为： void act; act without legal effect物权： property习惯法：custom law细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释： narrow definition下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided先决条件：precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence现行法律： current law; existing law限制解释： restrictive interpretation无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释： unconditional interpretation无效的法律： void law无效法律行为：void act; act without legal effect物权： property习惯法：custom law细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释： narrow definition下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided先决条件： precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence现行法律： current law; existing law限制解释： restrictive interpretation相对主义法学： relativist jurisprudence新分析法学： new analytical jurisprudence新律： New Law , Novellae行为规范： code of conduct学说编纂：the Pandekta形式主义法学： formalist jurisprudence严格解释： strict interpretation严重不法行为： aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior严重违法： break the law on a serious scale要件： important condition; essential condition一般客体： general object一般权利能力： general legal capacity一般主体： general subject一事不再理的保证： guarantee against double jeorpardy依法办案： handle cases according to law依法独立行使职权： independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law 依照法律的规定： as prescribed by law以法律为准绳： take law as the criterion依法治国： genuine rule of law; running the country according to law义务性规范： obligatory rule义务主体： subject of duty英美法系： Anglo-American Legal System永恒法： eternal law有法必依： ensure that laws are observed有法律约束力： legally binding有条件解释： conditional interpretation有效期间： time of effect; term of validity与法律规定不符： against the forms of the statute与法律相抵触的行为：act going against the law域外效力： extraterritorial effect援引法律条文： invoke a legal provision约束力： binding; binding effect在法律的范围内： within the law暂行条例：interim regulations; provisional regulation整体法学： integrative jurisprudence正当权益： justified rights; legitimate interests正式解释： official interpretation正式渊源： formal source政法学院： institute of political science and law知法犯法： deliberately break the law执法必严：ensure that law’s enforcement be strict执法人员： law enforcement officials执行权： enforcement power直接故意 actual intent; direct intent直接后果：immediate consequence直接客体： direct object直接主体： direct subject制定法： statute治外法权： extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction中端时效： interrupt the running of the statute of limitation中国大陆的法律：law of China’s mainland中国法制： Chinese legal system中国法制史： Chinese legal history中国特色的社会主义法制： socialist legal system with Chinese character中华法系： Chinese legal system《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》：the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China主要法律体系：principal legal system自然法： natural law自然法学派： natural law school组成合议庭开庭审理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial最高国家权力机关： highest organ of state power最高人民法院的解释：interpretation of supreme people’s court遵循先例原则：The Doctrine of Stare作为或不作为： act or omission宪法学行政法学Constitution and Administrative Laws制宪权：constituent power宪法的解释： interpretation of constitution宪法修正案： constitution amendment宪法学： constitutional jurisprudence成文宪法written constitution不成文宪法unwritten constitution符合宪法： constitutionality符合宪法的法律 constitutional law刚性宪法： rigid constitution马伯里诉麦迪逊案： Marbury vs. Madison抽象行政行为： abstract administrative act非法活动： unlawful activities非法利益： unlawful interests非法手段： illegal means非强制性行政行为： non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的：informal; irregular非政府机关： non-governmental organization非主要条件： non-essential stipulation非专业的： non-professional国家赔偿案件： case of state compensation国家赔偿的归责原则： principle of culpability for state compensation国家赔偿的双重过错原则： principle of dual faults for state compensation国家赔偿法： state compensation law国家赔偿主体： subject of state compensation行政法： administrative law; executive law行政法规： administrative laws and regulations行政法学： administrative jurisprudence行政解释： administrative interpretation行政救济： administrative remedy治安管理： security administration治安条例： security regulations高级人民检察院：Higher People’s Procu ratortate国家权力机关： state authority国际审判机关： state judicial organs国家行政机关： state administrative organs国家意志：state’s will国家职能： function of the state国民待遇： national treatment公安部： Ministry of Public Security公安分局： public security sub-bureau公安厅： public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government地方各级人民代表大会：local people’s congresses at different levels地方各级人民法院：local people’s courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院：local people’s procur atorates at different levels地方各级人民政府：local people’s governments at different levels罚款： impose a fine刑法学Criminal Laws犯罪预防： crime prevention预防犯罪： anti-crime帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪： crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪： crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪： crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate包庇毒品犯罪分子罪： crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪：case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪： indispensable joint crime并科原则： doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利：deprival of rights不能犯： impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪： crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities 超越管辖权： excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围：overstep one’s authority惩办和宽大相结合：combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则： principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施： punitive measure惩罚性制裁： punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合： combination of punishment and education处以刑罚： inflict punishment处以有期徒刑： sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯法律： break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪： crime of flight of capital contribution出口骗税犯罪活动： criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export出售伪造发票罪： crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知： from ignorance of law出于恶意： from malevolence从轻处罚： gie a lesser punishment从重处罚： give a severer punishment单位受贿罪： crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成： single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪： crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪： crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives 盗窃犯： theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件：case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯： object impossibility多次作案： repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪： punishment does not fit the crime犯意： criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化： lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机： criminal motive犯罪构成： constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime犯罪构成要件： special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意： criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团： criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件： objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体： criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了： completion of a criminal act犯罪学： criminology犯罪中止： discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素： subjective elements of crime犯罪主体： subject of crime犯罪着手： initiate a crime犯罪组织： criminal organization贩卖毒品罪： drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当： unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨： instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度： limit of defense防止类似事件重演： prevent the recurrence of similar incidents妨碍公务罪： crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪： crime of impairing public security放弃权利： withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪： crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition 非法持有毒品罪： crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉： illegal intervention非法干预： unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪： crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT诽谤罪： crime of defamation隔地犯： offense of segregation by location隔时犯： offense of segregation by time工具不能犯： impossibility of instruments故意犯罪： calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪： crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪： crime of willful and malicious injury管辖：jurisdiction惯犯： habitual criminal惯例： custom and usage过失犯罪： criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime黑社会性质的犯罪集团： gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行： with a two-year reprieve缓刑： probate cessat executio集合犯： aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯： accomplished crime继续犯： continuous crime加重处罚： give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed假冒他人注册商标罪： crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another假释： parole假想防卫： imaginative defense假想数罪： imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪： simple joint crime间接故意： indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂： attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪： crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪： crime of skyjacking结果犯： consequential offen结果加重犯： aggregated consequential offense结合犯： combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪：crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court 具结悔过： make a statement of repentence具体行政行为： specific administrative act具体罪名：concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑： absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪： crimes of soldiers violating military dutie抗税罪： offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯： object impossibility空白罪状： blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪： crime of illegal denudation累犯： recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪： continuing crime量刑： criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当： criterion for sentence量刑幅度： extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪： cri me of abusing member of one’s family挪用公款案： case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯： casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯： aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重： when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的： when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime取保候审： post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving扰乱公共场所秩序罪： crime of disturbing order at public places刑法： criminal law刑罚： penalty; punishment刑事责任能力： criminal capacity民商法学与经济法学（Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws）按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment办理注销登记：cancel the registration被代理人：the principal被侵权人 the infringed本人名义：in one’s name标的：subject matter补偿制度：compensation system不动产登记制：Lot and Block System财产法： property law财产的添附： accretion of property; property accession财产抵押权： property mortgage财产继承权：the right of inheritance财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships财产管理人： property administrator; custodian of property财产混同： confusion; hotchpot财产留置权： encumbrance采用书面形式：in writing仓单： warehouse voucher草签合同： initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract长期合同： long-term contract偿付能力： solvency capability of reimbursement超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency撤消合同：cancellation of contract撤销合同： cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract撤销权： right of rescission; right of revocation撤销要约： revocation of offer; revoke an offer撤销遗赠： cancellation o will; revocationi of will承运人： actual fault of the carrier承运人的留置权：carrier’s lien诚信原则： principle of good faith诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle船舶承租人： charterer船舶抵押权： right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage船舶抵押权的设定： establishment of mortgage of the ship船舶抵押的消灭： extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship船舶抵押权登记： registration of ship mortgage船舶留置权： possessory lien; lien of ship村民委员会：the village committee惩罚性的损害赔偿： punitive damages乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position处分财产： dispose of properties处分权： act of disposition处分原则： principle of disposition代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency单独承担的责任： undivided responsibility单方法律行为：unilateral obligation单方行政行为： unilateral administrative act等价有偿：making compensation for equal value对等原则：principle of reciprocity对价：consideration对抗措施：counter measure对人权：right in personam; personal right对世权： real right; right in rem恶意串通：conspire maliciously恶意行为：ill will mala fides法人： judicial person; legal body法人的权利能力： legal capacity of juristic person法人的责任能力： capacity for responsibility of juristic person法人权限： corporate power法人人格： corporate personality法人身份： status of a legal person法人团体： corporation法人资格： corporate capacity法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person负共同连带责任： liable jointly and severally负全部责任： bear all responsibilities; in all charge负有解释的义务： accountable负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors附带的条件： incident附带要求： contingent claim附带原因： contributory cause; inherent cause附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts附条件的权利： conditional right赋予权力： entitle个体工商户：individual businesses个人合伙：individual partnership各尽所能，按劳分配： from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs 给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce公民基本义务： fundamental duties of citizens合同：contract合同法：contract law合同副本： copies of the contract合同规定： contract provisions/stipulations合同履行地法： lex loci contractus合同期限：contract period (or contract term)合同条款：contract terms (or contract clause)。
法理学的名词解释
法理学（Jurisprudence）是研究法律的概念、性质、结构及其形成和发展的哲学原理和方法的学科。
法理学涉及许多核心概念和名词，以下是一些基本的法理学名词及其解释：1. 法律（Law）：具有普遍约束力的规范体系，由国家或其他有权机构制定，以调整和规范社会行为、保护社会秩序。
2. 正义（Justice）：道德原则与法律法规的深层价值，要求在法律制定和实施过程中，确保公正、平等和人权保障。
3. 权利（Right）：法律赋予个人或集体的特定权益和自由，如言论自由、财产权等。
4. 法源（Sources of Law）：法律法规产生和形成的根本依据，包括宪法、法律、行政法规、司法解释、习惯法等。
5. 法律体系（Legal System）：一个国家或地区的法律规范和机构组成的整体结构，包括民法、刑法、行政法等各个法律分支。
6. 民事法（Civil Law）：调整公民与公民之间、法人与法人之间、公民与法人之间的财产关系和个人关系的法律法规。
7. 刑事法（Criminal Law）：规范行为人在特定情况下可能触犯的犯罪行为，以及相应的处罚措施。
8. 憲法（Constitution）：国家法律体系的基石，规定国家的最高准则、基本制度、国家权力机构及其权力分配等。
9. 法官（Judge）：在法庭审理案件、对案件进行审判并裁决的司法人员。
10. 律师（Lawyer）：受聘于特定行业或客户群，为其提供法律咨询、代理诉讼或其他法律服务的专业人员。
11. 程序正义（Procedural Justice）：强调法律程序公正、透明、公平的法治观念，确保每个人在法律框架内获得同等对待。
这些名词仅介绍法理学的部分内容，实际上法理学涵盖的范围远远超出这些概念。
分析和研究这些核心概念有助于对法律和法治运行有一个更深入的理解。
法律英语常用词汇：法律LAW
法律英语常用词汇：法律LAW1、A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.后法优于前法。
2、Arms and laws do not flourish together.武力与法律不能同时兴盛。
3、Consent makes law.合意产生法律。
4、Custom has the force of law.民俗具有法律效力。
5、Customs、religious and philosophies tend to form the basis for a nation‘s laws.风俗宗教和哲学常是一个国家法律构成之基础。
6、Equity is a correction of common legal rules in their defective parts.衡平法是对普通法律规则中瑕疵部分的矫正。
7、Except as otherwise provided by law.。
法律另有规定的除外。
8、Every law has a loop hole.凡是法律皆有漏洞。
9、Every law has no atom of strength、 as far as no publicopinion supports it.若无公众舆论支持、法律是没有丝毫力量的。
10、In civilized life、 law floats in a sea of ethics.在文明社会、法律依靠道德所支撑。
11、It can hardly be taken to be a guarantee that every law shall treat every person the same.不能保证每一部法律都能平等地对待每一个人。
12、Law can never be enforced unless fear supports it.没有威慑力的法律绝对不会具有效力。
法学专业英语教程(精编版)课件 (1)[56页]
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-- The judicial process deals with real controversies. -- The community is interested in the resolution of these
The Federal Court System
Federal courts are courts of limited subject matter jurisdiction -- diversity case jurisdiction -- federal question jurisdiction -- cases in which the federal government is a party
authority of a ruler over those ruled. Comment on this definition of law. • What are the main areas of private law if we classify it according to subject matter? • Classify contract law—Is it substantive or procedural, public or private, statutory or case law? • How many types of law are there under the American legal system if we classify it according to its sources? What are they? What is the order of priority among them?
汉英法律专业词汇
汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史、宪法学）（一）按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法case system案例汇编case book; case report; law report柏拉图 Plato 《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （罗）被视为be deemed as 被宣布为非法be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法comparative law比较法学comparative jurisprudence比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence 比较法制史 comparative legal history比较分析法method of comparative analysis比较刑法comparative penal law比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relationship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通办法adaptation; accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救办法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律 law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利impartible right不可抗力 force majuere不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performance of obligation不要式行为informal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act; act of omission部门法department law部门规章regulation参照 consult参照具体情况 in the light of actual conditions参照原文 consult the original查士丁尼法典 Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编 Authenticum超出法律范围的 outside of law超出法律权限的extralegal超过权限 exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法 written law成文宪法written constitution冲突法 conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则 conflict rule; rule of conflict 除（本法）另有规定外 except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)除外条款 provisory clause 除外责任条款 exclusion clause触犯公共利益 encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益 go against the state’s interests触犯人民利益 encroach on the interests of the people; go against the people’s interests传统法律观念 traditional ideas of law纯粹法学 pure theory of law次要法规 by law次要规则 secondary rule从宽解释原则 doctrine of liberal construction从权利accessory right达到法定年龄 come of age大（的）法 the fundamental law大（的）法官Lord High Chancellor大（的）法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系Continental Legal System大律师barrister 《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty （中）大陪审团 grand jury《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中)《大宪章》(1215) Great Charter, 1215(英)单行法规specific regulations单一法律体系unitary legal system单一制政府unitary government但书proviso当代法学动向current trend of jurisprudence当然解释 natural interpretation党纪国法party discipline and the law of the country道德规范norm of morality道德义务 moral obligation《德国民法典》German Civil code德拉古 Draco地方各级人民代表大会local people’s congresses at different levels地方各级人民法院local people’s courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院lo cal people’s procuratorates at different levels地方各级人民政府local people’s governments at different levels第二读second reading第三读 third reading二元论the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制 dual constitutional monarchy system二元论 the dualistic theory二元论者dualist二元制 bicameral system法的本质 the nature of law法的变化changes of law法的定义definition of law法的发展development of law法的分类 divisions of law法的概念concepts of law 法的规范作用normalized usage of law法的继承succession of law法的精神 spirit of law法的可预测性foreseeability of law法的类型types of law法的历史类型的更替 the replacement of one historical mode of law by another法的历史渊源 historical origin of law法的连续性continuity of law法的内容contexts of law法的社会作用 social usage of law法的生效operation of law法的实现realization of law法的特征character of law法的现象legal phenomenon法的消亡 withering away of law法的形式渊源formal source of law法的要素elements of law法的渊源source of law法的职能function of law法的作用role of law法典code; statute book法典编纂 codification of codes 法定成年人的年龄age of majority; legal age法定程序legal procedure法定处罚statutory penalty 法定代理人： agent ad litem法定解释statutory interpretation法定量刑情节 legally prescribed circumstances of sentencing法定年龄 legal age; lawful age法定年龄限制 a statutory age limit 法定期间 prescribed time法定期限 legal term法定权利 legal right; right entitled by law法定权限 limits of power prescribed by law法定人数 quorum法定日 appointed day法定时间 appointed time法定时效 statutory prescription法定条件 legal condition法定限制 statutory restrictions 法定效力 statutory force法定刑 legally-prescribed punishment法定形式 legal form法定责任statutory duty法定追溯期 time of legal memory法定最高刑 maximum statutory penalty; maximum statutory sentence法官 judge法官的自由裁量权judge’s power of discretion法官权力范围 extent of judge’s power法官心证judge’s mental impression法官中立原则 Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa法规编纂 condification of laws and regulations法规的解释 interpretation of statutes法规汇编 corpus of the laws and regulations《法国民法典》Code Civile de Francais (法)法理 jurisprudence; principle of law法理学家 jurisprudent法律保护 legal protection法律编纂codification法律标准 legal standards法律补救 legal redress法律部门 legal department法律草案 draft regulations法律措施 legal measures法律大全 Corpus legum法律的本土化和改写 the localization and adaptiion of laws法律的本质 essence of law法律的地位 position of law法律的定义 definition of law法律的废止 abolishment of law法律的公共秩序论 public order theory of law 法律的规范性 normalization of law法律的继承 succession of law法律的理想ideal of law法律的权威 authority of law法律的失效lapse of law法律的实施administration of law; law enforcement 法律的适用application of law法律的统一 unification of law法律的推定 presumption of law法律的推理 analogy of law法律的完整性 integrity of law法律的效力范围force’s scale of law法律的效力形式force’s form of law法律的修改alteration of law法律的演进 evolutin of law法律的原理 principle of law法律地位平等equal in legal status法律对人的效力personal act of law编纂法律方法 legal methodology法律分类 classification of law法律赋予权力 authority conferred by law法律改革 law reform法律概念 legal concept 法律根据 legal basis 法律工作者 legalprofessional汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史、宪法学）（二）法律关系legal relation法律关系的运行 process of legal relation法律关系客体 object of legal relation法律关系主体 subject of legal relation法律规定provisions of law法律规范 norm of law 法律规范的逻辑结构 logical structure of legal rule法律规则体系 system of legal rules法律含义 intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象legal phenomenon法律研究legal research法律要件 legal requirement法律依据 legal basis法律意见 legal advice法律意见书 legal opinion法律意识 law-consciousness法律意义 legal sense法律用语 legal language法律与正义先验论 a prior theory of law and justice法律渊源 source of law法律原本注释 gloss法律原理 legal doctrines法律原则 principle of legality法律援助legal aid法律约束 legal binding; legal restraint法律责任 legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础 moral basic of legal obligation 法律责任的归结 imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定 determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行 enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体 object of legal responsibility法律责任主体 subject of legal responsibility法律哲学 philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris法律政策 policy of the law法律职业道德 legal ethics 法律指导 legal counsel法律制裁 legal sanction法律制度 regime of law; legal system法律秩序legal order法律主体资格 capacity as a subject of law法律主张 proposition of law法律属地原则territoriality of laws法律著述 legal literature法律专家 legal expert法律专业 legal profession 法律专著和教科书 legal treatise and textbook法律咨询 legal advice法律尊严 legal sanctity法盲 legal illiterates法权 right法社会学 sociology of law法系 legal system法协会 law society 法学 jurisprudence法学博士 doctor of jurisprudence法学导论 leading principles of law法学的范畴体系 the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识 the consciousness of category of jurisprudence法学的基石范畴 fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法 method of jurisprudence法学方法论 methodology of jurisprudence法学会 law society法学教科书 law textbooks法学理论 theory of law; legal theory法学权威 an academic authority in law法学士bachelor of law法学体系 system of jurisprudence法学通论 first principles of law法学院 faculty of law; law school法医 forensic medicine法医学 forensic medicine法院 court法院调查 judicial investigation法院管辖权 competence of court法院管辖以外的 extrajudicial法院判决 court decision法院系统 court structure法院组织法 judicature act法则 articles法哲学 philosophy of law法制legal institution法制传统 tradition of law system法制的精神 spirit of legality法制的尊严 dignity of the legal system法制观念 legal concept法制观念淡薄 very weak in the understanding of law法制教育 legal education; education of legal system法制史 legal history; history of legal system法治 rule of law法治的机制 the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素 the element of rule of law非实质的 immaterial非营利的 non-profit非约束性条款 permissive provision 废止法律 annulment of law分别管辖权 separate jurisdiction分别财产制 separation of property regime分别规定 separate provision分担责任 share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约 divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other 分工负责制 division of labor responsibility system分级管理 different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度 distribution system分析法理学 analytical jurisprudence否决权 powerveto; veto power否认事实 denial of facts服从法律 amenable to law; subject to the law服从判决 accept a judgment符合程序 be in order符合法律 be in conformity with law符合宪法constitutionality 符合宪法的法律 constitutional law符合原则 be in conformity with the principle盖尤斯 Gaius概括裁定 general verdict概括继承 general succession干扰司法公正interference with course of justice刚性条款 entrenched clause刚性宪法 rigid constitution岗位责任制 post responsibility system高等法院 high court; high court of justice高度集中 highly centralize高度民主 high level of democracy高度自治权 high degree of autonomy高级法官 senior judge高级法院superior court高级人民法院Higher People’s Court高级人民检察院 Higher People’s Procuratortate搁置 set aside; abeyance格式条款 clause of style公认的行为准则established standard of conduct规避法律 in fraud of law规避义务 evade obligations规范的法律规则 normative rule of law规范法学 normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件 normalizative document of law规范性法律文件的规范化 normalization of normative legal document国际法international law国际法学 international jurisprudence过错方 tort-feasor; wrongdoer过错推定原则 doctrine of presumption过错责任 liability for wrongs; tort liability海事法院 court of admiralty 《汉穆拉比法典》 Code of Hammurabi合并条款 consolidation of provisions合法的个人财产 legal personal property合法地位 legal status合法权益 the lawful rights and interests合法行为 lawful acts; legality of purpose合宪性 constitutionality 衡平法 equity衡平法规则 rule of equity衡平法学 equity jurisprudence衡平法院 Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）后法取代前法 A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.后法优于前法 lex posterior derogat priori户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered互为因果 reciprocal causation基本法 fundamental law基本法律规范 basic norm of law基本方针 basic policies基本权利和义务 basic rights and duties基本司法概念和假设 basic legal conception and assumption技术性法规 technical legal rule家庭法 family law建立法律关系create legal relations教会法canon law《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici教会法学家 decretalists解释法律的技术规则 technical rule of interpretation解释权 power of interpretation近因 immediate cause禁治产人 imbecile; interdicted person经常居住地：habitual residence经法律确认的 ascertained by law经法律许可authorized by law经验法学 scholastic theories of law纠问式审判 trial by inspection or examination具有法律约束力的文件 legally binding instrument具有同等效力的 with equal authenticity具有约束力的判例 binding precedent绝对衡平法 absolute equity君主立宪制度constitutional monarchy开罗会议 Cairo Conference凯恩斯主义 keynesianism可撤销的法律行为revocable juristic act可让与性 alienability可用法律强制执行的 enforceable at law可预见的foreseeable可直接适用的法律 directly applicable law可追溯的 retrospective客观条件 objective condition客观因素 objective factor客体 object扩充解释 amplified interpretation理论法理学派theoretical jurisprudence school理性决定说 theory of rational decision理性认识 conceptual knowledge历史法学 historical jurisprudence历史法学派 historical school of law历史解释historical interpretation立法机构legislative body立法权 law-making power; legislative power 立法委任权 legislation mandate立法效力 legislative effect立法议案 bills立法者 law-maker;legislator立宪 constitutionalism利益冲突 conflict of interests利害关系人interested person 连带法律关系 joint legal relations连带责任 joint and several obligation论理解释 logical interpretation罗马法Roman Law; Jus Romanum罗马法系 Roman-Law System罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世Justinian I罗马法理学 jurisprudential《罗马法律汇编》Roman Digest罗马法学派 school of Romanists 罗马－日耳曼法系 Roman-Germanic family罗马私法 Jus Privatum逻辑解释 logical interpretation 马伯里诉麦迪逊案 Marbury vs. Madison马克思主义法律理论 Marxism-leninism马克思主义法学Marxist jurisprudence马克思主义法学家 Marxist jurist没有事实根据的 unsubstantial美国国际法协会 American Institute of International Law美国海事法庭 Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.美国联邦地区法院 United States district courts美国联邦法官 federal judge没有法律依据的 lawless 没有判决先例的案件 case of first impression《民法大全》Corpus Juris Civilis民法典 civil code 民法法系Civil-Law System民法通则： General Principles of the Civil Law民法学 science of civil law民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则“by a preponderance of evidence” in civil cases民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights民事权益：civil rights and interests民事诉讼法学 Civil Procedure Law民事制裁 civil punishment; civil sanction民政部门：the civil affairs department 明代法规 laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty明示或默示的 express or implied默示表达communication by implication拿破仑法典 The Code Napolean内部规章 internal regulations纳妾制 concubinage南京条约 (1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843拟制理论 fiction theory拟制买卖mancipatio欧洲大陆法 continental law偶然权利 contingent right偶然因果关系 fortuitous causal relationship偶然因素 accidentalia 偶因 accidental cause排他的权利 right to exclude all others 派生的权利 derived right派生取得 derivative acquisition判例法系 Case Law System汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史、宪法学）（三）普通法法系 Common-Law System判例法系 Case Law System判例汇编 reports; reports of judgments 普通法 common law普通法法系 Common-Law System普通法上的补偿 common-law remedy普通法上的过失common-law negligence普通法上的留置权 common-law lien普通法学 general jurisprudence强制办法coercive method强制规定 mandatory provisions强制性法规 mandatory rule of law强制性条款mandatory term侵犯财产权 property torts侵权行为法 tort law侵权责任 tortious liability清理法规 check up laws and regulations区域性法律体系 regional system of laws取证 obtain evidence 确权之诉 affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation确认之诉 action for confirmation; actio confessoria权威解释 authentic interpretation人法 human law, statute personalia人格减等 capitis deminutio人身不可侵犯 inviolability of the person人身非财产关系personal non-property relations人身关系 personal relation任意解释 arbitrary interpretation 《日耳曼法》Germanic law柔性宪法 flexible constitution三权分立 separation of powers善意推定presumption of good faith商法 commercial law商法典 code of commerce社会法学sociological jurisprudence社会关系 social relations社会规范 social regulation社会连带主义法学 social solidarism jurisprudence社会契约论 theory of social contract社会团体：social organization社会主义法学 socialist jurisprudence社会主义法制 socialist legal system; socialist rule of law神法 divine law神权说 theory of divine right审查制度 censorship; inspection system审计监督supervise through auditing审计监督权 power to supervise through auditing生效条款 operative clause失效法律 expired laws失效日 expiry date施行细则 implementary provisions实证主义法学派 the positivist school《十二表法》 Twelve Tables实体法 material law; substantial law实体法上的抗辩 substantial defense实体权利 substantive right实用主义法学 judicial pragmaticism 实在法 positive law实在法学 positive jurisprudence实在法学派 positivist实在主义法学positivist jurisprudence实证法学 positive jurisprudence实质条款 material stipulation实质性的瑕疵 defect of substance实质性解释 material interpretation事实的推定 presumption of fact 事业单位：institution适用法律 reference to the law; applicable law适用范围 area of application; sphere of application适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)溯及既往原则 doctrine of retroactivity溯及力 retrospect; retrospective effect损害赔偿damages梭伦 Solon弹性宪法 elastic constitution特别程序 special procedure特别但书 special proviso特别法 special law特殊主体 special subject提案motion; overture; proposal提出抗辩raise a plea; raise a plead条约法 law of treaties同态复仇 retaliation推定合法presumption of legality停止生效cease to have effect外国法 foreign law外国法制史 foreign legal history外国人待遇 foreigner treatment完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct完全丧失行为能力的人 person entirely incapable of legal transaction完全无行为能力 absolute disability万民法jus gentium违法构成要件 essential condition of delict违宪 violation of constitution乌尔比安Ulpianus无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释 unconditional interpretation无效的法律 void law 无效法律行为 void act; act without legal effect物权 property西塞罗Marcus Tullius Cicero习惯法custom law细则 detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释 narrow definition 下文另有规定者除外 except as hereinafter provided先决条件 precedent condition; prerequisite 现实主义法学 realism jurisprudence现行法律 current law; existing law限制解释 restrictive interpretation宪法的解释 interpretation of constitution宪法修正案 constitution amendment宪法学 constitutional jurisprudence相对主义法学 relativist jurisprudence新分析法学 new analytical jurisprudence新律 New Law , Novellae行为规范 code of conduct学说编纂the Pandekta 形式主义法学 formalist jurisprudence亚里士多德 Aristotle严格解释 strict interpretation严重不法行为 aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior 严重违法 break the law on a serious scale 要件 important condition; essential condition一般客体 general object一般权利能力 general legal capacity一般主体 general subject一事不再理的保证 guarantee against double jeorpardy依法办案 handle cases according to law依法独立行使职权 independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law依照法律的规定 as prescribed by law以法律为准绳 take law as the criterion 依法治国 genuine rule of law; running the country according to law义务性规范 obligatory rule 义务主体 subject of duty英美法系 Anglo-American Legal System永恒法 eternal law优士丁尼法典the Codex Justinianus优士丁尼皇帝Justinian《优士丁尼民法大全》（《国法大全》）Corpus Juris Civilis有法必依 ensure that laws are observed有法律约束力 legally binding有条件解释conditional interpretation有效期间 time of effect; term of validity与法律规定不符 against theforms of the statute与法律相抵触的行为act going against the law域外效力 extraterritorial effect 援引法律条文 invoke a legal provision（古罗马的）元老院 the Senate约束力 binding; binding effect 在法律的范围内 within the law暂行条例interim regulations; provisional regulation整体法学integrative jurisprudence正当权益 justified rights; legitimate interests正式解释 official interpretation正式渊源 formal source政法学院 institute of political science and law知法犯法deliberately break the law执法必严ensure that law’s enforcement be strict执法人员 law enforcement officials执行权 enforcement power直接故意 actual intent; direct intent直接后果immediate consequence直接客体 direct object直接主体 direct subject制定法 statute制宪权constituent power治外法权 extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction中端时效interrupt the running of the statute of limitation中国大陆的法律law of China’s mainland中国法制 Chinese legal system中国法制史 Chinese legal history中国特色的社会主义法制 socialist legal system with Chinese character中华法系 Chinese legal system《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China主要法律体系principal legal system自然法 natural law自然法学派 natural law school 组成合议庭开庭审理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial最高国家权力机关 highest organ of state power最高人民法院的解释interpretation of supreme people’s court遵循先例原则The Doctrine of Stare作为或不作为 act or omission汉英法律专业词汇（民商法学、经济法学）民商法学、经济法学Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws 按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment办理注销登记：cancel the registration被代理人：the principal被侵权人 the infringed本人名义：in one’s name标的subject matter补偿制度compensation system不动产登记制Lot and Block System财产法 property law财产的添附accretion of property; property accession财产抵押权 property mortgage财产继承权：the right of inheritance财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships财产管理人property administrator; custodian of property财产混同 confusion; hotchpot财产留置权encumbrance采用书面形式：in writing仓单 warehouse voucher草签合同 initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract长期合同 long-term contract偿付能力 solvency capability of reimbursement超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency撤消合同cancellation of contract 撤销合同 cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract撤销权 right of rescission; right of revocation撤销要约 revocation of offer; revoke an offer 撤销遗赠 cancellation o will; revocationi of will承运人 actual fault of the carrier承运人的留置权carrier’s lien诚信原则 principle of good faith诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle 船舶承租人 charterer船舶抵押权 right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship;ship mortgage船舶抵押权的设定 establishment of mortgage of the ship船舶抵押的消灭extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship船舶抵押权登记 registration of ship mortgage船舶留置权 possessory lien; lien of ship村民委员会：the village committee惩罚性的损害赔偿 punitive damages乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position处分财产 dispose of properties 处分权 act of disposition处分原则 principle of disposition代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency单独承担的责任 undivided responsibility单方法律行为unilateral obligation单方行政行为 unilateral administrative act 等价有偿：making compensation for equal value对等原则principle of reciprocity对价consideration对抗措施counter measure对人权right in personam; personal right对世权 real right; right in rem恶意串通：conspire maliciously恶意行为ill will mala fides法人 judicial person;legal body法人的权利能力 legal capacity of juristic person法人的责任能力 capacity for responsibility of juristic person法人权限 corporate power法人人格 corporate personality法人身份 status of a legal person法人团体 corporation 法人资格 corporate capacity法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person负共同连带责任 liable jointly and severally 负全部责任 bear all responsibilities; in all charge负有解释的义务 accountable负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors附带的条件 incident附带要求 contingent claim附带原因contributory cause; inherent cause附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts附条件的权利 conditional right赋予权力 entitle个体工商户：individual businesses个人合伙：individual partnership各尽所能，按劳分配 from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce公民基本义务 fundamental duties of citizens合同contract 合同法contract law合同副本 copies of the contract 合同规定 contract provisions/stipulations 合同履行地法 lex loci contractus合同期限contract period (or contract term) 合同条款contract terms (or contract clause) 合同有效期contract life合同正本 originals of the contract合伙人：partners合议制 collegial system核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered 恢复原状 recovery of original state; restitution; restoration of he original conditions; retitutio in integrum集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership技术合同纠纷案件 controversy over a technology contract监护人：guardian经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority居民委员会：the neighborhood committee履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households平等主体：civil subjects with equal status企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person 企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person契约自由 liberty of contract取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person 全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people让与 alien; alienate; assign; cede让与的利益 benefit of cession让与权 benefit of cessioni设定义务的规则 rule of imposing duty设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish, change or terminate civil relationship所有权 ownership书面合同 a written contract 双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double双方法律行为 bilateral legaltransaction擅自变更或者解除（民事法律行为）：alter or rescind one’s act a rbitrarily他物权 right over the property of another提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge 违反合同breach of contract 委托代理：entrusted agency委托代理人：an entrusted agent无过错责任 liability without negligence无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct 无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person’s interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so下落不明one’s whereabouts have been unknown限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors行使代理权：exercise the power of agency宣告为无（限制）民事行为能力人：declare … to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct 遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects, flotsam以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion 意思表示show one’s intention意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine优先购买的权利：a right of pre-emption优先权 priority, preemptive right有过错的一方：the erring party有连带责任的 conjunctly and severally有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debto造成财产损失：cause any property loss责任能力 capacity for responsibility责任年龄capacity of responsibility; year of discretion债的标的 object of obligation债的发生 creation of obligation债的消灭 extinction of obligation占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall havea lien on the property指定代理：appointed agency执行合同 carry out a contract, execute/implement/fulfill/perform a contract 主要办事机构：the main administrative office追偿：claim compensation from住所：domicile汉英法律专业词汇（民商事通用语)1、民法通则： General Principles of the Civil Law2、民事权益：civil rights and interests3、平等主体：civil subjects with equal status4、财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships5、等价有偿：making compensation for equal value6、诚实信用：honesty and credibility7、适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)8、法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law9、无国籍人：stateless persons10、民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights11、完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct12、限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct13、无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct14、法定代理人： agent ad litem15、代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by16、监护人：guardian17、户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered18、住所：domicile19、经常居住地：habitual residence20、居民委员会：the neighborhood committee21、村民委员会：the village committee22、民政部门：the civil affairs department23、履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship24、承担责任：be held responsible25、造成财产损失：cause any property loss26、宣告为无（限制）民事行为能力人：declare … to be aperson to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct27、下落不明one’s whereabouts have been unknown28、个体工商户：individual businesses29、农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households30、个人合伙：individual partnership31、合伙人：partnerss32、承担民事责任：bear civil liability for 33、按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment34、承担连带责任：undertake joint liability for 35、追偿：claim compensation from 36、法人： legal person37、法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person38、主要办事机构：the main administrative office39、全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people40、集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership41、经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority42、工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce43、核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered44、企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person45、权利和义务：the rights and obligations46、办理注销登记：cancel the registration47、企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person48、企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person49、事业单位：institution50、社会团体：social organization51、经济实体：economic entity52、取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person53、意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine54、擅自变更或者解除（民事法律行为）：alter or rescind one’s act arbitrarily55、以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion56、乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position57、以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes58、具有法律约束力：be legally binding59、请求人民法院或者仲裁机关予以变更：request a people’s court or an arbitration agency to alter60、恶意串通：conspire maliciously61、有过错的一方：the erring party62、附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts63、委托代理：entrusted agency64、法定代理：statutory agency65、指定代理：appointed agency66、委托代理人：an entrusted agent67、被代理人：the principal68、行使代理权：exercise the power of agency69、采用书面形式：in writing70、超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of ag ency71、代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency72、本人名义：in one’s name73、查封、扣押、冻结、没收：seize, encroach upon, privately divide, destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze or confiscate74、财产继承权：the right of inheritance75、优先购买的权利：a right of pre-emption76、埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object77、遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects, flotsam78、买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred79、设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish, change or terminate civil relationship80、按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit81、按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt82、享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors 83、负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors84、有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debtor85、提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge86、以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge87、给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party88、双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double89、占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall have a lien on the property90、将合同的权利、义务全部或部分转让给第三人：transfer all or part of its contractual rights or obligations to a third party91、取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis92、无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person’s interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so汉英法律专业词汇（刑法学、行政法学）刑法学、行政法学Criminal Laws and Administrative Laws 帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪 crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪 crime of kidnapping women and children 包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪 crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate包庇毒品犯罪分子罪 crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪indispensable joint crime并科原则 doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利deprival of rights 不能犯 impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪 crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权 excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围overstep one’s authority惩办和宽大相结合combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则 principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施 punitive measure惩罚性制裁 punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合 combination of punishment and education处以刑罚inflict punishment处以有期徒刑 sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯法律 break the law;violate the law抽逃出资罪 crime of flight of capital contribution抽象行政行为 abstract administrative act出口骗税犯罪活动 criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export 出售伪造发票罪 crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知 from ignorance of law 出于恶意 from malevolence从轻处罚 gie a lesser punishment从重处罚 give a severer punishment 单位受贿罪 crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成 single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪 crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪 crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives盗窃犯 theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯 object impossibility多次作案repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪 punishment does not fit the crime犯意 criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化 lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机 criminal motive犯罪构成constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime犯罪构成要件 special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意 criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团 criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件 objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体 criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了 completion of a criminal act犯罪学 criminology犯罪预防 crime prevention 犯罪中止 discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素 subjective elements of crime犯罪主体 subject of crime犯罪着手 initiate a crime犯罪组织 criminal organization贩卖毒品罪 drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当 unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度 limit of defense防止类似事件重演。
1.Defination of law
法-灋-刑
灋,刑也。平之如水。從水,廌所以觸不直者 去之,從去,會意。——《說文》 1.從水, 表示“平等”（Equality）。 2.廌，所以觸不直者去之, 代表“正義” （Justice）。 3.從去, 表示“懲罰”（Punishment）。
Beijing Ming Tombs(北京十三陵)
II. Origin of Law (1)Literal meaning of law （Western）
Lex Loi Gasets Law 法律（narrow)
Jus Droit Recht Right 权利(broad)
Jus-Justice
Nanjing Ming Tombs(南京明孝陵)
Unicorn: Gansu Provincial Museum(獨角獸:甘肅省博物館 (蘭州) 西漢（206BC-AD5），武威出土)
Xi’an: Shanxi Provincial Museum(西安:陝西省博物館 , 北朝,AD 420-589）
1.Definition of Law 法律是什么？
What is law? Why do we study law? How do we study law? What are the basic qualifications for becoming a lawyer? Sense of justice, peaceful mind, working hard, legal reasoning.
The Roman goddess of justice was called Justitia and was often portrayed as evenly balancing both scales and a sword and wearing a blindfold. She was sometimes portrayed holding the fasces (a bundle of rods around an ax symbolizing judicial authority) in one hand and a flame in the other (symbolizing truth).
法律英语法理学常用词汇（一）
法律英语法理学常用词汇（一）法律英语法理学常用词汇（一）按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit 按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt 案例教学法case system案例汇编case book; case report; law report柏拉图 Plato被视为be deemed as被宣布为非法be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法comparative law比较法学comparative jurisprudence比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence 比较法制史comparative legal history比较分析法method of comparative analysis比较刑法comparative penal law比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relationship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通办法adaptation; accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救办法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律 law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci 不可分割的权利impartible right 不可抗力 force majeure不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performance of obligation不要式行为informal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act; act of omission部门法department law部门规章regulation参照 consult参照具体情况 in the light of actual conditions参照原文 consult the original查士丁尼法典 Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus 查士丁尼法规汇编 Authenticum超出法律范围的 outside of law超出法律权限的 extralegal超过权限 exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction 成文法 written law成文宪法 written constitution冲突法 conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则 conflict rule; rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外 except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)除外条款 provisory clause除外责任条款 exclusion clause触犯公共利益encroach on the public interests 触犯国际利益go against the state's interests 触犯人民利益encroach on the interests of the people; go against the people's interests 传统法律观念 traditional ideas of law纯粹法学 pure theory of law次要法规 by law次要规则 secondary rule从宽解释原则 doctrine of liberal construction从权利 accessory right达到法定年龄 come of age大法 the fundamental law大法官 Lord High Chancellor大法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系 Continental Legal System大律师 barrister《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty（中）大陪审团 grand jury《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中)《大宪章》(1215) Great Charter, 1215(英)单行法规 specific regulations单一法律体系 unitary legal system单一制政府 unitary government但书 proviso当代法学动向current trend of jurisprudence当然解释 natural interpretation党纪国法party discipline and the law of thecountry道德规范norm of morality道德义务 moral obligation《德国民法典》German Civil code德拉古 Draco地方各级人民代表大会local people's congresses at different levels地方各级人民法院local people's courts atdifferent levels地方各级人民检察院local people's procuratoratesat different levels地方各级人民政府local people's governments at different levels第二读 second reading第三读 third reading二元论the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制 dual constitutional monarchy system 二元论the dualistic theory二元论者dualist二元制 bicameral system法的本质 the nature of law法的变化changes of law法的定义definition of law法的发展development of law法的分类 divisions of law法的概念concepts of law法的规范作用normalized usage of law法的继承succession of law法的精神 spirit of law法的可预测性foreseeability of law法的类型types of law法的历史类型的更替 the replacement of one historical mode of law by another法的历史渊源 historical origin of law法的连续性continuity of law法的内容contexts of law法的社会作用 social usage of law法的生效operation of law法的实现realization of law法的特征character of law法的现象legal phenomenon法的消亡 withering away of law法的形式渊源formal source of law法的要素elements of law法的渊源source of law法的职能function of law法的作用role of law法典code; statute book法典编纂 codification of codes法定成年人的年龄age of majority; legal age法定程序legal procedure法定处罚statutory penalty法定代理人：agent ad litem法定解释statutory interpretation法定量刑情节 legally prescribed circumstances of sentencing 法定年龄 legal age; lawful age法定年龄限制 a statutory age limit法定期间 prescribed time法定期限 legal term法定权利 legal right; right entitled by law法定权限 limits of power prescribed by law法定人数 quorum法定日 appointed day法定时间 appointed time法定时效 statutory prescription法定条件 legal condition法定限制 statutory restrictions法定效力 statutory force法定刑 legally-prescribed punishment法定形式 legal form法定责任 statutory duty法定追溯期 time of legal memory法定最高刑 maximum statutory penalty; maximum statutory sentence法官 judge法官的自由裁量权 judge's power of discretion法官权力范围 extent of judge's power法官心证 judge's mental impression法官中立原则 Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa 法规编纂 condification of laws and regulations法规的解释 interpretation of statutes法规汇编 corpus of the laws and regulations《法国民法典》Code Civile de Francais (法)法理 jurisprudence; principle of law法理学家 jurisprudent法律保护 legal protection法律编纂 codification法律标准 legal standards法律补救 legal redress法律部门 legal department法律草案 draft regulations法律措施 legal measures法律大全 Corpus legume法律的本土化和改写 the localization and adaptiion of laws法律的本质 essence of law法律的地位 position of law法律的定义 definition of law法律的废止 abolishment of law法律的公共秩序论 public order theory of law法律的规范性 normalization of law法律的继承 succession of law法律的理想ideal of law法律的权威 authority of law法律的失效lapse of law法律的实施administration of law; law enforcement 法律的适用application of law法律的统一 unification of law法律的推定 presumption of law法律的推理 analogy of law法律的完整性 integrity of law法律的效力范围 force's scale of law法律的效力形式 force's form of law法律的修改alteration of law法律的演进 evolution of law法律的原理 principle of law法律地位平等equal in legal status法律对人的效力personal act of law编纂法律方法 legal methodology法律分类 classification of law法律赋予权力 authority conferred by law法律改革 law reform法律概念 legal concept法律根据 legal basis法律工作者 legal professional法律关系legal relation法律英语 /doc/658257674.html,法律关系的运行 process of legal relation法律关系客体 object of legal relation法律关系主体 subject of legal relation法律规定provisions of law法律规范 norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构 logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系 system of legal rules法律含义 intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象legal phenomenon法律研究legal research法律要件 legal requirement法律依据 legal basis法律意见 legal advice法律意见书 legal opinion法律意识 law-consciousness法律意义 legal sense法律用语 legal language法律与正义先验论 a prior theory of law and justice 法律渊源source of law法律原本注释 gloss法律原理 legal doctrines法律原则 principle of legality法律援助legal aid法律约束 legal binding; legal restraint法律责任 legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础 moral basic of legal obligation 法律责任的归结 imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定 determination of legalresponsibility法律责任的执行 enforcement of legal responsibility 法律责任客体 object of legal responsibility法律责任主体 subject of legal responsibility法律哲学philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris法律政策 policy of the law法律职业道德 legal ethics法律指导 legal counsel法律制裁 legal sanction法律制度 regime of law; legal system法律秩序 legal order法律主体资格 capacity as a subject of law法律主张 proposition of law法律属地原则 territoriality of laws法律著述 legal literature法律专家 legal expert法律专业 legal profession法律专著和教科书legal treatise and textbook 法律咨询legal advice法律尊严 legal sanctity法盲 legal illiterates法权 right法社会学 sociology of law法系 legal system法协会 law society法学 jurisprudence法学博士 doctor of jurisprudence法学导论 leading principles of law法学的范畴体系 the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识the consciousness of category of jurisprudence法学的基石范畴 fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法 method of jurisprudence法学方法论 methodology of jurisprudence法学会 law society法学教科书 law textbooks法学理论 theory of law; legal theory法学权威 an academic authority in law法学士 bachelor of law法学体系 system of jurisprudence法学通论 first principles of law法学院 faculty of law; law school法医 forensic medicine法医学 forensic medicine法院 court法院调查 judicial investigation法院管辖权 competence of court法院管辖以外的 extrajudicial法院判决 court decision法院系统 court structure法院组织法 judicature act法则 articles法哲学 philosophy of law法制legal institution法制传统 tradition of law system法制的精神 spirit of legality法制的尊严 dignity of the legal system法制观念 legal concept法制观念淡薄 very weak in the understanding of law 法制教育legal education; education of legal system法制史 legal history; history of legal system法治 rule of law法治的机制 the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素 the element of rule of law非实质的 immaterial非营利的 non-profit非约束性条款 permissive provision废止法律 annulment of law分别管辖权 separate jurisdiction分别财产制 separation of property regime分别规定 separate provision分担责任 share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other 分工负责制division of labor responsibility system 分级管理different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度 distribution system分析法理学 analytical jurisprudence否决权 power veto; veto power否认事实 denial of facts服从法律 amenable to law; subject to the law服从判决 accept a judgment符合程序 be in order符合法律 be in conformity with law符合宪法 constitutionality符合宪法的法律 constitutional law符合原则 be in conformity with the principle盖尤斯 Gaius概括裁定 general verdict概括继承 general succession干扰司法公正interference with course of justice 刚性条款entrenched clause刚性宪法 rigid constitution岗位责任制 post responsibility system高等法院 high court; high court of justice高度集中 highly centralize高度民主 high level of democracy高度自治权 high degree of autonomy高级法官 senior judge高级法院superior court高级人民法院 Higher People' Court高级人民检察院 Higher People' Procuratortate搁置 set aside; abeyance格式条款 clause of style公认的行为准则 established standard of conduct 规避法律 in fraud of law规避义务 evade obligations规范的法律规则 normative rule of law规范法学 normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件 normalizative document of law。
法律英语 法的定义分类渊源.
substantive law
It concerns the law dealing with the fact of the case itself, such as the law of torts, products liability, cororations, or contract.
Judicial decisions as part of law is a unique characteristic of American law. This concept of decided cases as a source of law is often referred to as the common law system, which must be contrasted with the civil law system developed in continental Europe. The civil law countries have codified their law so that the main source of law in those countries is to be found in the statutes rather than in the cases. Under the common law system, statutes as well as cases are sources of law.
procedural law
It establishes the rules for enforcing or administering law. It involves issues of jurisdiction, pretrial actions, admissibility of evidence, and appeals. Procedural rules in part ensure that a trial is fair and timely.
法律的定义英语作文
法律的定义英语作文Title: The Definition of Law。
Introduction:Law is an essential aspect of society that governs the behavior and actions of individuals, organizations, and governments. It ensures order, justice, and the protection of individual rights. This essay aims to explore the definition of law, its purpose, and its significance in maintaining a just and orderly society.Body:1. Definition of Law:Law can be defined as a system of rules and regulations established by a governing authority to regulate behavior and actions within a society. It serves as a framework that outlines the rights, duties, and obligations of individualsand provides a mechanism for resolving disputes.2. Purpose of Law:The primary purpose of law is to maintain order and stability within a society. It sets boundaries and guidelines for acceptable behavior, ensuring that individuals and organizations act in a manner that does not harm others or infringe upon their rights. Law also aims to promote justice by providing a fair and impartial systemfor resolving conflicts and punishing wrongdoers.3. Sources of Law:There are various sources of law, including constitutional law, statutory law, administrative law, and common law. Constitutional law establishes the fundamental principles and structure of a government, while statutory law refers to laws enacted by legislative bodies. Administrative law governs the actions of administrative agencies, and common law refers to legal principles derived from court decisions.4. Significance of Law:Law plays a crucial role in society for several reasons. Firstly, it provides a sense of security and protection to individuals by ensuring their rights are safeguarded. It establishes a legal framework that promotes equality, justice, and fairness for all members of society. Secondly, law acts as a deterrent to prevent individuals from engaging in harmful or illegal activities. The fear of punishment and legal consequences serves as a deterrent, discouraging potential wrongdoers. Thirdly, law provides a mechanism for resolving disputes and conflicts in apeaceful and orderly manner. It ensures that conflicts are resolved fairly and impartially, avoiding vigilantism and promoting social harmony.5. Enforcement of Law:To ensure the effectiveness of law, it must be enforced by a competent authority. Governments establish law enforcement agencies, such as the police and judiciary, toenforce and interpret laws. These agencies play a crucial role in upholding the rule of law and ensuring compliance with legal regulations. The judiciary, in particular, interprets laws and resolves disputes through the legal system, ensuring that justice is served.Conclusion:In conclusion, law is a vital component of society that establishes order, justice, and protection for individuals. Its definition encompasses a system of rules and regulations that govern behavior and actions. The purpose of law is to maintain order, promote justice, and protect individual rights. Its significance lies in providing security, acting as a deterrent, and resolving conflicts. Through enforcement by competent authorities, law ensures the fair and orderly functioning of society.。
Definition of Law
Language and law
1 language is the law’s vehicle of expression 2 language is the greatest instrument of social control 3 words are of central importance for the lawyers because they are, in a very particular way, the tools of his trade
Institution of English law dates from the Norman Conquest The written language of the law was at first Latin 14th century, French, the language of the Year Books 1650, An Act For Turning The Books Of The Law, English became the official language of the law Present day legal discourse retains its identity as a highly specialized and distinctive discourse type and genre.
The language of the law is the customary language used by lawyers in those common law jurisdictions where English is the official language. It includes distinctive words, meanings, phrases, and modes of expression. It also includes certain mannerisms of composition not exclusive with the profession but prevalent enough to have formed a fixed association.
法律英语讲义
法律英语English for the Legal Profession主讲：葛云锋适用年级：英语专业三年级山东师范大学2007. 7CONTENTChapter One Definition and Classification ... 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Two Lawyers and Judges.................. 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Three Sources of English Law.......... 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Four State and government of the UK. 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Five General Features of American Legal System错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Six The UK system of Government...... 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Seven The Institutions of the American Government错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Eight Understanding the Court System of the U. S错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Nine Civil Litigation ................... 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Ten Commencing a Legal Action......... 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Eleven Pleadings and Motions Attacking Pleadings错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Twelve Discovery.......................... 错误!未定义书签。
Chapter Thirteen The Trial ....................... 错误!未定义书签。
法律的英文
法律的英文Law is a system of rules and regulations that govern the behavior of individuals and establishments within a society. It establishes a framework for resolving disputes, maintaining order, and protecting individual rights and liberties. The origins of law can be traced back to ancient civilizations, with different societies developing their own legal systems to suit their unique needs and values.The English word "law" is derived from the Old Norse word "lagu," which means "that which is laid down" or "fixed." This reflects the constitutional nature of law. It provides a fixed set of rules and guidelines that people must adhere to. Law is critical for the smooth functioning of society, as it helps to prevent chaos, maintain stability, and uphold justice.There are various sources of law, including legislation, case law, and customary law. Legislation refers to laws that are enacted by legislative bodies, such as parliaments or congresses. These laws are codified and can be found in legal codes. Case law, on the other hand, consists of legal principles established by judges through their decisions in court cases. It is based on the concept of precedent, which means that previous court rulings serve as a guide for future cases. Customary law is based on traditional practices and customs within a particular community or society. There are different branches of law, each addressing specific areas of human activity. Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations, such as contract disputes or personal injury claims. Criminal law, on the other hand, focuses on acts thatare considered to be offenses against society as a whole, such as murder or theft. Administrative law regulates the activities of government agencies and ensures their actions are fair and just. Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles and structures of government, including the rights and freedoms of individuals.International law is another important branch of law. It governs the relationships between nations and provides a framework for resolving disputes and maintaining peace. Treaties, conventions, and international agreements form the basis of international law. It addresses various areas such as human rights, diplomacy, and trade.Law plays a critical role in maintaining order and ensuring justice in society. It establishes a set of rules that people are expected to follow, and failure to comply can result in penalties or legal consequences. Laws help to protect individual rights and freedoms, such as the right to life, liberty, and property. They also provide mechanisms for resolving disputes and seeking redress for grievances.However, the law is not a static entity. It is subject to change and evolution in response to societal developments and changing values. Legal systems constantly adapt to new challenges and circumstances. This process of evolution is facilitated by legal professionals, including judges, lawyers, and legislators, who interpret and apply the law to specific cases and situations.In conclusion, law is a central aspect of human society. It provides a framework for regulating behavior, resolving disputes, andupholding justice. It is essential for maintaining order, protecting individual rights, and ensuring the functioning of society. Law is a dynamic and evolving field, adapting to the needs and values of society.。
各科法律专业词汇表
各科法律专业词汇表刑法学、行政法学Criminal Laws and Administrative Laws帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate包庇毒品犯罪分子罪crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪indispensable joint crime并科原则doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利deprival of rights不能犯impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围overstep one’s authority惩办和宽大相结合combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施punitive measure惩罚性制裁punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合combination of punishment and education处以刑罚inflict punishment处以有期徒刑sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯法律break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪crime of flight of capital contribution抽象行政行为abstract administrative act出口骗税犯罪活动criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export出售伪造发票罪crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知from ignorance of law出于恶意from malevolence从轻处罚gie a lesser punishment从重处罚give a severer punishment单位受贿罪crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives 盗窃犯theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯object impossibility多次作案repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪punishment does not fit the crime犯意criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机criminal motive犯罪构成constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime犯罪构成要件special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了completion of a criminal act犯罪学criminology犯罪预防crime prevention犯罪中止discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素subjective elements of crime犯罪主体subject of crime犯罪着手initiate a crime犯罪组织criminal organization贩卖毒品罪drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度limit of defense防止类似事件重演prevent the recurrence of similar incidents妨碍公务罪crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪crime of impairing public security放弃权利withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition 非法持有毒品罪crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉illegal intervention非法干预unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of V AT非法活动unlawful activities非法利益unlawful interests非法手段illegal means非强制性行政行为non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的informal; irregular非政府机关non-governmental organization非主要条件non-essential stipulation非专业的non-professional诽谤罪crime of defamation隔地犯offense of segregation by location隔时犯offense of segregation by time工具不能犯impossibility of instruments故意犯罪calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪crime of willful and malicious injury管辖：jurisdiction惯犯habitual criminal惯例custom and usage过失犯罪criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime国家赔偿案件case of state compensation国家赔偿的归责原则principle of culpability for state compensation国家赔偿的双重过错原则principle of dual faults for state compensation国家赔偿法state compensation law国家赔偿主体subject of state compensation国家权力机关state authority国际审判机关state judicial organs国家行政机关state administrative organs国家意志state’s will国家职能function of the state国民待遇national treatment黑社会性质的犯罪集团gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行with a two-year reprieve缓刑probate cessat executio集合犯aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯accomplished crime继承法inheritance law继续犯continuous crime加重处罚give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed假冒他人注册商标罪crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another假释parole假想防卫imaginative defense假想数罪imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪simple joint crime间接故意indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪crime of skyjacking结果犯consequential offen结果加重犯aggregated consequential offense结合犯combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court 具结悔过make a statement of repentence具体行政行为specific administrative act具体罪名concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪crimes of soldiers violating military dutie抗税罪offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯object impossibility空白罪状blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪crime of illegal denudation累犯recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪continuing crime量刑criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当criterion for sentence量刑幅度extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪crime of abusing member of one’s family挪用公款案case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime 取保候审post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving扰乱公共场所秩序罪crime of disturbing order at public places刑法criminal law刑罚penalty; punishment刑事责任能力criminal capacity行政法administrative law; executive law行政法规administrative laws and regulations行政法学administrative jurisprudence行政解释administrative interpretation行政救济administrative remedy预防犯罪anti-crime治安管理security administration治安条例security regulations民商法学、经济法学Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment办理注销登记：cancel the registration被代理人：the principal被侵权人the infringed本人名义：in one’s name标的subject matter补偿制度compensation system不动产登记制Lot and Block System财产法property law财产的添附accretion of property; property accession财产抵押权property mortgage财产继承权：the right of inheritance财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships财产管理人property administrator; custodian of property财产混同confusion; hotchpot财产留置权encumbrance采用书面形式：in writing仓单warehouse voucher草签合同initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract长期合同long-term contract偿付能力solvency capability of reimbursement超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency撤消合同cancellation of contract撤销合同cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract撤销权right of rescission; right of revocation撤销要约revocation of offer; revoke an offer撤销遗赠cancellation o will; revocationi of will承运人actual fault of the carrier承运人的留置权carrier’s lien诚信原则principle of good faith诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle船舶承租人charterer船舶抵押权right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage船舶抵押权的设定establishment of mortgage of the ship船舶抵押的消灭extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship船舶抵押权登记registration of ship mortgage船舶留置权possessory lien; lien of ship村民委员会：the village committee惩罚性的损害赔偿punitive damages乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position处分财产dispose of properties处分权act of disposition处分原则principle of disposition代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency单独承担的责任undivided responsibility单方法律行为unilateral obligation单方行政行为unilateral administrative act等价有偿：making compensation for equal value对等原则principle of reciprocity对价consideration对抗措施counter measure对人权right in personam; personal right对世权real right; right in rem恶意串通：conspire maliciously恶意行为ill will mala fides法人judicial person; legal body法人的权利能力legal capacity of juristic person法人的责任能力capacity for responsibility of juristic person法人权限corporate power法人人格corporate personality法人身份status of a legal person法人团体corporation法人资格corporate capacity法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person负共同连带责任liable jointly and severally负全部责任bear all responsibilities; in all charge负有解释的义务accountable负有连带义务的每个债务人：each of the joint debtors附带的条件incident附带要求contingent claim附带原因contributory cause; inherent cause附条件的民事法律行为：conditional civil juristic acts附条件的权利conditional right赋予权力entitle个体工商户：individual businesses个人合伙：individual partnership各尽所能，按劳分配from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs给付定金：leave a deposit with the other party工商行政管理机关：the administrative agency for industry and commerce公民基本义务fundamental duties of citizens合同contract 合同法contract law合同副本copies of the contract合同规定contract provisions/stipulations合同履行地法lex loci contractus合同期限contract period (or contract term)合同条款contract terms (or contract clause)合同有效期contract life合同正本originals of the contract合伙人：partners合议制collegial system核准登记的经营范围：within the range approved and registered恢复原状recovery of original state; restitution; restoration of he original conditions; retitutio in integrum 集体所有制企业：an enterprise under collective ownership技术合同纠纷案件controversy over a technology contract监护人：guardian经主管机关核准登记：approved and registered by the competent authority居民委员会：the neighborhood committee履行监护职责：fulfill duty of guardianship埋藏物、隐藏物：buried or concealed object买卖、出租、抵押、转让：be sold, leased, mortgaged or transferred农村承包经营户：leaseholding farm households平等主体：civil subjects with equal status企业法人被撤销：the dissolution of an enterprise as legal person企业法人分立、合并：the division and merger of an enterprise as legal person企业法人解散：disbanding of an enterprise as legal person契约自由liberty of contract取得不当得利：profits acquired improperly and without a lawful basis取得法人资格：be qualified as a legal person全民所有制企业：an enterprise owned by the whole people让与alien; alienate; assign; cede让与的利益benefit of cession让与权benefit of cessioni设定义务的规则rule of imposing duty设立、变更、终止民事关系：establish, change or terminate civil relationship所有权ownership书面合同a written contract双倍返还定金：repay the deposit in double双方法律行为bilateral legal transaction擅自变更或者解除（民事法律行为）：alter or rescind one’s act arbitrarily他物权right over the property of another提供一定的财产作为抵押物：offer a specific property as a pledge违反合同breach of contract委托代理：entrusted agency委托代理人：an entrusted agent无过错责任liability without negligence无民事行为能力人：a person having no capacity for civil conduct无因管理：act as manager or provide services in order to protect another person’s interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so下落不明one’s whereabouts have been unknown限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civil conduct享有连带权利的每个债权人：each of the joint creditors行使代理权：exercise the power of agency宣告为无（限制）民事行为能力人：declare …to be a person to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct遗失物、漂流物：lost-and-found objects, flotsam以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还：to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge以合法形式掩盖非法目的：perform under the guise of legitimate acts which conceal illegitimate purposes以欺诈、胁迫的手段：as a result of cheating or coercion意思表示show one’s intention意思表示真实：the intention expressed is genuine优先购买的权利：a right of pre-emption优先权priority, preemptive right有过错的一方：the erring party有连带责任的conjunctly and severally有权向债务人追偿：have the right to claim repayment from the debto造成财产损失：cause any property loss责任能力capacity for responsibility责任年龄capacity of responsibility; year of discretion债的标的object of obligation债的发生creation of obligation债的消灭extinction of obligation占有人有权留置该财产：the possessor shall have a lien on the property指定代理：appointed agency执行合同carry out a contract, execute/implement/fulfill/perform a contract主要办事机构：the main administrative office追偿：claim compensation from住所：domicile法学理论、法制史、宪法学Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems and Constitution按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法case system案例汇编case book; case report; law report柏拉图Plato《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950（罗）被视为be deemed as被宣布为非法be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法comparative law比较法学comparative jurisprudence比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史comparative legal history比较分析法method of comparative analysis比较刑法comparative penal law比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relationship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通办法adaptation; accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救办法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利impartible right不可抗力force majuere不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performance of obligation不要式行为informal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act; act of omission部门法department law部门规章regulation参照consult参照具体情况in the light of actual conditions参照原文consult the original查士丁尼法典Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编Authenticum超出法律范围的outside of law超出法律权限的extralegal超过权限exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法written law成文宪法written constitution冲突法conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则conflict rule; rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外except for otherwise stipulated (by this law)除外条款provisory clause除外责任条款exclusion clause触犯公共利益encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益go against the state’s interests触犯人民利益encroach on the interests of the people; go against the people’s interests传统法律观念traditional ideas of law纯粹法学pure theory of law次要法规by law次要规则secondary rule从宽解释原则doctrine of liberal construction从权利accessory right达到法定年龄come of age大法the fundamental law大法官Lord High Chancellor大法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系Continental Legal System大律师barrister《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty（中）大陪审团grand jury《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中)《大宪章》(1215) Great Charter, 1215(英)单行法规specific regulations单一法律体系unitary legal system单一制政府unitary government但书proviso当代法学动向current trend of jurisprudence当然解释natural interpretation党纪国法party discipline and the law of the country道德规范norm of morality道德义务moral obligation《德国民法典》German Civil code德拉古Draco地方各级人民代表大会local people’s congresses at different levels地方各级人民法院local people’s courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院local people’s procuratorates at different levels地方各级人民政府local people’s governments at different levels第二读second reading 第三读third reading二元论the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制dual constitutional monarchy system二元论the dualistic theory二元论者dualist二元制bicameral system法的本质the nature of law法的变化changes of law法的定义definition of law法的发展development of law法的分类divisions of law法的概念concepts of law法的规范作用normalized usage of law法的继承succession of law法律的理想ideal of law法律的权威authority of law法律的失效lapse of law法律的实施administration of law; law enforcement 法律的适用application of law法律的统一unification of law法律的推定presumption of law法律的推理analogy of law法律的完整性integrity of law法律的效力范围force’s scale of law法律的效力形式force’s form of law法律的修改alteration of law法律的演进evolutin of law法律的原理principle of law法律地位平等equal in legal status法律对人的效力personal act of law编纂法律方法legal methodology法律分类classification of law法律赋予权力authority conferred by law法律改革law reform法律概念legal concept法律根据legal basis法律工作者legal professional法律关系legal relation法律关系的运行process of legal relation法律关系客体object of legal relation法律关系主体subject of legal relation法律规定provisions of law法律规范norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系system of legal rules法律含义intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象legal phenomenon法律研究legal research法律要件legal requirement法律依据legal basis法律意见legal advice法律意见书legal opinion法律意识law-consciousness法律意义legal sense法律用语legal language法律与正义先验论a prior theory of law and justice法律渊源source of law法律原本注释gloss法律原理legal doctrines法律原则principle of legality法律援助legal aid法律约束legal binding; legal restraint法律责任legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础moral basic of legal obligation法律责任的归结imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体object of legal responsibility法律责任主体subject of legal responsibility法律哲学philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策policy of the law法律职业道德legal ethics法律指导legal counsel法律制裁legal sanction法律制度regime of law; legal system法律秩序legal order法律主体资格capacity as a subject of law法律主张proposition of law法律属地原则territoriality of laws法律著述legal literature法律专家legal expert法律专业legal profession法律专著和教科书legal treatise and textbook法律咨询legal advice法律尊严legal sanctity法盲legal illiterates法权right法社会学sociology of law法系legal system法协会law society法学jurisprudence法学博士doctor of jurisprudence法学导论leading principles of law法学的范畴体系the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识the consciousness of category of jurisprudence法学的基石范畴fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法method of jurisprudence法学方法论methodology of jurisprudence法学会law society法学教科书law textbooks法学理论theory of law; legal theory法学权威an academic authority in law法学士bachelor of law法学体系system of jurisprudence法学通论first principles of law法学院faculty of law; law school法医forensic medicine法医学forensic medicine法院court法院调查judicial investigation法院管辖权competence of court法院管辖以外的extrajudicial法院判决court decision法院系统court structure法院组织法judicature act法则articles法哲学philosophy of law法制legal institution法制传统tradition of law system法制的精神spirit of legality法制的尊严dignity of the legal system法制观念legal concept法制观念淡薄very weak in the understanding of law法制教育legal education; education of legal system法制史legal history; history of legal system法治rule of law法治的机制the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素the element of rule of law非实质的immaterial非营利的non-profit非约束性条款permissive provision废止法律annulment of law分别管辖权separate jurisdiction分别财产制separation of property regime分别规定separate provision分担责任share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other分工负责制division of labor responsibility system分级管理different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度distribution system分析法理学analytical jurisprudence否决权power veto; veto power否认事实denial of facts服从法律amenable to law; subject to the law服从判决accept a judgment符合程序be in order符合法律be in conformity with law符合宪法constitutionality符合宪法的法律constitutional law符合原则be in conformity with the principle盖尤斯Gaius概括裁定general verdict概括继承general succession干扰司法公正interference with course of justice刚性条款entrenched clause刚性宪法rigid constitution岗位责任制post responsibility system高等法院high court; high court of justice高度集中highly centralize高度民主high level of democracy高度自治权high degree of autonomy高级法官senior judge高级法院superior court高级人民法院Higher People’s Court高级人民检察院Higher People’s Procuratortate搁置set aside; abeyance格式条款clause of style公认的行为准则established standard of conduct规避法律in fraud of law规避义务evade obligations规范的法律规则normative rule of law规范法学normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件normalizative document of law规范性法律文件的规范化normalization of normative legal document 国际法international law国际法学international jurisprudence过错方tort-feasor; wrongdoer过错推定原则doctrine of presumption过错责任liability for wrongs; tort liability海事法院court of admiralty《汉穆拉比法典》Code of Hammurabi合并条款consolidation of provisions合法的个人财产legal personal property合法地位legal status合法权益the lawful rights and interests合法行为lawful acts; legality of purpose合宪性constitutionality衡平法equity衡平法规则rule of equity衡平法学equity jurisprudence衡平法院Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）后法取代前法A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.后法优于前法lex posterior derogat priori户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered互为因果reciprocal causation基本法fundamental law基本法律规范basic norm of law基本方针basic policies基本权利和义务basic rights and duties基本司法概念和假设basic legal conception and assumption 技术性法规technical legal rule家庭法family law建立法律关系create legal relations教会法canon law《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici教会法学家decretalists解释法律的技术规则technical rule of interpretation解释权power of interpretation近因immediate cause禁治产人imbecile; interdicted person经常居住地：habitual residence经法律确认的ascertained by law经法律许可authorized by law经验法学scholastic theories of law纠问式审判trial by inspection or examination具有法律约束力的文件legally binding instrument具有同等效力的with equal authenticity具有约束力的判例binding precedent绝对衡平法absolute equity君主立宪制度constitutional monarchy开罗会议Cairo Conference凯恩斯主义keynesianism可撤销的法律行为revocable juristic act可让与性alienability可用法律强制执行的enforceable at law可预见的foreseeable可直接适用的法律directly applicable law可追溯的retrospective客观条件objective condition客观因素objective factor客体object扩充解释amplified interpretation理论法理学派theoretical jurisprudence school理性决定说theory of rational decision理性认识conceptual knowledge历史法学historical jurisprudence历史法学派historical school of law历史解释historical interpretation立法机构legislative body立法权law-making power; legislative power立法委任权legislation mandate立法效力legislative effect立法议案bills立法者law-maker; legislator立宪constitutionalism利益冲突conflict of interests利害关系人interested person连带法律关系joint legal relations连带责任joint and several obligation论理解释logical interpretation罗马法Roman Law; Jus Romanum罗马法系Roman-Law System罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世Justinian I罗马法理学jurisprudential《罗马法律汇编》Roman Digest罗马法学派school of Romanists罗马－日耳曼法系Roman-Germanic family罗马私法Jus Privatum逻辑解释logical interpretation马伯里诉麦迪逊案Marbury vs. Madison马克思主义法律理论Marxism-leninism马克思主义法学Marxist jurisprudence马克思主义法学家Marxist jurist没有事实根据的unsubstantial美国国际法协会American Institute of International Law美国海事法庭Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.美国联邦地区法院United States district courts美国联邦法官federal judge没有法律依据的lawless没有判决先例的案件case of first impression《民法大全》Corpus Juris Civilis民法典civil code民法法系Civil-Law System民法通则：General Principles of the Civil Law民法学science of civil law民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则“by a preponderance of evidence”in civil cases 民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights民事权益：civil rights and interests民事诉讼法学Civil Procedure Law民事制裁civil punishment; civil sanction民政部门：the civil affairs department明代法规laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty明示或默示的express or implied默示表达communication by implication拿破仑法典The Code Napolean内部规章internal regulations纳妾制concubinage南京条约(1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843拟制理论fiction theory拟制买卖mancipatio欧洲大陆法continental law偶然权利contingent right偶然因果关系fortuitous causal relationship偶然因素accidentalia偶因accidental cause排他的权利right to exclude all others派生的权利derived right派生取得derivative acquisition判例法系Case Law System普通法法系Common-Law System判例法系Case Law System判例汇编reports; reports of judgments普通法common law普通法法系Common-Law System普通法上的补偿common-law remedy普通法上的过失common-law negligence普通法上的留置权common-law lien普通法学general jurisprudence强制办法coercive method强制规定mandatory provisions强制性法规mandatory rule of law强制性条款mandatory term侵犯财产权property torts侵权行为法tort law侵权责任tortious liability清理法规check up laws and regulations区域性法律体系regional system of laws取证obtain evidence确权之诉affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation 确认之诉action for confirmation; actio confessoria权威解释authentic interpretation人法human law, statute personalia人格减等capitis deminutio人身不可侵犯inviolability of the person人身非财产关系personal non-property relations人身关系personal relation任意解释arbitrary interpretation《日耳曼法》Germanic law柔性宪法flexible constitution三权分立separation of powers善意推定presumption of good faith商法commercial law商法典code of commerce社会法学sociological jurisprudence社会关系social relations社会规范social regulation社会连带主义法学social solidarism jurisprudence社会契约论theory of social contract社会团体：social organization社会主义法学socialist jurisprudence社会主义法制socialist legal system; socialist rule of law神法divine law神权说theory of divine right审查制度censorship; inspection system审计监督supervise through auditing审计监督权power to supervise through auditing生效条款operative clause失效法律expired laws失效日expiry date施行细则implementary provisions实证主义法学派the positivist school《十二表法》Twelve Tables实体法material law; substantial law实体法上的抗辩substantial defense实体权利substantive right实用主义法学judicial pragmaticism实在法positive law实在法学positive jurisprudence实在法学派positivist实在主义法学positivist jurisprudence实证法学positive jurisprudence实质条款material stipulation实质性的瑕疵defect of substance实质性解释material interpretation事实的推定presumption of fact事业单位：institution适用法律reference to the law; applicable law适用范围area of application; sphere of application适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to) 溯及既往原则doctrine of retroactivity溯及力retrospect; retrospective effect损害赔偿damages梭伦Solon弹性宪法elastic constitution特别程序special procedure特别但书special proviso特别法special law特殊主体special subject提案motion; overture; proposal提出抗辩raise a plea; raise a plead条约法law of treaties同态复仇retaliation推定合法presumption of legality停止生效cease to have effect外国法foreign law外国法制史foreign legal history外国人待遇foreigner treatment完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct完全丧失行为能力的人person entirely incapable of legal transaction 完全无行为能力absolute disability万民法jus gentium违法构成要件essential condition of delict违宪violation of constitution乌尔比安Ulpianus无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释unconditional interpretation无效的法律void law无效法律行为void act; act without legal effect物权property西塞罗Marcus Tullius Cicero习惯法custom law细则detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释narrow definition下文另有规定者除外except as hereinafter provided先决条件precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学realism jurisprudence现行法律current law; existing law限制解释restrictive interpretation判例法系Case Law System普通法法系Common-Law System判例法系Case Law System判例汇编reports; reports of judgments普通法common law普通法法系Common-Law System普通法上的补偿common-law remedy普通法上的过失common-law negligence普通法上的留置权common-law lien普通法学general jurisprudence强制办法coercive method强制规定mandatory provisions强制性法规mandatory rule of law强制性条款mandatory term。
law定义
Chapter 1Law: the order or pattern of rules that society uses to govern the conducts of individuals and their relationships法律的次序或模式的规则的社会用来管理行为的个人以及他们的关系Legal right : Legal capacity to require another person to perform (or not perform) an act法定权利:法律能力需要另一个人来执行(或不履行)一种行为Duty : an obligation of law impose on a person to perform or not perform certain act职责:一种义务的法律强加给一个人履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不做一定的行为A right of privacy: the right to be free from unreasonable searchers and intrusion by others一个关于隐私权:自由的权利从不合理的搜救人员和侵扰他人Statutory law: legislative acts declaring, or prohibiting certain conduct法律因素:立法行为宣布,或禁止某些行为A constitution : a body of principles that establishes thestructure of a government and the relationship of that government to its people宪法的原则:一个身体的结构,建立了一个政府与政府之间的关系,对它的人Administrative regulations : rules made by state and federal administrative agencies行政法规:规则由州和联邦政府的行政机构Case law: law expressed for the first time in a court decision.判例法:法律表达了首次在法院的决定。
法的英文定义
法的英文定义Law is a fundamental concept in society that provides a framework for maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting individual rights. It is a system of rules and regulations that govern the behavior of individuals, organizations, and governments. In this article, we will explore the definition of law and its importance in society.Law can be defined as a set of rules and principles established by a governing authority, such as a legislature or a court, to regulate conduct and enforce justice. It serves as a guide for individuals and organizations to understand what is acceptable and what is not. The primary purpose of law is to ensure fairness, equality, and justice in society.One of the key characteristics of law is its universality. It applies to everyone within a jurisdiction, regardless of their social status, wealth, or power. This principle ensures that all individuals are treated equally under the law and that no one is above it. It also provides a mechanism for resolving conflicts and disputes in a fair and impartial manner.Law is essential for the functioning of society as it provides a stable and predictable environment. It sets boundaries and standards for behavior, which allows individuals to plan their actions and make informed decisions. Without law, there would be chaos and anarchy, as there would be no mechanism to resolve conflicts and protect individual rights.Law also plays a crucial role in protecting individual rights and freedoms. It establishes a framework for the protection of basic human rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property. It ensures that individuals are not subjected to arbitrary actions by the government or other individuals. It also provides a mechanism for seeking redress and compensation in case of violations of rights.Furthermore, law serves as a deterrent to unlawful behavior. It establishes penalties and consequences for those who violate the law, which acts as a deterrent for potentialoffenders. The fear of punishment encourages individuals to abide by the law and contribute to a peaceful and orderly society.Another important aspect of law is its ability to adapt and evolve with changing societal values and needs. As society progresses and new challenges arise, the law must be flexible enough to accommodate these changes. This adaptability ensures that the law remains relevant and effective in addressing emerging issues and protecting the rights of individuals.In conclusion, law is a vital component of society that provides a framework for maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting individual rights. It is a set of rules and principles established by a governing authority to regulate conduct and enforce justice. Law ensures fairness, equality, and justice in society, and it plays a crucial role in protecting individual rights and freedoms. Without law, there would be chaos and anarchy, and individuals would be vulnerable to arbitrary actions. Therefore, it is essential to uphold and respect the law to maintain a just and orderly society.。
the concept of law 的讲解 -回复
the concept of law 的讲解-回复the concept of law 是什么意思？the concept of law 是法律的概念。
它涉及了人类社会中最基本的法律原则和规则，以及关于正义、公平和秩序的理念。
法律作为社会的基石，旨在确保人们按照一定的准则和规范行事，以保障他们的权益和社会的正常运行。
法律的起源可以追溯到几千年前的古代文明，不同的社会和文化发展出了不同的法律体系和法律传统。
然而，无论是哪个社会或文化，法律都具有根本的功能和特征，即规范行为、解决纠纷、维护秩序和保护权利。
法律体系通常由立法、执行和司法三个基本部分组成。
立法机关负责制定法律，并将其规范化和系统化，确保其公正和公平。
执行部门（通常是行政机关或执法机构）负责执行法律，并对违法行为进行制裁。
司法部门负责解释法律，并在争议和纠纷中进行裁决。
理解法律的概念还需要了解法律的特性和原则。
以下是对法律概念的一些基本解释：1. 法律是强制性的：法律是群体利益和公共秩序的体现，其目的是保护社会成员的权益和维持社会稳定。
因此，法律通常具有强制性力量，违反法律规定会导致相应的制裁。
2. 法律是普遍的：法律适用于所有人，独立于其社会地位、财富、种族或信仰。
法律应该是公正和公平的，不承认特权或偏见。
3. 法律是动态的：法律随着社会的发展和变化而改变和演进。
它需要与社会的需求和价值观保持一致，并及时应对新问题和挑战。
4. 法律是综合的：法律不仅仅是一系列的规则和法规，它还涉及到政治、伦理、经济和文化等多个领域。
法律应该综合考虑各种因素，并努力实现平衡。
5. 法律追求公正和正义：法律的目标是维护公正和正义。
它应该承认和尊重人权，促进社会平等和公平竞争，并通过解决纠纷和冲突来实现和谐与秩序。
尽管法律在不同的社会和文化中具有各种形式和特点，但法律概念的核心始终围绕着规范行为、维护秩序和保护权利这些基本原则展开。
了解法律的概念有助于人们更好地理解和遵守法律，并在面对法律挑战时更好地应对和适应。
法律的简单介绍 Law 英语作文
法律LawThere are various laws that are applicable in one country but not in other. So, the definition of law is specific to a country. However, we have a general definition of law.One such definition that is given on wiki is “Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior.1” So the first thing that comes to our mind is who formulate these guidelines and enforces them? The answer to this question is simple and varies from country to country. Few nations have their courthouse passing the guidelines and enforcing the law and few others have executives that pass the law using theregulations and decree. Every law formation body takes its constitution into consideration and the rights encoded therein. The law impacts all areas of society including politics and economics in various ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Every country has its own criteria. However, the motive of all the rules and regulations is to make society a better place to live and sustain.Classification of the legal subjectWe have a law for almost every domain. Either it is corporate or society we have laws in place. Below is the major classification of the legal subject is given below:Constitutional and administrative lawOnline help with Contract lawTort lawHelp with Criminal lawHelp with Equity and trustsProperty law helpInternational law helpWe will discuss all these legal subjects in detail later. First of all we should look at the two major areas of law:Criminal LawThis area of law deals with conduct that is harmful to society. Under Criminal law, a guilty party may be imprisoned or fined depending on the degree of the crime.Five objectives of the criminal law that are accepted: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restoration.RetributionOur law works on the scale balance and tries to balance the crime by putting criminal at some unpleasant disadvantage. For example infliction of unfair detriment upon others is one form of crime and shall be punished. People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if people contravene these laws, they surrender the rights granted to them by the law.DeterrenceUnder deterrence, a sufficient penalty is imposed on the criminal to discourage theoffender from criminal behaviour. By following this practice of penalty imposition on those who commit offences, other individuals are discouraged from getting involved in criminal activities.IncapacitationThis is designed to keep criminals away from society. If there are no criminals society will be shielded from such crimes. Imprisonment, death penalty and banishment are the means by which we can keep criminals away from society.RehabilitationUnder Rehabilitation an offender is transferred into a valuable member of society be putting him under rehabilitation. The primary motive is toprevent further offence by convincing the offender that their conduct was wrong.RestorationAs the name suggests the goal is to fix, through state authority, any injury inflicted upon the victim by the offender. This is designed by keeping the victim in mind and revolved around Victim-oriented theory of punishment. For instance, one who rob will be required to repay the amount improperly acquired.Civil LawCivil law is responsible for the resolution of lawsuits or disputes between organizations or individuals. These resolutions provide a legal remedy to the winning litigant. civil law essayhelp hovers around the fulfilment of the Obligation set in place by an agreement, or settle a dispute. The victim receives the compensation, and the offender pays, in a civil and sophisticated manner, as opposed to full-fledged revenge. If the case is about the equity, there is often a pie for division and it gets allocated by a process of civil law, possibly invoking the doctrines of equity.Difference between Criminal law and Civil lawAs pointed out earlier that law essay writing varies from country to country. If we talk about the difference between the criminal law and the civil law we have a few major points. Civil Law is more about the deterrence and restoration and Criminal law on the other hand is much wider. In the USA and UK, under the criminal law, alitigant has to prove that another party is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt when a case verdict is reached in court. Civil law on the other hand operates differently. For example in the UK one has to prove guilt on the basis of a balance of probability.Law essays are mostly around difficult cases. Your professor may ask you to read a case and come up with an argumentative essay for your law coursework.。
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Four categories of law
Laws that set out certain affirmative standrds to meet Laws that forbid certain conduct Laws that recognize duties between private citizens and allow recovery if one is harmed by the other Laws of procedure that say how a legal dispute must be presented to the courts or decision-maker
Definition of Law
1 Refer to the body of principles, philosophy, standars and rules, which the courts apply in deciding cases brought before them. 2 Refers to the body of rules that establishe the acceptable level of social conducts and that can be enforced in courts or by administrative agencies. 3 The certainty, precision and logic of the law are very relative matters. Law is not an absolute and exact science.
a set of related legal discourses Judicial discourse Courtroom discourse Legal consultation Legal documents Interactive language
Oxford Companion to Law
In Anglo-Saxon common law system, a discrete legal language has been apparent since post-conquest England, which in many essentials has persisted to the present day.
The language of the law is the customary language used by lawyers in those common law jurisdictions where English is the official language. It includes distinctive words, meanings, phrases, and modes of expression. It also includes certain mannerisms of composition not exclusive with the profession but prevalent enough to have formed a fixed association.
Bacon: It is true, they are mixt as our language, compounded of British, Roman, Saxon, Danish, Norman customs. And as our language is so much the richer, so the laws are the more complete…All of this, though, is a matter of finding distant origins for distinctive products--the common law of England and the language of the law.
Institution of English law dates from the Norman Conquest The written language of the law was at first Latin 14th century, French, the language of the Year Books 1650, An Act For Turning The Books Of The Law, English became the official language of the law Present day legal discourse retains its identity as a highly specialized and distinctive discourse type and genre.
4 Christopher Columbus Langdell---Law, considered as a science, consists of certain principles or doctrines. To have such a mastery of these as to be able to apply them with constant facility and certainty to the ever-tangled skein of human affairs is what constitues a true lawyer.
4 Lord Mansfield: most of the disputes in the world arise from words 5 Jerome Frank: study in relation to the law and from his work there has resulted a greater realization of the uncertainty of many concepts and terms which lawyers had earlier assumed to be definite 6 the problems of draftsmanship as well as of interpretation
பைடு நூலகம் Language and law
1 language is the law’s vehicle of expression 2 language is the greatest instrument of social control 3 words are of central importance for the lawyers because they are, in a very particular way, the tools of his trade