2011年上海交大医学院考博试题 骨科
上海交通大学外科学(骨外科)2009年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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上海交通大学
2009 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释：(共 8 题，每题 5 分) 1.Cobb 角 2.手指 Heberden 结节 3.半月板桶柄样撕裂 4.Brodie 脓肿 5.Trendelenberg 征 6.Nelaton 线 7.无人区 8.尺神经损伤表现
二、简答题：（共 4 题，任选 3 题作答，每题 20 分） 1.骨肿瘤的外科分期 2.截肢适应症 3.肱骨髁上骨折发生缺血性肌挛缩的原因、预防和诊断 4.髋关节后脱位的临床表现，可能的并发症，闭合复位后复位成功的标志？
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2011全国医学考博英语真题(试卷高清打印版)
医学考博英语历年真题2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. A.The man is busy B.The man has trouble breathingC.The man is out of town on businessD.The man is hiding himself from thewoman2. A.He has a terrible backache B.He has a bad headacheC.He has a toothacheD.He has a diarrhea3. A.It is fast B.It is slowC.It works wellD.It is not working4. A.Four days B.Ten days C.One week D.Two weeks5. A.He is a lawyer B.He is a doctorC.He is a travel agentD.He is an immigration officer6. A.Sunday B.Tuesday C.Thursday D.Saturday7. A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five8. A.To X-ray his chest B.To hospitalize himC.To perform a minor surgeryD.To transfer him to a specialist9. A.To go shopping B.To go back to workC.To change their topicD.To entertain their guests10. A.The man is working too hard B.The man needs to think it overC.The man is supposed to find a jobD.The man has made a right decision11. A.Discussing a case B.Defying a diagnosisC.Performing a surgeryD.Talking with the patient12. A.The woman’s classmate B.The woman’s boyfriendC.The woman’s brotherD.The woman’s teacher13. A.The man is a liar B.The man is jealous of LisaC.She does not agree with the man on thatD.She will surely do the same as Lisa does14. A.250Yuan B.450Yuan C.650Yuan D.850Yuan15. A.She disagrees with the man there B.She is going to change her mindC.It is out of the question to do thatD.It is possible to forgive himSection BDirections:In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16. A.Liver failure B.Breast cancerC.Kidney failureD.Diabetes out of control17. A.Shape B.Color C.Price D.Size18. A.It is much smaller than a microwave B.It leaves much room for reductionC.It is adjustableD.It is perfect19. A.It is under a clinical trial B.It is available in the marketC.It is widely used in the clinicD.It is in the experimental stage20. A.The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machineB.The further development of the machine is in financial troubleC.The federal government finances the researchD.The machine will come into being in no timePassage One21. A.Suicide B.Obesity C.Turmoil D.Drug abuse22. A.Preventable B.Destructive C.Treatable D.Curable23. bining antidepressants and talk therapyB.Promoting the transmission between neuronsC.Winning parental assistance and supportD.Administering effective antidepressants24. A.Because it adds to the effect of treatmentB.Because it works better than the medicationsC.Because it can take the place of antidepressantsD.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants25. A.65percent B.75percent C.85percent D.95percent Passage Two26. A.Helplessness and worthlessness B.Feeling like a loserC.Suicidal feelingD.All of the above27. A.It encourages the patient to be a top student at schoolB.It motivates the patient to work better than othersC.It makes it easy for the patient to make friendsD.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude28. A.By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at schoolB.By urging the patient to face any challenge in realityC.By making the patient aware of his or her existenceD.By changing the patient’s perspective29. A.Those who stop taking antidepressants B.Those who ask for more medicationsC.Those who are on the medicationsD.Those who abuse the medications30. A.Anxiousness B.Nausea C.Fever D.Insomnia Part II Vocabulary(10%)Directions:In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Beneath each of them are given four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then,mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the of their behavioras medical professionals.A.transactionB.transformationC.transmissionD.transparency32.He seemed most to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A.alienB.ambulantC.amiableD.amenable33.The first attempts at gene therapy have mostly,but technique will surely bemade to work eventually.A.stumbledB.stammeredC.striddenD.strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and_______forfatty foods.A.preferenceB.persistenceC.intoleranceD.appetence35.By sheer,I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A.coincidenceB.coherenceC.collaborationD.collocation36.As the drugs began to,the pain began to take hold again.A.wear offB.put offC.all offD.show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the_______medical technologies.A.approachingB.impracticableC.sophisticatedD.transient38.At last,she some reasons for his strange behavior.A.abolishedB.admonishedC.abstainedD.adduced39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from to the grave.A.conceptionB.receptionC.deceptionD.perception40.In more examinations,the blood is tested in a multichannel analyzer machinefor abnormities.A.conciseB.deviousC.elaborateD.feasibleSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A.embarrassinglyB.reluctantlyC.clumsilyD.dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history,medicine was anything but scientific.A.more or lessB.by and largeC.more often than notD.by no meansA.illuminatedB.fascinatedC.alienatedD.hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a productor a financial reward.A.intelligibleB.infinitiveC.substantialD.deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult–orunhealthy–to sustain over time.A.maintainB.reserveC.conceiveD.empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinicalmedicine.A.specialtiesB.principlesC.rationalesD.doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A.juvenileB.potentC.physicalD.matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems quite feasible.A.rationalB.reciprocalC.versatileD.viable49.These are intensely important questions about quality and the benefits of specialty careand experience.A.irresistiblyB.vitallyC.potentiallyD.intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A.tendsB.techniquesC.notionsD.breakthroughsPart III Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Whenever people go and live in another country,they have new experiences and new feelings.They experience culture shock.Many people have a(n)51about culture shock:they think that it’s just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country.But this isn’t really true.Culture shock is a completely natural52,and everybody goes53it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock.When people first arrive in a new country,they’re usually excited and54.Everything is interesting.They notice that a lot of things are55their own culture,and this surprises them and makes them happy.This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture. They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things.They feel56. They spend a lot of time57or with other people from their own country.They think,“My problems are all because I’m living in this country.”comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable.They have good friends in the new culture. They understand the new customs.Some customs are similar to their culture,and some are different,but that’s OK.They can60it.51. A.account B.reflection C.verification D.misconception52. A.transition B.exchange C.immigration D.selection53. A.for B.through C.after D.about54. A.frightened B.confused C.uneasy D.happy55. A.representative of B.different from C.peculiar to D.similar to56. A.intoxicated B.depressed C.amazed D.thrilled57. A.lonely B.alone C.lone D.only58. A.make friends withB.make transactions withC.hold hostility toD.shut the door to59. A.hardly B.more C.very D.less60. A.live with B.do without C.hold up with D.make a successofPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don’t wake up,concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.Gitta Lubke,Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a technique which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery.Before this study, researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation,says Lubke.Lubke studied96trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery,many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia.During surgery,each patient wore headphones through which a series of16words was repeated for3minutes each.At the same time,After the operation,Lubke tested the patients by showing them the first three letters of a word,such as“lim”,and asking them to complete it.Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery–“limit”,for example–chose that word an average of 11percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list.None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word lists.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized.But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding,which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology,could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet.What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards,says Philip Merikle,a psychologist at the University of Waterloo,Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesia.A.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study,the technique of bispectral analysis helps the scientists.A.acquire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientists.A.prepared two lists of wordsed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients.A.to regain consciousness under the knifeB.to tell one word from another after surgeryC.to recall what had been heard during surgeryD.to overreact to deep anesthesia in the course of operations65.What we can infer from the finding.A.how surgical malpractice can be preventedB.why a surgeon cannot be too carefulC.why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgeryD.how the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memoriesPassage Twothat new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory.But they rarely survive more than a few weeks.“We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input,”says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton.Because of the location,Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’survival,and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be ter,they gave some of the rats standard tasks.One involved using visual and spatial cues,such as posters on a wall,to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water.In another,the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later.Both these tasks use the hippocampus–if this structure is damaged,rats can’t do themMeanwhile,the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus:finding a platform that was easily visible in water,for instance.Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others.“Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons,”says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California,dispute this.In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience,they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times.Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled,when the new cells would normally be dying.She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit.“By the time the cells were degenerating,the animals were not learning anything,”she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out that.A.new neurons could grow in adult brainsB.neurons could be man-made in the laboratoryC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons.A.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected could68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?A.The water usedB.The noises playedC.The neurons newly bornD.The hippocampus involved69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was dueto.A.the timing of labeling new neuronsB.the frequency of stimulationC.the wrongly labeled neuronsD.the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?e It or Lose ItB.Learn to SurviveC.To Be or Not to BeD.Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight.Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers.In the US,car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children.But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle,Washington,looked at more than26,000people who had been involved in car crashes,and found that heavier people were at far more risk.People weighing between100and119kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than60kilograms.And importantly,the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)–a measure that takes height as well as weight into account.Someone1.8meters tall weighing126kilograms would have a BMI of39,but so would a person1.5meters tall weighing88kilograms.People are said to be obese if their BMI is30or over.The study found that people with a BMI of35to39are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about20.It’s not just total weight,but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case,the evidence is worth pursuing,says Charles Mock,a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team.He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive.Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about78 kilograms.Recently,smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars.But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used,the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes,could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure,the American car manufacturers____________.A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people,the researchers.A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem,Mock.A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates,Mock would mostprobably say that.A.cars can be made safer to avoid crashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight,but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers’heavy weight75.Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage?A.Are air bags really necessary to be built in cars?B.Are cars certified as safe to drive?C.Are crash-test dummies too thin?D.Are car accidents preventable?Passage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you.In fact,many studies support this idea–but health-care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.The first question is whose patients are sicker?Specialists tend to treat more complicated forms of disease,but generalist–family physicians and general practitioners–are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second question is what counts as the most valuable treatment?Specialists are moreof Yale University.On the other hand,a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health,says Martin T.Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland.To further complicate comparisons,many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases,but medical records do not always show that,says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville,Md.That said,stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists.Among about38,000stroke sufferers nationwide,16.1percent of those treated by a neurologist died within3months,compared with25.3percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S.Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York,but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty,in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field,is also a proxy for clinical experience,”he says.“It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts:one,that practice makes perfect;two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in;and three,the issue of formal training.”Differences between specialist care and generalist care,however,pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice,contend both Donohoe and Clancy.A report by the U.S.General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers–which reduce heart rate and blood pressure–than those who received care from a generalist.Even so,these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them,implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,”says Donohoe.Perhaps,he adds,“we should focus more intently on improving the quality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.76.Which of the following questions can most probably come out of the two questions raisedin the passage?A.Is specialist care superior?B.What is specialist care all about?C.Why is one unwilling to be a generalist?D.Is generalist care the future of medicine?B.a specialist can be a generalist,or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists.A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists,Donohoe and Clancy contend,could do a better jobof.A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practicecating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to.A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care,respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using puters are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes,almost always with internet access. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects.This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationship between children and their parents.Because children spend so much time on computers,they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents.According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues (2001)this often leads to a role reversal,where the child becomes a teacher to the parent.In other words,it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology.This can lead to a reduction in parental authority.Moreover,with the anonymity of online communication,computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult,so all users are treated equally (Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children may then expect the same equality in real life,further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children’s peer relationships can also be negatively affected by extensive computer use. Since computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children,they spend little timeinteracting with their peers(Shields&Behrman,2001).As a result,children may not develop the social skills they need,or be able to maintain friendships in the real world(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).With the very extended computer use,this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields&Behrman,2001).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence.Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children,so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).However,as Shields Behrman(2001)points out,it is important to note that although the games may affect all children,children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion,using a computer,particularly for extended periods,may affect the parent-children relationship in families.It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships.Moreover,it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children.Although the research is not conclusive,it appears that extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.81.From the very beginning,the author is trying to draw out attention to.A.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of children’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passage?A.Children become teachers to their parentsB.Parents are fossilized in new technologyC.Children expect for an equal status with their parentsD.Parents’roles are being shrunk by the computer83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passage?A.Children greatly value the friendship with their peersB.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computerC.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent gamesD.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computergames in the passage?A.A lack of social communicationB.Increasing violent performanceC.A decline in intelligenceD.A breakdown in family relationship85.Where might the passage be taken from?。
骨科博士入学试题+答案--名词解释
Weak up test；；Finkelstein征又称为握拳尺偏试验：患者拇指屈曲握拳,将拇指握于掌心内.然后使腕关节被动尺偏,引起桡骨茎突处明显疼痛为阳性征,主要见于桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎。
Mills 征）又称为伸肌腱牵拉试验： 嘱患者肘伸直，握拳、屈腕，前臂旋前，发生肘外侧疼痛为阳性，或患者前臂旋前位，作对抗外力的旋后运动，发生肘外侧疼痛为阳性。
； Brodie脓肿又称布罗迪骨脓肿、骨骺端脓肿：由低毒力细菌感染所致的骨脓肿，好发于长骨干骺端，骨质呈粗糙圆形侵蚀，侵蚀部分充满脓液或结缔组织。
属于局限性骨脓肿。
Codman’s triangleLasegue’s test ； 直腿抬高试验，为神经根受刺激的表现。
检查时嘱病人仰卧，两下肢伸直，医师一手置于膝关节上，使下肢保持伸直，另一手将下肢抬起。
正常人可抬高80~90度，如抬高不到70度，即出现由上而下的放射性疼痛，为直腿抬高试验阳性。
见于单纯性坐骨神经痛、腰椎间盘突出或腰骶神经根炎等。
此时将伸直的患肢下落5°，再将足背屈，如出现放散痛，则称为加强试验（Braqard征）阳性。
Charcot’s joint ；神经性关节病关节逐渐肿大、不稳、积液，关节可穿出血样液体。
肿胀关节多无疼痛或仅轻微胀痛，关节功能受限不明显。
关节疼痛和功能受限与关节肿胀破坏不一致为本病之特点。
晚期，关节破坏进一步发展，可导致病理性骨折或病理性关节脱位。
Wallerian degeneration ；瓦氏变性，又称Wallerian变性(Wallerian degenration)。
是指轴突和髓鞘的分解吸收，以及施万细胞增生等现象。
这一退变过程在神经断裂后即开始，一般在神经伤后8周左右完成。
Otolani’s sign ；外展试验（Otolani征） 将小孩平卧，屈膝、屈髋90°，医师面向小孩臀部将两手抓住两膝同时外展，正常情况两膝可以放平而触及桌面。
上海交通大学病理生理学2011年考博真题试卷
endotoxin translocation
malabsorption
inflammatory cascade
判断题：全英文，10个，10分。
单选题：40个，大部分题目比较大众化。我把我知道答错的题给大家讲一下。
影响blood viscosity的因素。
a钙内流减少
b释放钙减少c与钙离子源自争2，什么情况下脑内GABA受体增多？
a呼吸性酸中毒
b代谢性酸中毒
c代谢性碱中毒
d氨中毒肝性脑病患者
e水中毒发生精神障碍时
3，内生致热源引起发热的途径？
a直接进入中枢
b通过交感神经
c通过迷走神经
d通过外周感受器反射性作用
e通过终板效应器
4，呼吸衰竭时发生右心衰的机制？
问：
1、患者的诊断、诊断依据。
2、患者主要的病理生理过程和机制如何。
3、患者导致tachypneic的机制。
红细胞、白细胞、Fbg、血小板、血管壁的完整性和通透性。
胃肠排泄功能障碍导致腹胀的机制：细菌繁殖、内容物积滞、墙内压升高、管腔膨胀、管壁肌张力升高。
胃食管反流与LES功能障碍相关的问题。
还有关于NF-κB与炎症相关信号通路的，涉及TNF-β、α调控的问题。
多选题四个(1.5分*4个)
1，酸中毒时心肌兴奋-收缩偶联障碍的机制？
上海交通大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
2011年上海交通大学博士研究生入学考试—病理生理学
名解：(翻译成中文0.5分，解释1分，共八个)
ischemia-reperfusion injury
考博用骨科学真题
2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。
2、骨组织工程种子细胞的研究进展。
3、股骨头缺血坏死的X线分期和治疗。
2011年北京大学医学部骨外科考博试题第一部分（40分）一、名词解释（5分每题）1、Thomas征2、Pauwel角3、Monteggia fracture4、Cobb角二、问答题（10分每题）1、试述髋关节结核的分型、诊断及治疗原则2、挤压综合征的诊断及治疗第二部分（60分）一、病例分析（5分每题）较简单。
考第一诊断及进一步确诊与治疗。
1、痛风性关节炎急性发作2、慢性化脓性骨髓炎二、简答题1、脊髓损伤的Frankel分级方法（5分）2、骶骨骨折的Dinel分型及临床意义（5分）3、肌肉骨骼肉瘤的Enneking分期（10分）4、肌肉骨骼肉瘤手术边界分类（10分）5、恶性骨肉瘤保肢手术的适用证与禁忌症（10分）6、试述Ewing肉瘤的特异性融合基因及意义。
四、论述7.桡骨远端骨折的诊断，治疗进展，对手术和非手术治疗的理解。
8.股骨转子间骨折的髓内和髓外固定的选择。
9.小腿骨筋膜室间隔区综合症的诊断、治疗第四军医20111.骨折的二期愈合；2.浮膝损伤；3.Jefferson骨折4.Dugas征5.Mipo二、简答：15*31.股骨颈骨折的Garden分型；2.开放性骨折的Gustilo分型；3.颈椎病的分型；三、问答：30*1骨肌系统肿瘤的外科分期2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。
考博试题
骨伤：
1、名词解释：15分
盖氏骨折脊髓损伤的分型 colles骨折
2、问答题
A、从AO治疗原则的转变，试述中西医结合治疗骨折的理论和技术的优势、不足及展望。
(30分)
B、腕舟骨骨折与桡骨远端(伸直型)骨折的受伤机理有何区别？桡骨远端骨折伸直型骨折手法整复和固定有什么特点？(20分)
C、开放性骨折治疗的顺序和原则(20)
D、从临床工作的实际出发，如何更好地恢复髌骨的功能？(15分)
骨病：
简答题：
1、急性骨髓炎的病理特点及病灶的转移途径？
2、骨性关节炎的发病机理及中医药治疗的优势。
3、骨质疏松的定义及中医药治疗的优势。
4、佝偻病容易发生在哪些人群？怎样治疗？
5、软骨瘤的性质如何？分为哪几种类型？
6、骨软骨瘤的发病机理及治疗原则
7、骨巨细胞瘤的构成？需与哪些疾病相鉴别？
8、
问答题：
1、列表区分良性骨肿瘤与恶性骨肿瘤的区别，中医药治疗骨肿瘤有什么优势？怎样更好发挥中医药的优势？
3、成人股骨头缺血坏死的病因及发病机理，中医药治疗有何优势？试举一例方药分析。
面试题：
一、必答题(15分钟)
1、简要介绍自己(受教育背景、硕士学位课程学习、临床与科研训练、研究课题及其科学意义、除了专业外有何爱好与特长)。
二、选答题(2、3题任选1题，4、5题任选1题，每题8分钟)
2、你对可能进行的非创伤性股骨头坏死的基础与临床研究方向的研究有何设想？
3、你对当前中医中药治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死的研究有何评价？
4、谈谈非创伤性股骨头坏死影像学(X线、MRI)诊断进展。
5、谈谈非创伤性股骨头坏死的临床、影像、形态相关性。
骨科各校考博真题
骨科各校考博真题概述：骨科是医学中的一个重要学科，考博是骨科医生进一步深造的重要途径。
为了更好地帮助考生备考，了解骨科各校考博真题是非常关键的。
本文将针对骨科各校考博真题进行详细介绍，旨在为考生提供参考和指导。
一、北京大学1. 题目：脊柱骨折的分类和治疗原则2. 题目：骨外科手术常见并发症及其处理方法3. 题目：股骨颈骨折的分类和手术治疗4. 题目：骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗进展5. 题目：髋关节置换术后并发症的预防和处理方法二、复旦大学1. 题目：大关节置换术后的康复训练原则2. 题目：骨代谢疾病的常见临床表现和诊断方法3. 题目：关节镜在骨科疾病中的应用和发展趋势4. 题目：肩袖断裂的病因和治疗方案5. 题目：骨关节炎的分型和保守治疗方法三、上海交通大学1. 题目：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的手术步骤及注意事项2. 题目：骨折愈合的影响因素及改善方法3. 题目：颅骨外伤的危险因素和治疗原则4. 题目：骨质疏松的预防和治疗策略5. 题目：膝关节置换术的适应症和手术技巧四、中山大学1. 题目：创伤性颈椎骨折的急救处理方法2. 题目：髋关节镜检查的操作步骤和要点3. 题目：股骨头坏死的诊断和分期方法4. 题目：脊柱侧弯的病因和治疗原则5. 题目：骨质疏松性骨折的诊断和治疗进展总结：了解骨科各校考博真题对考生备考具有重要意义。
不同学校的考试内容涵盖了骨科的各个方面，包括骨折分类和治疗原则、手术并发症处理、骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗、关节置换术后康复、骨关节炎的治疗等。
考生可以结合真题进行针对性的复习，提高备考效果。
在备考过程中，建议考生多做题、多练习，熟悉各个学校的考题风格，加强知识点的掌握，提高解题能力。
同时，考生也应该关注骨科领域的最新进展，了解最新的研究成果和临床应用，为考试做好充分准备。
最后，祝愿所有考生取得优异成绩，顺利进入理想的骨科医学研究领域！。
上海交大考博数学试卷
20年1． 射击一个目标直到射中，记下其次数为n k k k k 321,,，求命中率的极大似然估计。
，求命中率的极大似然估计。
2． 优效估计量求解，()l r 求l 的优效估计量，并求()l l +1的一致最小方差无偏估计。
的一致最小方差无偏估计。
3． 2c 法假设检验。
法假设检验。
4． Bayes 估计（和书上例题类似）。
5． b ˆ是b 的罪优线形无偏估计的证明。
的罪优线形无偏估计的证明。
6．()()22121åå+==-+-=nn i ini iu xx xT ，以此构造s 的a -1的置信上限。
的置信上限。
7． 均值分布()ïîïíì<<=其它01,q qx u x f ，T 为其极大似然估计，为其极大似然估计，（1）CT 为q 的无偏估计，求C ；（2）类似书上的一道例题（最小二乘法那章的）。
注：书指的是颜钰芬编的《数理统计》。
2004年以前指定参考书。
年以前指定参考书。
2003年1． 总体()2,~su N X ，()()22121åå+==-+-=nn i i ni i u x x x T ，①.求2sT服从的分布；②.u 已知时构造se 的置信水平为a -1的区间。
的区间。
2．()()îíì<³=--qq q x x e x f x，样本为n x x x 21,，求①.q 的极大似然估计；②.求证q 的MLE 是q 的一致估计；③.()1,0~u q ，当损失函数为()()2ˆˆ,q q q q -=L 时，求q 的贝叶斯估计。
斯估计。
3．()2,~su N X ，u 已知道，已知道，样本为样本为nx x x 21,，①.求常数C ，使得å=-=ni i u x C T 1是s 的无偏估计；②.求s 的无偏估计C-R 下界；③.问T 是否为s 的优效估计。
骨科学博士入学考试问答题整理版
9、简述闭合性骨折治疗的基本原则和方法 答： 复位：手术复位 、牵引复位 、开放复位
固定：石膏外固定 、小夹板固定 、牵引固定 、钢板，螺钉或髓内针固 定
功能锻炼：早期（肌肉收缩为主） 后期（关节功能锻炼） 药物治疗 10、影响骨折愈合因素包括哪些 答： 年龄； 全身健康状况； 局部因素：骨折：骨折原因、类型、血运情况、软组织损伤程度、感染、神经供 应、软组织嵌入；
1.股骨头坏死的临床分期对于判断预后、确定治疗方案具有重要意义。 ARCO分期是目前常用的分期方法 0期：活检结果符合坏死，其余检查正常 1期：骨扫描或/和磁共振阳性 A磁共振股骨头病变范围 <15％ B股骨头病变范围 15-30％ C股骨头病变范围 >30％ 2期：股骨头斑片状密度不均、硬化与囊肿形成，平片与CT没有塌陷表现， 磁共振与骨扫描阳性，髋臼无变化 A磁共振股骨头病变范围 <15％ B磁共振股骨头病变范围 15-30％ C磁共振股骨头病变范围 >30％ 3期：正侧位照片上出现新月征 A新月征长度<15％ 关节面或塌陷小于 <2mm B新月征长度占关节面长度15-30％ 或塌陷2-4mm C新月征长度>30％关节面长度或塌陷>4mm 4期：关节面塌陷变扁、关节间隙狭窄、髋臼出现坏死变化、囊性变、囊肿 和骨刺 2.石膏固定的适应症
有神经症状和有骨折片挤入椎管内——手术。 （2）颈椎骨折 ①稳定型骨折：牵引复位，复位后石膏固定。轻度压缩骨折：颌枕带牵引。压缩 明显或双侧椎间关节脱位：颅骨牵引。 ②爆破型骨折伴有神经症状：手术。 20. 人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？ 骨溶解指原先存在的骨的消失，骨溶解会导致假体的无菌性松动，是目前影响髋 关节置换术后远期疗效的最大问题。 骨溶解的病因 骨溶解的发生与许多危险因素有关，包括假体的类型和设计特点，患者本身的年 龄、性别和骨质条件，免疫状况以及负重界面的情况等。但最主要的原因可以分 为两大类 一、假体周围关节液的渗入 关节置换破坏了关节原始的解剖和生理，骨松质直接暴露于关节液，关节囊松 弛，关节腔扩大，关节液携带炎性物质四处扩散。在一些出现髋部骨溶解的患者 中可发现关节囊内压力增高。 二、假体周围的颗粒 假体周围存在大量因腐蚀或磨损产生的微粒，其大小不一，数量众多，最主要的 是亚纳米级的聚乙烯颗粒，还可能是骨水泥、金属及陶瓷颗粒。这些微粒的存在 其对骨溶解的发生至关重要，一方面会加剧局部炎症细胞和炎性因子的释放，另 一方面会增加局部的机械磨损。人体对磨屑的反应是骨溶解最主要的原因。 骨溶解的临床表现 早期往往没有症状，在后期才出现髋部、臀部、膝部等处的疼痛以及跛行。 骨溶解的影像学表现 表现为股骨近端和髋臼区域的囊性变和透亮区，X线常会低估骨溶解的严重程 度，因此，对于怀疑有骨溶解的患者，CT扫描是必要的，不仅可用于诊断，还 可明确骨溶解的范围和程度。 骨溶解的诊断和分期 根据临床表现和影像学检查，结合实验室检查排除感染，即可作出诊断，目前常 用的分期为髋臼骨缺损和股骨骨缺损的Paprosky分期。
骨科博士真题分类整理
骨科总论骨折类型与愈后的关系试述四肢长骨的血供、骨膜结构及二者与骨折愈合的关系。
四肢主要动脉伤特征为何? 怎样处理开放性股骨骨折合并股动脉伤? 四肢长骨骨折合并哪些神经损伤？长骨骨折及神经损伤的处理原则？四肢长骨骨干骨折内、外固定的方法有哪些？各有什么优缺点？儿童骨折治疗原则2试述骨骺骨折的分型和处理原则。
略述骨组织工程的三要素及骨组织工程学的研究进展。
骨折内固定的机制和方法骨外固定优点：骨外固定适应证内固定并发症试述骨骺骨折的分型和处理原则。
爆裂性骨折前路手术适应症？试述骨折晚期并发症及其发生原因简述骨折不愈合的定义及X线片特点何谓骨不连，2如何处理骨不连的分类、诊断、治疗原则骨不连的原因生物学接骨生物学固定机理概述骨不连治疗中，几个方面如生物、机械、电学等进展和应用。
试述骨不连形成的原因及内源性骨性骨生长因子的研究进展。
生物学接骨;生物学固定机理;外固定器在骨科上的应用;开放性关节损伤的定义、治疗的主要目的、分度及处理2试述小儿长骨骺板的结构，骨骺损伤的类型及其治疗原则。
老年人轻微外伤所致严重骨折的原因有哪些？简述其进一步诊断及处理要点。
老年人易患骨折的原因、诊断、处理有哪些？简述其进一步诊断及处理要点。
试述筋膜间隔综合征的诊断和处理要点。
试述小腿筋膜间隙综合征的原因、临床表现及诊断治疗原则。
简述挤压综合征的诊断和处理原则。
前臂缺血性肌挛缩的早期论断依据及治疗方法.简述肢体发生缺血性挛缩的原因、常见部位、爱累组织、临床表现及其预防和处理。
骺板的组织学结构是什么?略述骨组织工程的三要素及骨组织工程学的研究进展。
骨组织工程的治疗进展对矫形外科植入用生物材料有何具体要求? 目前常用的有哪些材料, 各有何优缺点?试述各种植骨材料的优缺点及其研究进展。
医用生物材料的要求、种类及其在矫外的应用概况与发展方向。
长段骨缺损的治疗新进展哪些情况需植骨,植骨来源有哪几种, 各有何优缺点?试述髋关节的理学检查方法.脂肪栓塞综合征的诊断和治疗要点。
2011交大专业课博士真题免疫+肾病
Toll样受体
自身免疫和自身免疫病
PAMP和PRR
CD28和CD40
免疫耐受
抗体亲和力成熟
ITAM和ITIM
AICD
IFN-γ和IFN-γ受体结合以后细胞激活的信号传导途径。
病毒感染以后机体的固有免疫和适应性免疫机制，病毒逃逸免疫识别的机制？抗独特型抗体作为肿瘤疫苗的原理和应用。
自身调节性T细胞的来源特征以及应用。
同种自体移植排斥反应识别和效应机制。
TMA
肾小管酸中毒
KDIGO对于CKD-MBD的定义
Fabry病
影响血液透析效能的因素
CKD的GFR评估方式的优缺点
LN的肾小球基本病理病变和分型
急进型肾小球肾炎的免疫病理分型。
Gilteman和Bartter综合征发病机制的异同点。
骨科考博试题
一、名词解释：1.Bone-fascia compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征：即由骨、骨间膜、肌间隔和深筋膜形成的骨筋膜室内肌肉和神经因急性缺血而产生的一系列早期症候。
最多见于前臂与小腿，常由创伤骨折的血肿和组织水肿使其室内内容物体积增加或外包扎过紧、局部压迫使骨筋膜室体积减小而导致骨筋膜室内压力增高所致。
当压力达到一定程度可使供应肌肉的小动脉关闭，形成缺血-水肿-缺血的恶性循环。
根据其缺血程度可导致：濒临缺血肌挛缩；缺血肌挛缩、坏疽。
2..V olkmann’s Contracture；缺血性肌挛缩Volkmann’s Contracture（福克曼缺血性挛缩）是骨折严重并发症之一，是骨筋膜室综合征处理不当的严重后果。
由于肢体严重缺血，造成肌肉坏死或挛缩，又因神经缺血和瘢痕压迫，常有神经部分瘫痪，致肢体严重残废。
多发生于上肢肱骨髁上骨折或尺桡骨骨折后，典型的畸形为“爪形手”。
3.挤压综合征（crush syndrome,CS）系肢体、臀部等肌肉丰富的部位受到压榨或长时间重力压迫，致肌肉缺血坏死并引起肢体肿胀、肌红蛋白尿、高血钾为特点的急性肾功能衰竭的综合征。
4.脂肪栓塞综合征：发生于成人，由于骨折处髓腔内血肿张力过大，骨髓被破坏，脂肪滴进入破裂的静脉窦内，引起肺、脑脂肪栓塞。
临床上出现呼吸功能不全、发绀，胸部拍片有广泛肺实变，即暴风雪改变。
动脉血氧低可导致烦躁不安、嗜睡、甚至昏迷死亡。
常见下肢的多发骨折患者。
5.骨化性肌炎：由于关节扭伤、脱位或关节附近骨折，骨膜剥离造成骨膜下血肿，处理不当使血肿扩大，机化并在关节附近软组织内广泛骨化，造成关节活动功能障碍。
特别多见于肘关节和骨盆骨折术后。
6.急性骨萎缩（Sudeck's atrophy),即损伤导致关节附近痛性骨质疏松，亦称反射性交感神经性骨营养不良。
好发于手、足骨折后，典型症状是疼痛和血管舒缩紊乱。
疼痛与损伤程度不一致，随邻近关节活动而加剧，局部有烧灼感。
历年各高校骨科考博试题精选
一、总结的骨科试题问答题脊柱内固定治疗进展〔1999复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折的诊治原那么〔2000复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折分型及手术适应症〔2004中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨间后神经嵌压综合征的病因,临床表现,诊断及治疗〔2001复旦大学外科博士试题〕颈椎病的分类〔2002复旦大学外科博士试题〕骨肉瘤的临床及X线表现/分型/治疗进展〔2003复旦大学外科博士试题〕脊柱侧凸的分类,测量及X线判断病变是否稳定〔2004复旦大学外科博士试题〕脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗〔1997中山医科大学外科博士试题〕椎管狭窄症的定义、病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗〔2006复旦大学外科博士试题〕肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原那么〔1995中山医科大学外科博士试题〕全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症〔1995中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨结核好发部位、治疗原那么〔1996中山医科大学外科博士试题〕骨折愈合临床标准〔1996中山医科大学外科博士试题〕L4椎体滑脱的治疗原那么〔1998中山医科大学外科博士试题〕人工关节松动的原因〔1999中山医科大学外科博士试题〕颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择〔2000中山医科大学外科博士试题〕手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？〔2000中山医科大学外科博士试题〕特发性脊柱侧弯中，结构性侧弯和非结构性侧弯的区别。
〔2001中山医科大学外科博士试题〕膝关节半月板损伤的临床表现及诊断〔2004中山医科大学外科博士试题〕简述股骨头缺血性坏死的Ficat分期〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕-骨关节炎的诊断和治疗〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕试述人工膝关节置换术后的并发症〔2006中山大学外科学博士试题〕骨组织工程的治疗进展〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别及骨肉瘤的治疗进展〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕脊髓型颈椎病的诊断标准，手术方案及其依据〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕手的功能位，手外伤的急救原那么〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕股骨远端骨折的AO分型，治疗原那么及术前、术中并发症〔2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题〕生物学接骨〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕骨性关节炎的治疗〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕腰椎滑脱的分级〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕胫骨平台骨折的治疗〔2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题〕二期愈合组织学〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕生物学固定机理〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕慢性骨髓炎〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕病例分析:骨筋膜室综合症〔2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题〕名词解释Nelaton’s line/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Ward’s triangle复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2003三军大骨科博士腕管综合症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题肩部撞击症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题手部无人区/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题脊柱侧弯/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题应力缓冲效应/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题BMP /2003、2005二军大骨科博士试题Frank's分型/2003西安医科大骨科博士嗅鞘细胞/2003西安医科大骨科博士Weak up test/2003西安医科大骨科博士新月征/2003西安医科大骨科博士腱鞘巨细胞瘤/2003西安医科大骨科博士张力带固定/2003二军大骨科博士试题肥大型骨不愈/2003二军大骨科博士试题CRAMS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题V AS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题SCI/2006二军大骨科博士试题artificial gut/2006二军大骨科博士试题perioperative period/2006二军大骨科博士试题V olkman挛缩/2006二军大骨科博士试题Perthes病/2006二军大骨科博士试题OPLL/2006二军大骨科博士试题脊髓震荡/2003二军大骨科博士试题静力锁钉/2003二军大骨科博士试题tutrial cord syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Jefferson fracture/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bohler angle/2005二军大骨科博士试题Brown-Sequard syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bragd sign/2005二军大骨科博士试题McGarge's line/2006二军大骨科博士试题中央脊髓综合征/2003三军大骨科博士Abbreviation Jnjury Scale/2003三军大骨科博士Contagious */2003三军大骨科博士Bennet 骨折/2003三军大骨科博士骨不连/2004华中科技大骨科博士)骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士二、骨科名词解释1.高尔夫球肘〔Golfer's elbow〕即肱骨内上髁炎，是由于肘部过度活动引起肘部屈肌附着处疼痛。
骨科博士入学试题集
1.名词解释1.Shenton线：沿闭孔上缘划线并向外侧延伸与股骨颈下缘相连，正常髋关节呈一连续性弧线，如该线中断说明髋臼与股骨头关系异常。
2.McMurray征：患者仰卧，检查者一手拇指及其余四指分别按住膝关节内外侧间隙，一手握住足跟部，极度屈膝。
在伸膝过程中，当小腿内收、外旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明内侧半月板损伤；当小腿外展、内旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明外侧半月板有病变。
3.Finkelstein test:患者握拳（拇指埋于拳内），使腕部尺偏，若桡骨茎头处出现疼痛为阳性。
阳性者提示桡骨茎头狭窄性腱鞘炎。
4.Brodie abscess（:慢性局限性骨脓肿）brodie于1836年首先描述，多见于儿童和青年，胫骨上端和下端，股骨、肱骨和桡骨下端为好发部位，偶见于椎体等扁平骨。
一般认为系低毒力细菌感染所致，或因全身抵抗力强而使化脓性骨髓炎局限于骨端的一部分。
X线可见长骨干骺端或骨干皮质骨显示圆形或椭圆形低密度骨质破坏区，边缘较整齐，周围密度增高为骨质硬化区，硬化带与正常骨质间无明确分界。
（分4型，P1245）5.Codman’s triangle:长骨骨肉瘤位于干骺端的骨髓腔中央或为偏心性。
一侧或四周的骨皮质被浸润和破坏，其表面的骨外膜被掀起，切面上可见肿瘤上、下两端的骨皮质和掀起的骨外膜之间形成三角形隆起，其间堆积由骨外膜产生的新生骨。
此三角称为 Codman三角。
seque’s sign:患者仰卧，屈髋、膝，于屈髋位伸膝时，引起患肢痛或肌肉痉挛者为阳性。
腰椎间盘突出征的表现之一。
7.Charcot’s joint: 夏科氏关节是指由于某些神经系统疾病引起的关节病变，也被称为神经性关节炎。
常见病因有脊髓痨、脊髓空洞症等。
原发的神经病变可以造成关节深部感觉障碍，对于关节的震荡、磨损、挤压、劳倦不能察觉因而也不能自主地保护和避免，而神经营养障碍又可使修复能力低下，使病人在无感觉状态下造成了关节软骨的磨损和破坏，关节囊和韧带松弛无力，易形成关节脱位和连枷关节。
上海交通大学病理学2011年考博真题考博试卷
三、论述题 1.试述血栓形成的机制？ 2.肝硬化的发病机制及临床表现？ 3.恶性肿瘤的生物学行为及局部浸润转移的机制？ 4.肿瘤生长的生物学特点，用肿瘤的演进及异质化解释其生物学特点 的机制。
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医学考博真题试卷第1页 共1页 Nhomakorabea上海交通大学
2011 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1. 病理学增生 2. 玻璃样变 3. cell death 4. 纤维性修复 5. 贫血性梗死
上海交大骨科考博真题
一，名词解释1.骨的一期愈合2.dugas征3.barton骨折4.无人区5.转子间骨折IV型6.Pilon骨折7.直腿抬高试验8.冷脓肿9.Trendlenburg征二，简答1.骨牵引的适应症2.胫骨平台骨折分型3.DVT诊断要点4.骨肿瘤保肢指征5.骨盆骨折的诊断一、名称解释（5分×8）：1.Cobb角2.手指Heberden结节3.半月板桶柄样损撕裂4.Brodie脓肿5.Trendelenberg征6.Nelaton线7.无人区8.尺神经损伤表现二、简答题：（4选3）（20分×3）1骨肿瘤的外科分期。
2截肢适应症。
3肱骨髁上骨折发生缺血性肌挛缩的原因，预防，诊断。
4髋关节后脱位的临床表现，可能的合并症，闭合复位后复位成功的标志。
1、骨不连的分类、诊断、治疗原则2、脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤的治疗3、恶性骨肿瘤的治疗要点4、股骨头缺血坏死的机理5、骨折内固定的机制和方法一、名词解释(7选5)交锁髓内钉Baton骨折Pilon骨折，孟式骨折tinel征脊髓休克肘后三角二、填空：1、动力和静力锁定作用，静钉入骨质前洞和后洞直径与螺纹直径大小比。
2、绝径后骨质疏松是几型，病理基础是什么，诊断标准是什么。
三、问答：1、脊柱脊髓伤的手术适应症；2、化脓性关节炎的病理分型和每型的治疗方法；3、良恶肿瘤的鉴别；4、病例分析：劲腓骨开放性骨折，半年后胫骨骨不连，中骨缺失2cm，骨折段长合，腓骨愈合，骨折处皮肤疤痕粘连骨质，问下一步治疗方案。
一、名词解释。
（10选8）（1）病理骨折；（2）疲劳骨折；（3）交锁髓内针；（4）骨折的延迟愈合；（5）肱骨外上髁炎；（6）骨折的生物学固定；（7）胸腰椎的三柱理论（Denis）；（8）Volkmann挛缩；（9）脊髓震荡；（10）原发性骨质疏松。
二、问答题。
（4选3）（1）肱骨上端骨折的Neer分型（四部分）和治疗原则？（2）急性关节炎的治疗原则？（3）恶性骨肿瘤的诊断要点？（4）分析和比较水泥型全髋关节置换和非水型全髋关节置换的优缺点及适应症？一、名词解释1.BMP2.张力带固定3.肥大型骨不愈4.脊髓震荡5.静力锁钉二、论述题1.二期愈合组织学2.生物学固定机理3.慢性骨髓炎4.良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别5.股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症三、病例分析骨筋膜室综合症一、名词解释1.应力遮挡2.OSTEOPOROSIS3.桥接接骨板4.SHENTON线5.TINEL征二、问答题1.生物学接骨2.骨性关节炎的治疗3.腰椎滑脱的分级4.胫骨平台骨折的治疗上海第二医科大学骨科学考博真题2003年一、名词解释（每题2分）1. Nelaton’s line2. Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle3. Ward’s triangle4. 腕管综合症5. 肩部撞击症二、选择题（每题2分）附注：至少有一个选项是正确的。
博士考题
上海交通大学医学院2006年骨科学（博士）一、名词解释。
（10选8）（1）病理骨折；（2）疲劳骨折；（3）交锁髓内针；（4）骨折的延迟愈合；（5）肱骨外上髁炎；（6）骨折的生物学固定；（7）胸腰椎的三柱理论（Denis）；（8）Volkmann挛缩；（9）脊髓震荡；（10）原发性骨质疏松。
二、问答题。
（4选3）（1）肱骨上端骨折的Neer分型（四部分）和治疗原则？（2）急性关节炎的治疗原则？（3）恶性骨肿瘤的诊断要点？（4）分析和比较水泥型全髋关节置换和非水型全髋关节置换的优缺点及适应症？浙江大学医学院2006年骨科学（博士）一、简答1、骨折一期愈合2、骨折切开复位内固定的适应症、禁忌症、并发症。
3、骨肉瘤保肢手术适应症、禁忌症。
4、第三代骨水泥技术。
二、论述1、碎屑病的防治策略。
2、骨肉瘤化疗疗效的评价。
3、脊柱胸腰段骨折的手术方法和选择。
中山大学医学院2006年外科学（博士）一、必答题（80分）1、简述创伤的并发症（3分）2、什么是脓毒症、菌血症（3.5分）3、简述输血的并发症或不良反应（5分）4、与成分输血相比，输全血有何缺点（3分）5、原发性下肢静脉瓣膜关闭不全的诊断和治疗（8分）6、腹部损伤在什么情况下应考虑腹内脏器损伤（5分）7、简述前列腺癌的分期（6分）8、如何从肉眼血尿区分出血部位（4.5分）9、简述股骨头缺血性坏死的Ficat分期（6分）10、简述骨折不愈合的定义及X线片特点（6分）11、简述肠外营养的并发症（10分）12、简述急性胆源性胰腺炎的治疗（10分）13、对腹痛病人进行诊断时，应按什么程序进行急腹症的鉴别诊断思考（10分）骨微创外科1、骨关节炎的诊断和治疗2、试述人工膝关节置换术后的并发症中南大学湘雅医学院2006年骨科学（博士）一.骨组织工程的治疗进展；二、良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别及骨肉瘤的治疗进展；良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别：良性骨肿瘤：1.（年龄）多为成人，2.（生长速度）生长缓慢，3.（生长方式）膨胀性生长，不发生转移，4.（症状）多无全身症状，局部肿块常为最早出现的表现，当肿瘤生长到一定程度使骨膜产生张力或刺激压迫神经可出现疼痛，可引起病理性骨折，5.（体征）肿块坚实无压痛，边界清楚，皮温无明显升高，无浅静脉怒张，一般不影响邻近的关节。