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专业音视频名词解释

专业音视频名词解释2004-11-30 RFI RF interferece 射频干扰Revcolor 混响染色声RPS direct program 直接节目搜寻，卡拉OK搜索R(RD)radio 射频R(RD)read 读取R receiver 接收机R register 寄存器R right 右声道Rack 机架，支架，机柜，规定宽度，震动声Radiation 辐射Radio 无线电，惦音机，射频Ram random access memory 随机存储器RAM 填入，装入RAN random 随机的，任意的，无规则的Range 范围，最大提衰量，幅度Rate 比率，速率，变化率，频率Ratio 压缩比，扩展比，比，系数RCA radio corporation of America 美国无线电公司RCA jack 莲花接口R-CH 右声道R-DAT rotary head-DAT 旋转磁头式数字录音机RE rack earth 外壳接地RE reset 复位RE right end 右端Reactance 电抗Readjustment 重调Ready 预备，准备完毕Rear 背面，后部，后置REC recording 录音，记录，录制Recall 招回，调出，重录Receiver 接受机，接受器Recharge 再充电Record 记录，录制，唱片Recorder 录音机Recovery 恢复，复原Red 红色Redo 再执行操作Reduce 减少，降低，缩小Reduction 压缩，衰减，形成Reecho 回声REF Reference 说明书，参考，基准，定位REF Reflection 反射Refraction 折射Refresh 恢复REG register 寄存器REG regulate 控制，校准，调节REGEN regeneration 再生（混响声阵形成方式），正反馈Rehearsal 排练，预演Reject 除去，滤去Rejection 抑制Reinforcement 扩声Relay 继电器，重放，转放Release 恢复时间，释放，断路器Rename 改名，命名Remain 保持，剩余REM remote 遥控的，遥远的，远距离的REM removable 可拆装的REM remove 除去Remain 余量，状态保持Renumber 重写号码REP repeat 重复，反复，重放Repeat mode 双面反复放音（录音机）Replacing 替换，置换，复位REQ room equalizer 房间均衡器Reset 复位，恢复，归零，重复，重新安装Resolution 分辨率，分析Resonance 共振，回声RESP response 响应，特性曲线，回答Resistance 阻抗Resister 电阻Resonance 共鸣，谐振 Rest 休止符，静止，停止Restraint 抑制，限制器RET return 返回，回送REV reverse 颠倒，反转REV reverberation 混响，残响Reverb depth control 混响深度控制RIAA recording industry association of America美国录音工业协会S-TSAF Safety 安全装置，保险装置，保护装置Safeguard by 防护器SALT symmetry air load technique 对称空气负载技术Samba 桑巴Sample 声音信号样品，采样，取样，抽样Sampling 抽样，脉冲调制SAP second audio program 第二套音频节目SAT saturate 饱和效果处理Save 贮存Save 存储，保存Saxophoneb 萨克司管Saxophome 顶馈直线天线SC set clock 置位时钟SC sigmal control 信号控制SC subcarrier 副载波SC system controller 系统控制器SC scan 扫描Scale 音阶，刻度尺标Scale unit 标度单位，分频器Scan 搜索，记录，扫描Scar 激光唱片上的缺陷 SCART connector欧洲标准21脚AV接口Scattering 散射Scene 实况，场面SCH search 搜索，寻找Scheme 设计图，原理图SCMS serial copy management system 成套复制管理系统Screw 螺丝钉Scrollback 回找SCH stereochrous 立体声合唱Schmidt trigger 施密特触发器Scintillation 闪烁，调制引起的载频变化SCMS successive copy manage system连续复制管理系统（DAT设备中防止多次转录节目的系统）Scoop 戽斗，收集器Scope 范围，显示器Scoring 音乐录音SCR signal to clutter ratio 信噪比SCR silicon controlled rectifier 晶闸管整流器Scraper 刮声器Screen 屏蔽SD space division 空间分布S-DAT stationary head DAT 固定磁头DAT机SDDS sony dynamic digital sound 索尼动态数字环绕声系统SDI standard data interface 标准数据接口SDLC synchronous data link control 同步数据链控制器SE single end 单端的SE sound effect 音响效果SE storage element 存储元件SE support equipment 支援设备SEA soond effect amplifier 音响效果放大器SEA special effects amplifier 特殊效果放大器Search 搜索，扫描Searcher 扫描器SEC Second 秒，第二SECAM sequential color and memory 调频行轮换彩色制式Section 单元，环节Sectoral horm 扇形号筒Security 保险，加锁SED system effectiveness demonstration 系统效果演示Seek 搜索SEL selector 选择装置，寻线器，转换开关Select 选择Selectivity （收音机）选择性Semi- 半-Semibreve 全音符Semioctave 半个八度音Semit 半音SEN sensor 传感器Send 送出，发送，发射SENS Sensitivity 灵敏度Sense 分辨率Sensor 传感器Sentinel 发射器，传送器SEP standard electronic package 标准电子组件SEP system engineering process 系统工程处理Separator 分离器，分解器Septieme 七倍音SEQ sequencer 音序器，定序器SEQ Stereo equalizer 立体声均衡器Sequence 排序，序列Series 系列，串连Service 维修，服务Servo 伺服机构，随机系统Servo motor 伺服马达SES spatial effect system 立体声空间效果系统Session 跟随自动伴奏Set 调整，设定，装置，定位，接收机Setout 开始，准备Setup 设定，构成，菜单，组合，调整SFC sound field composer 声场合成装置SFL stereo flange 立体声法兰镶边SFS sound field synthesis 声场合成SG signal generator 信号发生器SGL signal 信号S-hall small hall 小型厅堂效果Shake 震动Shape 波形，轮廊Shaper 整形器，脉冲成形Share drum 小军鼓Sharpness 清晰度，鲜明度，锐度Shelving 滤除，滤波处理SHG sub harmonic generator 次（分）谐波发生器Shield 保护，屏蔽Shift 转换，变调，移频，漂移Shock 冲击Short 短的Short gate 短时选通门（混响效果）Shower 指示器，显示器SHUF Shuffle 随机顺序节目播放Shunt 分路，并联SHUTT shuttle 变速搜索，往复SI sneak in 淡入Sibilance 齿音，咝音Sibilant 咝音Sibilation 咝音，高频声畸变SICS sound image control system 声像控制系统Side 边，面，侧面，方面Side chain 旁链SIG signal 声音信号Signature 特征，音乐的调号SIF 伴音中频Silencer 静噪器Silent 静噪调谐Simple tone 纯音Simplex 单工Simulate 模拟的Simultaneous 同步，联立SINAD signal to noise and distortion ratio 信号对噪声和失真比Sine wave 正弦波Single 单，单次的，单独的，单碟SIP solo in place 独奏入位SIP standard information package 标准信息包Siren 旋笛Size 尺寸Razor1911 编辑于 2004-02-10 1138--------------------------------------------------------------------------------You better lose yourself in the music, the momentYou own it, you better never let it goYou only get one shot, do not miss your chance to blowThis opportunity comes once in a lifetime yoYou can do anything you set your mind to, manRazor1911发帖 19积分 15于2004-02-10 1139--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Skew control 扭曲校正，菱形失真器Skip 跳跃，省略SL signal level 信号电平Slap 拍打效果Slap back 山谷回声Slap reverb 山谷混响效果Slate 预定，标记，（录音调音台）标记开关Slave 从属的，从机，从动的Sleep 睡眠定时开关，静止Sleeve(SLE) 接地点，袖端，套Slew rate 瞬态率Sliding tone 滑音Slope 斜率，坡度，跨导Slow 慢速SLP super long play 超长（三倍）时间播放Sliding tone 滑音SLS studio listen 演播室监听SM sequential machine 时序机 SM signal meter 信号强度计SM storage mark 存储标志SM speechmusic 语言音乐SN signal-to-noise radio 信噪比Small club 小俱乐部效果Smear 曳尾，拖尾，浑浊不清Smear correction 拖尾校正SMF Standard MIDI File 标准SMP sampler 取样器SMPTE society of motion picture television engineers（美国）电影及电视工程师学会SN signalnoise 信号噪声，信噪比SND sound 声音，音响，伴音Snake 集体线Snapshot 片段，场景状态设置Snubber 缓冲器，减震器SO sneak out 淡出Socket 插座，插口Soft 软的，柔和的Soft click 柔性箝位Soft knee 软拐点（压限器）Soft-touch 轻触式Software 计算机软件Solo 独唱，独奏Sone 宋（响度单位）Song 乐曲Sound colum 声柱Sound field 声场Sound image 声像Sound intensity 声强Sound shadow region 声影区Sound cousole desk 调音台Source 声源SOS sound on sound 叠加录音SP speaker 扬声器SP speed 速度SP standard-play 标准走带速度录放SPA stereo pan allochthonous 立体声声像漂移Space 间隙，空间效果Spaciousness 空间感ST stereo 立体声，立体STI speech transmission index 语言传输系统Sticks 操作杆，安置，卡子Still 静止STM send test massage 发送测试信号STO stand point 位置STO stereo 立体声STO stop 停止STO store 存储，存储器STP shielded twisted pnir 屏蔽双绞线Strike note 击弦音，撞击声String instrument 弦乐器Strip 卸下附属设备，轨道，类别Strobe 选通脉冲，频闪放电管Strong 有力的Structure 装置，结构STU Studio 演播室效果SUB 副，辅助，附加，低音Subgroup 副，（调音台的通道集中控制网络）编组Suboctave 次八度Subsonic 次声，超低音Subwoofer 超低音Sum 和，总和，总数SUP Supply 电源Supper 超Super bass 超低音Super over drive 超激励Suppressor 抑制器Support programs 支援程序SUR Surround 环绕声，环绕，包围Sustain 保持，维持SVP surge voltage protector 浪肖电压保护器SW signal wire 信号线SW S-Wite 塞套引线SW switch 开关，切换SW short wave 短波SW specification of wiring 布线规格Swap 交换，调动（等量齐观），调换Sweep 扫描，曲线Swell 增音器Swing 摆幅，摇摆舞Swishing 飕飕声SX simplex 单工SXE stereo exciter 立体声激励器Symphobass 调谐低音系统Symphonic 交响，谐音SYS Ex system expanding 系统扩展TRIG trigger 触发，触发器，触发脉冲Trim 调整，微调，调谐，削波TRK track 音轨TRK trunk 总线，母线，干线Trouble 故障Trumpet 小号TRS time reference system 时间基准系统TST test 测试TTY teleltypewriter 遥控打印机，电传机Tube 电子管，真空管Tune 调谐，和谐，调音Tuner 调谐器Tunetable （唱盘的）转盘Tunnel reverb 隧道混响效果Tupe 处理模式Turbo distortion 涡轮失真效果Turntable 电唱盘，转台TV television 电视Tweeter 高音扬声器·Twin channel 双通道Two complement 补码Two way mode 双面轮流放音模式（录音机）TX transmit 发送，发射TX transmitter 发射机TYP trpe 类型Typical 标准的，典型的TRIG trigger 触发触发器，触发脉冲Trim 调整，微调，调谐，削波TRK track 音轨TRK trunk 总线，母线，干线Trouble 故障Trumpet 小号TRS time reference system 时间基准系统TST test 测试TTY teletypewriter 遥控打印机，电传机Tube 电子管，真空管Tune 调谐，和谐，调音Tuner 调谐器Tunetable （唱盘的）转盘Tunnel reverb 隧道混响效果Tupe 处理模式Turbo distortion 涡轮失真效果Turntable 电唱盘，转台TV television 电视Tweeter 高音扬声器Twin channel 双通道Two complement 补码Two way mode 双面轮流放音模式（录音机）TX transmit 发送，发射TX transmitter 发射机TYP type 类型Typical 标准的，典型的T talk 呼叫，联络Tab 防误抹挡片TACH tachometer 测速器TADI time assigument digital tnterpolation 时分数据插空（技术）Tag 电缆插头Take 实录Takeoff 取出Takeover 恢复，话音叠入，商议Talkback 对讲，联络Tally 播出，提示，插入Tap 电流输出，节拍Tape 带，磁带Tango 探戈TB talkback 对讲回送TB terminal board 接线端子子板TB time base 时基TBC time base corrector 时基校正器TBK tallback 对讲TC telecine 电影电视机TC time code 时间码TC transmitter-tunning circuit 发射机调谐电路TC trim coil 微调线圈TCC tripl concentric cable 三芯同轴电缆TDE time domain equalizer 时域等化器TECH technique 技术，技能，技巧TED television disk 电视唱片TEL telescopic 拉杆天线TEMP temperature 温度Temp 节奏TEMOP temporary 中间（工作）单元TEMPO Tempo 节奏，连接，速度Terminal 终端，接线柱，引线，接头Tentelometer 张力表TER termination 终端Test 测试，试验，检验THD total harmonic distortion 总谐波失真Theater 剧场效果，现场Thermal noise 热噪声Thick 沉重，厚重度Thin 单薄声音Thinness 薄（打击乐）THR THRESH threshold 阈值，阈，门限Thresh thrash 多次反复Three dimension 3D音响，三维立体声音响系统Throat 高音号角的喉THRU through 通过，过桥，直接转送Trump 键击噪声，低频噪声，开机砰声Thrust 插入，强行加入THX tom holmans eXpriment 汤·霍尔曼实验，家庭影院TI temperatun indicator 温度指示器TIE terminal interface exchange 终端接口交换Tie 连接符号，馈线，通信Tierce 第三音，五倍音Tight 硬，紧，硬朗TIM transient intermodulation 瞬态互调失真Timber 音质，音色Timbre 声部Time 时间，倍，次，定时的Timer 定时器，计时器Tininess 单薄Tint 色调TIP terminal interface processor 终端接口处理机Tip 头端，热端Title 标题，字幕TK track 音轨TL track loss 轨迹丢失TLE trunk line equipment 干线设备TM trade mark 注册商标TMS transmission mesurement set 电平表TMT transmit 发送TN tuning unit 调谐装置TOC 节目目录Tone 音调，声调，纯音Tone burst 猝发音Tone color 音色Tone quality 音色，音品Tonic 律音Top 最高TOS tape operating system 磁带操作系统Total 总，总共Total tune 整体协调，总调谐Touch 触，压，按Touch sens 键盘乐器指触的触感TPD turnout piece delay 分支延时TR tape recorder 磁带录音机TR telerecording 电视屏幕录像TR tracking 跟踪TR transfer 传输，转移TR trick 特技效果Track 曲目号，磁迹，音轨Tracking 寻迹，跟踪，统调Tracking monitor 调校监听Trad 陷波器，带阻滤波器Tramp 三通道功放系统Transfer 转印，转接Transformer 变压器Transpose 转调，变换器，移调Transport 运行，发送Transient 瞬态Transient distortion 瞬态失真Transient response 瞬态反应Transmit 发射Transistor 晶体管，三极管Transponder 转调器，变换器Transposer 变调器Transversal equalizers 横向均衡器Treble 高音，三倍的，三重的Tremold tremor 颤音Tremolo 震音Tremor 颤音，振音装置Triamp 三路电子分音Trick 特技Trig 修饰 Spatializer 声场定位技术SPD speed 调制速度SPDIF sonyphilips digital interface 索尼飞利浦数字接口SPE speaker 扬声器，音箱Special 临时（装置），特设的Specificatin 性能Spectrum 音域，频谱Speech 语言，语音Speed 速度，调制速度Speed select （录音机）带速选择SPG severo pulse generator 伺服脉冲发生器SPH single phase 单相SPL sound pressure level 声压级Split 分割，分配，等信号区SPM spiral modulation 螺旋调制Spot effects 现场效果Spring 弹簧效果，弹簧混响器SPS stereo pitch shift 立体声变调SPSS self program search system 自动节目搜索系统Sport 运动场效果SQ squelch 静噪，噪声抑制（电路）SQ stereo quadraphonic record 四声道立体声唱片Square 广场音响效果Squawker 中音扬声器Squeal 啸叫Squegger 间歇振荡器Squib drivers 电爆激励器SR 遥控操作SR speed ratio 转换速率SR stabilizeation receiver 稳定接收机SRL standard recording level 标准录音电平SRS sound retrieval system 声音归真（恢复）系统，是一种利用双声道产生环绕声场的虚拟环绕声方式。

文章修改稿Cover Letter 模版

Dear *****,The review of your manuscript, Thermal Decomposition and Kinetics Studies on 1, 4-dinitropiperazine (DNP), submitted to Journal of Hazardous Materials has been completed. The reviewers recommend the need for minor revisions. Please revise your manuscript according to the reviewers' comments attached, and re-submit tome your revised version of the manuscript including an itemized response to each reviewer's comments.Please submit your revised submission before Jul 11, 2007. I will then begin the re-review process.Please note that revised manuscripts will be sent for review because revising a manuscript does not automatically mean it will be accepted for publication.For your guidance, reviewers' comments are appended below. On your Main Menu page is a folder entitled "Submissions Needing Revision". You will find your submission record there.Please ensure that the article conforms to the format of the Journal. In particular make sure that all the articles in your references have titles included. The Journal Guide for Authors is available on the Journal homepage /locate/hazmatWhen submitting your revised manuscript, please ensure that you upload the source files (e.g. Word). Uploading a PDF file at this stage will create delays should your manuscript be finally accepted for publication. If your revised submission does not include the source files, we will contact you to request them.Once again, thank you for your interest in Journal of Hazardous Materials.Yours sincerely,Merv Fingas, PhDEditor Journal of Hazardous MaterialsReviewers' comments:Reviewer #1: The paper reports on the thermal decomposition and kinetics of DNP. It is a welcome addition to the literature and acceptable for publication after some revision:(i) Please provide large basis-set DFT calculations to support the assignment of the IR bands of DNP.(ii) Please assign ALL IR bands of Fig. 5Reviewer #2: authors have carried out work on the thermal analysis of the dinitropiperazine. The new information reported in the paper is scanty. The large amount of data has been already reported by the several researchers on the thermal analysis of dinitropiperazine (See the reference section of the paper and also reviewer has done thescopussearch). The only new information reported in this paper is of the T-Jump IR studies and DSC studies under different pressures, which may adds on to the existing scientific data base. There is not much novelty in the reported work. The Table 1 and figure 1 need to be deleted from the paper since it isalready well reported in the literature.Table2 and figure 3 gives the same information. Authors are requested to delete Table 2 and the same information may be explained in the results and discussion part of the paper. May i also kindly request authors to update the literature survey till date on DNP in the introduction part of the paper using Chemical abstracts on disk (CA on CD)data base. The quality and clarity of the figures in the paper need to be improved. English need to be improved. The paper is recommended for short communication after the minor revision.Reviewer #3: The paper is okay in terms of contents. However, since it has been written by a Chinese, the English is very poor and as such requires a lot of corrections and editing by your team. The authors have used ozawa and Kissenger methods to find out activation energy. However, they have given data for activation energy by ozawa methodonly under 3.4 thermal decomposition kinetics).The data for Eo by Kissenger methods should also be included in the paper. Also, captions of Figs1,3 &5 are missing.Reviewer #4: This paper is promising but could be improved by better kinetic analysis.1. Kissinger's method is OK as a first approximation, but Friedman's method is the best isoconversional method. Even Ozawa has abandoned his method in favor ofFriedman's.2. The method of comparing a large number of kinetic modelsagainst data at a single heating rate (page 5) is invalid, discredited, and should not be published. This issue has been discussed in several papers by Vyzovkin and in ainternational kinetic study published by Brown et al, Thermochemica Acta 355, 125-143, 2000, and following papers. Consequently, there is no real evidence presented that the equation is first-order. In fact, from my studies of energetic materials, including RDX and HMX, I would have thought that nucleation-growth kinetics would be mostappropriate. However, I would have to do a more rigorous kinetic analysis of the data to know for sure.3. The best way to judge a kinetic model is how it compares with data at multiple heating rates (using a single set of parameters). Such a comparison is not present in this paper, so it is difficult to judge the validity of the kineticparameters.4. The author's discussion of HMX kinetics is good in some respects but out of date in others. More recent papers by multiple institutions place the activation energy for HMX closer to 150 kJ/mol. A commonly cited paper on this is by Wight and Vyazovkin, Ann Rev Phys Chem 48, 119, 1997. A more recent but harder paper toget is by Burnham and Weese in the proceedings of the 2005 ICT conference. Henson has published a correlation in the detonation symposium showing that explosiontimes scalewith an activation energy of about 150 kJ/mol. Active workers in energetic materials should have access to these materials. 看完了这个,是不是会觉得很头疼,是的老外就是这么认真.要求很具体仔细,审稿细致深入.下面就是看你怎么样回复这篇审稿意见了.我回复后的第三天就收到论文录用通知,估计他们没有再次送给审稿专家重审.因为我的Cover Letter他很满意,我是这样写的:Dear ***,My manuscript, *********************（论文题目）, was revised according to there viewers' comments, and the itemized response to each reviewer’s comments is attached. Many thanks for your suggestion. I am so sorry to bring you so much trouble because of our careless. Correspondence and phone calls about this paper should be directed to ****（作者）at the following address，phone and e-mail：Address:*********Tel.: ********Fax:*******E-mail: ********** Thanks very much again for your attention to our paper．Once again, thank you for your help to our paper processing. Yours sincerely，******For your guidance, itemized response to each reviewer’s comments is appended below.Dear reviewer #1:(i) Suhithi M. Peiris, Richard, etc. (J. Phys. Chem. A, 104 (39), 8898 -8907, 2000.10.1021) had already reported large basis-set DFT calculations to support theassignmentof the IR bands of DNP.(ii) We assigned all IR bands of Fig.5 (now change to fig.8).(iii) Because of the IR study had been reported, the IR spectra (fig.1) wasdeleted form the paper. Anyway, thank you for your arduous work and instructive advice.? Dear reviewer #2:(i) G. V. Sitonina, etc. (Russian Chemical Bulletin, V ol.28, 284-288) A study has been made of the kinetics of thermal decomposition of dinitropiperazine, in melts and insolution. As you said, the only new information reported in this paperis of the T-Jump IR studies and DSC studies under different pressures, which may adds on to theexisting scientific data base. Nevertheless, the kinetics study in our paper isa supplement which is with multi-heating rate method.(ii) The Table 1 and figure 1 was deleted from the paper and the correlative references were put forward.(iii) Table 2was deleted and the same information was explained in the results and discussion part of the paper.(iv) We had update the literature survey till date on DNP in the introduction part of the paper and enriched the introduction of the paper.(v) The figures were drawn again and the quality and clarity of them were improved.(vi) English expression was improved a littl e and it’s my great honor to ask your help on the language aspect.Dear reviewer #3:(i) As a Chinese, our English is very poor and a few of corrections and editing had done by our team.(ii) Now we only used Ozawa method to find out activation energy and you can check it in our paper again. According to reviewer #4, Kissinger method is invalid,discredited, and should not be published.(iii) Figures and captions of them are changed.(iv) At last, thank you for your arduous work and instructive advice.Dear reviewer #4:(i) This paper was improved by a better kinetic analysis. The kinetic parameters were established by Ozawa's isoconversional method because there is no Friedman's calculation program in our institute.(ii) As you just said, the method of comparing a large number of kinetic models against data at asingle heating rate is invalid. After the kinetic study by isoconversional method with data at multiple heating rates, we found that nucleation-growth kinetics is moreappropriate. You are seasoned in these aspects and it’s my great honor to ask your advice on these sorts of aspects.(iii) In order to judge a kinetic model, we did acomparison a single heating rate method with multi-heating method, and at last the kinetic parameters were judged. iv. You are right; the discussion of HMX kinetics is reall yout of date. The activation energy for HMX is closer to 150 kJ/mol. We had done the improvements in our paper. v. From your c omments, it’s obvious that you are an expertin thermo analysis, and there is lots of shortage in our study which need your instruction. At last, I want to thank you sincerely for your suggestions and I feel so sorry that so much of your precious time was wasted on our paper revision.认真对待修改意见.一般论文投到国外,如果满足期刊内容要求的前提下,一般会给你一个修改意见,不会直接拒绝.即使拒绝也是在第一次修改不满足要求的情况下拒绝的.他们想的是你改都改不好,还有什么话说.最后,我希望大家多多发表高质量的科技论文,多到国外投稿,这样不是为了多几篇SCI,是多增加国际交流,给自身的发展创造条件.特别是对于想出国深造的研究学者们.谨以此和大家共勉!本文多有论述不当之处,望大家批评指正!谢谢!。

lbp3500维修手册

Indicates an item requiring care to avoid electric shocks.
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1.3 Product Specifications ................................................................................................................................1- 1 1.3.1 Specifications .......................................................................................................................................................... 1- 1
1.4 Name of Parts.............................................................................................................................................1- 3 1.4.1 External View........................................................................................................................................................... 1- 3 1.4.2 Cross Section .......................................................................................................................................................... 1- 4

惠普彩色激光打印机 Pro M454 和惠普彩色激光多功能一体机 Pro M479 维修手册说明书

Table -1 Revision history Revision number 1
Revision date 6/2019
Revision notes HP LaserJet Pro M454 HP LaserJet Pro MFP M479 Repair manual initial release
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一种改进的MODIS 影像BRDF 辐射校正方法

一种改进的MODIS影像BRDF辐射校正方法王颖，闫利，徐亚明摘要：在影响辐射失真的各种因素中，二向反射特性越来越被人们所重视。

本文针对二向性造成的辐射失真，在核驱动模型的基础上提出了一种改进的二向性反射分布模型，并通过对MODIS影像的实验，得到了较好的减弱辐射差异的效果，并对实验结果进行了分析和评价。

关键词：二向性反射特性，BRDF ，MODIS，辐射校正一、引言在遥感影像获取过程中，由于多种因素的影响，使得遥感影像存在一定的几何和辐射失真，这使得同一地物在多时相、多传感器影像上的灰度分布存在较大的差异，严重影响了图像的质量和应用。

因此在几何校正的基础上，为了消除影像的灰度分布差异，必须进行辐射校正。

随着定量遥感技术的迅速发展，进一步提高辐射校正精度的要求越来越迫切。

产生辐射失真的原因有很多种，其影响程度也不相同。

遥感器的输出辐射亮度除了与传感器的光谱响应特性、大气条件、光照情况等因素有关外，还与地物本身的反射和发射波谱特性有关。

传统的辐射校正主要考虑三个方面：(1)传感器的灵敏度特性引起的辐射误差改正，如光学镜头的非均匀性引起的边缘减光现象的改正、光电变换系统的灵敏度特性引起的辐射畸变校正等。

(2)光照条件的差异引起的辐射误差改正，如太阳高度角的不同引起的辐射畸变校正、地面的倾斜引起的辐射畸变校正等。

(3)大气的散射和吸收引起的辐射误差改正[3]。

本文针对MODIS影像中地面二向反射特性造成的辐射失真，在核驱动模型的基础之上，提出改进的BRDF模型，达到消除或减弱色调差异的目的。

二、地表像元二向性反射原理传统的辐射校正方法由于没有更细致的考虑成像过程中地物的反射和发射光谱特性因素，因此不能很好的解决地物的辐射失真问题。

近年来，随着定量遥感和多角度遥感的发展，由地面二向性反射特性引起的辐射失真的校正逐渐为人们所重视。

随之产生的二向性反射分布函数(Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function简称BRDF)模型的研究也取得了一定的成果。

2000-2020_年内蒙古草地植被覆盖度时空变化及趋势预测

第 32 卷第 8 期Vol.32，No.81-132023 年 8 月草业学报ACTA PRATACULTURAE SINICA张慧龙，杨秀春，杨东，等. 2000-2020年内蒙古草地植被覆盖度时空变化及趋势预测. 草业学报， 2023， 32（8）： 1−13.ZHANG Hui-long， YANG Xiu-chun， YANG Dong，et al. Spatio-temporal changes in grassland fractional vegetation cover in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2020 and a future forecast. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2023， 32（8）： 1−13.2000-2020年内蒙古草地植被覆盖度时空变化及趋势预测张慧龙，杨秀春*，杨东，陈昂，张敏（北京林业大学草业与草原学院，北京 100083）摘要：草地植被覆盖度（FVC）是反映草地生态状况最直接的指标之一。

目前在大区域内构建准确的FVC估算模型，进行长时间序列的动态分析，仍是一个挑战。

基于大量地面调查样本，使用2000-2020年MODIS遥感数据、气象数据，通过随机森林模型进行FVC分区建模与结果估算。

利用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析法、Hurst指数法等，分析FVC时空变化特征和未来变化情况。

研究表明：1）内蒙古草地FVC随机森林模型精度表现为分区优于全区，有效地降低了空间异质性的影响。

2）内蒙古草地FVC总体上呈东高西低的分布格局，空间差异明显。

3）近21年，内蒙古草地FVC总体呈波动上升趋势，年增长率为0.2%·a-1；增长区域面积占比（79.5%）大于减少区域面积占比（20.5%），并且极显著增长和显著增长占比（28.3%）远大于极显著减少和显著减少（1.6%）。

4）未来内蒙古草地FVC总体为正持续性发展。

YAMAHA——收音扩音机使用说明书

收音扩音机
使用说明书
中文（中国地区）
目录
前言
特点和性能 .................................... 3 关于本说明书 ................................ 4 提供的配件 .................................. 4
可按需配置扩展的功能（Advanced Setup 菜单）...48 显示 / 设置 Advanced Setup 菜单 ............... 48 当使用多个 Yamaha 接收机时，避免与遥控器信号交叉........................ 49 更改 FM/AM 频率步长（仅限于亚洲机型及通用机型）................. 49 初始化本机的各类设置........................ 49
设置声场程序参数.............................. 43 设置声场参数................................ 43
用遥控器控制其他装置..........................45 连接外部装置的键............................ 45 缺省遥控器代码设置.......................... 45 注册外部装置操作的遥控器代码................ 46 重复设置所有遥控器代码...................... 47
连接
连接扬声器 .................................... 9 扬声器声道和功能 ............................ 9 扬声器布局 ................................. 10 连接扬声器 ................................. 10

惠普m175nw打印机使用手册说明书

有关印刷版手册中未包含的信息，请参见随附光盘上的 HTML/PDF 文件。
操作说明书
1 开始使用 2 放置原稿 3 基本打印 4 高级打印 5 用户工具 6 添加消耗品 7 故障排除 8 备注 9 附录
在使用本机之前，请仔细阅读本手册；将本手册存放在便于查阅的地方，以备日后参考。为了安全正确使用本设备，在使用之前，请务必阅读本手册的安全信息。
1
目录
本机文件....................................................................................................................................................1 本机手册....................................................................................................................................................8 手册列表....................................................................................................................................................9 本机的功能.............................................................................................................................................10 如何阅读本手册.....................................................................................................................................14

夏普打印机使用说明书

7 用户设置
用户程序 .......................................................................................................... 62 在用户程序中选择一个设置 ............................................................................. 67
4 便捷的复印功能
自动双面复印 ................................................................................................... 26 整理复印 .......................................................................................................... 29 在一页纸上复印几页原稿（二合一复印）........................................................ 31 复印时建立边位（边位移动）...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 加载纸盒 .......................................................................................................... 15 手送（包括特殊纸张）..................................................................................... 17 更改纸盒的纸张尺寸设置 ................................................................................. 19

网络用语翻译

网络用语翻译篇一：最新网络用语翻译下午茶high tea 微博Microblog 裸婚naked wedding 亚健康sub-health 愤青young cynic 灵魂伴侣soul mate 小白脸toy boy 人肉搜索flesh search 公司政治company politics 剩女3S lady（single，seventies,stuck）/left girls 山寨copycat 异地恋long-distance relationship 钻石王老五diamond bachelor 时尚达人fashion icon 御宅otaku 上相的,上镜头的photogenic 脑残体leetspeak 学术界academic circle 哈证族certificate maniac 偶像派idol type 熟女cougar（源自电影Cougar Club）挑食者picky-eater 伪球迷fake fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 家庭暴力family/domestic volience 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 二房东middleman landlord 入园难kindergarten crunch 生态补偿ecological compensation 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 暗淡前景bleak prospects 惊悚电影slasher flick 房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out 万事通know-it-all 毕业典礼commencement 散伙饭farewell dinner 毕业旅行after-graduation trip 节能高效的fuel-efficient 具有时效性的time-efficient 死记硬背cramming 很想赢be hungry for success 面子工程face job 指甲油nail varnish 学历门槛academic threshold 王牌主播mainstay TV host 招牌菜signature dishes 非正常死亡excess death 影视翻拍plays reshooting 四大文学名著the four masterpieces of literature 城市热岛效应urban heat island effect 逃学play hooky, 装病不上班play hooky from work 一线城市first-tier cities 高考the National College Entrance Examines 录取分数线admission scores 老爷车vintage car 保障性住房indemnificatory housing 一决高下Duke it out 差别电价differential power prices 囤积居奇hoarding and profiteering 灰色市场Grey market 反倾销anti-dumping 经济二次探底double dip 吃白食的人freeloader 橙色预警orange signal warning 公关public relation 不幸的日子，不吉利的日子black-letter day 吉利的日子saints' days 人肉搜索flesh search 廉租房low rent housing 限价房capped-pricehousing 经适房affordable housing 替罪羔羊whipping boy 对口支援partner assistance 扫把星jinx 最终消费品final consumption goods 原材料raw material 制成品manufactured goods 重工业heavy industry 贸易顺差trade surplus 外汇储备foreign exchange reserve 潮人：trendsetter 发烧友：fancier 骨感美女：boney beauty 卡奴：card slave 蹦迪：disco dancing 电脑游戏迷：gamer 家庭主男：house-husband 小白脸，吃软饭的：kept man 二奶：kept woman 麦霸：Mic king / Mic queen 型男：metrosexual man（范指那些极度重视外貌而行为gay化的直男，型男属于其中的一种）新新人类：new-new generation 另类：offbeat 菜鸟：rookie “色”友（摄影爱好者）：shutterbug 驴友：tour pal 娘娘腔：sissy 负翁：spend-more-than-earn 全职妈妈：stay-at-home mom 裸奔：streaking 80后：80's generation 百搭：all-match 肚皮舞：belly dance 片前广告：cinemads 角色扮演：cosplay 情侣装：couples dress 电子书：e-book 电子杂志：e-zine 胎教：fetal education 限时抢购：flash sale 合租：flat-share 期房：forward delivery housing 荧光纹身：glow tattoo 团购：grouppurchase 健商：HQ 扎啤：jug beer 八卦，丑闻：kiss andtell 低腰牛仔裤：low-rise jeans 泡泡袜：loose socks 裸妆：nude look 普拉提：Pilates 透视装：see-through dress 扫货：shopping spree 烟熏妆：smokey-eye make-up 水货：smuggled goods 热裤：tight pants 舌钉：tongue pin 纳米技术：nanotechnology 通灵：psychic 文凭热degree craze 反腐败anti-corruption 联合军演joint military drill 财政赤字budget deficit 拜倒在某人的石榴裙下throw oneself at sb's feet 打破记录break a record 创造新纪录create a new record 终生学习lifelong learning 天气保险weather insurance 正妹hotty 对某人念念不忘get the hots for 希望把好运带来给自己touch wood 婚外恋extramarital love; extramarital affair 职场冷暴力emotional office abuse 赞助费sponsorship fee 抚恤金financial compensation，compensation payment 草莓族Strawberry generation 草根总统grassroots president 点唱机juke box 笨手笨脚have two left feet 演艺圈Showbiz 核遏制力nuclear deterrence 试点，试运行on a trial basis 精疲力竭be dead on one's feet 软禁be under house arrest 拼车car-pooling 解除好友关系unfriend v. 暴走go ballistic 婚检premarital check-up 天书mumbo-jumbo 情意绵绵的lovey-dovey 漂亮女人tomato（俚语）；妖娆女子cheese cake 懦夫quitter（俚语）母校alma mater非难 a kick in the pants 黑马black horse 挥金如土spend money like water 试镜screen test 访谈节目chat show 智力竞赛节目quiz show 武侠片martial arts film 封面报道cover story 跳槽jump ship 闪婚flashmarriage 闪电约会speeddating 闪电恋爱whirlwind romance 刻不容缓，紧要关头crunch time 健身bodybuilding 遮阳伞parasol 人渣scouring 头等舱first-class cabin 世界遗产名录the world heritage list 乐活族LOHAS（Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability）安乐死euthanasia 私生子an illegitimate child; a love child篇二：网络流行语的汉英翻译网络流行语的汉英翻译作者：吴碧芳来源：《科技创新导报》2011年第16期摘要:网络流行语是一种特殊语言变体,具有超越语义特征之外的文化内涵。

一种大规模教育监测问卷填答系统实现方法

第 22卷第 12期2023年 12月Vol.22 No.12Dec.2023软件导刊Software Guide一种大规模教育监测问卷填答系统实现方法袁晓敏1，吴德操2，万君1，谭必玉1，陈洪余1（1.重庆市教育评估院；2.重庆理工大学电气与电子工程学院，重庆400020）摘要：网络问卷调查以其简单、快速、跨地域的优势，为教育教研机构获取教师信息提供了更为快捷的方式。

为获得准确客观的评价结果，需要对不同情况下的受试群体设计相应问题进行涵盖，以形成巨大的储备题库。

现有网络调查模式采用不分角色的全题库测评，加之多学科联合调查，极易造成受试者疲劳，降低调查效率，阻碍网络问卷教育监测的大规模推广应用。

根据答题情况对受试者进行动态分组，并进行针对性选题派发是一种较好的解决思路。

为此，提出一种基于Angular框架且支持多组合逻辑跳转和多题联合校验的实现方法，可在测试过程中依据受试者已有的答案组合自动进行逻辑判断，并动态跳转至后续题组，同时增加对存在逻辑关系的多道题的联合约束校验功能，以提升测评的针对性、实效性和精确性，节省测验时间。

该方法在2020年和2022年重庆市基础教育监测教师问卷调查中得到良好应用。

关键词：Angular；MongoDB；问卷调查；题目分维度管理；多组合逻辑跳转DOI：10.11907/rjdk.231180开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：中图分类号：TP311.1 文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7800（2023）012-0147-07A Method for Implementing a Large-Scale Education MonitoringQuestionnaire Filling SystemYUAN Xiaomin1， WU Decao2， WAN Jun1， TAN Biyu1， CHEN Hongyu1（1.Chongqing Educational Evaluation Institute；2.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering，Chongqing University of Technology， Chongqing 400020， China）Abstract：Web-based questionnaires， with their simplicity， speed and cross-territory advantages， provide a quicker way for education and research institutions to obtain information about teachers. In order to obtain accurate and objective evaluation results， it is necessary to design corresponding questions to cover different groups of subjects in different situations， forming a huge reserve of questions. The existing web-based survey model uses a full question bank of assessment regardless of role， coupled with a multi-disciplinary joint survey， which can easily cause subject fatigue and reduce survey efficiency， hindering the large-scale application of web-based questionnaire education monitoring. It is a better solution to group subjects dynamically according to their responses and to distribute targeted question selection. This study proposes an implementation method based on the Angular framework，which supports multi-combination logical jumping and multi-question joint checking. It can automatically make logical judgments and dynamically jump to subsequent groups of questions based on subjects' existing an‐swer combinations during the test， and add the function of joint constraint checking for multiple questions with logical relationships， improv‐ing the relevance， effectiveness and accuracy of the assessment and saving test time. The method has been well applied in the Chongqing basic education monitoring teacher questionnaire in 2020 and 2022.Key Words：Angular； MongoDB； questionnaire； topic management by dimension； multi-combination logic jumping收稿日期：2023-02-27基金项目：重庆市教育科学“十三五”规划课题项目（2020-DP-03，2020-00-057，2020-00-183）；重庆教育科学规划“十四五”规划2023年度青年课题项目（K23YY6030035）软著编号：CT式阶段测评系统（软著登字第9529756号）作者简介：袁晓敏（1991-），女，硕士，重庆市教育评估院助理研究员，研究方向为量子计算、现代化教育测评技术；吴德操（1984-），男，博士，重庆理工大学电气与电子工程学院讲师，研究方向为信号与信息处理、大数据分析；万君（1994-），女，硕士，重庆市教育评估院助理研究员，研究方向为大数据挖掘与分析；谭必玉（1993-），女，硕士，重庆市教育评估院助理研究员，研究方向为大数据挖掘与分析；陈洪余（1985-），女，硕士，重庆市教育评估院助理研究员，研究方向为教育评估与监测。

1零件命名要求及3D结构设计规范

零件命名要求及3D结构装配规范一、目的为了规范3D图面设计、方便图档查找及检查、减少与客户沟通中的不必要错误、提供工作效率，特制定此规范二、零件命名基本原则2.1.零件文件名长度不能超过30个字符。

目前机械组正在计划导入SolidWorks，虽然SolidWorks支持文件名长字符，但是考虑到ProE中零件名仅支持不大于31个字符，为了避免后续格式转化中通用性问题，零件名字长度一定要控制在30个字符内2.2.目前我们使用的Proe和后续需使用的SolidWorks均可以导出装配BOM，考虑到后续导出装配BOM的便利性，同一个Parts档中不允许存在两个或多个零件（同种零件或不同零件均不允许）2.3.因图面需和客户沟通确认，为了避免沟通上的误区2.4.3D图中的零件命名基本规则是：类别+名称+位置或功能+产品型号+设计流水号。

类别：类别指的是SAP系统中物料类别划分，例如塑胶为P、五金为M、螺丝为SCREW等等，主要的目的是方便图档查找时指向明确名称：主要是指对零件的主体功能描述，例如壳、盖、按键、镜片、支撑块等等位置或功能：主要是对零件名称的补充描述，用于说明此零件在装配图纸的位置或功能产品型号：零件命名中加入产品型号是为了识别该零件第一次使用在哪个产品中开始的设计流水号：为了避免和客户图纸确认过程中，产生不必要的混淆，增加设计流水号补充说明。

设计流水号的命名规则为开发阶段+版本流水号，开发阶段分STATE OPEN MOULD，EP,PP,PMT,MP五阶段，代码分别为REV 流水号根据提供客人确认图纸版本号命名，初始版本号为00.例如试产阶段客户第2次确认图纸则设计流水号为01，02,03,04等等2.5 从最初开始设计的ID开始就要严格按照装配顺序来进行在PROE里面组织各个零件和组件三、塑胶命名规则四、五金冲压件命名规则六、PCBA命名七、螺丝命名规则AMP吸顶机设计规范一：设计输入1.ID---a:尽量有可能的确定好了的外形(2D,3D),座圈高度是固定的，高度要确定下来，b:电气接插口的丝印内容，和其他要丝印或镭雕的内容，c:塑胶外壳本体颜色（如要二次加工，尽可能的确定加工颜色），2.产品规格书---a:根据规格书确定结构需要画出的各个零件二:设计输出主壳1.主壳壁厚为2.2，最好做至2.52.转轴锁在主壳上，要转动时会有很大的力度，防止主壳会来回晃动应在锁转轴的旁边各有加强螺丝柱进行固定，并且在允许的空间里用骨位把周边壁都连在一起3.转轴应有五金片压住并牢固定位五金片4.锁五金铁板和多孔板的螺丝柱都要用骨位进行强壮，增加强度，能相互连接起来最佳5.锁多孔板的四个大柱子壁厚须26.主壳的后模面应全部用矮骨位纵横交错大范围连接起来前壳1.前壳壁厚为2.2，最好做至2.52.转轴不应锁在前壳上，因为前壳中间会开一个很大的框放置显示屏，所以它的强度很弱，在以后的反转过程中强度会很差3.放置显示屏的内框里应有一圈高度0.3，宽度2的骨位对显示屏托起4.所有螺丝柱之间尽可能的进行骨位相连接，增大强度5.打压屏片的螺丝柱应该使螺丝柱的高度让压屏片与显示屏后铁壳面留0.3防止压屏片压屏太紧造成水波纹出现6.前壳出线到主壳处的地方留出空间让线有容纳的空间，也更易理线后壳1.后壳壁厚2，最好做至2.22.打转轴的包铜螺母的螺丝柱一定要连出骨位加强强度并且一定要五金片压紧转轴并准确定位3.后壳各处要大范围连骨位增大整体零件的强度，特别是要连到锁转轴处的螺丝柱的骨位4.注意避开驱动板上的电气零件5.后壳塑胶转轴应该要两个强壮的定位柱定位，然后锁它的螺丝柱要前后左右都连上骨位加强强度一篇不错的关于TOP-DOWN的文章，应该发表在技术论坛里，但水区这么多GG，MM热衷讨论它，就让你们先睹为快了。

LG NB2020A 条形音响英文说明书

The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user to the presence
appliance, and if its appearance indicates damage or deterioration, unplug it, discontinue use of the appliance, and have the cord replaced with an exact replacement part by an authorized service center. Protect the power cord from physical or mechanical abuse, such as being twisted, kinked, pinched, closed in a door, or walked upon. Pay particular attention to plugs, wall outlets, and the point where the cord exits the appliance. To disconnect power from the mains, pull out the mains cord plug. hen installing the product, ensure that the plug is easily accessible.
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Getting Started

volca sample2 参数

volca sample2 参数Volca Sample2是一款功能强大的采样器，可以轻松地创建、编辑和播放样本。

本文将回答与Volca Sample2参数相关的问题，帮助读者了解更多关于这款令人兴奋的设备的信息。

1. Volca Sample2有哪些参数？Volca Sample2的参数如下：采样率：31.25kHz, 16bit立体声采样内存：4MB(约200秒)声音引擎：自定一套样本音源音轨：10个部件数：16个步序器：16步，10个部件音高：调整每个音部件的音高速度：为每个声部节奏设置不同的速度音量：为每个部件调整音量脏音效果：选择四种特殊效果中的一种，以增强样本素材的光泽感。

2. Volca Sample2如何编写和编辑样本？Volca Sample2可以连接到你的电脑上，使用官方软件KORG SYRO进行编写和编辑。

使用SYRO软件时，需要将Volca Sample2连接至电脑，然后选择导入样本，在软件中进行编辑并导出至设备中。

在Volca Sample2设备本身上进行编写和编辑时，可以选择部件，编写、排序样本，以及更改音轨中的音调，音量和速度。

3. Volca Sample2的采样率和采样内存是什么？Volca Sample2的采样率为31.25kHz，16bit的立体声。

采样内存为4MB （约200秒）。

这意味着可以录制高质量的声音，并将多个样本存储在设备中，以供使用。

你可以使用SYRO软件进行导入和导出，以便在需要时更轻松地管理和编辑样本。

4. Volca Sample2的声音引擎是怎样的？Volca Sample2的声音引擎是由KORG自行设计的一套样本音源。

这意味着，使用Volca Sample2时，你可以创造、编写和播放自己的样本音源。

使用SYRO软件时，可以选择从现有的音源库中导入音源或手动录制自己的音源。

这使得Volca Sample2成为一个十分灵活和多样化的设备，能够满足各种音乐人和录音师的需求。

ownersManual OwnersManual VACUUM TUBE INTEGRATED A

Owner`sManualPrecautions (3)Names and Functions of Parts (4)Connections (8)Connection diagram (9)Operation (10)SQ-N100 Block Diagram (11)Specifications (12)Troubleshooting (13)2Installation locationInstall this unit where good venti-lation and heat radiation are assured. Do not install where the temperature is abnormally high such as in direct sunlight, or where it is dusty or humid, as this could result in damage to this unit despite proper heat radiation. Do not install this unit where it will create problems for driving the car.Ventilation holesThe amplifier has many vacuum tubes, generating much heat. Never close the ventilation holes located on the vacuum tube cover and the bottom plate. If the ampli-fier is installed on a rack or the like, secure ample space for cool-ing and leave the door open. Do not pile up other things on the amplifier and never put articles on it. This can cause malfunctioning.Connection with othercomponentsWhen connecting this unit with aCD/DVD player, tuner, or anotherinput unit, turn off the powerswitches of this unit and all otherconnected units. Otherwise, avery strong noise may be generat-ed and destroy the speakers. Inthe worst case, this can causeequipment malfunction.The pin-plug to be inserted ineach input terminal of this unitshall be pushed in firmly. If theearth side is inadequately insert-ed, humming and such noise maybe generated, resulting in anadverse S/N ratio.Cautions for speakerconnectionsWhen making speaker systemconnections, be sure not to causeshort-circuiting between !and @of the speaker terminals andmuting circuit is canceled, a largesound is suddenly generated as aresult. We therefore advise initiallysetting the volume control at a lowlevel. After that, you may movethe volume control to your favoritesound level after the initial soundhas come out of the speakers.BatteriesCaution:Batteries used for remote con-troller shall not be exposed toexcessive heat such as sunshine,fire or the like.Repair and adjustmentsWhen repair and adjustments areneeded, please ask the storewhere you bought the unit.CleaningFor cleaning, use a piece of softcloth to wipe the unit such ascleaning cloth available on themarket.If the unit has become very dirty,remove the dirt with soft clothabsorbing a small amount of neu-tral detergent, and then wipe theunit with dry cloth. Do not use asolvent like benzine or thinnerbecause such a substance canoften damage the exterior.341.Operation switch(OPERATION)This switch turns the power supply ON/OFF. When the I/O terminals are connected, turn off this switch without fail.When turning on the operation switch again after turning it off,wait for more than one minute.2.Power indicatorWhen the operation switch is on, this indicator is lit in yellow to indicate that this unit is presently energized.3.Remote control infraredreceiver (R)This is a sensor to receive sig-nals from the accessory remote control.Do not place any objects in front of the sensor.4.Volume control (VOLUME)This knob is used to adjust the sound volume. In the position fully turned to the left, no sound is generated. As it is turned clockwise, the sound volume slowly increases.5.Volume control indicatorThis indicator is an index for the sound level.This indicator blinks in the mid-dle of mute (silence) shortly after the operation switch has been turned ON, or when mut-ing is performed with the remote control.6.Line straight switch(line straight)This switch is used to increase the purity of the sound quality by bypassing (skipping) the tone control circuit.7.Headphone jack (phones)When you want to use a stereo headphone, insert the head-phone plug in this output jack.When the plug is inserted, the signal output to the speaker ter-minal is interrupted. When the plug is pulled out, the signal output is supplied to the speak-er terminal again.Front panel8.Tone control(TONE CONTROL, bass,treble)bass:This is a level controlto change the frequen-cy characteristics in thelow-frequency range.When it is set in thecenter position, flat fre-quency characteristicsare obtained. Turning itclockwise causes thelow-frequency range tobe emphasized, andturning it counterclock-wise results in attenua-tion.This adjustment isimpossible while the linestraight switch is ON.treble:This is a level controlto change the frequen-cy characteristics in thehigh-frequency range.When it is set in thecenter position, flat fre-quency characteristicsare obtained. Turning itclockwise causes thehigh-frequency rangeto be emphasized, andturning it counterclock-wise results in attenua-tion.This adjustment isimpossible while the linestraight switch is ON.9.Input selector(INPUT SELECTOR)This switch is used to select arecord player, CD/DVD player,tuner, or other such componentconnected to the input terminals.There are four positions;PHONO, CD, LINE-1, andLINE-2. Each position corre-sponds to one of the input ter-minals on the rear panel. Forselection, adjust the knob to theinput position of your intendedplayback.Safety cautionsTop panel10.Vacuum tube coverThis cover is used for the pro-tection of vacuum tubes. Forsafety, this cover should be leftinstalled at all times.511.Volume control(VOLUME, ▲, ▼)This button is used to adjust thesound volume. The sound vol-ume is lowered with ▼andraised with ▲.12.Mute (MUTE)This button is used for tempo-rary silence. When this button ispressed to mute the sound, thevolume control indicator blinksand the sound disappears.When it is pressed again to stopthe muting, the sound can beheard again.Remote controlThe remote control can be used by pointing it at the remote control infrared receiver of this unit. It should be used within the range shown in the illustration. [Replacement of batteries]1.Put your finger on the batterycover claw located behind theremote control. The batterycover can be opened by slidingit downwards.2.Put the batteries (CR2025) inthe battery case, as illustrated.3.Close the battery cover.* When the batteries start tolose power, the effective dis-tance becomes shorter or theunit does not function eventhough the switch is pressed.The batteries should bereplaced with new ones.* If the remote control is notused for a long time, the bat-teries should be removed fromthe case.Remote controller (RA-N2)67Rear panel13.Signal ground terminal(SIGNAL GROUND)This is a signal ground terminal for equipment to be connected to this unit. This terminal is used to reduce noise when other equipment is connected. It is not for grounding for safety.14.Phono input terminal(PHONO)This is an input terminal for the connection of an analog record player.15.Line input terminals(CD, LINE-1, LINE-2)These terminals are used for high-level signal inputs from a CD/DVD player, SACD player,tuner, video deck, TV audio,and other such equipment.These input terminals offer the same functions.16.Speaker output terminal(SPEAKERS)This terminal is used for the connection of the speaker sys-tem. Connect the left speaker terminal to Side L and the right speaker terminal to Side R according to the polarities of !and @.17.AC inlet (AC IN)The accessory power cable is connected. The power shouldbe obtained from a wall outlet.Before Making Connections Before connecting other devices, connect the jack side of the acces-sory power cable to the AC inlet of this unit.When connecting, turn off the power switch of this unit and the power supplies of auxiliary devices to prevent unexpected accidents that may be caused by noise.Connecting the Power Supply Use an accessory AC power cable and insert the AC plug in a 100V AC outlet on the wall in the room where the unit will be installed.Connecting CD players, DVD players, tuners, and other equipmentConnect between the output termi-nal of a CD player or such play-back equipment and the line input terminal of this unit (CD, LINE-1, or LINE-2) through two pin-plug cables of R and L.When connecting, do not confuse the right and left connections. Connecting a record player Connect between the output termi-nal of an analog record player and the PHONO terminal of this unit through two pin-plug cables of R and L.For some types of players, the ground wire from the phono motor or the tone arm should be connect-ed to the signal ground terminal of this unit.The phono equalizer of this unit uses the MM cartridge.If you use an MC cartridge or equivalent with low output voltage, connections should be made via a head amplifier or a step-up trans-former available as an option.An output from an analog record player equipped with a phono equalizer or from an independent phono equalizer should be applied to the line input terminal of this unit (CD, LINE-1, or LINE-2).Speaker connectionsConnect the right-channel speaker to the right speaker terminal of this unit and the left-channel speaker to the left speaker terminal. Correctly connect the !terminal of the speaker system to the speaker terminal !(red) of this unit and also the @terminal of the speaker system to the speaker terminal @ (black) of this unit. If the !or @ terminal is reversely connected one side of the right or left speak-er, the acoustic phases of the sound played from the right and left speaker systems are also reversed. The sound level in low range will be reduced and the acoustic stability will worsen, thus failing in normal stereo playback.8SPEAKER SYSTEM9Before operation1.Confirm that the connectionsare correct. (Normal playbackcannot be achieved with wrongconnections for R, L, !, and @.)2.Move the volume control (VOL-UME) to the minimum positionat the time of power ON/OFF orinput selector changeover. Playback procedures1.Confirm that the volume (VOL-UME) has been lowered. Pressthe operation switch (OPERA-TION) to ON.2.Select the playback source withthe input selector.3.Adjust the sound level with thevolume control (VOLUME).4.According to the playbacksource, operate the tone controlor the line straight switch.Line straight switch operation To increase the purity of the source selected with the input selector, this switch is used for playback through the shortest pos-sible signaling route. When this switch is turned on, the tone con-trol circuit will be bypassed (skipped).Operation with tone control functionThe tone control function of this unit comes in low (bass) and high level controls (treble).The low level control (bass) changes the low acoustic range of 300Hz and lower. This circuit secures flat frequency characteris-tics in the mid-position. When the knob is turned clockwise from this position, the low range is empha-sized, while turning it counterclock-wise results in attenuation.The high level control (treble) is used to change the high acoustic range of 3kHz and above. Similarly as for the low level control (bass), this circuit secures flat frequency characteristics in the mid-position. When the knob is turned clock-wise, the high range is empha-sized, while turning it counterclock-wise results in attenuation.For both the low (bass) and high level controls (treble), both right and left channels are designed to be interactive.When the line straight switch is turned on, this tone control does not function.1011Rated output12W + 12W (6Ω), 10W + 10W (8Ω, 4Ω)Input sensitivity LINE: 150mV, PHONO (MM): 2.2mVInput impedance47KΩFrequency response20Hz – 50KHz (within –3 dB)Total harmonic distortion0.3% or less (1 kHz rated output)S/N ratio90dB or moreInput LINE: 3, PHONO (MM): 1Output SPEAKERS: 1Circuiting system Mullard type UL connectionsVacuum tubes used ECC83 X 1, ECC82 X 2, EL84 X 4Power consumption95 W, 71 W (no signal)Power supply AC 230V (50Hz)Accessories Remote controller, power cable, Owner’s Manual,Safety cautions, Coin-type battery (CR2025)Dimensions297W X 162H X 210 (258) D mm(I/O terminals in brackets, including operating knobs)Weight11.5kg* Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.12While the unit is used, an unusual phenomenon may be confused as a malfunction for a certain reason. Prior to asking us for repair services, please check the table below and read the instruction manual for the subsidiary devices. If the cause of the malfunction cannot be identified, please contact your dealer.Problem Cause SolutionThere is no effect of tone control.•The line straight switch is turned ON.•When tone control is used, the linestraight switch must be turned OFF.1314LUXMAN CORPORATION, JAPAN AG00987C57A。

2-fold[1]

Canad.Math.Bull.Vol.46(3),2003pp.356–364Branched Covers of Tangles in Three-ballsMakiko Ishiwata,J ´ozefH.Przytycki and Akira Yasuhara Abstract.We give an algorithm for a surgery description of a p -fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along a tangle.We generalize constructions of Montesinos and Akbulut-Kirby.Tangles were ﬁrst studied by Conway [4].They were particularly useful for analyz-ing prime and hyperbolic knots.A branched cover of the three-ball branched along a tangle (succinctly a branched cover of a tangle)is an indispensable tool for under-standing tangles.Hence it is important to give practical presentations of branched covers of tangles.Recall that a p -fold cyclic branched cover of a link or tangle (ori-ented for p >2)is uniquely deﬁned by an epimorphism of the fundamental group of the complement onto Z p which sends meridians to 1.A p -fold branched cover of an n -tangle is a three-manifold,the boundary of which is a connected surface of genus (n −1)(p −1).Such a manifold can be obtained from the genus (n −1)(p −1)han-dlebody by a surgery.We provide an algorithm for a surgery description of a p -fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along a tangle.The construction generalizes that of Montesinos [9]and Akbulut and Kirby [1].It is strikingly simple in the case of a two-fold branched cover.We also discuss the related Heegaard decomposition of a p -fold branched cover of an n -tangle.1Surgery DescriptionsA tangle is a one-manifold properly embedded in a three-ball.An n -tangle is a tangle with 2n boundary points.Let T be an n -tangle and T 0a trivial n -tangle diagram 1(Figure 1).Let D 1∪···∪D n be a disjoint union of disks bounded by T 0and let b 1,...,b m be mutually disjoint disks inB 3such that b i ∩ j D j =∂b i ∩T 0are two disjoint arcs in ∂b i (i =1,...,m )(see Figure 2).We denote by Ω(T 0;{D 1,...,D n },{b 1,...,b m })the tangle T 0∪ i ∂b i −int(T 0∩ i ∂b i )and call it a disk-band rep-resentation of a tangle.A disk-band representation is called bicollared if the surfacei D i ∪ j b j is orientable.We will see that any n -tangle has a bicollared disk-band representation (Proposition 5).A framed link is a disjoint union of embedded annuli in a three-manifold.Framed links in S 3can be identiﬁed with links whose each component is assigned an integer.Such links are also called framed links .Let M be a three-manifold and L a framed link in M .We denote by Σ(L ,M )the manifold obtained from M by the surgery along L [10].1Tanglesare considered up to ambient isotopy but in practice we will often use the word tangle for atangle diagram or an actual embedding of a one-manifold.Received by the editors September 15,2001.AMS subject classiﬁcation:Primary:57M25;secondary:57M12.Keywords:tangle,branched cover,surgery,Heegaard decomposition.cCanadian Mathematical Society 2003.356Branched Covers of Tangles in Three-balls357123nn −1n −23Figure 1Figure 2The case of two-fold branched covers is easy to visualize so we will formulate it ﬁrst.Theorem 1Let Ω(T 0;{D 1,...,D n },{b 1,...,b m })be a disk-band representation of an n-tangle T in B 3.Let ϕ:H 0→B 3be the two-fold branched cover of B 3by a genusn −1handlebody H 0branched along T 0.Then the two-fold branched cover of B 3branched along T has a surgery description Σ ϕ−1(i b i ),H 0 (see Figure3).D 3Ω(T 0;{D 1,...,D n },{b 1,...,b m })D3ϕ(i i 0Figure 3Proof Let X be B 3−i D i compactiﬁed with two copies,D ±i ,of D i (i =1,2,...,n )(Figure 4).Let X 1and X 2be two copies of X ,and let D ±i ,k ⊂X k denote copies of D ±i (i =1,2,...,n ,k =1,2)(Figure 5).Then H 0is obtained from X 1∪X 2by identifying D εi ,1with D −εi ,2(ε∈{−,+}).Let b j ,k =ϕ−1(b j )∩X k and let Y be H 0− j ,k b j ,k compactiﬁed with two copies b ±j ,k of b j ,k in X k (j =1,2,...,m ,k =1,2).Here,+or −sides of D i ,k and b j ,k are not necessarily compatible.We note,and it is the key observation of the construction,that the two-fold branched cover H of B 3branchedalong T is obtained from Y by identifying b εj ,1with b −εj ,2(ε∈{−,+}).Note that eachb +j ,1∪b −j ,2∪b −j ,1∪b +j ,2is a torus.Letc j be the core of the annulus b +j ,1∪b −j ,2.The manifoldobtained from Y by identifying b εj ,1with b −εj ,2is homeomorphic to the one obtainedfrom Y by attaching tori D 2j ×S 1(j =1,2,...,m )so that ∂D 2j =c j .Hence H is homeomorphic to the manifold with the surgery description Σ ϕ−1(j b j ),H 0 .358Ishiwata,Przytycki andYasuharaFigure 4Figure 5Example 2(a)The two-fold branched cover M (2)(T 1)branched along a tangle T 1in Figure 6is the Seifert manifold with the base a disk and two special ﬁbers of type (2,1)and (2,−1).Furthermore M (2)(T 1)is a twisted I -bundle over the Klein bottle (for example see [7]).In particular,π1 M (2)(T 1)= a ,b |aba −1b =1 .(2)(T 1)D 1D 2Figure 6(b)If we glue together two copies of T 1as in Figure 7,we get Borromean rings L .Thus our previous computation shows that the two-fold branched cover M (2)(L )of S 3branched along L is a “switched”double of the twisted I -bundle over the Klein bottle (see Figure 8for a surgery description).The fundamental group π1 M (2)(L ) = x ,a |x 2ax 2a −1,a 2xa 2x −1 is a three-manifold group which is torsion-free but not left orderable [11].(c)If we take the double of the tangle T 1,we obtain the link in Figure 9.The two-fold branched cover of S 3branched along this link is the double of twisted I -bundle over Klein bottle.A surgery description of this manifold is shown in Figure 10.Thus this manifold is the Seifert manifold with the base S 2and four special ﬁbers of typeBranched Covers of Tangles in Three-balls3592−−Figure7Figure8Figure9Figure10a1a2a n−1a na1a na na1Figure11Figure12(2,1),(2,1),(2,−1)and(2,−1).This manifold also has another Seifertﬁbration, which is a circle bundle over the Klein bottle.Example2(a)was motivated by the fact that the tangle T1yields a virtual La-grangian of index2in the symplectic space of the Fox Z-colorings of the boundary of our tangle[5].More generally we have:Example3Consider a tangle T2in Figure11,called a pretzel tangle of type (a1,a2,...,a n),where each a i is an integer indicating the number of half-twists(i= 1,2,...,n).The two-fold branched cover M(2)(T2)branched along the tangle T2is a Seifertﬁbered manifold with the base a disk and n specialﬁbers of type(a1,1),(a2,1), ...,(a n,1)(Figure12).Theorem1can be generalized to a p-fold cyclic branched cover assuming that an n-tangle is oriented whose disk-band representation is bicollared,where p is any positive integer greater than2.We proceed as follows:Let T=Ω(T0;{D1,...,D n},{b1,...,b m})be a bicollared disk-band representa-tion of an n-tangle.TheniD i∪jb j has a bicollar neighborhood(iD i∪jb j)×[−1,1].Let X=B3−(iD i)×[−1,1]and D i±=(D i×[±1,0])∩∂X.LetX k be a copy of X and D±i,k⊂∂X k a copy of D±i(k=1,2,...,p).Then the p-fold cyclic branched coverϕ:H0→B3branched along T0is obtained from X1∪···∪X pby identifying D+i,kwith D−i,k+1(k=1,...,p),where k is considered modulo p.Letb±j,k=ϕ−1(b j×{±1})∩X k.Note that each b+j,k∪b−j,k+1is an annulus in H0for any360Ishiwata,Przytycki andYasuhara(a)(b)(c)−2−222Figure 13j and k .Then we obtain the p -fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along T in a similar way as in Theorem 1.Theorem 4Let Ω(T 0;{D 1,...,D n },{b 1,...,b m })be a bicollared disk-band repre-sentation of an n-tangle T in B 3.Then Σ m j =1 p −1k =1(b +j ,k ∪b −j ,k +1) ,H 0 is the p-fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along T.Note that we do not use the annuli b +j ,p +1∪b −j ,1(j =1,2,...,m )in the the-orem above.In fact the cores of these annuli bound mutually disjoint 2-disks in Σ m j =1 p −1k =1(b +j ,k ∪b −j ,k +1) ,H 0 .Proof Let Y =H 0− j ϕ−1(b j ×[−1,1]),V ±j ,k =ϕ−1(b j ×[±1,0])∩X k andβ±j ,k =V ±j ,k ∩Y (=∂V ±j ,k ∩∂Y ).Note that ϕ−1(b j ×[−1,1])is a genus p −1handlebody.Then the p -fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along T is home-omorphic to a manifold H that is obtained from Y by identifying β+j ,k with β−j ,k +1(k =1,...,p ),where k is taken modulo p .Moreover H is homeomorphic to a manifold obtained from H 0− j ϕ−1(b j ×[−1,1])∪ j V −j ,1∪V +j ,p ∪ϕ−1(b j ×{0}) by identifying β+j ,k and b j ,k with β−j ,k +1and b j ,k +1(j =1,...,m ,k =1,...,p −1)re-spectively,where b j ,k =ϕ−1(b j ×{0})∩X k .Note that β+j ,k ∪b j ,k ∪β−j ,k +1∪b j ,k +1is a torus.By an argument similar to that in the proof of Theorem 1,we have the required result.Example 5Let T =Ω(T 0;{D },{b 1,b 2})be a tangle as in Figure 13(a)and ϕ:H 0→B 3the three-fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along T 0.Note that H 0is a three-ball and ϕ−1(b 1∪b 2)is as shown in Figure 13(b).By Theorem 4,the three-fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along T is obtained from H 0by the surgery along a framed link in Figure 13(c).Note that Figure 13(c)is ambient isotopic to Figure 14(a).Since the ﬁgure eight knot has a tangle decomposition into T and a trivial 1-tangle,the three-fold cyclic branched cover M (3)(41)of S 3branched along the ﬁgure eight knot has a surgery description shown in Figure 14(a).The framed link in Figure 14(a)can be deformed into the link in Figure 14(b)by an ambient isotopy and a second Kirby move.The link in Figure 14(b)is ambient isotopic to theBranched Covers of Tangles in Three-balls361(a)(b)Figure 14link in Figure 8.Hence M (3)(41)is homeomorphic to the two-fold branched cover of S 3branched along the Borromean rings [8,6](cf.Example 2(b)).Proposition 6Any n-tangle (B 3,T )has a (bicollared)disk-band representation.Proof We attach a trivial n -tangle T 0to the n -tangle T by a homeomorphism ϕ:∂(B ,T 0)→∂(B ,T ).We obtain a link L =T 0∪T in a three-sphere BϕB with a diagram D (T 0∪T )as in Figure 15.We may assume that the diagram D (T 0∪T )is connected.We color,in checkerboard fashion,the regions of the plane cut by the dia-gram D (T 0∪T )and choose n points {v 1,v 2,...,v n }as in Figure 16.Since D (T 0∪T )is connected,there is a spine G of the black surface with the vertex set V (G )con-taining {v 1,v 2,...,v n }.Deforming G on the surface by edge contractions,we have a new spine H with V (H )={v 1,v 2,...,v n }.By retracting the black regions into the neighborhood of H and restricting to B 3,we have a required surface.For an example,see Figure 17.When we use the Seifert algorithm instead of checkerboard coloring,we always obtain a bicollared disk-bandrepresentation.1n −21v 2v 3v 1v n −2123n −2n −1nFigure 15Figure 162Heegaard DecompositionsIn addition to the surgery presentation,it is also useful to have another presentation of a p -fold cyclic branched cover.Our construction leads straightforwardly to a Hee-gaard decomposition,that is a decomposition into a compression body [2,3]and a handlebody,of a p -fold cyclic branched cover.362Ishiwata,Przytycki andYasuharaGHFigure 17Let F be a connected surface in B 3bounded by an n -tangle T and n arcs in ∂B 3.The surface F is deﬁned to be free if the exterior of F is homeomorphic to (S n ×I )∪(1-handles),where S n is an n -punctured sphere and the all attaching points of the 1-handles are contained in S n ×{0}.As we observed before,any connected sur-face has disk-band decomposition.A disk-band representation Ω(T 0;{D 1,...,D n },{b 1,...,b m })is deﬁned to be free if the surface i D i ∪j b j is free.It is obvious that any disk-band representations constructed as in the proof of Proposition 6are free.So any n -tangle has a free disk-band representation.First we consider the case of two-fold branched covers.The following algorithmgives a Heegaard decomposition of M (2)(T ).Start from a free disk-band representa-tion of T .Then we have a surgery description Σ ϕ−1( i b i ),H 0 of M (2)(T )(Fig-ure 3).Let α1,α2,...,α2m −n be the 2m −n arcs which are the connected components of T 0− j b j contained in the interior of B 3(Figure 18).Then the complement ofϕ−1( i b il αl )is a compression body.Then M (2)(T )is obtained from the com-pression body by gluing the handlebody as follows:(i)adding meridian disks of the arcs,and (ii)ﬁlling the rest according to the surgery description.For the tangle T 1in Example 2,a Heegaard decomposition of M (2)(T 1)is given in Figure 19.D 1D 2α1α2Heegaard decomposition of M (2)(T 1)Figure 18Figure 19A similar method gives a Heegaard decomposition of a p -fold cyclic branched cover.Our construction is a modiﬁcation of the construction in the proof of Theo-rem 4.The handlebody part of the decomposition is obtained from the handlebodies j ϕ−1(b j ×[−1,1])by connecting them using 2m −n “tubes”along ϕ−1(T 0).We get genus mp −n +1handlebody.Branched Covers of Tangles in Three-balls363From the observation above it follows that:Theorem 7Let Ω(T 0;{D 1,...,D n },{b 1,...,b m })be a free,bicollared disk-band rep-resentation of an n-tangle T in B 3.Let ϕ:H 0→B 3be the p-fold cyclic branched coverof branched along T 0.Let α1,α2,...,α2m −n be the 2m −n arcs which are the connected components of T 0−j b j contained in the interior of B 3.Then the following holds.(a)The complement W =H 0−ϕ−1 j b j ×[−1,1]∪lN (αl ) is a compression body,where N (αl )is the tubular neighborhood of αl in B 3.(b)The p-fold cyclic branched cover of B 3branched along T has a Heegaard decompo-sition into the compression body W and a genus mp −n +1handlebody.(c)The gluing map is given by the curves c j ,k (j =1,2,...,m ,k =1,2,...,p −1)and m l (l =1,2,...,2m −n )in ∂W ,where c j ,k is the core of the annulus b +j ,k ∪b −j ,k +1in Theorem 4and m l is the meridian curve of ϕ−1 N (αl ) .In the theorem above,the assumption that a disk-band representation is bicol-lared is not necessary in the case that p =2.The curves c j ,k (j =1,2,...,m ,k =1,2,...,p −1),m l (l =1,2,...,2m −n )are essential,mp −n +1of them are nonseparating and m −1curves,the m l s,are separating.Remark 8Since the surfaces given in the proof of Proposition 6are connected and free,we can use them to ﬁnd Heegaard decompositions of branched cyclic covers.Let c denote the crossing number of a connected diagram D (T 0∪T ),b the number of the black regions and s the number of the Seifert circles of D (T 0∪T ).Then we have a Heegaard decomposition of M (2)(T )(resp.M (p )(T ))of the genus n +2c −2b +1(resp.p (n +c −s )−n +1).References[1]S.Akbulut and R.Kirby,Branched covers of surfaces in 4-manifolds .Math.Ann.252(1980),111–131.[2] F.Bonahon and J.P .Otal,Scindements de Heegaard des espaces lenticulaires .Ann.Sci.´Ecole Norm.Sup.16(1983),451–466.[3] A.J.Casson and C.McA.Gordon,Reducing Heegaard splittings .T opology Appl.27(1987),275–283.[4]J.H.Conway,An enumeration of knots and links and some of their related properties .Computational problems in Abstract Algebra,Proc.Conf.Oxford 1967,Pergamon Press,(1970),329–358.[5]J.Dymara,T.Januszkiewicz,J.H.Przytycki,Symplectic structure on Colorings,Lagrangian tangles and Tits buildings .May,2001,preprint.[6]H.Hilden,M.T.Lozano and J.M.Montesinos-Amilibia,The arithmeticity of the ﬁgure eight knot orbifolds .T opology,1990,Columbus,OH,1990,169–183,Ohio State Univ.Math.Res.Inst.Publ.1,de Gruyter,Berlin,1992.[7]W.Jaco,Lectures on three manifold topology .Conference Board of Math.43,Amer.Math.Soc.,(1980).[8]J.M.Montesinos,Variedades de Seifert que son recubridadores ciclicos ramiﬁcados de dos hojas .Bol.Soc.Mat.Mexicana 18(1973),1–32.364Ishiwata,Przytycki and Yasuhara[9],Surgery on links and double branched covers of S3.Knots,groups and3-manifolds,Ann.Math.Studies,Princeton Univ.Press.84(1975),227–259.[10]V.V.Prasolov and A.B.Sossinsky,Knots,links,braids and3-manifolds.Amer.Math.Soc.(1997).[11] D.Rolfsen,Maps between3-manifolds with nonzero degree:a new obstruction.In:Proceedings ofNew T echniques in T opological Quantum Field Theory,NATO Advanced Research Workshop,August2001,Canada,in preparation.Department of Mathematics Tokyo Woman’s Christian University Zempukuji2-6-1,Suginamiku Tokyo167-8585Japane-mail:mako@twcu.ac.jp Department of MathematicsThe George Washington University Washington,DC20052USAe-mail:przytyck@Department of Mathematics Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikita4-1-1,KoganeiTokyo184-8501Japane-mail:yasuhara@u-gakugei.ac.jp。

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