美国赛论文常用句式总结
sci常用句式
sci常用句式SCI常用句式是指在SCI论文中经常出现的句式，这些句式具有高效表达和规范的特点，使文章更加简洁明了，逻辑清晰。
下面是SCI 常用句式及其使用方法：1. There is a growing consensus that…（越来越多的人认为……）这个句式可以用来表达某个观点在学术界或社会上认可度越来越高的情况，可以体现作者在研究背景和前沿方向上的掌握。
2. It is widely acknowledged that…（人们普遍认为……）同样地，引入适当的学术语言去表述一些已经被学者公认的结论或现象。
3. In order to + 动词原形（为了……）这个句式可以用来表达作者在研究中采用了什么方法或手段，也可以用于强调研究目的。
4. A growing body of evidence suggests that…（越来越多的证据表明……）这个句式可以用于介绍当前研究领域的最新研究成果和进展。
5. It is worth noting that…（值得一提的是……）这个句式具有突出和强调的作用，可以用于强调作者认为值得关注的观点或实验结果。
6. In light of…（考虑到……）这个句式可以用于介绍某个研究现象的解释或原因。
7. It is therefore imperative that…（因此，有必要……）这个句式可以用于表达作者的建议或提出某个问题的解决方案。
8. The findings suggest that…（研究结果表明……）这个句式用于揭示实验或调查的研究结果，可以作为文章结论的开头。
9. The implications of the research are…（研究的意义在于……）这个句式可以用于分析研究结果的意义和价值，为论文提供深度和广度。
10. Overall, the study implies that…（总的来说，这项研究意味着……）这个句式用于总结研究的经验和教训，为进一步的研究提供参考。
英文论文写作中常用的10种句式
英文论文写作中常用的10种句式1、否定句许多否定句不含not的否定结构。
如果论文作者能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使显得生动活泼。
,childrenshouldbetaughthowtobenefitfromusefulin formationontheinternet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。
我们绝不能忽视知识的巨大价值。
erstandingofsocieties.大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱，而是为了更好地了解社会。
’ssalarydoesnotdependsomuchonhiseducationalbackgroun dasonhisabilityandcontributiontothesociety.一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献。
2、非限制性定语从句如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。
,practicalcoursescanbeusedtothereality,whichiso fvitalimportancetotheirdevelopmentinthefuture.毫无疑问，实用性课程可以用于实际中，这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。
,whichissometimesdangerousandharmful.孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。
hmoreopportunitiestodeveloptheirinterpersonalskills ,whichmayputtheminafavorablepositioninthefuturejobm arkets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
3、让步句让步句是写论文最常用的句式之一，作者务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏跌宕，富于变化。
SCI论文写作：不得不收藏的万能句型
SCI论文写作：不得不收藏的万能句型摘要：描述观点的重要性1. One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ......2. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .....3. X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.4. X is a common disorder characterised by ......5. Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ......摘要：强调该研究领域的一个重要问题1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.4. Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:5. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have notattained an adequate understanding of ......There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......描述方法：描述不同的方法1. To date various methods have been developed and introduced to measure X:2. In most recent studies, X is measured in four different ways.3. Radiographic techniques are the main non-invasive method used to determine ....4. Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.5. Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on ......解释为何采用一个特殊的方法1. The semi-structured approach was chosen because ......2. Smith et al (1994) identify several advantages of the case study, .......3. It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation was to ......4. A case study approach was chosen to allow a ......5. The design of the questionnaires was based on ......讨论：背景信息1. A strong relationship between X and Y has been reported in the literature.2. Prior studies that have noted the importance of ......3. In reviewing the literature, no data was found on the association between X and Y.4. As mentioned in the literature review, ......5. Very little was found in the literature on the question of .....讨论：陈述结果1. The results of this study show/indicate that .......2. This experiment did not detect any evidence for ......3. On the question of X, this study found that ......4. The current study found that ......5. The most interesting finding was that ......结论：概括内容1. This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread use of X ......2. This essay has argued that X is the best instrument to ......3. This assignment has explained the central importance of X in Y.结论：重申研究目的1. This study set out to determine ......2. The present study was designed to determine the effect of .......3. In this investigation, the aim was to assess ......4. The purpose of the current study was to determine ......5. This project was undertaken to design ...... and evaluate .....参考文献：相关文献概览1. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ......3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......4. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.5. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ......参考文献：以往研究或学术活动相关文献1. Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)3. Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997;Jones et al., 1998).5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ......文章重点：当前理论存在的问题、局限性1. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......2. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......3. One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why...4. One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......5. The key problem with this explanation is that ......文章重点：研究方法存在的问题、局限性1. Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.2. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....3. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.4. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.5. One major drawback of this approach is that ......描述实验方法：强调一个特殊的方法1. Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications. Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2008.2. Publications were only included if .......3. X was prepared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).4. The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).5. X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using ......描述实验方法：描述样品的特性1. The initial sample consisted of 200 students of whom 13did not complete all of the interviews2. All studies described as using some sort of X procedure were included in the analysis.3. A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that .....4. All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study.....5. Two groups of subjects were interviewed, namely X and Y. The first group were ......描述实验过程：目的不明确1. In order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects were asked to ......2. In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.3. To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with ......4. To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and ......5. To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.描述实验过程：其他描绘实验过程的句型1. For the purpose of height measurement, subjects were asked to stand .....2. For the purpose of analysis, 2 segments were extracted from each ......3. For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 μL of protein sample was mixed with ......文献简介1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.2. In the past two decades a number of researchers havesought to determine ......3. Previous studies have reported ......4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......强调研究领域存在的问题1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......强调研究领域存在的争议1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.强调研究领域的知识差距1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......5. So far this method has only been applied to ......强调前人研究的不足之处1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....重申研究目的1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......研究问题/假设1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......4. The key research question of this study was thus whetheror not ......5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:介绍方法、数据的来源1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ......2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.表明局限性1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ...... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .......The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of ......2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.概况研究框架1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.解释关键术语1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.4. According to ...... (2000) X can be defined as follows; ' X is one of ...... '5. The term X is a relatively new name for ...... commonly referred to as ....。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结1.引言句型：- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid development of...- In the context of...- It is widely recognized that...2.目的句型：- The purpose of this study is to...- This research aims to...- The objective of this paper is to...3.方法句型：- The experimental design involves...- The research methodology employed in this study includes...4.结果句型：- The results indicate that...- It is evident from the findings that...- The study reveals that...- The data suggests that...5.讨论句型：- The current study has several implications for...- These results are consistent with previous research showing...- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be considered, such as...6.结论句型：- In conclusion...- To sum up...- Overall...- This study provides further evidence that...7.建议句型：- It is suggested that future research should focus on...- Further investigation is warranted to...8.引用句型：- According to (author's name), (quote)...- (Author's name) has argued that...- The literature suggests that...9.比较句型：- In contrast to...- On the other hand...- Similarly...10.解释句型：- This can be attributed to...- One possible explanation for this phenomenon is...- The results can be explained by...请注意，在撰写SCI论文时应避免直接复制粘贴以上句型，而是根据具体情况进行适当修改，以确保句子的流畅性和准确性。
英语论文SCI写作地万能句型
英语论文SCI写作地万能句型文献简介1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......3. Previous studies have reported ......4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......8. Recent evidence suggests that .......9. Several attemps have been made to ......10. A number of researchers have reported ......11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....强调研究领域存在的问题1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several majordrawbacks:4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......强调研究领域存在的争议1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ......7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......强调研究领域的知识差距1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......5. So far this method has only been applied to ......6. This indicates a need to understand the variousperceptions of poverty that exist among ......7.However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ......8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ......9.The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ......11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ......12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....14. No previous study has investigated X15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ...., no single study exists which .... ..强调前人研究的不足之处1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ....13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.15. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......重申研究目的1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ......7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which ...... and whether .....8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .......9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ......10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of .......11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attemptsto ......13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ......14. The major objective of this study was to investigate ......15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ......16. The objectives of this research are to determine ......17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of managementby ......, and the effect of ......18. This study systematically reviews the data for......, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of .....研究问题/假设1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:6. Another question is whether ......。
数学建模美国赛论文常用句式总结
The expression of ... can be expanded as: ......的表达式可扩展为...A is exponentially smaller than B,so it can be neglected.A对B来说呈指数级减小，所以可以忽略不计。
Equation (1) is reduced to:方程（1）化简为：Substitute the values into equation (3), we get ...把这些值代入方程3，我们得到...According to our first assumption on Page 1,根据我们第一页的第一个假设，Thus we arrive at the conclusion：因此我们得到结论：From the model of ... ,we find that theoretically, it is almost true that ...由...模型，我们从理论上证明了... 是真实可信的。
That is the theoretical basis for ... in many application areas.这是...在很多领域应用的理论基础。
To quantitatively analyze the different requirements of the two applications, we introduce two measures: 为了定量的分析这两种应用的不同要求，我们介绍来两个量度标准。
We give the criterion that ...我们给出了...的判别标准According to the criterion of...根据...的标准So its expression can be derived from equation (3) with small change.所以它的表达式可以由方程3做微小改动而推出。
英语论文常用到的几个经典句型
1.（page1，line10）The study suggests the necessity to addressteachers’ challenges and difficulties in the curriculum reform process to facilitate their implementation of the reform.本研究提出。
必要性本句很简单但很适用于在摘要中开篇点题。
2.（page3，line14）There have been a series of empirical reportson implementation gaps in Asian and African countries in recent years, which highlight policy-practice gap as a main cause for the implementation gap.目前有一系列的关于。
的观察报告，显示。
是。
的主要原因。
本句适用于引入相关文献资料3.（page6，line28）The various types of data, includinginterview transcripts, classroom observation notes, and field-notes were analyzed by three levels of coding: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.多种多样的数据，包括。
通过三种水平的编码：。
来分析。
介绍数据分析的方法4.（page10，line1）Apart from the great challenges to theteachers, enormous obstacles also arose from the students, who were more accustomed to spoon-feeding approaches.除了。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结在SCI论文写作中，以下是一些常用的句型总结：1.引言部分：- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- In view of the above considerations, it is necessary to...- The objective of this study is to...- Previous studies have shown that...- The main aim of this research is to...2.方法部分：- The experimental design employed in this study involved...- The samples were prepared by...- The data were collected/recorded/analyzed using...- A questionnaire was administered to...- Statistical analysis was performed using...3.结果部分：- The results of this study demonstrate/reveal/show...- It can be observed from the data that...- The findings indicate/suggest/support...- There was a significant difference between...- The results are consistent with previous studies.4.讨论部分：- The present study provides new insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in detail.- These results are in line with previous research.- The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.- Further research is needed to explore...5.结论部分：- In conclusion, this research hasshown/confirmed/established...- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of...- These results have important implications for...- Future studies should consider...- According to Smith et al. (year), ...- In a recent study by Johnson (year), ...- Several studies have suggested that (Author, year; Author, year).以上是一些常用的SCI论文写作句型，享受您的写作！。
英文科技论文写作常用句式
Abstract:1、Introduction (Motivation/ purpose/goal/aim/objective/importance) (present tense)1）The aim of this paper is to assess the accuracy of steady-state scale-up for small-scale sedimentary structures.2）An important objective of these well-constrained experiments is to evaluate current theoretical models of PGE solubility.2、Scope/perspective (past/present tense)1）This study examined fecal coliform reduction in domestic wastewater after receiving treatment through a constructed open water wetland, a slow sand filter, and a portable ultraviolet disinfection unit.2）The scope of this study was to compare the behavior and character of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during soil-aquifer treatment at different field sites in Arizona and California.3、method/procedure/approach (past tense)1）In this study, a lab-scale aerobic biofilter-biotrickling tower system packed with particulate plastic media (1.5 cm, hexagon in shape) was used to treat the salty artificial wastewater polluted by mineral oil (diesel fuel) mixed with chemical dispersant (CPC OD-10) and inorganic nutrients. 2）It involved recycling a small portion of the primary sludge and then activating it to enhance its biosorptive and flocculent properties through 30-min aeration. The aerated sludge was then brought into contact with raw sewage to induce rapid biosorption of soluble COD and flocculation of colloidal organic before the mixture was settled in a regular primary clarifier.4、Results/findings/products (past tense)e.g. Three granitoid magmatic events were identified at 815 Ma, 700-730Ma, and 620-625Ma, which were marked by emplacement of the calc-alkaline Ujjukka granite and granodiorite, the anatectic Suqii-Wagga two-mica granite and the Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granite, and the anorogenic Ganjii monzogranite, respectively.5、Discussion/Conclusions (present/past tense)e.g. The results showed that under traction free conditions subsidence was a three-dimensional problem and one-dimensional subsidence models tended to focus excessive amounts of vertical deformation near the pumped well. The magnitude of vertical deformation in one-dimensional subsidence models was exacerbated as the grid size becamesmaller in the vicinity of the pumping well. This was due to increased calculated drawdown in the vicinity of the well for more finely-spaced grids.6、Implications/applications (present tense)e.g. Our experimental results are directly applicable to porphyrycopper systems because in such systems temperature, PH, salinity and oxygen fugacity are similar to the experimental parameters. Application of our experimental results indicate that a typical porphyry systems can transport at least 40 tons of Pd if sources of platinum group elements (PGE) are available and the solubility-controlling phase is metallic Pd.7、limitations and suggestions for further studies (past/present tense for limitations, present/future tense for suggestions)e.g. 1) This study suggests that in order to achieve the highesttreatment level of secondary unchlorinated wastewater, acombination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flowwetlands may be necessary.2) In general, source water quality, drinking water andwastewater treatment should be viewed as one system in indirect potable re-use projects.3) However, because constructed wetlands, besides the waterquality improvement function, perform a multitude of other functions such as biodiversity, habitat, climatic, hydrological and public use functions, methodologies need to be developed to evaluate these functions and to weigh them in relation to the water quality issue.Structure of an Abstract：1、The first sentence in the Abstract:♦The purpose of this research is…♦The primary goal of this research is…♦The intention of this paper is to survey…♦The overall objective of thi s study is…♦The chief aim of the present work is to investigate…♦The purpose of this paper is to explain why…♦The primary object of this fundamental research is to reveal…♦The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain…♦The experiment made here is aimed at …♦The emphasis of this study lies in…♦The problem we have outlined here deals largely with the study of…♦This study examined…. (past tense)2、The next sentences：♦The method used in the study was…♦The technique applied is referred to as…♦The procedure was as follows…♦The approach adopted extensively is called…♦The experiment consisted of three steps:…♦Included in the experiment were…♦The test equipment which was used consisted of…♦Several sets of experiments were carried out to test the validity of…♦This formula is verified by…3、The ending part of an abstract：♦The results of the experiment indicated that …♦The studies showed that…♦The studies we carried out demonstrated that…♦The research suggested that…♦The investigation carried out by… revealed that…♦All the preliminary results threw light on …♦As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…♦From the experiments, we realized that…♦This fruitful work provided explanation to …♦The research work brought about a discovery of…♦These findings of the research led the author to the conclusion that…4、The last sentences:♦…should be further studied in relation to ...♦…should do…♦Further research into…is necessary.♦Further study should be made in relation to…♦Further investigation into…is needed.Introduction：Step 1: the nature and scope of the problem investigated. interest or importance, many other investigators active in the area.♦Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to…♦In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly in terested in…♦Recently, there has been wide interest in…♦The well-known…phenomena…have been favorite topics for analysis both in…♦Knowledge of …has a great importance for…♦The study of …has become an important aspect of…♦The effect of …has been studied exte nsively in recent years.♦Many investigators have recently turned to…♦The relationship between …has been studied by many authors.♦ A central issue in…is the validity of…Step 2: making a topic generalization.statements about knowledge or practice:♦The pathology of… is well known.♦There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that…♦The …properties of …are still not completely understood.♦ A standard procedure for assessing has been…♦Education core courses are often criticized for…phenomena:♦…is a common finding in patients with…♦An elaborate system of…is found in the …♦English is rich in related words exhibiting “stress shifts”.♦There are many situations where examination scripts are marked and then re-marked by another examiner.Step3:Discuss the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are investigating.Examples of integral citation forms（直接引用方式）:♦Halliday (2008) showed that the moon is …..♦Halliday’s theory (2008) claim s that …...♦Halliday’s (2008) theory of lunar composition has general support.♦According to Halliday (2008), the moon is…...Examples of indirect citation forms（间接引用方式）:♦Previous research has shown that the moon is …..(Brie, 1988).♦It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦It has been established that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988).♦The moon may be made of cheese (cf. Rock, 1989).Step4:Indicate a gap.♦No research has been don e on …♦Little effort has been spent on the study of…♦(Very) few researchers have investigated…♦The nature of…is overlooked.♦Researchers have failed to notice that…♦The result is misleading/questionable/inconclusive/limited.♦The result of…has several limita tions.♦The research can rarely cover…Step5: State the purpose♦The purpose of this study was to....♦We investigated three possible mechanisms to explain the ...(1) …….(2) …….♦This paper reports on the results obtained…♦The aim of the present paper is to give…♦The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to…♦This study was designed to evaluate…♦This paper aims to report the interaction of…Step6: rationale and approachFor example: State briefly how you approached the problem (e.g., you studied oxidative respiration pathways in isolated mitochondria of cauliflower). This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the Introduction. Step7: the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction.●This paper is divided into five major sections: Section one opens with…. Section two presents…Section three deals with… Section Four reveals…Section five concludes the paper.●We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way…●This paper is structured as follow s…●The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes…Materials and Methods1.… (method) was used to do….2.The study used/made use of/employed the method that….3.描述方法过程的连接词：and/and then/then/next/the next step/before that/after that.Conclusion or Discussion：•Based on the above discussion, the following conclusion can be made that …•From .., it can be concluded that…•In conclusion, the result shows that…•These findings of the research led to the conclusion that..•To sum up, t he research/this study reveals that…•In summary, the result of the experiment demonstrates that…•As a result of our experiments we concluded that…The results：•The data of the experiment are briefly summarized as follows.•Figure 4 shows the results of the study.•Table 6 presents the data obtained in the experiment.•This table summarizes the data collected in this study.•The findings of this study are summarized/listed in Table 7.•The outcome of the experiment is reported in the following table.ABSTRACTProcessing AIT logging information can get more accurate layer real resistivity and mud invasion depth and section. AIT results help to differentiate layer infiltration ability and fluid type, the calculation of mud invasion depth can instruct the level of oil reservoir to be polluted by well drilling directly and offer reference basis for the following work. The development of AIT offers new method to differentiate oil reservoir mud invade and thin layer and means and condition for establishing the explainable method of complex oil reservoir and raising the appraisement precision. This paper studied AIT principle and explainable method as well ascontrast aspect with conventional induction resistivity. This paper presents some application examples of Huabei oilfield logging series optimization technology.Subject Terms：AIT logging contrast the method based of radial resistive rateInvasion thin layer apply1. 油集团从油田勘探开发的瓶颈问题入手，研究出一套较高勘探程度富油气凹陷的精细勘探方法，提出并实践了适合该区地质特点的勘探开发一体化地质研究与管理模式。
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总1.引言句:- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid advancement of technology, there is an increasing need for...- The issue of... has attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry.2.概括句:- In summary, it can be concluded that...- Overall, the findings suggest that...- Taken together, these results indicate that...3.解释原因句:- This can be attributed to...- The main factor contributing to... is...- The reason for this phenomenon can be explained by...4.分析结果句:- The results imply that...- It is evident from the data that...- The findings provide insight into...5.提出观点句:- It is worth noting that...- It can be argued that...6.强调句:- Importantly,...- Of particular significance is...- An important aspect to consider is...7.限定句:- However,...- Nevertheless,...- On the other hand,...8.总结句:- In conclusion, it is clear that...- To sum up,...- Therefore, it can be inferred that...9.建议句:- One possible solution to address this issue is... - It is advisable to...10.进一步研究句:- Future research should focus on...- There is a need for further investigation into...- It would be interesting to explore...注意，在写作过程中，应根据具体情况选择合适的句式，并结合适当的过渡词来使论文内容具有连贯性和逻辑性。
SCI论文经典词和常用句型
一、经典替换词1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。
）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换some.6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。
7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。
所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing 修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly.13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful.14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer.15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very.16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.17. indispensable 替换necessary.18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention.20. facet, demension, sphere 替换aspet.21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate,suggest, fear.22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.23. There are several reasons behind sth 替换…re asons for sth.24. desire 替换want.25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to.26. bear in mind that 替换remember.27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。
英语学术论文常用句型（大全）（免费）
英语学术论文常用经典句型 (1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. 7. Section 3 Section 3 describes describes the the the system system system itself itself itself in in in a a a general general general way, way, way, including including including the the the ….. ….. ….. and and and also also also discusses discusses discusses how how how to to to evaluate evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 2 of of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. Next Section2. 2. The The The next next next section section section describes describes describes the the the mathematics mathematics mathematics that that that goes goes goes into into into the the the computer computer computer implementation implementation implementation of of of such such such fuzzy fuzzy fuzzy logic logic statements. 3. 3. However, However, However, it it it is is is cumbersome cumbersome cumbersome for for for this this this purpose purpose purpose and and and in in in practical practical practical applications applications applications the the the formulae formulae formulae were were were rearranged rearranged rearranged and and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. 13. Results Results Results of of of an an an experimental experimental experimental applications applications applications of of of this this this xx xx xx analysis analysis analysis procedure procedure procedure are are are given given given to to to illustrate illustrate illustrate the the the proposed proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. 18. Emphasis Emphasis Emphasis is is is placed placed placed on on on the the the construction construction construction of of of a a a criterion criterion criterion function function function by by by which which which the the the xx xx xx in in in achieving achieving achieving a a a hierarchical hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. 英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. 35. The The The problem problem problem of of of xx xx xx has has has been been been studied studied studied by by by other other other investigators, investigators, investigators, however, however, however, these these these studies studies studies have have have been been been based based based upon upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49. The approach taken by [] is 50. The system developed by [] consists 51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52. []'s model requires consideration of... 53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. []'s model focuses on... 55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to 56. The published information that is relevant to this research... 57. This study further shows that 58. Their work is based on the principle of 59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. 63. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, Unfortunately, real-world real-world real-world engineering engineering engineering problems problems problems such such such as as as manufacturing manufacturing manufacturing planning planning planning do do do not not not fit fit fit well well well with with with this this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 1. problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem. 2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. 3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. 4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. 5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem. 6. Several problems are associated with them. 7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. 8. Most problems in practice are complicated 9. More problem surface here. 10. Hamper effort toward a xx system 11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx 12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop 13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. 14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. 15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption 1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied. 2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature. 3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can can be be be made made made prior prior prior to to to the the the execution execution execution of of of the the the experiment, experiment, experiment, as as as opposed opposed opposed to to to being being being made made made while while while the the the experiment experiment experiment is is is in in progress. 4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. 5. Main simplifying assumptions are: 6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research 2. Information is incorporated within the scheme 3. Is built into ... structure 4. A nice modular structure. 5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria Classification1. A xx system comprises three main components: 2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. 3. Consists of the following steps: 4. This is summarized in the following steps: 5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more l The following steps should be followed l xx can be classified by a different ways. l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer. l The system consists of both ... and ... l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels. l expert system domains are area of expertise l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: l The system has been developed / designed to determine l The system has proven to be able to l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain l The system comprises a ... with l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique l The system environment must be relatively stable l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ... l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. l The most essential part of .. system is the ... l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed for 英语学术论文常用经典句型 (3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. l An interactive automatic ... system l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system l xx is an important part of the integrated system. l The model model consists consists consists of of of four four four rule rule rule bases, bases, bases, each each each of of of which which which addresses addresses addresses a a a separate separate separate problem problem problem in in in the the the hierarchy hierarchy hierarchy of of scheduling decision. l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base. l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule. Computer Systeml The system system has has has been been been implemented implemented implemented using using using Prolog Prolog Prolog language language language in in in an an an MS MS MS DOS DOS DOS environment. environment. environment. Prolog Prolog Prolog was was was chosen chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WA TFOR77 result s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. l Time Time consuming consuming procedures have have been been been implemented implemented in in C C C language language and and directly directly directly linked linked to to the the the Prolog Prolog environment. l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds. l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386 209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor. l The computer computer programs programs programs used used used for for for the the the analyses, analyses, analyses, one one one based based based on on on the the the xx xx xx method method method and and and the the the other based other based on on the the the new new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor. l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time. l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. l This combination combination is is is being being being implemented implemented implemented in in in an an an objected objected objected oriented oriented oriented programming programming programming environment environment environment (Smalltalk (Smalltalk (Smalltalk 80 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx. Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. l This can be accomplished by l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... l These concepts have been applied to l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, l This can be achieved by l This fact suggests that a new concept l This was accomplished by taking ... l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility l There is little hope of achieving successful ... l There has has been been been an an an increasing increasing increasing awareness awareness awareness of of of the the the potential potential potential of of of using using using most ..so most ..so far far made made made have have have not not not taken taken taken this this approach, with the exception of l Only a few studies can be found. l It is a very tedious process to go through l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. l Several techniques can be used l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. l A process decision model captures the logic essential to l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine l Euler's formula states the following: l The completed model should agree with the formula. l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of View l from an implementation standpoint, l From the point of view of this application, l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. l From a a practical practical practical point point point of of of view, view, view, the the the computational computational computational aspects aspects aspects of of of an an an FLC FLC FLC require require require a a a simplification simplification simplification of of of the the the fuzzy fuzzy control algorithm. l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate. l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement. l A function function definition definition definition expresses expresses expresses the the the membership membership membership function of function of a fuzzy set set in in in a a a functional functional functional form, form, form, typically typically typically a a a bell bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule. 。
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总
SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总下面是一些常用的精彩句式，可用于SCI论文写作：1.引言部分：- "In recent years, there has been a growing interest in..."- "With the rapid development of technology, ..."- "The emergence of [X] has revolutionized the field of [Y]..."- "The importance of [X] in [Y] cannot be overemphasized..."- "Despite the significant progress made in [X], there are still several challenges that need to be addressed, such as..."2.问题陈述：- "One of the major challenges faced by researchers in [field] is how to..."- "The question of [X] has attracted considerable attention from scholars..."- "Despite extensive studies on [X], the underlying mechanism remains unclear..."- "Previous research has focused on [X], but little attention has been paid to..."- "There is an urgent need to investigate the impact of [X] on [Y] and its potential solutions..."3.方法部分：- "To address this issue, we propose a novel approach, which involves..."- "The experimental setup consists of... In order to obtain reliable results, we conducted..."- "Data collection was carried out through a series of interviews/surveys/experiments..."- "This research utilized state-of-the-art techniques such as..."4.结果与讨论部分：- "The results of our study demonstrate a significant correlation between [X] and [Y]..."- "These results not only confirm previous studies, but also shed new light on..."- "The observed trends suggest that [X] plays a crucial role in..."- "We also conducted a statistical analysis to examine the significance of the results..."5.结论部分：- "In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of [X] in [Y] and provides valuable insights into..."- "This research contributes to the existing literature by..."- "In light of these findings, it is crucial to develop effective strategies to address the challenges associated with [X]..."- "Overall, this study enriches our understanding of [X] and paves the way for future research in this field..."请注意，选择合适的句式和用词应根据具体的论文内容和写作场景来决定，以确保语言表达准确、流畅、连贯，并且符合学术规范。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever kn own about today’s college stude nts.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the practical ity of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
SCI论文写作句型、短语和金句
一、摘要必备1. 存在问题-问题利用途径-解决方法Introducing imperfections to the atomic lattices in semiconductors is a significant way for tuning the bandgap and achieving broadband response but the imperfection may renovate their intrinsic properties far from the desire. Here by controlling the deviation from the perfection of the atomic lattice ultrabroadband multilxxxxayer MoS2 photodetectors are originally designed and realized with the detection range over 2000 nm from 445 nm (blue) to 2717 nm (mid-infrared).2. 已经意识到对。
有损害：。
has been recognized to be a significant impairment to。
Contact resistance at the metal−graphene contacts has been recognized to be a signif icant impairment to the potential performance of graphene transistors3. 研究理由：With increasing demands for…. as scaling continues（1）With increasing demands for electrostatic control as scaling continues in today’s transistors low dimensional structures continue to gain attention as a pathway for future device scaling because they offer excellent electrostatic control while remaining compatible with straightforward lithography techniques.（2）In particular MoS 2 has attracted interest for transistor applications because its large band gap allows for field effect devices with low off-current4. 存在问题——One key bottleneck however is……One key bottleneck however is the realization of ohmic contacts on MoS 2 to improve FET device on-state performance.5. While…are increasingly investigated for their potential in…. …. depend on….While laxxxxyered materials are increasingly investigated for their potential in nanoelectronics their functionality and efficiency depend on charge injection into the materials via metallic contacts.6. ……缺点导致焦点移到…… ... led to a shift in focus on… such as ….its lack of an energy band gap led to a shift in focus on semiconducting 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) that have a tunable band gap and reasonable mobility二、词语短语7. Instead ofBecause the on-resistance of SiC power MOSFETs is mainly limited by the channel resistance instead of the drift resistanceThus instead of producing TMDC films with perfect stoichiometry alloys containing MX1X2can be developed using CVD methods where the stoichiometric ratio of X1and X2 can be tuned by varying the concentration of the involved reactants.Instead of buckling the SL-MoS2 nanosheet was pinned at the step edges of the substrate due to the increased MoS2-substrate interactions over there8. 阐明（shedding light on，elucidate，work out ）Shedding light onTo elucidate the role of PMo we examine the dynamics of the synthetic process and find that the precipitation reaction MoS2(g) - MoS2(s) is the rate-determining step where g and s refer to gaseous and solid phases respectively (details see Supplementary Information).To work out the origin of the morphology differences between the MoS2 atomic laxxxxyers grown on sapphire and native SiO2/Si substrates9. With this methodWith this method we have grown large-area (up to millimeters) SL-MoS2 nanosheets with a collective in-plane orientation on c-plane sapphire substrates.10. Such。
学术论文常用句型总结（最全面英文论文句式）
学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a deign of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ¡-.. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine deion of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describesthe xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Time1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both deive and preive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
SCI 论文写作不得不说的万能句型(二)
参考文献：相关文献概览1. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ......3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......4. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.5. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ......6. During the past 30 years much more information has become availableon ......7. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .......8. A large and growing body of literature has investigated ......参考文献：以往研究或学术活动相关文献1. Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)3. Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997;Jones et al., 1998).5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ......6. Several attempts have been made to ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)7. Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ...... (Smith, 1996; Jones .......8. Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an ........ account, whilst Jones .....9. Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ......10. Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associatedwith obesity11. Previous studies have reported ...... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).12. Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ......13. A number of studies have found that ...... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).14. Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationshipbetween .......15. At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between......16. Other studies have considered the relationship ......17. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, .......18. The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).19. The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and .......20. Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).21. X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine- induced arthritis (11).22. It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995) It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ......23. It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to ...... (Smith, 1998; ......文章重点：当前理论存在的问题、局限性1. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......2. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......3. One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why...4. One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......5. The key problem with this explanation is that ......6. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.7. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.8. Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......9. It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable. Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......10. One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....11. Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......12. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......文章重点：研究方法存在的问题、局限性1. Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.2. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....3. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.4. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.5. One major drawback of this approach is that ......6. The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......7. However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.8. However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.9. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that .......10. However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken.11. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......12. However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......描述实验方法：强调一个特殊的方法1. Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications. Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2008.2. Publications were only included if .......3. X was prepared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).4. The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).5. X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y,using ......6. This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Zhao et al. (1990).7. For this study the X was used to explore the subsurface ......8. An alternative method for making scales homogenous is by using .....描述实验方法：描述样品的特性1. The initial sample consisted of 200 students of whom 13 did not complete all of the interviews2. All studies described as using some sort of X procedure were included in the analysis.3. A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that .....4. All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study.....5. Two groups of subjects were interviewed, namely X and Y. The first group were ......6. A random sample of patients with ...... was recruited from .......7. Forty-seven students studying X were recruited for this study.8. The students were divided into two groups based on their performanceon ......9. The project used a convenience sample of 32 first year modern languages students.10. Just over half the sample (53%) was female, of whom 69% were ......11. Participants were recruited from 15 clinics across ......, covering urban and rural areas ......12. Eligibility criteria required individuals to have received ....13. Five individuals were excluded form the study on the basis of ....14. Eligible women who matched the selection criteria were identified by ......15. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 17 male offenders with a mean age of 38 years16. A comparison group of 12 male subjects without any history of X was drawn from a pool of .......描述实验过程：目的不明确1. In order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects were asked to ......2. In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.3. To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with ......4. To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and ......5. To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.6. To measure X, a question asking ...... was used.7. To determine whether ......, KG-1 cells were incubated for ......8. To establish whether ......,9. To increase the reliability of measures, each X was tested twice with a 4-min break between .......10. To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was used The vials were capped with ..... to prevent volatisation.11. In an attempt to make each interviewee feel as comfortable as possible, the interviewer ......描述实验过程：其他描绘实验过程的句型1. For the purpose of height measurement, subjects were asked to stand .....2. For the purpose of analysis, 2 segments were extracted from each ......3. For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 μL of protein sample was mixed with ......。
英语议论文写作36个常用句型
l 前进类（用来论证好的方面）1. benefit from 从……当中获益例句：Many children who suffer from this illness will benefit from the new treatment(治疗).【主语一般为人，宾语一般为物】详解：这个句型与is beneficial to …(对……有益)的主语和宾语正好相反。
有时还可以把它们放在文章不同位置交替使用，来实现句式的多样化。
例句：Confucius' thought is beneficial to mankind. 孔子的思想有益于全人类。
例句：However, these habits are beneficial to my body.不过这些习惯是否有益于我身体。
2. Invest in 对……投资例句：Let's invest in our people without leaving them a mountain of debt.近义词汇：subsidize/sponsor/allocate to反义句型：withdraw/suspend the funding of…中止对……的投资例句：That money is used to subsidize /sponsor /allocate everything else.例句：Japan withdrew the funding of Africa.3. Promote the development of…促进……的发展例句：This championships will surely promote the development of basketball.详解：近义句型：facilitate the development of…/is a main contributor to….例句：Soil erosion is a main contributor to water pollution.4. Boost efficiency / productivity 提高效率/生产率例句：The language can simplify projects, reduce costs and boost efficiency.近义句型：enhance efficiency / productivity例句：We should constantly improve our own skills, in order to enhance efficiency.我们应该不断提高自身技术水平，以提高工作效率。
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The expression of ... can be expanded as: ......的表达式可扩展为...A is exponentially smaller than B,so it can be neglected.A对B来说呈指数级减小，所以可以忽略不计。
Equation (1) is reduced to:方程（1）化简为：Substitute the values into equation (3), we get ...把这些值代入方程3，我们得到...According to our first assumption on Page 1,根据我们第一页的第一个假设，Thus we arrive at the conclusion：因此我们得到结论：From the model of ... ,we find that theoretically, it is almost true that ...由...模型，我们从理论上证明了... 是真实可信的。
That is the theoretical basis for ... in many application areas.这是...在很多领域应用的理论基础。
To quantitatively analyze the different requirements of the two applications, we introduce two measures:为了定量的分析这两种应用的不同要求，我们介绍来两个量度标准。
We give the criterion that...我们给出了...的判别标准According to the criterion of...根据...的标准So its expression can be derived from equation (3) with small change.所以它的表达式可以由方程3做微小改动而推出。
Suppose that ...refers to ...假设...指的是...We can get the distribution of...我们可以得到...的分布along x and y axes沿着x和y轴For a further discussion of this model, please see Appendix A. 参见附录A (detailed in Appendix I)（详见附录一）... is fitted to the normal distribution，with the mean at 0 and variance of σ=1.342. ...符合均值为0，方差为1.342的正态分布。
conform to符合Fig.4 shows ...图4表明...Thus, if ... is given, ...is determined.因此，如果给定...，...就也确定了。
For a given r, we can calculate ...对于给定的r, 我们可以算出...The two distributions are independent.这两个分布是相互独立的。
By calculation we obtain...通过计算，我们得到...So it is expressed as below:所以它可以表示为：... is ultimately determined by ...... 最终由...决定We fix A and examine the change of B with respect to C.我们固定A然后观测B随C的变化。
the logarithm values of ......的对数值That explains why the value of A decreases as B increases.这就解释了为什么A的值随B的增加而减少。
If r increases, p(r) increases accordingly.如果r增长，p(r)也相应地增长。
due to由于A is the length of ... in unit of ...A是...的长度，以...为单位。
We can see a "valley" between two curved faces which denoted the points where A=B.我们可以看到在两个曲面之间有一个低谷，表示A=B的那些点。
A andB always change in opposite direction.A和B总是呈相反变化。
So when seeking the minimum of..., we should consider how to balance A and B. 所以当寻求...的最小值时，我们应该考虑如何平衡A和B。
So we set the optimal function as:所以我们列出最优方程如下：However, putting equal weight on A and B is not always desirable.然而，给A和B相同的权数并不总是令人满意的。
In some situations, we must favor one over the other.在一些情况下，我们必须偏重一方。
input the initialization输入初值The program solves the optimal function and output a,b,c and d.程序求最优解,并输出a,b,c和d的值.In consideration of考虑到...We apply this strategy to four typical situations and list the results here.我们将这种方案应用于四种典型情况，并列出结果如下。
the probability of occurrence发生的概率Theoretically, reorganization can always be successful.理论上说，识别应该总是成功的。
the expectation value of ......的期望值We let a=b我们令a=bnumerical results 数值解We write a program (Appendix II) in VC ++ to obtain the result.我们用vc++写了一个程序来求解。
As shown in Tab. 4,如表4所示,The above results show that (+句子) ,which means (或者用that is ), (+句子) 以上结果说明...,也就是说...So we arrive at (或者用come to)the conclusion that (+句子)因此,我们得到结论...Moreover, from the aspect of ...,而且，从...方面来看,On the contrary ,正相反，sensitivity analsis灵敏性分析robustness稳健性alter m by 5%将m改变5%They are very close.这两个值非常接近。
This is consistent with the phenomenon shown in the Fig.4.这和图4所示是一致的。
inversely related负相关in terms of ...根据...；在...方面equality等式We can rewrite the first inequality as follows：我们可以改写第一个不等式如下：We develop a model to design....我们建立了一个模型用来设计...The model is based on conservation of energy.这个模型的建立基于能量守恒We further classify ... into three components: ...我们进一步将...分成三部分：...To validate our model为了验证我们的模型Due to the lack of accurate data for ...由于缺少...方面的准确数据Our primary aim is to ...我们的主要目标是......and ... are regarded as one system....和...被看成是一个系统。
notation符号遗传算法(Genetic Algorithms,GA)并行遗传算法Paralleling Genetic Algorithm,PGA 数据结构Data Structures自然选择natural selection种群population个体individual基因库gene pool编码coding解码decoding量纲dimensions随机过程random processesflow chart 流程图constraint condition 约束条件maximize customer enjoyment最大化顾客的愉悦Having ensured this, we should minimize ... 在确保这个之后，我们要将...最小化be far from optimal in practice在实践中远不是最优implement 贯彻实行The underlying idea is fairly simple.下面的想法很简单。
the appeal of these systems to amusement parks is two-fold: 这些系统对游乐园的吸引力有两个方面：address these issues 致力于这些问题Hence, ... has come into question. 因此,...开始成为问题。
Apart from consideration of ... , from the ...'s point of view, ....除去考虑...，从...的角度考虑，...integrate 积分Markov chain model 马尔科夫链模型We validated our model using tests for rigor in both robustness and sensitivity.通过对稳健性和灵敏性的测试，我们验证了我们模型。