教育技术学专业英语unit13textb原文加翻译
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Four Types of Automated Instructional Design Tools
Expert System
An An expert expert expert system system system contains contains contains a a a domain-specific domain-specific domain-specific knowledge-base knowledge-base and performs decision-making and analysis functions for the designer using natural language queries. Expert systems for instructional design have been developed to provide advice to novice instructional designers and to facilitate the development process for experienced designers.
ID ID Expert Expert Expert from from from the the the ID2 ID2 ID2 Research Group was created to develop Research Group was created to develop and deliver computer-based instruction more efficiently. ID Expert is based based on on on Instructional Instructional Instructional Transaction Transaction Transaction Theory, Theory, Theory, a a a ““second second generation generation generation””
theory of instructional design. According to Instructional Transaction Theory, Theory, instruction instruction instruction is is is based based based on on on transactions transactions transactions (sets (sets (sets of of of interactions) interactions) between between the system and the learner in order the system and the learner in order to accomplish a g iven given task. ID Expert assists designers in creating transactions by presenting presenting a a a set set set of of of decision-making decision-making decision-making steps steps steps involving involving involving instructional instructional components, components, formatting, formatting, formatting, resources, resources, resources, etc. etc. etc. ID ID ID Expert Expert Expert is is is considered considered considered a a prototype system and has not yet been released commercially.
The United States Air Force Armstrong Laboratory proposed two AID approaches that use expert system technology to provide expertise to novice instructional designers and subject matter experts in the design, production, and implementation of courseware used in
Air Force training. Guided Approach to Instructional Design Advising Advising (GAIDA) (GAIDA) (GAIDA) uses uses uses tutorials tutorials tutorials and and and context-specific context-specific context-specific advice advice advice and and examples. Experiment Advanced Instructional Design Advisor (XAIDA) (XAIDA) uses uses uses the the the Instructional Instructional Instructional Transaction Transaction Transaction Theory Theory Theory framework framework framework to to encapsulate context-specific knowledge. Both of these environments are are results results results of of of the the the Advanced Advanced Advanced Instructional Instructional Instructional Design Design Design Adviser Adviser Adviser (AIDA) (AIDA) research project.
Reactions to Expert Systems: While expert systems for the instructional instructional design design design can can can teach teach teach theory theory theory validation validation validation and and and function function function as as
authoring tools, they are limited by their inability to support analysis and design tasks. ID expert systems attempt to control the instructional design process, a process involving a large number of
interrelated elements, and so must rely heavily on the knowledge and experience of the individual practitioner. Several instructional technologists technologists have have have proposed proposed proposed systems systems systems that that that more more more subtly subtly subtly advise advise advise the the instructional designer, rather than prescribe a set of solutions. Advisory Systems
Duchastel Duchastel challenges
challenges challenges the the the expert expert expert system system system model model model by by by providing providing providing an an advisory advisory system system system model. model. model. Instead Instead Instead of of of controlling controlling controlling the the the problem-solving problem-solving process process with with with expert expert expert knowledge, knowledge, knowledge, advisory advisory advisory systems systems systems assist assist assist or or or coach coach users users in in in accomplishing accomplishing accomplishing a a a given given given task. task. task. A A A prototype prototype prototype for for for the the the advisory advisory system approach is the Instructional Design Advanced W orkbench,
Workbench,
architecture for a computer-based workbench that supports the cognitive cognitive tasks tasks tasks of of of instructional instructional instructional design design design without without without constraining constraining constraining the the designer. Information Management System
Instructional Instructional Design
Design Design Environment Environment Environment (IDE) (IDE) (IDE) from from from the the the Institute Institute Institute for for Research on Learning is a computer-aided design environment that supports supports an an an ID ID ID methodology methodology methodology for for for teaching teaching teaching the the the use use use of of of software software software in in real-life problem-solving contexts. I DE IDE
IDE helps document design and helps document design and development development options. options. options. It It It is is is intented intented intented for for for experienced experienced experienced instructional instructional designers.
Electronic Performance Support Systems
Electronic performance support system (EPSS) are self-instructional self-instructional electronic electronic electronic environments environments environments that that that provide provide provide process process process to to “software, guidance, advice, data, tools, and assessment with minimum minimum support support support and and and intervention intervention intervention by by by others others others””. . EPPS EPPS EPPS have have have become become
popular in the 1990s for business and education contexts that require “just-in-time just-in-time”” learning learning and and and a a a hign hign hign level level level of of of a a a particular particular particular skill. skill. skill. Some Some example of EPSS are listed below.
Building on Duschastel
’s “workbench,workbench,”” Paquette et al introduced a a performance performance performance support support support system system system called called called AGD AGD AGD (a (a (a French French French acronym acronym meaning Didactic Engineering W orkbench). AGD provides procedural procedural instructional instructional instructional design design design information information information to to to guide guide guide users users users difining difining
the learning system (e.g., amount and nature of objectives).
Other performance support systems tools include Designer
’s Edge (Figure 13-1) from Allen Communication and Instructional DesignW are are from from from Langevin Langevin Langevin Learning Learning Learning Services Services Services (Langevin (Langevin (Langevin Learning Learning Services). Services). Like Like Like AGD, AGD, AGD, these these these tools tools tools support support support the the the planning planning planning phases phases phases of of instructional instructional design, design, design, but but but contain contain contain a a a much much much more more more general general general advisory advisory component (e.g., context-specific online help, wizard, and tutorials).
In contrast to AGD, Designer Designer’
’s Edge and Instructional DesignW are lead designers through all tasks involved in instructional design, but place more emphasis on the ultimate production phase. Both tools provide graphical representation of the instructional systems design model, thus leading to additional
support for completing each step of the model. Data entered by users are are cross-referenced cross-referenced cross-referenced with with with all all all steps steps steps to to to enhance enhance enhance continuity continuity continuity between between phases. Usable reports and documents such as evaluation instruments, instruments, content content content outlines, outlines, outlines, lesson lesson lesson plans, plans, plans, and and and checklists checklists checklists can can can be be generated by the users.
The The primary
primary primary difference difference difference between between between the the the two two two products products products lies lies lies in in in their their intented audiences and purposes. Designer ’s Edge is for both novice and and experienced experienced experienced instructional instructional instructional designers designers designers planning planning planning computer-based computer-based instruction. The product includes support for scripts, storyboards and other other CBI CBI CBI production production needs. needs. Integration Integration Integration with with with external external external software software
applications is also supported. Instructional Design W are is intented for for course course course designers designers designers and and trainers trainers interested interested interested in in producing producing either either computer-based or classroom training. For this reason ,more suppot is provided for decisions regarding media selection and course and presentation materials (Langevin Learning Services).
自动化教学设计工具的四种类型自动化教学设计工具的四种类型
专家系统
专家系统包括了一个特定领域的知识库和为设计师使用自然语言查询的执行决策分析功能。
专家系统的教学设计已经发展成为提醒教学设计这和促进有经验的设计者的发展过程提供建议。
供建议。
模型研究专家组的设立是为了发展和使用计算机为基础的教学更加的有效。
模型专家就是一句教学事务理论,是一句教学事务理论,即教学设计理论的第二代。
即教学设计理论的第二代。
即教学设计理论的第二代。
根据教学事务理论,根据教学事务理论,根据教学事务理论,教学时基于系统和学教学时基于系统和学习者之间的事务以此来完成任务。
习者之间的事务以此来完成任务。
模型专家通过一系列决策包括教学组成部分、模型专家通过一系列决策包括教学组成部分、模型专家通过一系列决策包括教学组成部分、格式化、格式化、资源等来协助设计者创造事务。
模型专家被认为是一种标准系统,它还没在商业中发布。
美国空军阿姆斯特丹实验提供了两种圆柱方法,利用专家系统技术提供专业知识,来帮助新手教学设计者和学科专家在空气动力训练中的设计,助新手教学设计者和学科专家在空气动力训练中的设计,生产和实现课件。
生产和实现课件。
指导性的方法就是教学设计建议的使用教程和具体意见和实例。
先进实验教学设计顾问使用教学事务理论框架概括具体的知识。
这些环境都是先进教学设计顾问研究项目所导致的结果。
架概括具体的知识。
这些环境都是先进教学设计顾问研究项目所导致的结果。
专家系统的反应:专家系统教学设计可以教理论验证和作为创作的功能,然而他们又是有限的,他们不能支持分析和设计任务。
他们不能支持分析和设计任务。
教学设计专家系统试图控制教学设计过程,教学设计专家系统试图控制教学设计过程,教学设计专家系统试图控制教学设计过程,即一个即一个包括许多相互元素的过程,因此它在很大程度上必须取决于个别实习者的知识和经验。
因此它在很大程度上必须取决于个别实习者的知识和经验。
一些一些教学技术人员提出了建议,这个系统应该更巧妙的为教学设计师出谋划策,而不是规定的一套解决方案咨询系统。
套解决方案咨询系统。
咨询系统
Duchastel 通过提供了一个咨询系统模型来挑战专家系统模型,取代了控制问题解决过程中与专家知识咨询系统,协助或指导用户完成特定任务。
咨询系统方法的一个原形是教学设计先进工作台—基于计算机的工作结构。
这种工作台支持教学系统设计的认知任务但并不限制设计者。
制设计者。
信息管理系统
学习研究学院的教学设计环境是一种计算机付诸设计环境,即在现实问题的解决情况中教学软件的使用方法,教学设计环境帮助文件的设计和发展的选择。
它的最终目的是服务于有经验的教学设计者。
经验的教学设计者。
电子绩效支持系统
电子绩效支持系统是自我指导的电子系统,提供访问“软件,指导,咨询,建议,数据,工具,和评估最小的支持以及干预的人”,电子绩效支持系统近年已成为流行在上世纪90年代中的商业和教育中所需要的年代中的商业和教育中所需要的“即时”“即时”的学习和高水平的特殊技能。
的学习和高水平的特殊技能。
下面是一些关于电子下面是一些关于电子绩效支持系统的例子。
绩效支持系统的例子。
在Duschatel 的工作台开发中,怕科特等人介绍了绩效支持系统被称作为AGD (一个法语
缩写含义为教学工程)。
AGD 提供了教学过程设计信息。
以此来引导使用者定义学习系统(例
如分析训练的需呀,设计教学结构)AGD 包括一个以规则为基础的咨询组成部分,它提供了有关建议咨询由用户决定的具体设计(例如数量和目标性质)。
其它的绩效支持系统工具摆阔了设计者边缘(例图13-1)来自于艾伦交流中心和教学设计软件来自于郎学习服务(郎学习服务)。
例如AGD ,这些工具支持教学设计计划组,但是包括了一个更一般的咨询组建(例如具体的在线帮助,奇才,教程)。
与AGD 对比,设计师边缘和教学设计软件通过教学设计中涉及的所有任务来引导设计和,但更强调最终生产阶段。
所有的工具都提供了教学设计系统模型的图示,以此来对完成模型的每一个步骤来提供另外的支持。
使用者提供的数据都与所有的步骤进行了对比参照,以此来提高组之间的连续性。
来提高组之间的连续性。
有用的报告和文件例如评估器,有用的报告和文件例如评估器,有用的报告和文件例如评估器,内容概述,内容概述,内容概述,课程计划,课程计划,课程计划,和使用者产和使用者产生的清单。
生的清单。
这两种产品之间主要的不同之处是他们的目标客户和目的。
设计边缘者可以用来为初学者和有检验的教学者计划计算机为基础的教学设计。
这个产品包括了脚本支持,记事板和CBI 生产需要。
同样也支持整合外来的软件应用。
教学设计软件主要是针对于对制作计算机为基础或教师训练感兴趣的课程设计者和训练者。
因为这些原因,更多的支持提供了决策方面的媒体选择,过程和材料呈现(郎学习服务)媒体选择,过程和材料呈现(郎学习服务)。