2021考研英语一真题及答案解析

2021考研英语一真题及答案解析Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It _____(1)in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time, and then_____(2)starts to slowly decline as we age.
But_____(3)aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the_____(4)of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the_____(5)that lifestyle factors might help prevent or_____(6)this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that_____(7)measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000
middle-to-older-aged men and women and_____(8)that data to
reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people_____(9)higher measures of abdominal fat_____(10)worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years_____(11).
For women,the association may be_____(12)to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be_____(13)It is hoped that future studies could_____(14)these differences and perhaps lead to different_____(15)for men and women.
_____(16)there are steps you can_____(17)to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental_____(18).The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your_____(19)of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style_____(20)that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
1.【题干】1._____
【选项】
A.pause
B.retur
D.fade
【答案】C
2.【题干】2._____【选项】
A.alternatively
B.formally
C.accidentally
D.generally
【答案】D
3.【题干】3._____【选项】
A.while
B.since
C.once
D.until
【答案】A
4.【题干】4._____
A.detectio
B.accumulatio
C.consumptio
D.separatio
【答案】B
5.【题干】5._____【选项】
A.possibility
B.decisio
C.goal
D.requirement 【答案】A
6.【题干】6._____【选项】
A.delay
B.ensure
C.seek
【答案】A
7.【题干】7._____【选项】
A.modify
B.supported
C.included
D.predicted
【答案】C
8.【题干】8._____【选项】
A.devoted
pared
C.converted
D.applied
【答案】B
9.【题干】9._____【选项】
A.with
B.above
C.by
D.against
【答案】A
10.【题干】10._____【选项】
A.above
B.managed
C.scored
D.played
【答案】C
11.【题干】11._____【选项】
A.ran out
B.set off
C.drew i
D.went by
【答案】D
12.【题干】12._____【选项】
A.superior
B.attributable
C.parallel
D.resistant
【答案】B
13.【题干】13._____【选项】
A.restored
B.isolated
C.involved
D.controlled
【答案】C
14.【题干】14._____【选项】
A.alter
B.spread
C.remove
D.explai
【答案】D
15.【题干】15._____【选项】
pensatio
B.symptom
C.demand
D.treatments
【答案】D
16.【题干】16._____【选项】
A.Likewise
B.Meanwhile
C.Therefore
D.Instead
【答案】B
17.【题干】17._____【选项】
A.change
B.watch
C.count
D.take
【答案】D
18.【题干】18._____【选项】
A.well-being
B.proce
C.formatio
D.coordinatio
【答案】A
19.【题干】19._____【选项】
A.level
B.love
C.knowledge
D.space
【答案】A
20.【题干】20._____
【选项】
A.desig
B.routine
C.diet
D.prescriptio
【答案】C
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)
A.Stay calm.
B.Stay humble.
C.Decide whether to wait
D.Be realistic about the risks.
E.Don't make judgements.
F.Identify a shared goal.
G.Ask permission to disagree.
How to disagree with someone more powerful than you
Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic.What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do?How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up?And if you do,what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.
41.
You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through,or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks.If you think other people are going to disagree,too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking一all the things that would make
the disagreement stronger or more valid.It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in ameeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.
42.
Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerful person cares about一it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.State it overtly,contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying toadvance a common objective.The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.
43.
This step may sound overly deferential,but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. You can see something like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won't work.I'd like to layout my reasoning-Would that be OK?" This gives the person a choice,allowing him to verbally opt
in.And,assuming he says yes,it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.
44.
You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions.When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,it undercuts the message.It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gels to choose what signals to read.Deep breaths can help,a can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When
wefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthep aceandtalkinginaneven tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you.It also makes youseemconfident,even if you aren't.
Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion,not gospel truth.It may be a well-informed,well-researched opinion,but it's still an opinion,so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying,“If we set an end of quarter deadline,we will never make it"say,"This is just my opinion,but I don't see how we will make that deadline."Having asserted your opinion(as a position,not as
a fact),demonstrate equal curiosity about other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique.Be open to hearing other opinions.
参考答案：
43.[C]Decide whether to wait
42.[F]Identify a shared goal
43.[G]Ask permission to disagree
44.[A]Stay calm
45.[B]Stay humble
Part C
46.Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSIWER SHIEET.(15points) We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection,laughter,and warmth.While that may well be true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.
In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago -area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them.On average,participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers,it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us.Much of the time,however,this belief is false.As it tums out,many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.
参考译文：
我们倾向于认为朋友和家人是我们关系、欢乐和温暖的最大来源。

尽管这一说法很大程度上是对的，但是研究者们最近也发现，与陌生人交流实际上也会带来我们意料之外的情绪高涨和归属感。

在一系列的研究中，研究者们通知芝加哥地区乘用公共交通的通勤者开始一段和周围人的交流。

一般来讲，得到通知的参加者们比要求安静站着或坐着的人们感觉更好。

同时，研究者们也认为我们羞于和陌生人随意交流时，经常是因为一种错位的恐慌，即他们可能并不像和我们聊天。

但是，很多时候，这种观念是错误的。

正如结果证实，很多人实际上非常愿意去开始一段谈话，甚至可能很开心得到你的注意。

考题文章总词数150词，共2段，7句话。

题目难度适中，题材常规，符合英语二翻译历年的考题规律。

相似题材的文章曾经考过，如2020年“失败”这篇文章。

考题贴近生活，总体难度较低，考生可从容应对，下面进行解析。

难句剖析
1.【原文】Whilethatmaywellbetrue, researchershavealsorecentlyfound thatinteractingwith strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't
【分析】本句话为首段的较难句，while引导让步状语从句，主干当中宾语为从句，that从句作为定于修饰aboostinmood和feelingsofbelonging。

首先需要确定while的词义，这句话根据语义表示让步，译为“尽管”，另外就是宾语从句中and并列，翻译的时候要注意that从句的处理，容易出现逻辑问题。

【译文】尽管这一说法很大程度上是对的，但是研究者们最近也发现，与陌生人交流实际上也会带来我们意想不到的情绪高涨和归属感。

2.【原文】
Inoneseriesofstudies,researchersinstructedChicago-areacommu
tersusingpublic transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them.【分析】本句话主干为researchers instructed commuters to strike up a conversation...。

其中，using public transportation做commuters的后置定语，strike up指“开始；结交”。

【译文】在一系列的研究中，研究者们通知芝加哥地区乘用公共交通的通勤者开始一段和周围人的交流。

3.【原文】
Onaverage,participantswhofollowedthisinstructionfeltbettert hanthosewhohad been told to stand or sit in silence.
【分析】本句的主干为“participants felt better than those”，主语和than后面的宾语都由定语从句修饰。

翻译时顺序进行即可。

【译文】一般来讲，得到通知的参加者们比要求安静站着或坐着的人们感觉更好。

4.【原文】Theresearchersalsoarguedthatwhenweshyawayfromcasualinteract ionswith strangers,it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to
【分析】句子主干为“The researchers also argued that...”，宾语从句当中又包含一个时间状语从句。

本句考点之一在于从句处理，宾语从句顺序翻译，状语从句提前翻译。

【译文】同时，研究者们也认为我们羞于和陌生人随意交流时，经常是因为一种错位的恐慌，即他们可能并不像和我们聊天。

5.【原文】Asitturnsout, manypeopleareactuallyperfectlywillingtotalk—andmayevenbe flattered to receive your
【分析】本句由主句和as定语从句构成，as译为“正如”。

本句考点之一在于flattered，flatter本意是“奉承、谄媚”，flattered直接作为形容词，有“受宠若惊的、感到荣幸的”的含义。

【译文】正如结果证实，很多人实际上非常愿意去开始一段谈话，甚至可能很开心得到你的注意
SectionIII Writing Part A
47.Directions：
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony.In your email you should include time,place and other relevant information about theceremony.
You should write about100words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET
Do not use your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)
Suppose you are organizing an online meeting,write an email to Jack,an international student to
1.invite him toparticipate
2.Tell him about thedetail
解析：
英语二小作文考查的是电子邮件，属于书信类型，要求考生写一封邀请信。

对于邀请信，考生应该在审题的时候弄清楚写信对象是机构还是个人，很明显要求给杰克写信，因此称呼上就可以直接写Dear Jack。

邀请书信的第一段可以写两句话：第一句写出即将召开一次会议这个背景即可；第二句要求写出写信目的，写信目的是第一段最重要的。

第二段大概写4句话：第一句写个主题句。

第二句至第四句写关于这次会议的具体内容，这部分具体内容没有硬性要求，可以自己编写,比如会议的主题、会议的议程和会议的参加者等等。

第三段大概写三句：第一句是再次表明写信目的，即希望对方能出席会议，第二句表示感谢，第三句写期待回复。

正文最后写结束语和签名，切记不能写自己的名字，用李明来落款。

日期可以写也可以不写，建议大家不写日期，如果写日期的话要写在正文的右上角。

参考范文：
Dear Jack,
On behalf of the council of the meeting,I am honorable to inform you there is going to an online meeting next week.I am writing to ask if you are available to participate in this meeting at10:00on next Sunday.
Some detailed information concerning this meeting can be listed as below.The subject of the meeting,initially,is regarding how to improve students’study efficiency.To continue,the meeting will last approximately2hours, including participants’speeches,discussion and our president’s summary.More importantly,the meeting will be held via the Internet,so it is necessary for all the participants to prepare for a P.C.or a mobilephone.
I sincerely hope that you could give me honor to attend this meeting.Your prompt attention to my email would be highly appreciated.I am looking forward to your response.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
Part B
48.Directions：
Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting. youshould
1)interpret the chart,and
2)give your comments.
You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15
points)
解析：
英语二大作文考查的是柱状图，看似是动态图，实则不能写动态度，而应该按照饼状图来描述。

英语二大作文可以写题目也可以不写题目。

段落结构分三段来写。

第一段大概写3句：第一句写主题句，总体介绍这是一个什么图形关于什么话题，第二句具体描述数据，第三句也是具体描述数据。

建议把占比例较多的两个一起描述，占比例较少的一起描述。

第二段写4-5句话：第一句可以写论点句，论点不确定的话也可以不写。

第二句写分析原因之前的过渡句，这句必须写。

第三句分析原因，原因不容易写，可以从体育运动的好处来写。

第四句仍然分析原因，可以从人们为什么喜欢不同方式锻炼的角度来分析。

第三段写2-3句即可：第一句写结论句，结论句不能省略，结论围绕运动来写即可。

第二句写趋势预测，趋势写总体发展趋势即可。

第三句写呼吁或者建议。

参考范文：
As is apparently reflected in the column above,we are informed a survey in terms of various approaches in which residents take sports exercise in a certain city.To be more specific,those taking exercise by themselves or with friends take a lion’s share,accounting for over90%.By contrast,those who choose to be engaged in physical sports with family members or participate in group activities occupy a minor proportion, making up23.9%and13.8%respectively.
It is not a difficult job to find out the reasons behind this phenomenon.There is no denying that,to begin with,along with a growing amount of pressure,people increasingly recognize the significance of sports,as a result of which,it is no surprise to see a sports wave in our society.
Simultaneously,it is the differentiation of individuals that gives rise to various preferences and inclination towards sports approaches,to the extent that someone would like to take physical exercise alone,others are willing to do sports with friends or family.
Based on what has been analyzed above,a conclusion can be drawn safely that taking physical exercise will undoubtedly be good for people’s health no matter whom you do it with together. As a proverb goes,“Go outside and keep moving,you will be much healthier.”Considering the discussion above,it is predicted that there will be more residents participating in sports activities in the forthcomingyear
Section II Reading Comprehension Part B
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)
In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our
way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-mass unemployment predictions?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches,which,rather than eliminating IT jobs,actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers,because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.
Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:
Better hiring practice
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions."There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,"says Pedro Domingos,author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer
science_____(41)One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.
More effective marketing
Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK, Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue._____(42)There are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
Saving customers money
Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk."Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,"says Domingos, _____(43)
Improved accuracy
Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,"says Winston.It "helps people make smarter decisions."_____(44)
Protecting and maintaining infrastructure
A number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen."If they fail first and then you fix them,it's very expensive,"says Domingos._____(45)
[A]I replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.
[B]One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.
[C]There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.
[D]You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to.
[E]Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company]money.
[F]We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.
[G]AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.
【答案】41.F42.B43.G44.C45.E
Section III Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
World war was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies(46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.
But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the1970s and1980s.
The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48)in many counties of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake/For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration,and above all of socialization.When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49)and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy, West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation,they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and1970s,
European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
46.【题干】Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.
【答案】战争结束后，一些社会随之出现了。

这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的3%-5%。

【解析】come out of…由……产生，从……出来;enrollment 入学，登记;decades数十年。

47.【题干】And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
【答案】在那些社会中，人们渴望接受到更高等的教育。

这个需求延伸到了战前那些没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层中。

【解析】rose：rise的过去式“上升”;attend上大学。

48.【题干】in many counties of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight or 10years by the middle of the1970s.
【答案】在西欧的许多国家，20世纪60年代，接受高等教育的学生人数在五年内翻了一番，到70年代中期，在七年，八年或十年里又翻了一番。

【解析】double作动词，“翻倍”。

49.【题干】and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.
【答案】当新员工主要是刚毕业的年轻男女时，他们很大程度上定义了该学院学术生活的规范。

【解析】predominantly主要地，以……为主;fresh新进的;norms 标准，规范;faculty学院，系。

50.【题干】High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation,they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
【答案】高增长率增加了学术创新的机会,同时也削弱了教师和学生在稳定或缓慢的成长过程中,被认可为学者这群体的形式和过程。

【解析】academic innovation学术创新;weakened削弱，减少;admit承认，认可。

Section IV Writing
Part A(10points)
51.【题干】Directions:
A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.
You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own name at the e"Li Ming Open" instead.
You do not need to write the address.
【答案】Dear friend,
Hope this letter finds you well I am glad to hear you intend to find a job in China,so I would like to extend my warmest welcome as well as provide you with a few suggestions on
job-hunting.
First,you can start from listing3to5cities which you would like to work or live in To be more specific,rate them by location,working opportunities and prospects and,of course the city's happiness level.What's more,be prepared for the culture shock.There is a sharp contrast in how eastern people and western people work.The former prefers working individually while the latter is prone to teamwork.There is
one more point that,I suppose I have to touch on:make good use of online job-hunting applications,such as BOSS and51Job.
I hope you will find my humble suggestions be of help.I am looking forward to your reply.Best wishes.
Yours,
Li Ming
Part B(15points)
52.【题干】Directions:
Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should
1)describe the drawing briefly,
2)explain its intended meaning,and the
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.
【答案】What is graphically and explicitly depicted in the simple yet eye-catching drawing is that on the ground stands a father,who is having a talk with his son.Impressively,at second glance,it is not difficult to observe that the boy, dressed in a traditional Chinese costume,expresses his concern about studying drama,while his father offer some words of encouragement.
Without a doubt,no boy who was born and raised in China could be ignorant that China is an ancient nation with a long history and splendid traditional culture.Traditional dramas, like Peking opera,are the national essence of our culture, which are not only part of the national heritage,but also part
of a living and continuing culture.However,traditional culture has been subject to the impact and damage caused by network culture.It is a not uncommon occurrence that quite a few people show too little enthusiasm for traditional dramas. Instead,they are more than willing to follow the popular culture.
While popular culture is completely transforming people's thoughts and ways of thinking,we are supposed to cherish the roots of national culture and build cultural confidence. Accordingly,it is my view that national culture should be preserved and cherished as priceless spiritual treasure.。