新概念英语第二册笔记-第77课说课讲解

新概念英语第⼆册笔记-第77课说课讲解
新概念英语第⼆册笔记-第77课
Lesson 77 A successful operation⼀例成功的⼿术
【Text】
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.
【课⽂翻译】
死于公元前800年的⼀位埃及妇⼥的⽊乃伊刚刚接受了⼀次⼿术。

这是曾在底⽐斯神殿⾥当过歌⼿的赛潘姆特的⽊乃伊。

由于在给这个⽊乃伊拍摄的X光⽚⼦上有点奇怪的斑点，所以，医⽣们⼀直试图搞清这位妇⼥是否死于⼀种罕见的疾病。

搞清的唯⼀办法就是⼿术。

⼿术持续了4个多⼩时，⾮常难做，因为⽪肤上覆盖着⼀层硬硬的树脂。

医⽣们从⽊乃伊⾝上取下⼀个切⽚，送去化验。

他们还发现了X光⽚所没有显⽰的东西：⼀个蜡制的杜⽡⽊特夫神⼩塑像。

这种⽜头⼈⾝的神像通常被放在⽊乃伊体内。

医⽣们⾄今还未确定这位妇⼥的死因。

他们曾担⼼在把⽊乃伊切开后，它会散成碎⽚，但幸运得很，这种情况并未发⽣。

这具⽊乃伊成功地经受了这次⼿术。

New words and expressions ⽣词和短语
1. mummy
1) n （⼉语）妈妈
mummies(复数） mommy (美)
2) n ⽊乃伊
eg: I was not, however, pleased by “The Mummy Returns”(2001), although the movie was so famous at that time.
虽然⽊乃伊归来这部电影在那时很出名，然⽽我并不是很喜欢。

2. Egyptian adj. 埃及的
Egyptian adj 埃及的
eg: Yet the Egyptian president seems to have no intention of stepping down.
但是这位埃及总统似乎没有退休的意思。

Egypt n 埃及（国名）
eg: He has gotten us out of Egypt, but here we are in the wilderness.他带领我们离开埃及，但是我们现在处在荒野。

Cairo 开罗（埃及⾸都）
eg: I travelled from Cairo to Cape Town in 2002.
2002年，我从开罗⼀路旅⾏到了开普敦。

Egyptian n 埃及⼈
3. temple
1) 庙，寺院
the Shaolin temple 少林寺
2) （古希腊，罗马，埃及的）神殿
a Greek temple 希腊神殿
3) 殿堂
the temple of art 艺术的殿堂
4) 太阳⽳
4. mark
1) n 斑点，瑕疵
eg: He wet feet left marks on the floor.
他湿淋淋的脚在地板上留下印迹。

2) 记号，符号
make a mark 做记号
make marks on the wall with a chalk ⽤粉笔在墙上做记号punctuation marks 标点符号
3) 分数，得分 grade（美）
school marks 学校的成绩
get good marks in English 英语的成绩很⾼
gain high marks in maths 数学考试取得好成绩
eg: On your marks! Get set! Go !
(跑步时的⼝令）各就各位，预备！起（跑）！
4) v 做记号于…, 留下痕迹于…, 弄脏
eg: She marked the important words with a red pencil.
她⽤红笔把重要的词汇做了标记。

a face marked with worries ⾯带愁容
eg: She marked her initials on her handkerchief.
她把姓名的⾸字母做记号在⼿帕上。

5) v 留下痕迹，留下伤痕
eg: This floor marks very easily.
这个地板很容易留下脏痕。

eg: The teacher marked more than 80 exam papers.
⽼师改了80分以上的试卷。

5. plate
1) n (照相）底⽚
2) n (浅）盘，平盘碟，没⼈放置所分得的⾷物的盘⼦
dish n 通常指⾦属制或陶瓷器的⼤盘⼦
bowl n 碗
saucer n 茶托；茶杯碟
3)（菜的）⼀盘（份），⼀⼈份的菜
a plate of meat ⼀盘⾁
eg: The dinner cost 50 dollars a plate.
这顿饭每⼈花费50美元。

have a person … on a plate = give a person … on a plate 轻⽽易举地给（某⼈）
have a lot on one`s plate = have too much on one`s plate (⼝)有很多（太多）该做的事情7. disease n 病，疾病eg: He is suffering from heart disease.
他患有⼼脏病。

cure a disease 治疗疾病
stomach disease 胃病
这个单词的构成： dis(否定的前缀）+ease(安乐）= 没有安乐
8. last
1) 延续，持续
eg: Our vacation lasts 20 days.
我们的假期延续了20天。

eg: The rainy season lasts until July.
⾬季⼀直延续到7⽉份。

2) 耐久，⽀持
eg: This coat has lasted well.
这件外⾐经久耐⽤。

eg: He lasted for five days underground.
他在地底下撑了5天。

3) 熬过…时间；度过，⾜够维持到（某期间）
eg: The patient isn`t expected to last the night.
没⼈认为那位病⼈会熬的过晚上。

eg: The food will last us three days.
这些⾷物够我们⽤三天。

eg: The money will last us three days.
这些钱够我们⽤三天。

last out…⾜够维持到…（期间），⽀撑
eg: The gasoline won`t last out till we get to New York.
汽油不能够维持到我们到纽约了。

lasting adj 持久的，连续性的
a lasting peace 持久的和平
9. prove
1) v 证明（to give proof of, show to be true)
eg: He has proved his courage in battle.
他在战役中证明了他的勇⽓。

eg: ` I wasn`t in London on May 3rd.` ` Can you prove that to the court?` “五⽉三⽇我不在伦敦。

”“你能在法庭上证明这⼀点吗？”
2) v 实验（to test）
eg: In order to prove the servant`s honesty, she left a bag containing money on the table.
为了试探仆⼈是否诚实，她把⼀个装有钱的包留在桌⼦上。

3) 显⽰出
eg: On the long journey, he proved himself to be an amusing companion.
在漫长的旅途中间，他显⽰出⾃⼰是⼀个开⼼果。

proof
1) n 证明
eg: I believe what you say: I don`t want any proof.
我相信你说的话，不需要任何证明。

2) adj 防….的，耐…的
eg: This tent material is proof against water.
这个帐篷的材料是防⽔的。

n+proof = 防…的，耐…的
waterproof adj 防⽔的
bulletproof adj 防弹的
soundproof adj 隔⾳的
10. resin n 树脂，⼈造树脂
resin
eg: The insect in the resin seems alive.
树脂⾥的昆⾍看起来象活的。

raisin n 葡萄⼲
eg: You can also make raisin scones.
你也可以做葡萄⼲烤饼。

11. skin
1) n (动物或⼈体的）⽪，⽪肤
a skin disease⽪肤病
eg: Women like to have soft skin.
妇⼥们都想有细嫩的⽪肤。

2) n (从动物体上剥取的)兽⽪，⽑⽪
many skins needed to make a fur cast 做⼀件裘⽪⼤⾐需要很多⽑⽪
a coat made of sheepskin ⽺⽪⼤⾐
3) (某些果实或蔬菜的）外⽪，⽪
banana skins ⾹蕉⽚
onion skins 洋葱⽪
save one`s skin 逃命，免受损害
get under someone`s skin 使（某⼈）恼怒，惹怒（某⼈）
skin and bone(s) 很瘦，⽪包⾻
eg: You`re all skin and bones, son; Don`t they feed you well at school?
孩⼦，你瘦成⽪包⾻头了，难道学校⾥伙⾷不好吗？
under the skin 在内⼼⾥，在肚⼦⾥
12. section
1) n 切⽚
（a very thin flat piece cut from skin, plant growth,etc, to be looked at under a microscope) 2) 区域，部门，阶层，段落，章节
the business section of a city 城市的商业区
all sections of a country 全国各界
all sections of the population 全国各阶层
the section of an office dealing with record-keeping 负责档案管理的部门
sports section 体育版⾯
3) 剖⾯，截⾯
13. figure
1) n ⼈像，画像
eg: A group of figures on the left of the picture.
在照⽚左边的⼀群⼈。

2) 体型
do exercises to improve one`s figure 做运动以改进⾝材
body n ⼈本⾝，画家会使⽤body表⽰⾝材
figure ⾝材，尤其指穿上⾐服⽽⾔
eg: She has a good figure.
她的⾝材很好。

eg: She has a bad figure.
她⾝材不好。

eg: She has a lovely figure.
她的⾝材⾮常好。

3) 要⼈，名⼠（相当于VIP)
eg: He was both a political and a religious figure in Indian history.他是印度历史上政界和宗教界的要⼈。

4) 数字
5) cut quite a figure 露头⾓，放异彩，仪表甚佳
cut a poor figure 给⼈不好的印象，出丑，露拙相
14. normally
1) adv 正常地
behaving normally in spite of anxiety 尽管很担⼼，但表现正常
a normally active child 活泼正常的孩⼦
2) adv 通常地
eg: I normally go to bed early, but I stayed up late last night
. 我通常很早睡觉，但是昨天晚上我熬夜了。

stay up late 熬夜
normal
1) adj 正常的，⼀般的
normal working hours from 9 to 5 9点到5点的正常⼯作时间normal temperatures 正常温度
normal temperatures during November 11⽉份的正常温度
2) （指⼈）正常发展的，⾝⼼正常的
a normal child in every way 各⽅⾯都很正常的孩⼦
normalize v （尤其指国家之间的关系）正常化
eg: Relations were slow to nomarlize after the war.
战后国家关⼼正常化很慢。

15. survive
1) v 死⾥逃⽣，⼤难不死
eg: We survived, though others died in the accident.
尽管其他⼈在事故中丧⽣了，我们死⾥逃⽣。

2) 经历…之后还活着
eg: We survived the accident.
我们幸免于难。

eg: She survived her sons.
她的⼉⼦都先她去世了。

survivor n 死⾥逃⽣者，⽣还者，残存者
survival n 幸存，⽣还，死⾥逃⽣
hopes of survival 逃⽣的希望
【课⽂讲解】
1. The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
定语从句：who died in 800 B.C.修饰an Egyptian woman 死于公元前800年的⼀位埃及妇⼥B.C. (Before Christ) 公元前
eg: Julius Caesar died in 44 B.C. . Julius Caesar
死于公元前44年。

A.D. (Anno Domini 拉丁语）公元（后）
eg: William the Conqueror invaded Britain in A.D. 1066.
William征服者于1066年⼊侵英国。

have an operation 接受⼿术
perform an operation on sb for… 给…做⼿术
eg: He`ll perform an operation on her for a diseased lung.
他要为她做肺部⼿术。

operation
1) n [u] ⼯作，操作
eg: The operation of a big new machine can be hard to learn.
⼀部⼤型新机器的操作室很难学会的。

2) n [c] ⼯作，⾏动
begin operations 开展业务
a difficult operation ⼀项艰巨的⾏动
2. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple
of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the
mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of
a rare disease.
定语从句：the mummy is that of Shepenmut,这是Shapenmut⽊乃伊，那么
Shapenmut是何许⼈也,后⾯的定语从句告诉我们，who was once a singer in the
Temple of Thebes 曾在Thebes神殿做过歌⼿的Shapenmut的⽊乃伊
X-Ray plates X光⽚⼦
taken of the mummy, taken是 take的过去分词，整个过去分词短语作定语修饰X-ray plates，给⽊乃伊拍摄的X光⽚。

have been trying 现在完成进⾏时，⼀直试图
Whether the woman died of a rare disease是否这位妇⼥死于⼀种罕见的疾病。

Whether引导的宾语从句做find out 的宾语从句。

take the plates of… 给…拍⽚⼦
take a picture of sb 给…照相
find out
1）查出，揭露
eg I won`t tell you -you must find out for yourself.
我不会告诉你的，你必须⾃⼰去发现真相。

2）揭发（恶⾏）
eg I`ve found you out at last, you cheat!
我终于把你揭发了，骗⼦！
3）（美)寻找（某⼈）
to find out one`s relatives in China 寻找在中国的亲戚
find v 得知，发觉，查出
find the answer to a question 找出问题的答案
eg： Please find (out) what time they are coming.
请弄清楚他们什么时候来。

eg I find that I have plenty of time now.
我发觉我现在有很多时间。

die of 死于（内因）
die of a fever 死于⾼烧 die of thirst ⼲渴⽽死
die in an acceident 死于事故 die by drowning 溺⽔⽽死
die from a wound 死于外伤
die by one`s own hand ⾃杀
die hard (指旧观念，习俗等）⼀时很难根除，消失
3. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for
over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin
which covered the skin.
The only way to do this was to operate 搞清楚的唯⼀⽅法就是做⼿术
to do this 是不定式做定语修饰the only way。

定语从句：The operation, which lasted for over four hours.
which引导的⾮限定性定语从句修饰 operation 延续了四个多⼩时的⼿术
定语从句：which covered the skin 引导定语从句修饰hard resin 裹着⽪肤的硬硬的树脂
prove to be +adj/ture out to be 显⽰出
skin n ⽪肤
eg: Hard resin covered the skin.
裹着⽪肤的硬硬的树脂。

leather n ⽪⾰
eg: This briefcase is made of leather. 这个公⽂包是⽪⾰做的。

complexion n 肤⾊
eg: Look at her rosy cheeks. She has a lovely complexion.
看她那玫瑰⾊的⾯颊，她的肤⾊真的太美了。

4. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory.
They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef.
a section of the mummy⽊乃伊的⼀个切⽚
which引导的定语从句修饰something, 意思是他们还发现⼀些东西，什么东西呢？
定语从句给出答案，X光⽚所没有显⽰出来的东西
Duamutef 是古希腊神话中的⼀个神
wax n 蜡adj 蜡制的
candle n 蜡烛
a wax candle 蜡烛
wax 蜡像
6. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a
mummy.
定语从句, which has the head of a caw 修饰god,意思是有着⽜头的神像
7. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that
the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened.
how引导⼀句话是宾语从句，做动词decide的宾语，意思是医⽣们⾄今还没有弄清楚这位妇⼥的死因fear v 担⼼，恐怕
fear that(从句）担⼼…，恐怕…
eg: I fear we`ll be late. 我担⼼我们会迟到的。

for fear that…以免，因恐（fear是名词，因为for是介词，后⾯只能跟名词或者动名词）
eg: Shut the window for fear (that) it may rain.
关掉窗⼦，以免下⾬。

fall to pieces 散掉，成为碎⽚
cut…open 把…切开
cut v （拍电影时）停拍
eg: `Cut!' shouted the director. “停”导演叫着。

cut and run （俚语）逃跑
8. The mummy successfully survived the operation. survive 幸存，这⾥寓意没有因为⼿术被弄的⽀离破碎。

【关键词组摘录】
1. had an operation
2. take the plates of
3. find out
4. die of
5. rare disease
【Key Structures 】
⼀般过去时/现在完成时/现在完成进⾏时⼀般过去时 --- 表⽰过去某事发⽣的动作或处于的状态 eg: The Egyptian woman died in 800 B.C. .
这位埃及妇⼥死于公元前800年。

时间状语是800B.C.是明确的过去时间，搭配⼀般过去时died
现在完成时 --- 过去某个动作对现在存在的影响，或过去动作⼀直延续到现在还能延续下去 eg: The doctors haven ’t yet decided how the woman died.
医⽣们⾄今还未能确定这位妇⼥的死因。

⾄今未确定⼏⼀直延续现在，⽽且还要延续下去。

现在完成进⾏时构成：
have/has been doing
含义：强调过去动作⼀直延续到现在，⼀直发⽣着，过去动作对现在存在着影响。

eg: They have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. 他们⼀直试图搞清楚这位妇⼥是否死于⼀种罕见的疾病。

（have been trying to ⼀直试图，即动作⼀直发⽣着）
Exercises: ⽤since, for, 或ago 填空
1 He stayed with us for two weeks. 他和我们呆了2个星期。

2 She arrived two weeks ago .她2周之前到达的。

3 I have not seen him since Monday. ⾃从礼拜⼀我就没看到他。

4 He has been ringing up continually since lunchtime.从午餐起他⼀直在不停的打电话。

5 We waited for ages. 我们等了很长时间。

6 He left a month ago and I have not seen him since then.
7 It has not rained since March.
8 My grandparents lived here a long time ago . 我的祖⽗母很久以前住在这⾥.
6. prove to be
7. wax figure
8. fall to pieces
9. survived the operation
9 I have not heard from him since 1993.⾃从1993年开始我就没有收到他的信。

10 We have been working on this new plane for over a year now.
我们在新的飞机上⼯作已经长达⼀年多了。

【Special difficulties】
Vocabulary
1. Even though she is old, she still has a good skin.
2. These seat covers are made of leather.
3. A baby`s skin is very soft.
4. It is pleasant to have a meal by candle light.
5. Homer lived around 800 B.C. .
Exercises
1. What did the woman die of? How did the woman die ?
Die of表⽰“死因”的意思，表原因，它后⾯跟的名词往往表⽰死的原因。

A How
B Where
C What
D When
2. It was difficult because of the hard resin covering the skin.
题⼲的意思是它很困难是因为裹着⽪肤的坚硬的树脂。

需要构成定语修饰hard resin,什么样的树脂呢？裹着⽪肤的坚硬的树脂
A covered 过去分词，也可做定语，但表⽰被动的含义，不符合逻辑
B which covering 语法错误，应该是which was covering
C in covering 是介词短语，不能构成定语
D covering
covering the skin是现在分词短语，相当于定语从句which was covered 或者which was covering.
这题考察的是现在分词做定语，含有主动的，进⾏的意思；⽽过去分词做定语则含有被动的完成概念。

3. They wanted to know if the woman had died of
rare illness.
A illness n 疾病
B pain
C ache
D hurt
BCD 都有表⽰“疼痛”的意思
4 She seemed marked out for political success from an early age.
A marked up 标⾼…的价格
B. marked off 划分出
C. marked out 使—注意要D． marked down 记下。