句子结构讲义word版

句子结构
句子按照功能分，可分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句四种。

陈述句陈述观点或事实，疑问句提出问题，祈使句表达命令或请求，感叹句则抒发强烈的感情，如惊异、痛苦或者喜悦。

按照结构分，句子有简单句，并列句，复合句和并列复合句四种。

What is a simple sentence?
什么是简单句？
简单句中有一个主语和一个谓语动词。

(SV)
He came. / She has left. /The bus comes! / Dogs bark.
当然最常见的简单句还是SVO（主语+谓语+宾语），注意：在此结构中，谓语动词必须是及物动词。

一般来说，主语由名词、动名词或者名词短语或者代词充当；谓语由动词充当；宾语也是由名词，动名词或者名词短语或者代词充当。

下面是常见的简单句结构：
(注：S：subject V：verb （predicate verb）O: object C: complement A: adverbial）1. SVC 主系表（补）
It proved an awkward journey .
She is a student./ It worked out right.
系动词（link verb)除去Be动词之外，一般有：feel, become, turn, keep, remain, seem, appear, stay, stand, lie, look, sound, smell, taste, prove, turn out.
2.SVOO 主谓双宾结构（分别为直接宾语和间接宾语）
I gave him two hundred yuan. (him是间接宾语，two hundred yuan是直接宾语）
3.SVOC（主谓宾补）结构:
He asked her to answer the question. (her是宾语，to answer the question是宾语补足语；补充说明“她”做了什么事情。

）
I saw a teaching post advertised in a local newspaper.
4.SV A （主谓状）结构: Joe leaped from the edge of his chair
什么是状语呢？
就是动词的八个状态:时间、地点、原因、状态、目的、结果、方式、程度。

修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语。

状语按用途可分为：地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。

1). The students are doing their homework in the classroom．
（介词短语作地点状语）
2). I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside．
（从句作时间状语）
3). They set out early so that they might arrive on time．
(从句作目的状语）
4). She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting．
（从句作原因状语）
5). I nearly forgot what he had promised. (副词作程度状语）
6). He came singing and dancing. (现在分词作伴随状语）
7). If you work hard in English, you will do well in it. (从句作条件状语）
8). He went to the school yesterday though he was seriously ill.
(从句作让步状语）
9). He works day and night. (名词短语作方式状语）
10). Wait a moment. (名词短语作时间状语）
11). Lesson One is not so difficult as Lesson Two（is）. (从句作比较状语）
12). Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with other students.
(从句作结果状语）
5.SVOA （主谓宾状)结构
American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.
(a great debt是宾语；to Thomas Jefferson是方式状语）
总结：一般简单句结构有七大类，SV, SVO, SVC, SVOC, SVOO, SV A, SVOA。

平时多加练习，掌握这些是写好作文的基石。

What is a compound sentence? (什么是并列句）
并列句包含两个或者两个以上更多的简单句。

这些意思相关的独立简单句用并列连词（and, but ,or等)连接起来，也可以不用连词而用分号连接。

有以下几种类型：
A. 表示转折，有but, yet (连词）和nevertheless, however（副词）连接。

Everything in the world is outside you, but health belongs to yourself.
John has his shortcomings; however, that doesn't mean he is not qualified for the job.
B. 表示因果，连词有so, 副词有consequently, therefore, hence
I have a meeting to attend, so I have to go now.
I have a meeting to attend; consequently, I have to go now.
C. 表示顺接，有and, or
She is a student in the school, and she often leaves at seven o’clock from her home.
She is a student in the school; she often leaves at seven o’clock from her home.
Do it this way, or you’ll be in trouble.
Do it this way; otherwise, you’ll be in trouble.
What is a complex sentence?(什么是复合句？）
复合句包含一个主句和一个或者更多的从句，主句和从句间用连词来显示他们的关系。

从句可以当全句的主语，宾语，表语，定语或者状语。

一般来说，主句表达主要的意思，从句表述次要的意思。

after, before, when , if, once, because, since, who, where, whose, as,
what, that, whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, as…as等等。

I am tired after driving all day. (after I have driven all day.)
连词后面的是从句，前面的是主句。

从句是时间状语从句。

Only if you persist can you become successful.
Only if you persist是条件状语从句，you can become successful是主句。

What you said just now makes no sense to me.
此句中包括主语从句what you said just now.
Zhang Hua, who is the monitor of our class, saved the little boy.
此句包括定语从句who is the monitor of our class.
试着判断下面的句子包含什么从句：
I will give the prize to whoever is brave enough.
Whenever you get into trouble, you can ask me for help.
The main difficulty for the assignment was that there were not enough experienced employees in the company.
The proposal that the shabby library should be rebuilt is met with universal agreement.
I will meet you at the place where we met last time.
I had no idea of where I was wrong.
Please correct your mistakes where I underlined.
Wherever you go, I will be right here waiting for you.
The hotel is exactly where I have once lived.
This bag is not so expensive as that one.
As long as you put your heart into it, you will accomplish it in due time.
He felt sleepy in class, for he stayed up late last night.
All that should be done has been done.
This is the very book she has been looking for.
The idea that we can go out for a picnic this weekend made us overjoyed.
The man that stands beside me in the photo is my roommate.
What is compound-complex sentence?(并列复合句）
如果一个句子包含至少两个主句和一个从句，也就是说既有并列句，又有复合句，那么这样的句子叫做并列复合句。

试判断下以下句子类型：
We think every young couple should set up a home of their own, and we pity the couple who must share their home with a parent, let alone with other relatives.
In the main (基本上), however, the collective expectation of our society is that these are desirable goals, and the individual, whatever his personal inclination, is under considerable pressure to conform
Summary:短句一般为简单句，表述需要强调和重要的意思。

长的复合句或者并列复合句或者并列句，一般容纳多种修饰语，能清楚并准确地表达复杂的意思。

写作文的时候，短句一般在段落开头，作为中心句，提纲挈领。

或者段落末尾，归纳总结。

而长句一般放在段落中间，起解释说明，证明中心思想的作用。

可以根据需要选择不同类型的句子，而不是句子越长越好，或者全部简单句。

Exercises
I. 指出下列句子的错误，并且改正。

试试用几种方式来表达意思。

1. It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.
2. I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school, I studied there
for six years.
3. The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.
4. Some people for it.
5. We can through our parents get it.
6. Your parents will surprise your performance.
7. But there are other students think it is necessary.
8. I like our school. Because there are many new friends on the campus.
9. When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed, I had not heard him when he came back.
Because I had been sleeping soundly.
10. Lin looks like Li, however they are not related.
II. 识别下列句子结构，并划分句子成分。

1. It is a pleasure to read good books.
2. She missed the step and sprained her ankle.
3. Badly frightened by the explosion, the boy rushed out of the laboratory.
4. It will not be done by the Government; it cannot be done by Parliament.
5. Our city is on the threshold of a great era; of this we can be sure.
6. In order to fulfill the promise of the future, we must be willing to work.
7. We made him our monitor.
8. We sent a doctor to treat his injury.
9. He sent her ninety-nine roses on Valentine’s day.
10. I sincerely thank you for what you have done for me all these years.
III.改写下列句子，把短句变成并列句、复合句或者带有分词短语、介词短语或者其他短语的句子。

1. Xu comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall.
2. The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open on weekends.
3. Last night was a wild night. The thunder roared. The wind blew a gale. The rain fell
in torrents.
4. There are icicles on the trees. The temperature must have fallen considerably during
the night.
5. He returned to his hometown. He had been away for twelve years. He looked in
vain for the familiar landmarks.
6. We have made some progress. We still have a long way to go.
7. The sky was cloudless. The sun was shining brightly.
8. There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of
them were foreigners.
9. The girl began to learn to play the piano when she was a child. Her mother was a
famous pianist.
10. Napoleon was born in Corsica in 1769. At that time the island had just been
acquired by France.
11. She appeared on the stage. A stormy applause broke forth.
12. The new workers are young and inexperienced. They are eager to learn from the veteran workers.
13. The gypsies are really a nomadic people from India. They migrated into Europe. Once they were thought to be Egyptians.
14. It was a poor quarter. There were a lot of small huts. They had mud walls and straw roofs. They dotted a hillside.
15. He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him. He went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket.
答案
I. 指出下列句子的错误，并且改正。

试试用几种方式来表达意思。

1. As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard.
2. I was born in a small town. In it there was only one school. I studied there for
six years.
➢In the small town where I was born, there was only one school, and I studied there for six years.
➢I was born in a small town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years.
➢I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.
(the best one)
3. The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea.
➢The essay is poorly organized, for there is no central idea.
4. Some people are for it. (… favor，support it.)
5. We can get it through our parents.
6 .Your parents will be surprised at your performance.
➢Your parents will marvel at your performance.
7. But there are other students who think it is necessary.
➢But other students think it is necessary. ( better)
8. I like our school, because (for) there are many new friends on the campus.
➢There are many new friends on the campus, so I like our school.
➢I like our campus where there are many new friends. (best one)
9. When I woke up, I saw him asleep in bed. I had not heard him when he came
back, because I had been sleeping soundly.
10. Lin looks like Li, but they are not related.
➢Lin looks like Li; however，they are not related.
II. 识别下列句子结构，并划分句子成分。

1. It is a pleasure to read good books. (简单句，SVC)
S: It(形式主语)，to read good books(真主语)；V：is (系动词); C: a pleasure(表语)
2. She missed the step and (she) sprained her ankle. （并列句，SVO）
3. Badly frightened by the explosion, the boy rushed out of the laboratory. （简单句，SV A）
S：the boy; V: rushed; A: Badly… explosion(原因状语)；out of the laboratory (地点状语)
4. It will not be done by the Government; it cannot be done by Parliament. （并列句，SV A）
S: It; V: will not be done; A: by the Government.
5. Our city is on the threshold of a great era; of this we can be sure. (并列句，SVC, SVO)
6. In order to fulfill the promise of the future, we must be willing to work. (简单句，SV A)
7. We made him our monitor. (简单句，SVOC)
8. We sent a doctor to treat his injury. (简单句，SVOA)
9. He sent her ninety-nine roses on Valentine’s day. （简单句，SVOA）
10. I sincerely thank you for what you have done for me all these years. （复合句，SVOA,含
有宾语从句，sincerely是程度状语）
III. 改写下列句子，把短句变成并列句、复合句或者带有分词短语、介词短语或者其他短语的句子。

1. Xu, who comes from a working-class family, enrolled in college last fall.
2. The dean issued a bulletin, saying (which said) that the library…
3. Last night was a wild night, with the thunder roaring, the wind blowing a gale and the rain
falling in torrents. (独立主格作为伴随状语为最佳选择)
4. Since there are icicles on the trees, the temperature must have fallen considerably during
the night.
➢The temperature must have fallen considerably during the night, for there are… on the trees.
➢There are icicles on the trees, so the temperature… night.
➢With icicles on the trees, the temperature… night. (最佳选择)
5. Twelve years later he returned to his hometown, but looked in vain for the familiar
landmarks. (并列句)
➢When he returned to his hometown twelve years later，he looked in vain for the familiar landmarks. （复合句）
➢He looked in vain for the familiar landmarks in his hometown, where he had been away for twelve years. （复合句）
➢His hometown, where he had been away for twelve years, had become a place where no familiar landmarks could be found when he returned. （复合句）
6. Although we have made some progress, we still have a long way to go.
➢We have made some progress, but still have a long way to go. (前后两句的句子类型有区别吗？
7. The sky was cloudless, and the sun was shining brightly.
8. On board the plane there were over two hundred passengers, about one third of whom were
foreigners.
9. The girl, whose mother was a famous pianist, began to learn to play the piano when she was
a child.
10. In 1769, when Napoleon was born in Corsica, the island had just been acquired by France.
➢Napoleon was born in Corsica in 1769, when the island had just been acquired by France.
11. A stormy applause broke forth the moment she appeared on the stage.
12. Young and inexperienced, the new workers are eager to learn from the veteran workers.
➢Though young and inexperienced…, the new workers…
➢Young and inexperienced as they are, the new…
13. Once thought to be Egyptians, the gypsies are really a nomadic people from India, who
migrated into Europe. (分词作定语)
➢The gypsies, who were once thought to be Egyptians, are really a nomadic people from India and migrated into Europe. (问题在哪里？)
➢Migrating into Europe, the gypsies who were once thought to be Egyptians are really a nomadic people from India. (意思更明了，更简洁）
14. There was a poor quarter on the hillside with a lot of small huts with mud walls and straw
roofs.
➢In the poor quarter there was a hillside dotted by a lot of small huts with mud walls and straw roofs.
➢Dotting a hillside, a lot of small huts with mud walls and straw roofs were situated in a poor quarter.
➢The hillside was dotted by a lot of small huts in a poor quarter, which had a mud walls and straw roofs.
➢With mud wall and straw roofs decorated, the small huts in the poor quarter dotted a hillside.
15. On hearing that his father was ill, he was anxious to go home to see him, so he went to the
station early in the morning to buy a ticket.
➢At the news that his father… (The moment he heard that…)
➢Anxious to go home to see his father when hearing that his father was ill, he went to the station early … (Being anxious to…分词作原因状语)
➢His father, whom he was anxious to go home to see, was ill. For that reason, he went to the station early…
➢His father was ill. That was why he was anxious to go home to see him and went to …
定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。

在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。

对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。

此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。

例 1.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
例 2. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine(隔离) and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.
倒装句
倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。

英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。

Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat.
This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
以There be引出的倒装句
a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district.
b. There exist many problems among the present day students.
以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句
a. Here comes the rest of the party.
b. Now comes your turn.
not短语置于句首
a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact.
b. Not a moment did she waste on campus.
c. Not only did I know her, but I was her
best friend.
no短语置于句首
a. By no means should he be left alone.
b. In no way are can we allow this to continue.
c. In no case are you to leave your post.
d. On no account should we follow blindly.
e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy.
f. No longer are they staying
with us.
g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions. only置于句首
Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.
b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak.
c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller.
b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago,
is a relatively simple device.
c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didn’t understan
d.
d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you.
e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.
被动语态
1.变为汉语的主动形式.
In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol,
2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是…的”，“由…的”等.
The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.
This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Yunnan.
3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构.
For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.
4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语.
With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.
形式主语（宾语）结构
1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause (注意: 先翻从句部分, 再翻形容词/名词部分)
So it is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations (激怒), when parents and
children give up on one another, when friendships falter(摇摇欲坠) at the first injury, for
thus we forfeit(丧失) a great work of art—the long love.
2. It is + adjective + infinitive to (注意: 先翻不定式部分,再翻形容词部分)
It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages.
It is difficult for us to over-praise the book.
3. It is + past participle + that-clause (注意: 先翻过去分词部分,再翻从句部分)
It is reported that never is the issue of how to get a decent job failing to attract our eyes.
It is said that/ /It is rumored that/It is estimated that/It is known that/It is argued that
并列平行结构
英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:..but also, either …or或neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。

连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。

The nationwide controversy over the current reforms will test the courage of our people and the determination of our government.
I am in favor of equal rights for women, especially the right to compete with men for jobs
on equal terms, the right to get the same pay as men for the same job, and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.
否定结构
A: 部分否定 partial negation
常用词有代词或副词：all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, weathered, always, often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”
Both of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of them is my brother.”
All is not gold that glitters = not all is gold that glitters.
Every man cannot do it = not every man can do it
I don’t remember all these formulas. This kind of tree is not found everywhere.
B: 双重否定，意义肯定
双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。

No one can command others who can’t comm and himself.
There are no roses without thorns. Y ou can’t make something out of nothing.
W hat’s done can’t be undone. Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new. C: 几乎否定
几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有：
little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom,
This problem has been little studied. He little realized the danger he was in.
She is barely right. I seldom got any sleep last night.
D: 形式否定，意义肯定
英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。

a. cannot …to o，越…..越…, 无论怎样…..也不过分
在此结构中，cannot可改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too也可改为over + v, enough, sufficient You cannot be too cautious.
You can hardly praise him too much.
A man can never have too many friends.
Ne wton’s contribution to modern science can s carcely be overrated.
He can’t see you quickly enough.
b. no（nobody）… but 都，没有….不，只有….才
There is no rule but has exception.
There exists no man but has an enemy.
c. nothing but, none but 仅仅，只，只有…才
nothing but 后接非指人的名词，none but 后接指人的名词，与nothing other than同义意为“仅仅，只有…才”
We can see nothing but water.
We found none but an old man in the room.
None but me knew what happened.
None but a fool would do such a thing.
You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia.
d. noting else than(仅仅，完全)
His failure was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.
e. no (none)other than正是, 仅仅是,
This is no other than the book we want to buy.
She is none other than my adviser.
f. more often than not, as often as not常常, 往往
During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not.
E: 形式肯定，意义否定
a. anything but, 绝对不，根本不是，一点也不
The bridge is anything but safe. He is anything but a scholar.
b. may/ might as well 这不如（最好）
I t’s still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.
c. 动词或动词短语引起的否定意义
miss, deny, lack, refuse, escape, resist, reject, decline, doubt, wonder, give up, to say nothing of, not to mention, turn a deaf ear to, lose sight of, let alone, leave alone,
d. 形容词引起的否定
far from, free from/of, safe from, short of, ignorant of, wanting of, reluctant to, immune to, exempt from…
其他常用语法现象
1.动名词
2.现在分词
3.不定式。