梵语语法表解

另：词内：辅音在元音、半元音、鼻音前一般不变； 词内：n在“ṛ/ṝ/r/ṣ (+元/喉/唇/y/v/h/ṃ)”后、“元/n/m/y/v”前变为ṇ； 词内：s在“k/r/l/非a非ā元音 (+ṃ/ḥ)”后、“非ṛ非r”前变为 ṣ（s变r除外）。

梵语句法（Syntax）
含义 常与之搭配的词语
格
基本含义 时间含义 空间含义 其他含义 动词 形容词 介词 其他
A 直接对象 during（时间段） in（空间段）;
目的地
副词；（实现的）目的 及物；对……言说
anu (after)
prati (towards)
（○tṛ）
I with 所用时间；
在……之后
所用空间；
所采取的路径
伴随状况；被动态的逻辑主语；原因；比较点
以……服侍；发誓；夸耀；装满；
为……高兴；在……获胜
同等；相似
sama, samāna, sadṛśa, tulya
saha (with)
vinā (without)
副词saha, samam,
sārdham, sākam
D to / for 未来动作的时间限制（未来的）目的；（动作名词）同不定式 给予；展示；告知；祝愿；适合
Ab from 在……之后 离开/来自某地；
离开的距离
原因；在某方面（-tas）；比较对象
看；听；说；问；拿；得；
落；断；夺；护；怕
比较级；高/低于
其他；不同
ā (till; since)
bahis (outside)
ūrdhvam (after in time)
G of / from 在……之后 部分；动作名词的对象或逻辑主语；独立属格
（主语为人，述语具延续性）；同为格；同从格
记住（smṛ）；怜悯（day）；模仿（anukṛ）；
渴求；占有；给予；乞讨；吃喝
知识；技艺；经验；依靠；
满；敌友；适合；好坏
adhas (below)
upari (above)
puras (before)
paścāt (after in space)
L at / in 在某时 在某处（或抽
象点）;目的地
独立依格；同为格 落；扔；放；打；靠；给予；承诺；买卖在……方面有能力 antah (within) 在……方面的能力
副代词和形代词ka/ku what a this i this ta that amu that ya which anya other eka one sarva every
L. -tra kutra
kva
where atra here iha here tatra there amutra yonder yatra where anyatra elsewhere ekatra somewhere sarvatra everywhere
Ab. -tas kutas whence atas hence itas hence tatas thence amutas
from
yonder
yatas whence anyatas
from
elsewhere
ekatas
from
somewhere
sarvatas
from every
place
time -dā kadā when idānīm now
tadā
tadānīm
then yadā when anyadā
at some
other time
ekadāonce sarvadā always
manner -thā katham
-cid
-cana
api
how atha now
ittham
iti
thus tathā so yathā as anyathāotherwise sarvathā in every manner
degree -yant
-vant
kiyant
how
great
iyant
so
great
tāvant
so
great
yāvant
(as great)
as
quality -dṛśa kīdṛśa
what
sort of
īdṛśa such tādṛśa such yādṛśa
(such)
as
anyādṛśa another
amount -ti kati -cid how many yati (as many) as
顺接 ca; api; atha; api ca; cāpi; athāpi
and; also
kiṃ ca; aparam; anyacca
moreover
tatas; tataśca
then (subsequently in time)
ca … ca; api … api; ca … api
not only … but also
选择 vā … vā; vā yadi vā
or
athavā
or rather
kecit … kecit; kecit / eke … apare / anye
some … others
转折 tu; param; punar; kiṃ tu; paraṃ tu; paraṃ kiṃ tu
but; yet
ca; api; atha
on the other hand; yet
tathāpi
nevertheless; however; yet
并
列
句
因果 hi because; tat; tasmāt; tatas; atas; tarhi therefore 定语从句 yas / yatra / yatas / yadā / yatha … sa / sā / tat yāvant … tāvant yādṛśas … tādṛśas 因果 yatas … tatas; yasmāt ... tasmāt because ... (so) tathā yathā as a result
目的 yena in order that tathā yathā so that (1st person) yāvat in order that 方式 yathā … tathā / evam / ittham as yāvat in so much as
时间 yadā … tadā
when
yāvat P tāvat Q; tāvat Q yāvat P
Q as long as P; Q until P
tāvat Q yāvat na P
Q before P
状 语 从
句
条件
让步 yadi / ced (encl.) / no ced … tatas / tadā / tat / tarhi / atha
if (not) … then
yadi … yadi / atha ...
if … but if …
yadyapi … tathāpi
though … nevertheless
主 从 句
名词性 从句 tat;
that
yathā
(know/say/declare) that
yadi
(doubt/inquire/tell) whether
… (direct speech) iti / evam / ittham / eṣa / ayam / īdṛśa
that …
强调
或
限制
nūnam; nanu; khalu (encl.); kila (encl.); nāma (encl.) bāḍham;
niyatam; satyam; yatsatyam; hi; vai; ha; sma; tu; u; uta; vā;
eva (even); kevalam (only, at least, but); param (only, at least, but);
kāmam (to be sure); tāvat (encl.)(at all events, at least, before others)
否定
一般:na （位于连接词之前; 和kaścid / kaścana / ko api / kvacid /
kadācid等组合表达nobody / nothing / none / nowhere / never等
义; na … api/eva: not even; na … jātu: not at all; na
khalu/nūnam/satyam: not indeed; na tāvat: not yet; na … ca/vā:
neither … nor; na … api: not … not even）
禁止: mā / maivam / mā tāvat；合成词: a(n)○
疑问
特殊疑问：ka / kva / kutas / kimiti (why) …
一般疑问：动词开头或api / uta / kim (难道) / kaccid (难道不)开头
感叹
hā (alas); vata (ah); ahaha (oh); āḥ (surprise); aho (surprise)(+N.);
dhik / dhigastu (fie)(+A.)
kaṣṭam (it is a pity, alas); sādhu (well done); āścaryam (marvellous)
aṅga / hanta (well, come)。