海牙,Visby,汉堡规则(中英)

Hague Rules
名词解释– article 1 (1):
―"Carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.
―承运人：包括与托运人订有运输合同的船舶所有人或租船人。

―"Contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading .
“运输合同”仅适用于以提单进行海上货物运输的合同
名词解释– article 1 (2):
―"Goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage in
stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.
―货物包括货物、制品、商品和任何种类商品，但活的牲畜和在运输合同上载明装载于舱面并且已经这样装运的货物除外。

―"Ship" means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.
―"Carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.
The responsibility of carrier (1):
―Article 3, 1
―The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to:
(a) Make the ship seaworthy.
(b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship.
(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.
―译:承运人需在开航时和开航前恪尽职责：使船舶适航；适当配备船员，装备和供应船舶；使船上货舱、冷藏舱和其他载货处所，能适宜和安全地接收、
运送和保管货物。

The responsibility of carrier (2):
适航：船舶在各方面均能抵御预定航次的通常的和合理预见的风险，以适于妥善安全运送货物。

船舶适航ship seaworthiness的要求:
―坚固的船舶firm ship
―船员Crew
―装备和供应品Equipment, supply
―适货Cargo worthy
The responsibility of carrier (3):
适航责任期间-- before and at the beginning of the voyage:
―一般解释：至少从船舶开始装货至船舶起航时为止的一段时间At least the
beginning of the loading until the vessel starts on her voyage
―航段适航原则Doctrine of seaworthiness stage
―开航后不适航，承运人的责任？
The responsibility of carrier (4):
克尽职责Due diligence:
―解释？
―承担着：承运人carrier,船长master, 船员crew,承运人的代理和雇佣人员carrier’s agent and servants
―模糊过失Indistinct defection
―举证责任Burden of proving
The responsibility of carrier (5):
―免责条款的应用不能延伸到船舶适航的范围
immunity clauses can not be applied in ship seaworthy
―承运人援引免责前，需要先行举证证明船舶适航或已尽了谨慎处理义务Proving ship seaworthy or due diligence before invoking immunity clauses
The responsibility of carrier (6):
Article 3, 2
―Subject to the provisions of Article 4, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried .
―除遵照第四条规定外，承运人应适当和谨慎地装卸、搬运、配载、运送、保管、照料和卸载所运货物。

―Properly: 业务,技术上的要求;
―Carefully: 态度,责任心的要求.
The responsibility of carrier (7):
Article 4, 4
―Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of
this Convention or of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be
liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.
―为救助或企图救助海上人命或财产而发生的绕航，或任何合理绕航，都不能作为破坏或违反本公约或运输合同的行为；承运人对由此而引起的任何灭失
或损害，都不负责。

Immunity of carrier (1):
•Article 4, 2 (17 terms) -- Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from
•不论承运人或船舶，对由于下列原因引起或造成的灭失或损坏，都不负责: ―(a) Act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.
船长、船员、引水员或承运人的雇佣人员，在航行或管理船舶中的行为、疏忽或不
履行义务(managing ship or cargo)
―(b) Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier.
火灾，但由于承运人的实际过失或私谋所引起的除外
―(c) Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters.
海上或其它能航水域的灾难、危险和意外事故
Immunity of carrier (2):
―(d) Act of God. 天灾
―(e) Act of war.战争行为
―(f) Act of public enemies.公敌行为
―(g) Arrest or restraint by princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process.君主、当权者、人民的扣押和管制，或依法扣押。

―(h) Quarantine restrictions.检疫限制
―(i) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative.托运人、货主、或其代理人或代表的行为和不行为
Immunity of carrier (3):
―(j) Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether partial or general. 无论任何原因导致的局部或全部罢工、关厂、停
止或限制工作。

―(k) Riots and civil commotions. 暴动和骚乱
―(l) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea. 救助或企图救助海上的人命和财产。

―(m) Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods.由货物的固有瑕疵、性质、缺陷
造成的容积或重量的亏损或其他的任何灭失和损坏。

―(n) Insufficiency of packing.包装不善。

―
Immunity of carrier (4):
―(o) Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks.标志不清或不当。

―(p) Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence. 恪尽职责仍不能发现的潜在缺陷
―(q) Any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the actual fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but
the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this
exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the
fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contributed to the loss
or damage.非由于承运人的实际过失或私谋，或者承运人的代理人或雇用人
员的过失或疏忽所引起的其他任何原因。

但免责要举证，要求引用这条免责
利益的人应负责举证，证明有关损失和损坏既非承运人的实际过失或私谋，
亦非承运人的代理人或雇用人员的过失和疏忽所造成。

(举证）Limitation of liability赔偿责任限制(1):
―Article 4,5 -- Neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become
liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with goods in an amount
exceeding 100 pounds sterling per package or unit, or the equivalent of that
sum in other currency unless the nature and value of such goods have been
declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading.
―不论是承运人或船舶，在任何情况下，对货物或与货物有关的灭失或损害，每件或每计费单位超过100英镑或其他货币的部分，都不负责。

但托运人于
装货前已就该项货物的性质和价值提出声明，并已在提单中注明的，不在此
限。

Period of responsibility责任期间:
Article 1,e -- "Carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.
―Tackle to tackle钩至钩
―Rail to rail 舷至舷
―Manifold to manifold管至管
The responsibility of shipper托运人的责任:
―Article 3,5 -- The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of shipment of the marks, number, quantity and
weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall indemnity the carrier
against all loss, damages and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in
such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit
his responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person
other than the shipper.
―译：托运人应被视为在装船时向承运人保证，由他提供的标志、号码、数量和重量均正确无误；并应赔偿给承运人由于这些项目不正确所引起或导致的
一切灭失、损坏和费用。

承运人的这种赔偿权利，并不减轻其根据运输合同
对托运人以外的任何人承担的责任和义务。

Claims on cargo and time bar货物的索赔及诉讼时效(1) :
―Article 3,6 -- Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of
discharge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of
the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or, if the
loss or damage be not apparent, within three days, such removal shall be
prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in
the bill of lading.
―译：除非在卸货港将货物灭失和损害同这种灭失损害的一般情况已书面通知给承运人或代理，在将货物移交给根据运输合同有权收货的人之前或当时，
这种移交应作为承运人已按照提单规定交付货物的初步证据。

若灭失和损坏
不明显，则这种通知应于交付货物之日起的三天内提交。

―索赔的提出:
若货物的灭失和损坏明显-- before or at the delivery
若货物的灭失和损坏不明显-- within three days
共同调查和检验Joint survey or inspection
―诉讼时效Time bar:
1年（Within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the
goods should have been delivered）.
Visby Rules
主要修改的内容(1):
Scope of application:
The provisions of these Rules shall apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of goods between ports in two different States if:
―(a) the bill of lading is issued in a Contracting State, or
―(b) the carriage is from a port in a Contracting State, or
―(c) the contract contained in or evidenced by the bill of lading provides that these Rules or legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the
contract, whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper,
the consignee, or any other interested person.
主要修改的内容(1):
Scope of application:
本公约各项适用于两个不同国家的港口之间有关货物运输的每一份提单：
―如果１）提单在缔约国签发
―２）或从一个缔约国的港口起运
―３）提单载有的或由提单证明的契约的规定，该契约应受本公约的各项规定约束或应受本公约生效的任何国家的立法约束，不论船舶、承运人、托运人、
收货人或任何其他有关人的关系如何。

主要修改的内容(2):
―最终证据效力Conclusive proof
―However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith.但是，当提单转让给
善意的第三人时，与此相反的证据将不能接受。

侵权行为的诉讼:
―The defences and limits of liability provided for in these Rules shall apply in any action against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to goods covered by
a contract of carriage whether the action be founded in contract or in tort.本
公约规定的抗辩和责任限制，应适用于就运输合同所涉及的有关货物的灭失
和损害对承运人所提起的任何诉讼，不论该诉讼是以合同为根据还是以侵权
行为为根据的。

―If such an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier (such servant or agent not being an independent contractor), such servant or agent
shall be entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability which
the carrier is entitled to invoke under these Rules.如果这种诉讼是对承运人
的雇佣或代理人（而其不是独立的缔约人）提出，该受雇人员或代理也有权
援引海牙规定的承运人的各项抗辩和责任限制
主要修改的内容(4):
诉讼时效:
―Subject to paragraph 6bis the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is
brought within one year of their delivery or of the date when they should have
been delivered. This period may, however, be extended if the parties so agree
after the cause of action has arisen.
―遵照第六款修订本规定，除非从货物交付之日或应交付之日起一年内提出诉讼，承运人和船舶在任何情况下都可免除对货物的任何责任。

但是，诉讼事
由提出后，如经当事方同意，该期限可延长。

主要修改的内容(5):
赔偿责任限制:
―Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, neither the carrier nor the
ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in
connection with the goods in an amount exceeding 666.67 units of account per
package or unit or 2 units of account per kilogramme of gross weight of the
goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher.
―除非在装货前，托运人声明该货物的性质和价值，并载入提单，否则，在任何情况下，承运人或船舶对货物所遭受的或有关的任何灭失和损害，每件或
每单位的金额超过1万金法郎部分，或按灭失或损害的货物每公斤重超过
30法郎部分，均不负责任，两者取较高。

Hamburg Rules
主要内容:
承运人责任期间:
―Article 4,1 -- The responsibility of the carrier for the goods under this Convention covers the period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods
at the port of loading, during the carriage and at the port of discharge.本公约
规定下承运人对货物的责任期间是承运人掌管货物的全部期间，包括在装货
港，运输途中及卸货港。

(HAGUE: covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship. )
―Article 5,1 -- The carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss of or damage to the goods, as well as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the
loss, damage or delay took place while the goods were in his charge as defined
in article 4, unless the carrier proves that he, his servants or agents took all
measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its
consequences.
―除非承运人证明他本人，其雇佣人或代理人为避免该事故发生及其后果已采取了一切所能合理要求的措施，否则承运人应对因货物灭失、损坏或延迟交
货所造成的损失负赔偿责任，如果引起该项灭失、损坏或延迟交付的事故，
如同第4条所述是在承运人掌管期间发生的。

―确立了承运人推定过失与举证责任相结合的完全过失责任制.
Delay in delivery延迟交货:
―Article 5,2 -- Delay in delivery occurs when the goods have not been delivered at the port of discharge provided for in the contract of carriage by sea within
the time expressly agreed upon or, in the absence of such agreement, within
the time which it would be reasonable to require of a diligent carrier, having
regard to the circumstances of the case.
―延迟交货，如果货物未能在明确议定的时间内，或虽无此项议定，但未能在考虑到实际情况对一个勤勉的承运人所能合理要求的时间内，在海上运输合
同所规定的卸货港交货，即为延迟交付。

Limits of liability赔偿责任限制:
―Article 6,1 -- The liability of the carrier for loss resulting from loss of or damage to goods according to the provisions of article 5 is limited to an amount
equivalent to 835 units of account per package or other shipping unit or 2.5
units of account per kilogramme of gross weight of the goods lost or damaged,
whichever is the higher.
―承运人对货物灭失或损坏造成的损失所负的赔偿责任，以灭失或损坏的货物每件或每其他货运单位相当于835记账单位或毛重每公斤2.5记账单位的数
额为限，两者取较高数额为准。

Effect of L/G保函的法律效力:
―Any letter of guarantee or agreement by which the shipper undertakes to indemnify the carrier against loss resulting from the issuance of the bill of
lading by the carrier, or by a person acting on his behalf, without entering a
reservation relating to particulars furnished by the shipper for insertion in the
bill of lading, or to the apparent condition of the goods, is void and of no
effect as against any third party, including a consignee, to whom the bill of
lading has been transferred.
Time bar诉讼时效:
―Any action relating to carriage of goods under this Convention is time-barred if judicial or arbitral proceedings have not been instituted within a period of two
years.
―有关货物运输的任何诉讼，如果在两年内没提出司法或仲裁程序，失去时效。