大学英语四级-语法.ppt

4) 不定式的其他用法
a) too…to 结构通常表示否定意义: She was too young to understand all that.
enough…to结构则表示肯定意义: She was not old enough to understand all that.
not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不 定式一般不表示否定意义: He’s only too pleased to help her.
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过将来 should/would do
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should/would have done 用于虚
拟语气 /
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/were given am/is/are given
will/shall be given
should/would be given
进行
was/were being am/is/are being given
so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语: Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不 定式前加一个for引起的短语: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.
3) 不带to 的不定式:
a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动 词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to. John made her tell him everything.
在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不 定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是 谁的情况: It’s kind of you to think so much of us. (It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us. It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式. John let fly a torrent of abuse at me. （一顿咒骂）
settled.
二) 动名词常考的点
1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格
或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I
have seen your mother). (比较: I am glad to see you.)
He is said to have written a new book about
workers.
这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的 不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式. She was made to tell him everything.
b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也 不带to. I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term.
c) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直 进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式. The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years. We are happy to have been working with you.
现在完成和将来完成
非谓语动词
非谓语动词-不定式
1) 形式 主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done
to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing
a) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与 主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或 是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所 表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.
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given
完成
had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have
been given
完成进行
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时间状语从句当中的时态：
一般过去时
所有的过去
用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来
现在完成时
I’ve heard tell of him.
（听说、听到）
d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式. Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种 形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
大学英语四级-语法篇
时态复习
时态
一般 进行 完成
过去 did was/were doing had done
完成进行 had been doing
现在 do am/is/are doing have/has done
have/has been doing
将来 will/shall do will/shall be doing will/shall have done
g) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系 分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或 “thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式， 这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省. What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing. All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. The thing to do now is clear up this mess. The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.
2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e). a. To scold her would not be just. b. We are planning to build a reservoir here. c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. d. Do you have anything to declare? e. We have come to learn from you.
d) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式 所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被 动形式. It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. He wanted the letter to be typed at once. This is bound to be found out. There are a lot of things to be done. She was too young to be assigned such work.
f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to. Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.
出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带 to, 有时不带to. He decided to write rather than telephone. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
He pretended not to have seen me.
b) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状 态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式. You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet. We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. He pretended to be listening attentively.
calling（Key：C your calling 也对） I regret not having taken your advice.
4)有些词后只能接动名词
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
动名词
具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语
一)动名词的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your
advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being