维多利亚时代.doc

题目（中文）论在维多利亚女王时代英国人性情与行为的形成和影响（外文）Of the Characters and Manners’ Development of English People under the Reign of Queen Victoriaof Queen VictoriaOutlinePaper Statement: The influence of Queen Victoria was quite important in the history.A profound analysis is very indispensable for us. This paper ismainly talking about the reasons and influence to the developmentof characters and manners in Victoria Age.Ⅰ. Brief Introduction: The politics and economy background Great Britain; TheQueen Victoria and her influence on English people.Ⅱ. The Changes Analysis1. English Sense of Art2. English Reserves3. English Pride4. English Modesty5. English Sense of Humor6. English Change in Diet7. English SportsmanshipⅢ. ConclusionⅣ. Bibliographyof Queen VictoriaⅠ. Brief IntroductionQueen Alexandrina Victoria (1819.5.24~1901.1.22) who was the longest reigning queen of Great Britain history from the year 1837 to 1901, devoted herself to the development of her country and people. Victoria, from respectable family, was not only the queen of Great Britain but also a good wife and mother. She endeavored to her work and was full of responsibility to her country and people. In other people’s eyes, Victoria was the epitome of that age. In her 63 years’ reign, the country was flourishing as never before after the Industrial Revolution.During the reign period, Great Britain had gained great achievements in the economy development and society and the culture as well as other aspects of the country. Also because of this, the Great Britain became the strongest and richest country in the world, therefore, proudly they called themselves ＂The empire on which the sun never sets＂. Great Britain dominated the world, the overseas territorial control over Europe, Asia, the United States, Australia, Africa. So the age from the year 1837 when she became the queen of Great Britain to 1914 before the First World War began called the＂Victoria Age＂in English history.Under the reign of Queen Victoria, the society changed tremendously. Especially, the change of characters and manners of English people was very obvious, for example, the English Reserves, English Modesty, and the English sense of humor, English sportsmanship, also the English pride, and so on.These changes, which happened in the golden age in English history, are the important and interesting things that need our research and study. This paper is going to talk about the characters and manners’ development detailedly, and I will mainly analyze the reasons and the influences of these phenomena in that special age underthe reign of Queen Victoria.Key Words: Queen Victoria; characters; developmentⅡThe Changes Analysis1.English Sense of ArtIn Victoria Age, the politics and economy as well as the society of Great Britain developed rapidly, while the most remarkable result of it was the leap of rich middle class. The plenty of money and promoting of their status roused their desire that to change the living conditions through decorating their houses and pursue a confortable life. They were eager to show and flaunt their achievements by means of decorating the house in which they lived. Therefore, the Victoria Style which was based on the decorating emerged as the times require. Industrial Revolution made the volume production possible, so the design and manufacture of products became a convenient and cheap, general standard. And this provided a good chance to develop the Victoria Style that mixing many decorating elements freely as they wished. The Victoria Style was developed as the main way for people to decorate their houses finally.To be more detailed, between the year 1837 and 1901, in the society, the women’s dress and personal adornment features were that using a lot of laces and spun yams, falbalaes, ribbons and butterfly ties, and some multilevel cake tailors even cockles and so on into their clothes. As the style of restore ancient ways was popular among people, this gorgeous and implicit style gave us a fresh and different feeling.2.English ReservesIn Victoria Age people developed the character of reserves, and maybe the most famous quality of the English was reserves. A lot of British people were unwilling to accept the new things but old-fashioned conservative ideology. British Conservative was known around the world, the British thought their way of doing things was the best and most reasonable. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person: he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without everknowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. They seldom showed their happiness, sadness or some other feelings. Under the reign of Queen Victoria, Great Britain was a relatively small number of the world, one of the countries to maintain the monarchy and its conservative evident.3.English PrideMany scientific inventions sprang up like mushrooms in Victoria era, and people were confident and optimistic to the Industrial Revolution because of the great progress of science technology. In a word, after getting into the industrialization, the English people reveled in the tremendous success and lost into the pride as the overlord of the world.In the middle of Victoria era, the economy developed in an amazing speed that never seen before. At that time, the industrial production capacity and value of foreign trade were stronger than any other countries in the world. The Great Britain became the most wealthy country without any doubt. The world eyes focused on this powerful area.A French said that this noble country like Great Britain fed their people successfully, while France, a democratic country, people worked and produced for the noble people alone after his visit in the expo held in the Crystal Palace in Great Britain in 1851.Therefore, the English people were proud of their unapproachable status; she was the trade center of the world.North American and Russian plain is our corn; Chicago and Odessa is our granary, Canada and the Baltic sea is our farm, Australia, Asia has our sheep; Argentina and north west of the grasslands are our herds; Peru shipped its silver; South Africa and Australia's gold is flowing to London, The Indian and Chinese people we planted tea, While our coffee, sugar cane and spices plantations are throughout India islands, Spain and France is our vineyards; Mediterranean is our orchard, Long-term since early growth in the southern United States of our cotton, is now to earth's all warm area expanded(from William Stanley Jevons，1835.9.1—1882).4.English ModestyThe English modesty was closely related to English reserve. In their hearts, the English were perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise was felt to be ill-bred. The self-deprecation was typical character in English, and, mixing with their reserve, it often produced a sort of general air of indifference which showed to foreigners difficult to understand and even irritating.While, on the other hand, they were perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.5.English Sense of HumorIn Victoria Age, gentlemen and ladies formed a distinctive sense of humor. It began from the self-dispraise, and its great foe was conceit. Its goal was the ability to laugh at themselves, for example, laughed at their own faults, even at their own ideals. This kind of thing that “He had no sense of humor” was often heard in Britain, where humor was highly prized by the English people. The English appear to be deeply serious. And the English sense of humor sometimes comes as a surprise to foreigners. English humor refuses to be caught and examined and just when you think you have got it, you realize that you have been duped once again.A sense of humor was an attitude towards life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes, they thought.6.English Change in DietIn that special time, people from the upper-middle-class devoted a particular care to the diet. They imported all kinds of spices and seasonings from foreign countries and used them into their food which made painstakingly. They had the oddest cooking school in the world in Victoria are. The cooking books written by the famous cookswere very popular among English people, and they were the first one to write these cooking skills into the books delicately and specifically. Some small kitchen wares like can opener turned out to be the prevalent thing in many houses. The English people also developed a lot of table manners.In Victoria era, the afternoon tea prevailed in society, meanwhile, the gentry’s breakfast was plentiful; lunch was simple while dinner would be begun very late in that time. It was said that, Duchess Anna who was an attendant of Queen Victoria would feel hungry every afternoon, so she would ask someone to take some refreshments for her. While, as a plenty of people imitated her, drinking afternoon tea became the routine to people gradually. As a matter of fact, as the development of drinking afternoon tea, a mass of cultures attached to it appeared. Exquisite hotels had special rooms for gusts to drink tea. In the street, there were also many drinking tea places for public.7.English SportsmanshipEnglish people had a strong love for sports. We may have realized that sport in its modern form was almost definitely a British invention. Boxing, association football, tennis and cricket were all first organized and given rules in Britain. One of the most elementary rules of life was “never hit a man when he's down” －in other words, never took advantage of another person's misfortune. English school-boys often showed this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.In Cambridge University or other schools like Eton Coolege, the sportsmanship was more obvious among the students. In campus, every student wants to join the canoes team, and they regard it as a proud thing. No matter how busy they are, they still get up early every morning to train painstakingly. In some degree, they think that the sports are as important as the education in school. The sportsmanship was very common in English, even the children in primary school can tell you a plenty of things about sports. Their one of the compulsory courses is sport actually.ⅢConclusionThe Great Britain was an ambitious and proud country in the history, she had glorious time in the passed. Victoria was symbol of that age. During her reign time, people were more united than before, at the same time, Great Britain became the most powerful one around the world and still developed continuously. That was the inheritance that Victoria left to her people. There were few female queen like Victoria in the history who could not only fulfill her responsibility excellently but also feel happy as an ordinary people. During her reign, especially after 1851, people called that time the Victoria Age because of the achievements they never got before.The Queen Victoria had many distinctive characters. She was loyal to country and her famil y; she had the talent in ruling a country; she’s also strict to her children and people around her. Through her effort, the country developed rapidly, including economy, culture, and politics, art and so on.As the time passed by, the constitutional monarchy got the sufficient development. The Britain’s strength in every aspect was extremely strong. And the people formed many characters and manners like English modesty, English reserve, English sense of humor as well as some habits like drinking afternoon tea, anyway, the Victoria Age would be remembered by English people and the world forever.ⅣBibliography1.《Theories of Political Economy》, William Stanley Jevons(1835.9.1-1882), 1871.10.2.《Jane Eyre》, Charlotte Bronte•C(1816-1855), 1847.10.3.《Oliver Twist》,Charles John Huffam Dickens (1812.2.7-1870.6.9), 1838.4.《The Origin of Species》,Charles Robert Darwin (1809.2.12 — 1882.4.19), 1859.5.《Vanity Fair》, Thackeray，William Makepeace(1811-1863).6.《The Prime Minister》,Anthony Trollope (1815～1882), 1876.7.《An Introduction to Britain and America》,Lai Anfang, 1991.2010/12/4。