Green_trade_barrier绿色贸易堡垒

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绿色贸易壁垒对山东农产品的影响及对策建议

绿色贸易壁垒对山东农产品的影响及对策建议

绿色贸易壁垒对山东农产品的影响及对策建议引言所谓农产品的绿色贸易壁垒实质为技术壁垒的一种,主要是发达国家以保护其国民健康为借口,对水产品中有害物的含量制定较高的质量指标。

近几年,中国农产品频繁遭受国际上绿色壁垒的冲击,山东省是全国的农产品出口大省.2008年山东省农产品出口获得了稳步增长,出口总值连续九年位居全国第一,达99.8亿美元。

同比增长7.8%.占全国农产品出口总额的24.6%,出口的国家和地区达到185个。

然而,山东省农产品的出口受到了主要出口国家绿色壁垒的限制。

作为农产品出口大省的山东省长期以来忽视农产品的质量,对有些农户滥用药物和激素,造成药物残留超标,未引起足够的重视;而且在生产过程中缺乏环保意识,导致山东省农产品被其他国家的绿色壁垒所封杀。

绿色壁垒已经成为山东省农产品出口的重大障碍造成了重大的损失。

因此加强对绿色壁垒的研究。

采取切实可行的措施提高山东省农产品出口的竞争力十分必要。

二.绿色贸易壁垒的概念及特点绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barrier),又称“环境贸易壁垒”、“环境壁垒”、“绿色保护主义”一般认为,绿色贸易壁垒是指一国以保护有限的自然环境,环境和人类健康为由,通过制定一系列苛刻的环保标准.对来自其他国家(或地区)的产品、服务直接或间接设置障碍限制进口,以实现保护本国市场为目的的新型非关税壁垒。

绿色贸易壁垒的基本类型大致可以分为(1)绿色技术标准.通过立法手段制订严格的强制性环保技术标准.限制国外不符合环保技术标准的产品进口.对贸易实施限制,(2)绿色环境标志.即由政府管理部门颁布的表明产品从生产.使用到回收处理整个过程符合国家环境保护要求,对生态环境和人类健康无害的一种特殊标志.(3)绿色包装制度是指对生态环境和人体健康无害.能循环复用和再生利用或降解腐化.促进可持续发展的包装i(4)绿色卫生检疫制度.以确保人类健康免遭进口动植物携带疾病而造成的损害为由而对农副产品和食品制定的安全卫生标准和检疫措施.f 5)绿色补贴.即一种将资源环境费用内在化以降低外部经济效果使成本与效益尽可能在生产和经营者身上得到统一的一种手段。

绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献

绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献

绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献:Title: Green Trade BarriersAbstract: Green trade barriers refer to environmental regulations and standards imposed by countries on imported goods, with the aim of promoting environmental protection and sustainability. While these measures are intended to reduce the negative impacts of international trade on the environment, they can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This paper examines the concept of green trade barriers, their impact on trade, and the policy options available to address these issues.Introduction: As global environmental concerns continue to grow, countries are increasingly adopting environmental regulations and standards to promote sustainability and protect natural resources. These measures can include a range of policies, such as emissions standards, energy efficiency requirements, and restrictions on hazardous substances. While these policies are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for international trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers totrade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements.What are Green Trade Barriers? Green trade barriers could be defined as environmental regulations and standards that restrict the trade of goods based on their environmental impact. These measures are intended to promote environmental protection and sustainability, but can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. Examples of green trade barriers include:Emissions standards: These are regulations that limit the amount of pollution that can be produced by a particular product or industry. For example, the European Union has set strict emissions standards for automobiles, which can make it difficult for foreign automakers to sell their products in the EU.Energy efficiency requirements: These are regulations that require products to meet certain energy efficiency standards. For example, the United States has energy efficiency requirements for appliances, which can make it difficult for foreign appliance manufacturers to sell their products in the US.Restrictions on hazardous substances: These are regulations that limit or ban the use of certain hazardous substances in products. For example, the EU has banned the use of lead in certain products, which can make it difficult for foreign manufacturers to sell their products in the EU.Impact of Green Trade Barriers: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This can result in a number of negative impacts, including:Reduced export opportunities: Green trade barriers can limit the export opportunities for developing countries, particularly those that rely heavily on exports for economic growth.Increased costs: Compliance with green trade barriers can be costly, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries that may not have the resources to invest in new technology or processes.Unequal playing field: Green trade barriers can create an unequal playing field for developing countries, particularlythose that may not have the resources to meet the same standards as developed countries.Policy Options: There are a number of policy options available to address the issues of green trade barriers. These include:Capacity building: Developing countries can be supported through capacity building initiatives, such as technology transfer, to help them meet the requirements of green trade barriers.Harmonization of standards: Developing countries can be encouraged to adopt international environmental standards, which can help to harmonize regulations and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Mutual recognition agreements: Countries can enter into mutual recognition agreements, which recognize each other's environmental standards and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Conclusion: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also create barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries. There are a number of policy options available to address these issues, including capacity building, harmonization ofstandards, and mutual recognition agreements. By addressing these issues, it is possible to promote both environmental protection and trade, while ensuring that developing countries are not unfairly disadvantaged.。

绿色壁垒

绿色壁垒

定义
绿色壁垒(Green Barriers,简称GBs),也称为环境贸易壁垒(Environmental Trade Barriers,简称ETBs),是指为保护生态环境而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的措施。

绿色壁垒通常是进出口国为保护本国生态环境和公众健康而设置的各种保护措施、法规和标准等,也是对进出口贸易产生影响的一种技术性贸易壁垒。

它是国际贸易中的一种以保护有限资源、环境和人类健康为名,通过蓄意制定一系列苛刻的、高于国际公认或绝大多数国家不能接受的环保标准,限制或禁止外国商品的进口,从而达到贸易保护目的而设置的贸易壁垒。

解释
绿色壁垒,属于技术的一项,产生于20世纪80年代后期,90年代开始兴起于各国。

从其本意上说,它是指那些以维护人类健康和环境安全为目的而采取的限制甚至禁止有关国际贸易活动的法律、法规、标准、政策及其相应的行政措施,以避免这些贸易活动可能导致的环境污染与生态破坏,实现经济的可持续发展。

从其实际应用上说,指在国际贸易中一些国家以保护生态资源、生物多样性、环境和人类健康为借口,设置一系列苛刻的高于国际公认或绝大多数国家不能接受的环保法规和标准,对外国商品进口采取的准入限制或禁止措施。

以技术标准、商品包装和标签、卫生检疫标准等途径强制规定实施,涵盖产品研发、生产、包装、运输、使用、循环再利用等整个过程。

应对绿色贸易壁垒法律对策研究的开题报告

应对绿色贸易壁垒法律对策研究的开题报告

应对绿色贸易壁垒法律对策研究的开题报告一、研究背景及意义绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barriers)指的是一些国家或地区在环保、健康和安全等方面制定了一定的标准和规定,向其他国家进口货物时必须符合这些标准和规定,否则会被认定为不符合环保、健康和安全标准的商品而产生的障碍,这种障碍称为绿色贸易壁垒。

世界上越来越多的国家对外贸易采取了绿色贸易壁垒措施,原则上这些措施十分正确,但在其实际执行过程中,出现了一些国家利用绿色贸易壁垒,保护本地生产者利益甚至限制其他国家的产品进入市场等问题,给国际贸易和世界经济带来了一定的负面影响。

在全球经济一体化和全球化竞争的今天,绿色贸易壁垒成为了国际贸易中最严重的障碍之一。

因此,本研究试图探讨应对绿色贸易壁垒问题的法律对策,以便更好地解决这些问题,推动国际贸易的积极发展。

二、研究目标及内容本研究旨在深入分析绿色贸易壁垒的概念、分类及其影响,通过比较研究,探讨不同国家应对绿色贸易壁垒的法律对策,并针对应对绿色贸易壁垒的法律需要和问题,提出具体的建议和意见。

具体研究内容包括:1. 绿色贸易壁垒的概念和分类2. 绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响及其原因3. 欧盟、美国和日本等主要经济体对绿色贸易壁垒的法律对策4. 对我国应对绿色贸易壁垒的法律对策建议三、研究方法本研究采用文献资料法、案例分析法和比较研究法相结合的方法。

首先通过收集相关文献材料,了解绿色贸易壁垒的相关概念、分类及其影响。

其次,通过案例分析法,评估各国应对绿色贸易壁垒的法律和政策效果。

最后,通过比较研究法,分析不同国家应对绿色贸易壁垒的法律和政策措施,提出针对我国应对绿色贸易壁垒的法律对策建议。

四、研究意义本研究旨在为应对绿色贸易壁垒问题提出可行的法律对策建议,促进国际贸易的发展,提高我国国际贸易竞争力。

同时,研究结论对于提高环保、健康和安全等领域的标准化和法律体系建设具有重要的推动作用。

以绿色营销打破绿色壁垒

以绿色营销打破绿色壁垒

以绿色营销打破绿色壁垒绿色壁垒是绿色贸易壁垒的简称,又叫环境壁垒(environmental trade barrier),是指进口国(主要是发达国家)以保护生态环境、自然资源以及人类和动植物的健康与生存为由限制进口的非关税壁垒措施。

它依据有关的环保标准和规定,要求进口商品不但要符合质量标准,而且从设计、制造、包装到消费处置都要符合环境保护的要求,不得对生态环境和人类健康造成危害。

这种新的贸易保护措施可有效地阻止外国,特别是环保技术落后的发展中国家的产品进口,为本国市场形成巨大的保护网,是国际贸易中最隐蔽、最棘手和最难对付的贸易壁垒之一。

目前主要是西方国家对发展中国家建立绿色贸易壁垒。

从某种意义上说,有其合理的精神内涵。

问题是发达国家在实施这些环境政策和措施时带有愈来愈重的贸易保护主义色彩,结果往往对国际贸易造成一些不合理的限制和扭曲,阻碍了发展中国家工业化及现代化进程。

我国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,出口货物大多是劳动密集型产品,受环境保护措施的影响很大,绿色贸易壁垒正在成为21世纪初我国出口贸易发展的巨大障碍。

当前国际贸易中的绿色壁垒是根据各国国内的环保水平和标准来设置的,这样就容易产生一个问题:发达国家的产品比较容易进入发展中国家的市场,而发展中国家的产品却因难以达到发达国家的环保标准而常常被拒之于发达国家国门之外。

这种掌握在发达国家手中的国际环保标准是极不利于发展中国家开展国际贸易的。

我国是一个发展中国家,由于经济较落后,环保水平还比较低,致使我国许多产品的出口因“绿色壁垒”而受到冲击。

例如,在我国的瓷器出口中,经常发生金边和蓝边瓷器退货事件,据称是因金边材料中含汞量超标,蓝边材料中含铅过高,危害健康;我国的一些食品因质量问题特别是农药残留量和其他有害物质超标而面临出口危机,等等。

我国产品的生产和加工的过程和方法、包装贮运、组成成分及性能存在诸多不利环保的因素所造成的贸易国禁止进口、退货和索赔的案例非常之多。

什么叫绿色贸易壁垒

什么叫绿色贸易壁垒

什么叫绿色贸易壁垒绿色贸易壁垒,也称绿色壁垒,是指在国际贸易活动中,一国以保护本国环境为由而制定的一系列环境贸易措施.使得他国产品无法进入该国市场或在进入市场时受到一定程度的限制,从而达到保护本国产品和市场的目的。

“绿色贸易壁垒”包括环境进口附加税、绿色技术标准、绿色环境标准、绿色市场准入制度、消费者的绿色销售意识等方面的内容。

由于发达国家产品的科技含量和公众的环境意识普遍较高,他们对环境标准的要求非常严格,不仅要求产品要符合环保要求,而且还规定从产品的研制、开发、生产、包装、运输、使用、循环再利用等整个过程均需要符合环保要求。

案例近年来,在国际贸易和跨国网络营销中,许多国家要求进口的产品需要进行绿色认证,要有“绿色标志”。

有些国家.更以保护本国环境为由设置了“绿色贸易壁垒”,通过制定极为苛刻的产品环保标准来限制他国产品进入本国市场。

“绿色标志”认证对我国很多产品的国际竞争力和出口带来了不小的难度。

因此,发展“绿色制造业”,将为我国企业突破国际绿色贸易壁垒、进军国际市场广泛参与国际竞争提供强有力的支持。

所谓“绿色制造”,就是要求产品从设计时就要充分考虑到环境资源的保护与利用;生产中,要采用无废、少废技术和清洁生产工艺,生产出有利于公众健康的产品:在废弃阶段,应充分考虑到使产品易于回收和再处理。

总之,重视资源回收利用和产品的环保性能,不但要求尽可能地将非环保的因素消除在生产阶段,而且也要最大限度地减少产品在使用和处理过程中对环境的危害。

“绿色制造”是今后的发展趋势。

在中国缝制设备制造行业中,有一部分企业已经先行动起来了,开始在“绿色制造”方面进行积极的探索。

**缝纫机股份有限公司从2003年开始通过进行“绿色旋律”的宣传活动、在2004年推出的《GREEN》(绿色旋律),把“绿色概念”全面融入缝纫机制造和市场营销中,并已取得了非常好的效果,从而初步塑造了“绿色中捷”的品牌形象。

从整个缝制设备行业来看,“绿色制造”概念也越来越受到广泛关注。

绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响

绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响

一、绿色贸易壁垒理论综述(一)绿色贸易壁垒的概念绿色壁垒(Green Barrier),通常亦称“环境壁垒”或“生态壁垒”,是指在国际贸易中,进口国为了保护自然资源、生态环境和人类健康而制定的一系列限制进口的举措。

一些国家对其他国家商品进口采取的准入限制或禁止措施。

如:委内瑞拉的汽油因为含铅(Pb)量超过了美国规定而被禁止进入美国;由于加拿大的猎人所使用的捕猎工具捕杀了大量的野生动物,所以也被欧盟禁止进口;从1990年开始,含氟利昂的冰箱被禁止进入欧洲国家,导致我国的电器出口倍受打击,冰箱的出口下降了约59%。

这些都是由于绿色壁垒而产生的一系列事件。

1我国的国贸问题专家对此的定义是:“绿色壁垒是指那些以保护环境为由而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的措施。

主要包括国际和区域性的环保公约、环境标志和ISO14000环境管理体系等自愿性措施、生产和加工方法及环境成本的内在化要求等分系统。

”笔者认为,绿色贸易壁垒从表现形式上来说主要是世界各国为保护本国生态环境和公众健康而制定的各种环境保护措施、法规标准。

因此绿色贸易保护壁垒,从某种意义上来说,就是对进出口贸易产生影响的一种非关税的技术性贸易壁垒。

1田正育.用“绿色壁垒”应对绿色挑战[J]国防技术基础,,2002,(03)(二)绿色贸易壁垒的内容绿色贸易保护壁垒在内容上,如果严格按照保护环境和人类生命安全的初衷,其定义的内容将会相当广泛,应该说世界上没有一个国家的农产品能冲破这种严格意义上的壁垒。

但是由于各国国家出于本国利益的考虑,绿色贸易壁垒虽的内容虽然近年来不断扩大,但还是有迹可循,保持在一个有限的范围内。

综合世界上绿色贸易壁垒的内容设定,我们认为目前的绿色贸易壁垒主要包含以下几项内容:1、有关生产方法、加工过程的限制措施一开始发达国家在绿色贸易壁垒体系下主要对我国农产品的本身的污染进行一些限制,但是随着我国经济、社会、科技的发展,这些限制已经不能控制我国的农产品大规模的进入世界市场。

International-Green-Trade-Barrier-国际贸易壁垒分析(英文版)

International-Green-Trade-Barrier-国际贸易壁垒分析(英文版)

International Green Trade Barrier(一)IntroductionGreen Trade Barrier, simply Green Barrier or Environment Barrier, comes into being at the late 1980s and begins to develop in every country all over the world in the 90s. It concludes those measures either directly or indirectly taken to restrict or even ban on import trade by the importing country during the international trade activities in order to protect its environment, natural resources and human beings’health. It is a new type of non-tariff barriers which is actually used by developed countries as a tool of restricting developing countries’ importing and exporting trade in the name of environmental protection under the condition of the fierce conflict between environment and trade. For example, American refused to import the petrol of Venezuela because the Pb content in it has been beyond the standard of this country; European countries ban imports on the refrigerators which content Freon; The USDA bans imports on the beef from countries that have had cases of mad cow disease.Objectively speaking, there are two general kinds of Green Barrier, namely Kind Green Barrier and Vicious Green Barrier, which is classified according to its own motives. If the importing countries establish and implement their policies, law and technical standards to restrict the import with the purpose of protecting ecology, people’s health and developing sustainably, it is a Kind Green Barrier. However, the Vicious Green Barrier is actually a way of trade protectionism, which is aimed at making use of the domestic technical advantages to stop developing countries from entering its home market. Such kind of green barrier should be resisted and prevented. They have different or even opposite influence on the international trade. The former can keep our society developing in a sustainable and harmonious order, whereas the latter fails to do it like that. Therefore, we should keep this problem in prospective.(二) Reasons of the Risei.Green Trade Barrier is more elusive and safer than othernon-tariff barriers.Compared with import quotas, import license, import ban and many other non-tariff barriers, the Green Trade Barrier has fewer problems in the unreasonable distribution and varieties of discriminations hence it is much easier to avoid trade friction. Besides, the modern inspection standards based on the scientific technology are so stringent and complicated that it is difficult for the export countries to deal with and adjust to.ii.The deterioration of the worldwide environment has changed our human value.With the fast growth of the Industrialization and the world economy, the pollution and disruption of environment and natural recourses have become more and more serious, such as global warming, ozone depletion, bio-diversity reduction and many other environmental problems. And they have brought out great changes in people’s value and consuming behaviors. Going for good life quality and creating green civilization have taken the dominant place in their mind.Therefore, there is an increasing demand in environmentally friendly and healthy green products. The preference for green products in the developed countries is one of forming reasons of this barrier.iii.The decrease of traditional non-tariff barriers has given a good chance for the rise of the Green Trade Barrier.With the implement of The GATT and the World Trade Organization and the constant decrease of duties, the non-tariff barriers have been more restricted stringently and the traditional trade barriers do not work as well as before.In this case, the developed countries have to find out and conduct new trade-protection measures standing in their own shoes. So the Green Trade Barrier happens.iv.The environmental standards in every country are different.It cannot be denied that the level of social productive forces and the awareness of protecting environment in the developed countries are far higher than them in the developing ones. Though the stipulation and implement of Environmental standards in which they are very strict mean little to the homemade product competitive, they will have great impact on lots of developing countries.Consequently, for protecting their own trade, the Green Barriers are built with restricting the import of developing countries.v.The existence of all kinds of green organizations and its influence on the national policy are one of the major factors Since 1970s, there have been many green organizations establishing all over the world. They are an increasingly important kind of political power which has directly great impact on the government policy as well as the official status and their political career. Therefore lots of parties have politicalized the environmental problems by setting about adding the environment protection policy into their policy system, which unavoidably involves the economy and trade areas. At the same time, under the pressure given by the domestic manufacturers, the governments in developed countries have to establish some green barriers to protect their benefits.vi.Another rise of the trade protectionism in developed countriesand the loophole of WTO rules are the fundamental factors for therise of Green Trade Barrier.Under the pressure of the slow growth of domestic economy, the increasing unemployment and the lack of superior industry, the developed countries, on one hand, strongly advocate Free Trade Theory within WTO for developing and expanding service trading market, especially in the superior industry and Knowledge-based economy. On the other hand, they adopt new trade protectionism measures in their relatively inferior areas by establishing some unattainable standards for the import products of the developing countries. It is not surprising that the Green Trade Barrier is adopted.(三)The basic characteristics of Green Trade Barrieri.It is nominally reasonable.Outwardly speaking, Green Trade Barrier is set with the purpose of preserving our natural resources, environment and maintaining our health. However, it is actually used by developed countries as a tool of restricting developing countries’ importing and exporting trade.ii.It is formally lawful.Green Trade Barrier belongs to non-tariff barriers. However, it is based on a series of international and domestic public law and regulations, which is totally different form the other non-tariff barriers. It is lawfully allowable that the developed countries conduct the stringent green barriers measures towards the import according to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.iii.It is extensive in the content of protectingIt not only makes provisions and restrictions in producing and selling of many products involved with environmental protection and human beings’ health, but also lays great pressure in the industrial manufactured goods which have to commit to the safety, health, antifouling and many other environmentalstandards.iv.It is elusive in the ways of protectingCompared with import quotas, import license, import ban and many other non-tariff barriers, the Green Trade Barrier has fewer problems in the unreasonable distribution and varieties of discriminations hence it is much easier to avoid trade friction. Besides, the modern inspection standards based on the scientific technology are so stringent and complicated that it is difficult for the export countries to deal with and adjust to.v.It needs high technology.It has great demand in high technology in the process of products’ producing,using, consuming and use-after handling.The Exports of Agricultural Commodities of China & International Green Trade Barrier(一)T he Present Situation of Chinese Agricultural ProductExportIntroductionSince China's accession to WTO, its labor-intensive farm products have lost their international competitive advantage. As a large agricultural country our country is, its technological level of farm products’producing is low. That’s why so many developed countries restrict our farm products export by making use of the Green Barriers in order to weaken our competition, which can be seen from the chart below.The change of Chinese agricultural competitive advantage from 1980 to 2005(二)The problems existing in domestic farm producti.Low quality; low Value-added processing rate and lack of internationalcompetition are the main problems.Though great progress has been made andthe export of the processing agricultural products has increased over theyears, the processing technology cannot keep pace with other developedcountries with a result of being unable to get rid of the simple producingstyle.ii.The less protection and support on the safety of the farm commodity’s exportis another problem.Recently, some countries establish Green Barriers torestrict our country’s export of farm produce, which might because of theunsolved problems about the use of hormone and the overuse of pesticide inthem. In this case, if the producers and exporters fail to know about thespecific regulations on the farm product in the import countries, they willrisk losing a lot for being unable to meet the product quality standard.iii.The imperfect of rule of law is another problem. Though the environment protection law system has been taken into effect since the raise of thereform and opening-up policy, it is impossible to be conductedcomprehensively over the country.(三)The influence of Green Trade Barrier on the export ofChinese farm product1)The positive influence of Green Barrier on the agriculture ofChinai.It is helpful to protect and ameliorate our agricultural ecologicalenvironment.The mandatory execution of Green Barrier can enhance the publicpeasantry’s awareness of environment protection and encourage them to takeenvironment-protection measures in the process of producing farm producein order to protect the produce from being polluted. Therefore, a beneficialcycle that protecting and ameliorating environment in the process ofproducing and producing in the process of protecting and amelioratingenvironment can be formed.ii.It is good to optimize the industrial structure of agriculture of our country and develop the strategy of green agriculture. Conducting GreenBarriers can spur farm producers to adapt soon to the Green Trade Standard;make good use of farming resource and focus on producingenvironment-friendly farm output. It also contributes to keep the usingdosage of fertilize; pesticide and Veterinary drug under control, which ishelpful to protect our environment from being polluted.iii.It is good to develop our country’s agricultural technology and improve the farm production’s quality.Every technological standard involved GreenBarriers is usually based on the advanced environment-protection technology.In order to comply with such standards and avoid the trouble made by theGreen Barriers, the farming producers have to enhance technological levelto guarantee the production’s quality. In the long run, with the rise ofagriculturally technological level and quality, our country’sinternational status will be higher.2)The negative influence on the agricultural products of Chinai.Firstly, the “Green trade Barrier” leads to the reducing amount of theexporting agriculture products.Since the Reform Police was put intopractice, the export of national agriculture products has been increasingabout 5% annually. However, along with the expansion and enhancement of the“Green trade Barrier”, it shows an reducing tendency. The major influencedindustries included animal husbandry, fishery, fruit and vegetableproduction and so on. For example, it was reported by the Animal ProtectionOrganization from many countries like Switzerland in February 2006, whichrevealed the news of fur and feather animals breeding and process industriesin Gangshu Count, Heber Province. Among them, the Animal ProtectionOrganization appeal for the European Unit to prevent our fur and featherindustries from entering the EU market. As a result, the proportion of ourfur and feather industries which occupied the international market isdropping down dramatically nowadays.ii.Secondly, the “Green trade Barrier”makes the exporting cost of the agricultural products go up.Take the identification of the green mark forexample; we have to make an effort to pay a large amount of money for theequipment expense caused for the detection, test and evaluation. Besides,we also have to give a payment for the direct fee of the annual usage fromthe identification, the application and even the usage of the brands.Therefore, the cost of these products is rising in a large degree, whichmakes them lose the competitive strength of price.iii.Thirdly, the Green Trade Barrier decreases farmers’income in our country.Due to the strike from the “Green trade Barrier”form some advanced countries, farmers in our country have cut down their production enthusiasm, which insome degree restrict the development of our farming. In the recent years,the majority of our agricultural product market has verged to saturationalong with continual development of our national marketing economic. Inresult, an important method of increasing income lies to open-up overseaagriculture and bring the national agricultural product to theinternational market. It is because of the implement of the “Green tradeBarrier”, our national export of agricultural product has met successiveobstruct. In contrast, the foreign agricultural products enter our marketsmoothly. For example, the European countries had ever taken the seawaterpollution as excuse to limit our exporting amount, which caused our exportof seawater product to reduce to the rate of 50%. Some food like frozenchicken and frozen meet have dropped to 7% to 30%. All of them are the directreasons for the reducing amount of farmers’ income.。

技术性贸易壁垒_绿色贸易壁垒

技术性贸易壁垒_绿色贸易壁垒
易壁垒的状况 (3)建立技术性贸易壁垒的预警与快速反应机制 (4)建立协助出口商克服技术性贸易壁垒的咨询和
信息服务机构 (5)改革我国标准制定与管理体制, 利用标准化手
段支持竞争 (6)促进国际贸易中的质量保证体系认证, 产品认
证和实验室认可, 加强对全国认证认可工作的协 调和管理
技术性贸易壁垒案例
2.实施动植物卫生检疫措施协议(SPS协议) 乌拉圭回合农业谈判是SPS协议产生的直接原
因。 协议原则: (1)最小贸易限制原则(2)非歧
视性原则(3)协调原则(4)等效原则(5) 风险评估原则(6)依地区条件调整原则(7) 透明度原则 强调以科学证据作为制定卫生检疫措施的基础, 明确要求成员方必须以风险评估体系为基础 决定适当的卫生检疫保护水平。
第七章 国际贸易政策 :非关税壁垒
数量限制措施 间接限制进口措施 技术性贸易壁垒 绿色贸易壁垒
第七章 国际贸易政策 : 非关税壁 垒
直接数 量限制



间接数

量限制பைடு நூலகம்

技术贸 贸易壁垒
配额制度(进口配额与关税配额) 进口许可证制度 多种纤维协定
外汇管制与国家垄断制 国内税收限制与商业限制 “两反一保”与政府采购制
7.3 技术性贸易壁垒
3. 严格苛刻的包装和标签要求。在包装和 标签的要求上,一些国家作了相当苛刻的规 定,如禁止使用某些包装材料,治理包装废 物对环境的污染,进口商、批发商和零售商 在包装废弃物处理的责任与义务,提出包装 废弃物的回收利用目标等。
7.3 技术性贸易壁垒
(三)技术性贸易壁垒的特点 1. 形式上的隐蔽性
7.3 技术性贸易壁垒
2.原因 (1)我国贸易方向主要集中于美、日、

绿色贸易壁垒对我国茶叶出口的影响及对策分析

绿色贸易壁垒对我国茶叶出口的影响及对策分析

绿色贸易壁垒对我国茶叶出口的影响及对策分析会计学143班夏玲 01一、绿色贸易壁垒:概念及表现形式绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barriers)是指进口国以保护自然资源和生态环境,保护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。

事实上,绿色贸易壁垒是一个国家以保护生态环境为理由,以限制进口,保护本国市场利益不受损害为目的,对外国商品进口专门设置的带有歧视性的或对正常环保目标本无必要的贸易障碍。

概括起来,绿色贸易壁垒的主要表现形式有五种:一是绿色环境附加税,即发达国家为保护本国生态环境,而对那些污染环境,影响健康的进口产品征收的一种进口附加税。

二是绿色环保技术标准,是发达国家借环保之名义通过立法而建立的限制他国产品进口,保护本国生态环境的生产技术标准。

三是绿色环境标志制度,是依据一定的环境标准所签发的图形标签,印制或粘贴在合格的商品及包装上,用以表明该产品质量、功能符合要求,符合环境保护的要求。

四是绿色环保包装制度,即产品的包装材料易于回收利用及再分解,以此来减少环境污染与生态破坏。

五是绿色卫生检疫制度,是进口国家为确保进口商品的安全性,而对进口商品实行较为严格的检验检疫制度。

二、我国茶叶出口遭受绿色贸易壁垒的现状本文收集整理了近几年我国茶叶销往欧盟、日本、美国等地区和国家所遭遇的绿色贸易壁垒并被通报不合格的数据,具体如表1所示:表1 我国茶叶被通报不合格的次数年份欧盟日本美国共计2013 24 11 7 422014 27 4 6 372015 31 5 5 412016 30 7 9 46资料来源:整理自食品伙伴网、欧盟RASFF、美国FDA、日本厚生劳动省同时,本文也收集了2016年我国茶叶在销往欧盟、日本、美国等国家和地区时,部分茶叶被抽检不合格的原因相关信息,整理如下所示:表2 2016年欧盟、日本、美国通报我国茶叶不合格信息简表通报部门通报产品不合格原因欧盟RASFF 茶叶噻嗪酮(kg)、毒死蜱-二乙基(kg)啶虫脒残留(kg)欧盟RASFF 绿茶虱螨脲(kg)、非法物质氟啶脲残留(kg)欧盟RASFF 乌龙茶噻嗪酮(kg)、吡虫啉(kg)残留美国FDA 绿茶标识无英文;无营养标签;生产工艺未备案美国FDA 花草茶成分不合格(检出氟虫氰kg)日本厚生劳动省绿茶检出茚虫威kg资料来源:整理自食品伙伴网、欧盟RASFF、美国FDA、日本厚生劳动省由上表可知,欧盟是我国茶叶出口所遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的第一大来源地区,而被通报的原因则是农药残留指标不符合规定,严重超标,包装不达标,会对环境造成污染。

绿色壁垒

绿色壁垒

什么是绿色壁垒绿色壁垒(Green Barriers,GBs)是绿色贸易壁垒(Green Barriers to Trade,GBT)的简称,又被称为环境贸易壁垒(Environmental Trade Barriers,ETBs)、环境壁垒(Environment Trade)、绿色保护主义。

所谓绿色贸易壁垒是指一种以保护有限资源、环境和人民健康为名,通过蓄意制定一系列苛求的环保标准,对来自国外的产品或服务加以限制。

它属于一种新的非关锐壁垒形式,已越来越成为有些国家国际贸易政策措施的一部分。

[编辑]绿色壁垒的兴起绿色壁垒是指进口国或地区以保护生态环境、有限资源以及人类和动植物的健康为由,以保护本国市场和贸易为根本目的,通过制定、颁布、实施严格的环境保护法规和苛刻的环境保护技术标准,以限制国外产品或服务进口的贸易保护措施。

20世纪90年代以来,随着乌拉圭回合谈判的结束和WTO的成立,贸易自由化的发展使国际贸易竞争更加激烈,贸易保护主义思潮开始抬头。

由于传统的贸易保护措施既不合理又不合法,西方国家采用一些新的合理合法的贸易保护措施来保护本国利益。

其中环保措施具有更大的隐蔽性和灵活性,容易受到公众和世界各国的认同,成为贸易保护最有影响力的措施。

发达国家以环境保护和保障人身安全及健康为由,通过立法或制定严格的技术标准,使得外国产品无法进口或进口时受到一定限制,成为国际贸易活动中的“绿色贸易壁垒”。

[编辑]绿色壁垒的特点①虚假性。

绿色壁垒一般都打着保护地球生态环境与人类健康的幌子,貌似合理,实则是限制进口的不合理的贸易保护主义行为。

②不平衡性。

发达国家与发展中国家的发展状况已呈现极大的不平衡性。

西方发达国家无视发展中国家的现实情况,以其先进的技术和雄厚的资金提出过高标准,把发展的不平衡导入国际贸易领域,引致更多的不平衡。

③隐蔽性。

种种绿色壁垒借环境保护之名,隐蔽于具体的贸易法规规定、国际公约的执行过程中,成为进口国拒绝外国产品的“核武器”。

绿色贸易壁垒研究

绿色贸易壁垒研究

2023绿色贸易壁垒研究•绿色贸易壁垒概述•绿色贸易壁垒的影响•绿色贸易壁垒的应对措施目录•绿色贸易壁垒的前景展望•结论01绿色贸易壁垒概述定义绿色贸易壁垒是指在国际贸易中,以保护自然环境、人类健康和可持续发展为由,通过制定和实施一系列严格的环保标准和法规,对进口商品进行限制和约束的贸易措施。

别称绿色贸易壁垒也被称为环境贸易壁垒或生态壁垒。

绿色贸易壁垒的定义绿色贸易壁垒的类型以环保标准、质量标准等为依据,限制不符合标准的进口商品进入市场。

产品标准认证制度包装和标签要求绿色税收和补贴要求进口商品符合特定的环保认证标准,如ISO 14001等。

规定进口商品的包装和标签必须符合环保标准,如可回收、无毒无害等。

对环保行为给予税收优惠或补贴,对非环保行为进行税收惩罚或限制。

绿色贸易壁垒的发展趋势绿色贸易壁垒的应用范围不断扩大,从最初的环保领域逐渐延伸至社会、经济等多个领域。

范围扩大绿色贸易壁垒的形式不断推陈出新,如出现社会责任认证、动物福利认证等新型认证制度。

形式多样化绿色贸易壁垒的标准越来越复杂、繁琐,对进口商品的限制也更加严格。

标准复杂化各国在环保领域的合作日益加强,但同时围绕环保标准的制定和实施也存在诸多贸易冲突和纠纷。

合作与冲突并存02绿色贸易壁垒的影响1对国际贸易的影响23绿色贸易壁垒要求严格的环境标准和证明,增加了贸易的复杂性,降低了贸易效率。

降低贸易效率由于不同国家环境标准差异,绿色贸易壁垒可能导致贸易流向发生变化,从环境标准较低的国家流向环境标准较高的国家。

改变贸易流向绿色贸易壁垒要求出口企业必须符合进口国家环境标准,增加了企业的成本,进而影响出口产品的价格和竞争力。

增加贸易成本03提高失业率由于绿色贸易壁垒导致出口下降和企业倒闭,可能增加失业率。

对经济发展的影响01影响经济发展速度绿色贸易壁垒可能影响国内企业的出口和投资,从而影响经济发展速度。

02阻碍技术进步绿色贸易壁垒可能阻碍国内企业引进和采用清洁生产技术,从而影响技术进步。

绿色贸易壁垒对影响与对策

绿色贸易壁垒对影响与对策

绿色贸易壁垒对影响与对策一、概述随着全球化的加速,贸易自由化已成为国际经济发展的主要趋势。

在这个过程中,一种新型的贸易壁垒形式逐渐显现,那就是“绿色贸易壁垒”。

绿色贸易壁垒是一种以保护环境和人类健康为名的贸易壁垒,它要求进口商品必须符合一系列环境标准和绿色要求,否则将被限制或禁止进入市场。

这种壁垒形式不仅影响了国际贸易的自由化进程,也对全球经济的可持续发展带来了挑战。

绿色贸易壁垒的出现,一方面反映了全球对环境保护和可持续发展的重视,另一方面也反映了国际贸易中环境标准的差异和冲突。

由于各国在环保法规、技术水平和经济发展水平上存在较大差异,导致在国际贸易中经常出现因环保标准不同而引发的贸易摩擦。

绿色贸易壁垒的存在也对发展中国家的出口构成了严重威胁。

许多发展中国家的企业和产品因为环保标准不达标而被排除在国际市场之外,这不仅影响了这些国家的出口收入,也制约了其经济的发展。

面对绿色贸易壁垒的挑战,各国需要共同努力,通过加强环保法规的制定和实施,提高环保技术水平,以及推动国际贸易中的环保标准协调等方式,来应对这一新型贸易壁垒的威胁,推动全球经济的可持续发展。

1. 介绍绿色贸易壁垒的概念和背景绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barriers)是指在国际贸易中,由于各国的环境保护标准、安全卫生要求以及标志制度等技术性贸易措施差异,而形成的对国际贸易产生限制或阻碍作用的壁垒。

这一概念的出现,主要源于全球对环境保护意识的增强以及可持续发展理念的普及。

随着全球经济的快速发展,环境问题日益严重,各国纷纷采取各种措施来保护环境。

这些措施中,有一部分直接或间接地对国际贸易产生了影响。

绿色贸易壁垒便是在这样的背景下应运而生。

其目的不仅在于保护环境,同时也为了保护消费者和人民健康,提高国际市场的竞争公平性。

值得注意的是,绿色贸易壁垒并不等同于关税壁垒或数量限制。

尽管绿色贸易壁垒可能对国际贸易产生类似的影响,但其本质上是对产品质量、生产过程、环境标签等方面的要求,目的是促进全球环境的可持续发展。

绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口的影响

绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口的影响

绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barriers)常被简称为绿色壁垒,也叫环境壁垒,是指国际贸易中一些国家或地区以保护生态环境、有限资源以及人类和动植物的健康为由,以保护本国市场和贸易为根本目的,通过制定、颁布、实施严格的环境保护法规和苛刻的环境保护技术标准,以限制国外产品或服务进口的贸易保护措施。

绿色贸易壁垒的形式很多,主要包括:绿色关税制度;绿色技术标准制度;绿色环境标志制度;绿色卫生检疫制度;绿色包装制度以及绿色补贴制度等。

1、绿色贸易壁垒的产生随着经济全球化的发展,生产力水平的不断提高,人类在最大限度地满足自身物质、文化需要的同时,也使得世界各个角落都面临着日益严重的生态危机。

为了人类的生存和可持续发展,保护地球环境成为人类首要问题之一。

于是出于保护生态环境和人类安全的需要,就出现了绿色壁垒,与此同时,消费者环境意识的提高和全球绿色消费运动的兴起也促进了绿色壁垒的发展。

绿色壁垒,它产生于20 世纪80 年代后期,90 年代开始兴起,最典型的是1991 年美国禁止进口墨西哥的金枪鱼及其制品,其理由是为了“保护”海豚的生存,日本、欧洲等发达国家纷纷仿效,通过绿色壁垒对进口产品进行种种限制,其后,绿色壁垒开始流行。

但以绿色贸易壁垒形式真正走向前台并扮有重要角色,还是以1995 年 WTO 专门成立贸易与环境委员会为标志,到1999 年11 月3 日,在美国西雅图召开的世贸组织第3 届部长会议上,各成员国就环境与贸易问题展开了广泛的讨论,从而使环境这道绝对的贸易壁垒成为世界贸易中不能回避的现实问题,贸易与环境这两个原本在世界贸易史上不相干的问题被一条绿色的链条联接在一起,绿色贸易壁垒随之盛行。

此外,绿色贸易壁垒产生和发展还有一个重要的因素,那就是贸易保护主义的不断抬头。

一些国家在国际贸易的激烈竞争中纷纷感到,用关税和传统的非关税壁垒限制进口的余地越来越小,于是,以环保为名行贸易保护之实的绿色贸易壁垒也就应运而生。

Green-trade-barrier绿色贸易堡垒

Green-trade-barrier绿色贸易堡垒

It belongs to [technical trade barrier]
Green barrier, used by some developed countries with their technology advantages through formulating legislation, complicated environmental protection conventions, regulations, standards and some other patarrier
Definition
Green trade barrier(绿色贸易壁垒) is a set of rules, policies and regulations used to restrict and even ban certain export -and-import trade directly or indirectly in order to protect the ecological environment, natural resources and keep healthy of human being, animals and vegetation.
• Products without the green label packaging will be banned.
Solutions
• Improve the quality of the products to meet the standards
• Strengthen the communication and cooperation with other countries in the world and use the global power to repel the trade barriers

绿色贸易壁垒对我国企业的影响及对策研究2400字

绿色贸易壁垒对我国企业的影响及对策研究2400字

绿色贸易壁垒对我国企业的影响及对策研究2400字摘要:本文介绍了绿色贸易壁垒的基本概念,分析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国企业的积极影响和消极影响,最后提出了我国企业应对绿色贸易壁垒的措施,为提供我国企业的世界竞争力提供了一定的参考。

关键词:绿色贸易壁垒我国企业措施研究;近年来, 绿色贸易壁垒逐渐在国际贸易领域中出现并形成为一种新的贸易壁垒,它让国家之间的贸易蒙上了一层保护主义的阴影。

中国作为贸易大国之一,我国企业的产品在出口中获得快速增长的同时,也多次遭受绿色贸易壁垒的限制。

为了不断提高我国企业产品的出口规模和效益,推进我国经济的持续快速增长,我们必须在充分了解绿色贸易壁垒本质的前提下,进行系统研究,积极寻找突破绿色壁垒的长期对策。

一、绿色贸易壁垒的概念绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barriers),又叫绿色技术壁垒、绿色壁垒、生态壁垒或环境壁垒,是指在国际贸易中,一些国家其中特别是指国际社会和发达国家以保护自然资源、人类健康和生态环境为由,以控制进口保护贸易为目的,通过颁布系统多样的环保法律、法规,制定严格的产品包装要求和环境技术规范,制定繁琐的审批制度和检验认证,以及征收环境进口税方式对进口产品制定的障碍形式。

二、绿色贸易壁垒对我国企业的影响1.积极影响绿色贸易壁垒对于国际贸易而言,是某些发达国家用来限制从发展中国家进口商品的措施之一,但是对于保护全球环境和维护人类健康,对于实现经济的可持续发展而言,在一定程度上发挥了积极作用。

国际绿色要求的推动有利于我国企业环保意识的提高,促进我国采取更积极有效的措施控制环境污染和生态恶化的形式。

有利于我国企业改进生产技术水平,优化产品结构和生产方式,促进无公害产品发展。

如果执行国际标注化组织的系统标准,将给我国企业带来更多益处。

2.消极影响首先,我国对外贸易出口商品中,劳动、资本密集型的产品比重比较高,大多数产品技术含量、档次较低,这将使我国在国际贸易中很容易成为别国绿色贸易壁垒的矛头所向。

绿色贸易壁垒的成因及法律规制

绿色贸易壁垒的成因及法律规制

绿色贸易壁垒的成因及法律规制摘要:随着我国经济的发展,出口贸易的不断扩大,我国遇到的贸易壁垒贸易摩擦越来越多,成为制约我国出口经济增长的重要因素。

在非关税贸易壁垒中绿色贸易以其自身独有的特征,成为各国抵制外国产品进口实行贸易保护的最为有效的手段,我国也因此遭受的损失巨大。

本文从绿色贸易壁垒的特征、成因、国内国际相关法律制度方面进行分析,提出应对绿色贸易壁垒的具体措施。

关键词:绿色壁垒环境贸易规则标准一.绿色贸易壁垒的概念,特征,表现形式绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barrie),又称“环境贸易壁垒”、“技术贸易壁垒”、“绿色保护主义”。

是指进口国以保护自然环境、生态资源和人类及动植物的健康为由,通过制定严格的环保技术标准或采用绿色环境标志,绿色包装制度、绿色卫生检疫制度和绿色补贴制度,以的限制或禁止外国商品进口的贸易保护措施。

【1】绿色贸易壁垒作为一种非关税壁垒与其他非关税壁垒相比较,从其内容上看,具有以下特征:(一)外在的合理性与合法性。

现代社会科学发展观越来越深入人心,人类对于环保的要求越来越高,对于生态环境问更加重视,倡导绿色消费观。

绿色贸易壁垒正是借助保护生态环境和人类健康的名义,对进口贸易进行限制和制裁,为自己披上合理的外衣。

与其他非关税壁垒相比,实施绿色贸易壁垒的国家是以公开立法的形式加以规定,甚至以国际条约为依据,具有坚强的法律后盾,在形式上更具严肃性、合法性。

【2】WTO 对于绿色贸易壁垒相关规定的模糊性,导致进口国在贸易纠纷中,更容易从WTO 法规中寻找依据。

(二)保护对象的广泛性绿色贸易旨在保护的对象十分广泛,从初级产品到制成品,从农产品、加工食品到工业产品;不仅包括产品本身而且包括产品包装,生产加工环节的技术标准。

可以说,绿色贸易壁垒几乎涉及了所有的产品。

由于保护对像的广泛性,导致了不确定性,也为进口国规避壁垒带了难度。

(三)保护方式的隐蔽性绿色贸易壁垒与其他非关税措施的公开性相比,隐蔽于进口国的贸易法规和国际公约当中,有效的回避了分配不合理,歧视性等引发的分歧,由于其涉及各种标准极为复杂的检疫标准,出口国往往难以应对。

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Food
Many developed countries, especially Japan, the European Union and the United States formide (杀虫剂) residues in food. The export of Chinese frozen pork and frozen rabbit meat to Europe are prohibited now.
Green trade barrier
Definition
Green trade barrier(绿色贸易壁垒) is a set of rules, policies and regulations used to restrict and even ban certain export -and-import trade directly or indirectly in order to protect the ecological environment, natural resources and keep healthy of human being, animals and vegetation.
Textile
Many of the Chinese textiles have to withdraw from international market.
Packaging and labeling (标签) regulations
• Some countries set up the green label system. • Products without the green label packaging will be banned.
It belongs to [technical trade barrier]
Green barrier, used by some developed countries with their technology advantages through formulating legislation, complicated environmental protection conventions, regulations, standards and some other patterns
• Pay high attention to publicizing the idea of the environmental protection, enhancing the awareness of the public. • Develop a green market, to produce green products and to advocate the idea of green marketing and sales • An overall legal system must be established to regulate the trade environment
Thank you!
Solutions
• Improve the quality of the products to meet the standards • Strengthen the communication and cooperation with other countries in the world and use the global power to repel the trade barriers • Pay more attention to the protection of green industry. • Limit the transfer of high pollution industry from abroad
Case Study
Since 1996, the export of Chinese clothing to the European countries began to slow down. Quite a part of Chinese clothing contains residues (残 渣) and can not be up to their environmental protection standard. One clothing factory from the Jiangsu Province has to pay more than $100,000 because the zipper contains too much lead(铅). This caused the bankruptcy of the factory.
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