《13年3月托福写作预测机经-底老师》

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《2013年4月托福阅读预测机经-白老师》

2013年4月托福阅读预测机经从前到后，重要性降低。

越靠前，重要性越高。

1. Parents today spend too much time helping their children determine their children’s future. Children should be allowed to make their choices on their own.2. Success is not the most important thing in one’s life. Remaining happy and optimistic when you fail is more important.3. Government should support scientific research even the research has no practical use.4. Having a low-paying but secure job is better than having a high-paying job that can be lost easily.5. People should have hobbies and do physical activities that are very different from their work.6. People who have developed many different kinds of skills are more successful than people who focus on only one skill.7. The personal and work-related challenges that young people face today are not very difference from challenges that their parents and grandparents faced when they were young.8. All high school students should take a basic economics course.9. Sometimes, if you cannot say anything nice about someone, you’d better say nothing.10. Printed books have greater effects on society than television does.11. Some people believe that a school should spend money on improving cafeteria foods. Other people believe that a school should spend money on social activities for students after school. What is your opinion and why?12. Nowadays it is easier to maintain good health than in the past.13. A person’s job has more effects on his or her happiness than this person’s social life does.14. To increase economic growth, government can neglect environment concerns.15. It is impossible to be completely honest with your friend all the time.16. Which of the following three factors contributes to an enjoyable vacation most? A. good food B. good location C. good friends with you.(2013年4月14日已考)17. Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends? A. Joining a sports team. B. Participating in community activities C. Traveling.18. The benefits that students can get from student organization or club activities are as many as they can get from their academic studies.19. When you are assigned to finish writing about an important presentation in a month. Which way do you prefer? 1. To start working on it right away. 2. Wait until you have a good idea about it.20. Nowadays students do not respect teachers as much as in the past.21. People can learn more from watching television than by reading books.22. Schools always collect information about teachers’ teaching performance and give rewards to those teachers who perform well. Which way do you think is more useful: 1. to evaluate teachers’ performance by students 2. to evaluate teachers’ performance by teachers?23. Nowadays, neighbors depend on each less than people in the past.24. There are too many strict rules in societies for young people.25. Young people today are less dependent on their parents in making better decisions for their own life than the young people who were in the past.26. When you are assigned to finish writing about an important presentation in a month. Which way do you prefer? 1. To start working on it right away. 2. Wait until you have a good idea about it.27. Government should not offer artists like musicians, filmmakers any financial support28. One can learn a lot about another person from the books and movies that person likes.29. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges or universities should offer students a better job preparation before they start working. Use specific reasons to support your answer.。

月日托福写作真题解析

2013年3月2日托福写作真题解析托福综合写作题目阅读：科学家发现到达North America的最早的inhabitants是欧洲人并不是之前认为的亚洲人，给出了这个thesis三个理由一是科学家在欧洲和北美都发现了spear points，而且都是single，large and sharp blade，但是亚洲的spear point很小，二是有一个human bone被发现可以证明这个结论，三是欧洲人可以穿越Atlantic Ocean，因为海路相对方便，并且一路上的ice可以用作resource of water听力：反驳。

北美和欧洲的spear point发展过程是独立的，欧洲的spear大是因为他们要hunt mammals，然后人骨只是一个single sample更多的其他人骨发现不是欧洲人，最后是那个时期，在欧洲人那儿没有发现boat、钓鱼工具等等，说明他们对航海没啥经验，a lack of experience of sea travel会让他们不容易存活下来。

托福独立写作题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Our society today is so busy and crowded that people do not need to be polite to each other.People today enjoy great material wealth due to hardwork, but some complain that people today are less polite than they used to be. Extremists argue that people do not need to have the conventional social norms, such as saying hello to other people, because those manners are a waste of time. However, I think politeness isimportant in many aspects of modern life.First, in dealing relationships with family and friend, people need to be polite and considerate. Many young people today claim that they are too busy to call their parents and contact their friends. Once, I refused to spend time talking with parents, using the excuse that I had too much work. The consequence was that my mother got angry and hung up the phone. Our relationship was strained, but I soon realized my rudeness and apologized to my mother. My mother forgave me because I showed my respect and concern for her. This situation is also true for friends. Politeness is a bond in relationships with close family members and friends.Second, in a working environment, one needs to obey the basic social norms of courtesy for interpersonal communication. Consider a rude colleague who is always short and unpleasant with his coworkers. Not many people are willing to work with him, because he does not show any basic skills or ability to deal with people. On the contrary, a coworker who smiles and acts respectfully towards others will certainly be more popular and easier to work with. Obviously, politeness will never be outdated, no matter how busy the world becomes.Third, in the political realm and entertainment industry, celebrities need to show a gracious and friendly manner in order to maintain a positive image. All politicians have a hectic agenda. But when they are giving a speech to the public, politicians need to dress appropriately and speak in a certain way. Patience when answering questions is also a must. Similarly, a famous movie star or a pop singer needs to show a friendly attitude towards any crazy fan. Otherwise, the printingmedia will make a big deal out of his/her unappreciative manner towards fans.In conclusion, though the world today drives people to work like machines, politeness is a prerequisite for people to have a satisfying home life and a fulfillingcareer.。

《13年4月托福口语预测机经-白老师》

2013年4月托福口语预测机经重点11. Is it beneficial for students to have computers?Describe an important poem or letter or story your have written.Describe a difficulty you met. Explain how you overcame it.2. People should always remain honest. Do you agree or disagree?The government should not rebuild the city. Do you agree or disagree?It is good for first year students to live in the same dorms with senior students. Agree or disagree?3. 生物的adaptation，有两种类型，教授举了两种海洋生物作为例子来说明这两种adaptation。

4. 如果有外国朋友到你们国家学习，你可以给他什么建议。

5. 你喜欢和你意见一直的朋友还是喜欢和你意见不同的人做朋友。

重点21. 已考2. In the future，people will read fewer books，agree or disagree?3. 学校要建新的art building，可以have larger classroom，还有high tech machine，女生喜欢。

因为classroom小学生想上课但是上不去，她说自己想去Chinese art class，可是班级小只能去15个人，所以她没进去。

然后第二是她没有high tech machine的时候painting 跟石膏都很blur，看不清楚details，可是一束的excellence主要在details上。

2013年2月、3月托福机经汇总（阅读+听力+作文）

2013年2月、3月托福机经汇总（阅读+听力+作文）Toefl Asia 1302/1303Reading Vocabulary康老师榜首1、key=important, meager=very low, tactic = strategy, potential = possible, objection =arguments in opposition, inhibit = prevent, assorted = various, oversaw = supervised, decisive=determine, readily=easily, assistance=help, expanded= was enlarged2、exceedingly 非常；極端地（= extremely），hasten 加快；促進（= speed up; accelerate），bulk 大量（= mass），contribute 捐助；添加（= give; add to），enormous 巨大的；極大的（= huge; immense），embody 使具體化；代表（= incarnate; incorporate; represent），swift 迅速的（= fast; ready）accumulate = build up，subsequence = later，coincide = happen at the same time，catastrophe（n. 大災難）3、cases = stop，enormous = very large，profound，exhibit，cluster康老师榜眼1、although=albeit，in tandem=gradually, barely=just, epitomize，composite=mixture；snaking=winding，stagnation = inactivity，epitomize =exemplify，arise=come about，albeit=even though/ although，threshold= limitation，figuring out=mapping，accelerate=speed up// get faster2、inspect=examine，severe=intense，moreover= in addition，cease3、jointly=together，exceptionally，enhance，exert，mimic（選項有：reproduce，predict）vast（選項有：huge，numerous），conventional，peculiar，approach = nearly4、counter 對抗/反對5、pertinent（adj. 相關的；切題的）6、boulevards，reluctant，resilient ，successive康老师探花1、vital（選項：necessary；powerful），perish（選項：valuable；destroy）2、striking = noteworthySpeakingTask1康老师榜首1、如果學校圖書館裡面所有的紙質的書換成電子書好不好？／你認為這樣做的優缺點2、Advantage and disadvantage of eating in class.3、如果學校得到一筆大投資，打算改建圖書館、健身房、科學實驗室，你建議學校建哪一個，WHY?4、人際交往的時候good manner 重要嗎？為什麼？5、選擇住處？離學校近，離家近，還是離交通樞紐近？問想住在哪，有三個選項。

托福机经预测：3月16日托福写作预测机经

托福机经预测：3月16日托福写作预测机经笔者为大家整理了2013年托福机经预测：3月16日托福写作预测机经,仅供参考！！1. College or University should offer students more preparation before they start working.大学应该为学生在开始工作前提供更多准备。

理由段1：学生缺乏practical skills,因此为了更好的开始工作，大学应该offer the preparation （因果链拓展法）理由段2：学生在进入工作之前没有很好的心理建设，因此学校要为学生做好相应的心理准备.（例子或者列举论证）例如就业心理辅导课或者邀请毕业的师兄学姐讲座。

让步段：Admittedly，学校的准备可能不能迎合所有人的需求，但是相比起没有这样的准备，学生会遇到更多的问题，而且社会上遇到的问题很多都是相似的。

因此这样的准备是必需要提供的。

2. Spending money on traveling is better than saving money for future use.应该花钱旅游。

理由一，旅游能减轻压力。

理由二，旅游能开拓眼界。

理由三，旅游能够结交新朋友。

花钱储蓄理由一，失业风险高，需要储蓄。

理由二，健康问题多，需要储蓄。

让步段，尽管旅游好处很多，但是没有一定的经济后盾，还是很奢侈的。

3. Which do you think is better: to do two projects together or to finish one before starting the other?to finish one before starting the other 专心致志。

需要考虑每个project的计划，注意事项，细节，准备材料等。

两个同时做可能会混淆，让人分心。

相反，如果有序进行，就能免去很多麻烦，从而提高效率。

13年必看托福口语机经

TOEFL2013口语机经100430NATask2: Should a city try to preserve it’s old , historic building or destroy them and replace them with modern buildings?100312NATask1: It’s important for students to have computers? Explain why computers are important to students.Task2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should state honest opinions even though they are different from other people’s opinions.110827NATask1: If a high school in your hometown is planning to provide students with an after-school activity. What activity would you like to recommend?110319NAWhat kind of job will you choose? To choose a job through which you can get a lot of money or to choose a job through you can get great personal satisfaction?110917NATask 1: Describe the person you asked for help once, and explain how you solved your problem.Task 2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The first year students should live with older students.111217NATask1:Describe one way to improve the system of education in your country. Use specific details and examples to support your opinion.Task2:Some people like to reading paper books while others like to listen to audio books. Which do you prefer and why?111209NATask1: What are the advantages and disadvantages of allowing students to eat in class? Use specific details and examples to support your opinion.Task2:Some people like to collect old things such as newspapers. Others throw things away after they have used them. Which do you prefer and why?120218NA1. Describe a serious problem that your country is now facing. Explain why this problem is serious.2. Do you prefer finishing your work once you got them or to wait until the due day, why?120309NA1. A university is planning to build a parking lot so students can park their cars. Do you agree or disagree with this plan?2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is not necessary for students to memorize historical data such as names and dates because students can easily find them on the Internet.120420NA1. If your school has received a large amount of money. Would you like this money to be used for building a school gymnasium or building a science laboratory?2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should not take part-time jobs because this has a negative effect on their study.120323NA1. What kind of food do you recommend to add to the food menu of the campus cafeteria? Use Examples and details to support your response.2. Some people like to buy new and expensive books while others prefer to buy old and cheap ones. Which would you prefer?120505NA1, your university is planing to use electronic books to replace paper books and magazines in it’s library. What is your opinion about this plan?2,do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Use specific reasons and examples to support your respones. Government should spend money on some projects to encourage citizens to lead healthier lifesyles.120706NA1.What are the advantages and disadvantages for young children to play computer games?2,Some people read the instruction before using a product. Others start using a product without reading the instruction. Which do you think is better and why?20120728NA1, which of the following jobs do you think is the hardest one? Government workers,doctors or police officers?2, do you agree or disagree with the statement? Students should visit some museums, like science museums, art museums and history museums?20120817NA1: Which of the following jobs would you like to do in your city? Clean up the city,build more bicycle trails orplant more trees?2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to have classes with good friends?120907NATask1: Which place is the best place to live in? a place near your school or company, aplace near your home, or a place near a transportation center?Explain why?Task2: Some students prefer to study by reading books. Other students prefer to study by listening to lectures. Which way do you prefer and why?120915NATask1: Nowadays, robots can help people to do many things. Do you think it is a good idea and why?Task2: Some people think that employees should be require to wear formal suits, others think that employees should wear casual clothes. What is your opinion?121006NATask1:If you get an opportunity to take a travel to space moon, would you like to take the trip? Explain why?Task2: Should your government build a library or a park in your community?121012NATask1: Where would you like to take a foreign friend to visit in your city? A factory, a university or a museum? Explain why?Task2:Some people think primary school students should be taught how to type. Others think that kids should be taught about hand writing. What is your opinion?121103NATask1: Which subject do you want to study most? Math, drawing, or science?Task2: Some people prefer to keep in touch with their family members and friends by e-mail some others prefer to use telephone, which why do you prefer?121027NATask1:Talk about a family member who has similar traits and behaviors as you.Task2:Some people prefer to live in a brand new and big apartment which is far from a workplace or a university. Other people prefer to live in an old and small apartment which is near a workplace or a university.Which do you prefer?121116NATask1: Describe an older person you would like to talk with in you family. This person could be your uncle, aunt, grandfather or grandmother.Task2: some people prefer to fix their broken furniture or electronic devices by themselves, others prefer to bring them to a repair shop. Which way do you prefer?121117NATask1:which service would you like to do in your community? To help children with their homework. To teach adults to use computer. To clean up the city park.Task2:some people prefer to live in a noisy area which is close to supermarkets and public tranportation others perfer to live in a quiet area which is far from supermarkets and public transportation. which do you prefer?081026CN1，What kind of movie do you like most? Explain why you like this kind of movie.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students should be required to wear school uniforms to school.091018CNTask2Some people prefer to buy already-prepared food. Others prefer to buy fresh materials and prepare meals by themselves. Which way do you prefer?101229CNTask1: What suggestions you would like to give to a child who is starting school for the first time?Task2: Some people prefer to live in plac es where climate doesn’ t change much all year long. Others prefer to live in places where climate changes with seasons. Which do you prefer?080516NATask1:describe an experience that you worked well with others to complete a task. Explain why that experience is important to you.Task2: do you agree or disagree with the following statement. Children should be required to help with household tasks as long as they are old enough to do so.100306CNTask1: describe an actor or a musician whom you think is a good performer. Explain why you enjoy his or her performance.Task2: Some people prefer to make plans for their leisure time, some others don’t prefer to do so. Which way do you prefer and why?091010NATask1: describe a special experience which has changed you positively? Explain how it changed you.Task2: some people prefer to learn from events in the past, others prefer to learn from current events which do you prefer?。

2013年3月23日雅思写作预测机经

阅读使人快乐，成长需要时间2013年3月23日雅思写作预测机经相关参考题目：1. Newspapers play an important role in people’s ideas and opinions. Why is this the case? Is this a positive or negative trend?2. News media is important in our society. Why is it so important? Do you think its influence is generally positive or negative?学习方式类相关参考题目：1. Teachers used to be the source of information; however, some people argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion?2. Some teachers think it is effective for students to study in group while others think it is better to study alone. What are the benefits of each way and which one do you think is more effective?3. Memorization of information by frequent repetition (rote learning) playsa role in many education systems. Does the usefulness outweigh the limitations?专才vs全才----对于一个人的将来相关参考题目：1. Some people consider that school education should be concentrated on academic subjects, which would be helpful for their future careers, and subjects like music and sports are not useful.To what extent do you agree or disagree?2. University students always focus on one specialist subject, but some people think universities should encourage their students to study a range of subjects in addition to their own subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?大学对社会的作用相关参考题目：1. Some people believe the society benefits from people who receive university education; others think the large number of these people will lead to high rate of unemployment.Discuss both views and give your reasons.2. Students from poor background such as rural areas often find it difficultto access to university education, so people think universities should make it especially easy for them to study at.To what extent do you agree or disagree?传统观念vs现代观念----对于个人的将来相关参考题目：1. In some cultures the old age is more valued, while in some cultures the youth is more valued. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2. Some people say that children should obey the rules of their parents and teachers, while other people think children will not be well-prepared for their adult life if they are given too much control. Discuss in both sides and give your opinion.衡量国家成功的方式：相关参考题目：Economic progress is one way to measure the success of one country. Some others suggest other factors. What other factors should be considered? Within these factors, do you think anyone is more important than the others?是否科技的进步拉大了贫富的差距参考题目：Some people believe that a range of technology increases gaps between the rich and the poor, but other people believe it has opposite effects. Discuss both views and give your opinions.政府措施参考题目：Some people think that companies and individuals, rather than governments, should pay to clean up pollution that they have caused.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?Some people think it is the responsibility for government to ensure that people have healthy lifestyles. Others think people should have the freedom to decide their own lifestyle. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.其他类：Some people think it is the responsibility for government to ensure that people have healthy lifestyles. Others think people should have the freedom to decide their own lifestyle. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.Some people think that in modern society, individuals are more independent of each other, while others think individuals are becoming more dependent on each other. Discuss both views and give your reasons.Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does notsolve the poverty, so rich countries should give other types of help to the poor countries rather than the financial aid.吠漀 what extent do you agree or disagree?The development of technology causes some environmental problems. Some believe that simpler life is better for the environment, while some others suggest that technology could solve environmental problems.Discuss both views and give your opinions.Money for postgraduate research is limited. Some people, therefore, think that financial support from government should be only provided for scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?Some people say that professional workers such as doctors, nurses and teachers make greater contribution. So they should be paid more than those sports and entertainment persons. 吠漀 what extent do you agree or disagree?。

《13年3月托福阅读预测机经-吴老师》

2013年3月托福阅读预测机经2013年3月新托福阅读考试仍将以旧题为主，共整理汇总15套重点套题。

2013年3月新托福阅读预测题如下：重点套题一Passage 1【主旨】关于水资源在农业上的利用。

【内容】以一个古国为例，说过度灌溉造成盐碱化的内容较多；说以前耕种的灌溉方式，增加管道加宽了灌溉的面积，可是也因此容易造成水灾，随着人口增加田地不足，因此，朝着高地开发。

由于高地灌溉困难，最后好像是种某种植物增加土壤表面含水量借此来保持土壤水分。

Passage 2【主旨】工业的发展。

【内容】石油的提炼，还有提到一些原油提炼产生的副产品and价值。

Passage 3【主旨】恐龙灭绝，从地质方面讨论。

【内容】大灭绝：65亿年的陨石冲撞造成地球上75%生物死亡，地表99%死亡，好像有提到有人认为陨石冲撞杀不死这么多生物，然后是说陨石冲撞造成尘土飞扬，遮住了阳光造成地球温度下降，最后提剩下25%如何生存之类的。

加试：加拿大的农业和捕鱼业，还有捕捉那些长皮毛的动物。

讲为什么原来只有捕鱼业发达，然后后来大家都去买fur。

油在不同温度下会出现哪几种形式。

珊瑚礁词汇题：Accumulate=build up；Subsequence=later；Coincide=happen at the same time；Catastrophe=disaster重点套题二Passage 1【主旨】Mass production.【内容】讲当时几个人怎么利用machine生产，然后产品过剩，后面还讲了哪个人用一种营销手段销售照片纸，就使照相机很便宜，他们也提供service和照相机升级，制药顾客把照相机寄给他们，付10元得运费就行。

Passage 2【主旨】非洲大陆的发展。

【内容】给了一个非洲大陆的地图，然后整篇文章就在讲south Africa，western Africa 什么什么的expansion，然后他们的farm形式啊，怎么从个人变成集体，题目不难。

《13年3月托福口语预测机经-底老师》

2013年3月托福口语预测机经2013.03.30的考试延续了今年考是的趋势，即北美+大陆的乱拼。

相对于以往的考试，30号的考试中又有了一些新变化，在此分享给各位考生，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。

具体如下：1、重复范围再次加大。

这场考试中阅读的第二篇来自于2013.01.26的大陆地区考题，即2012.05.05的北美考题。

而且更值得注意的一点是，以往的考试中，只要是近期重复过的旧题就不会在短期之内重复了，但是显然30号的考试打了很多考生一个措手不及。

这种情况是否会形成常态还要继续监测，最新动向博主也会第一时间发布，请各位关注博客和微博。

2、对于以往大陆题的重复慢慢的也扩展到了阅读部分。

这种情况相信不久也会出现在听力部分中。

口语和写作中虽然大部分还是对以往大陆题的重复，但是目前来看，除了知道它们是09-11在大陆地区出现，并且以往在北美地区考过的旧题之外，没有一个更为明显规律。

复习建议：1、机经使用的心态。

机经就是考试的题目回忆，所以是最对应考试的。

各位考生无需过于担心机经是否会中，只需将机经全部认真准备，别且学会举一反三。

在考试中中了最好，没中也可以相互借鉴。

切忌过于投机!2、预测补丁与预测同时使用。

截止30号的考试，北美大陆拼盘占到了2/3，而且对于大陆题的重复多出现在口语和写作。

博主讲这一部分的考题整理在了预测补丁中，虽然叫做“补丁”，但是不代表它次重要于预测本身。

所以，对于预测补丁，大家也要认真对待。

3、实力才是王道。

现在的题目越出越“乱”，这不但似的预测本身难度加大、题量增多，而且准确度也相对以往下降很多。

所以，希望各位考生还是牢记和掌握上课讲授的方法，将口语和写作的题目进行融合。

对于阅读和听力，更重要的还是TPO，用TPO将做题套路练熟，再结合看机经了解背景。

4、超级机经。

对于复习时间比较充裕的同学，大家可以参考超级机经，这是博主整理的从05年以来的口语独立题题库。

在现在乱拼的大背景下，不但可以让各位对口语考题有一个更深入的了解，还可以提供更全面的复习。

2013年5月托福写作预测机经-于英播老师

2013年5月托福写作预测机经于英播于英播老师老师aka Michael 哥老师简介：Michael大连环球雅思北美院院长-于英播/口语、写作首席主讲。

从小在美国长大，口语流利地道堪比native ，对中美文化背景和差异有深入了解。

2005年回国并从事托福、雅思教育事业。

曾任上海环球雅思-北美院口语、写作首席主讲名师。

在托福、雅思口语教学中擅于帮助学生改变中文思维方式，学会西方人的思维及语言输出。

曾多次参加托福、雅思考试，被学生称之为“口语预测高手”和“写作押题哥”。

本月预测重点：本月预测重点：托福托福3月份考试听力中加入了很多国家的口音。

如月份考试听力中加入了很多国家的口音。

如：：日本日本，，英国英国，，印度印度。

是因为结合美国实情是因为结合美国实情，，很多大学的教授都是印度人，很多学生都是来自日本很多学生都是来自日本、、英国等地英国等地。

本次预测机经重点在Task1Task1、、Task2两部分。

两部分。

MichaelMichael 哥为广大考生亲自撰写提供了标准地道的高分答案分答案。

听读方面听读方面，，分别加入场景预测和高频词汇分别加入场景预测和高频词汇。

写作根据前几个月的真题题库提供了一些有可能会出现的题目当作押题并配有标准范文。

最后祝你好运。

希望能帮助同学们得到高分。

2013年5月托福写作机经预测独立写作1.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Parents are the best e specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Obviously,the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parentsparents,,and they are generally the most involved in thechildren..Y et neither are all development and education of their childrenparents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers.place,,n ot all parents are good teachers.As normal In the first placeindividuals,some parents more or less have bad habits.Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring,the outcome might turn out to be disappointment,for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents.A nother deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education.All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically,if their children did not follow the instructions,the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious.In fact,it isparents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses.addition,,s ome parents are qualified as good teachers,but not all of In additionthem are the best ones.When children are in the preliminary school,it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school.But the situation will not last long.We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized.Therefore,to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before.No parent is able to be professional in all fields,though they might be experts in one or more fields.Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible.They are aware of the possibility outside the family.may,,n everthelessevertheless,,help their children much more than do good Parents mayteachers.Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers'reaches.It is parents that supplement.Psychology studies have shown us that parents'love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children.Albert Einstein's mother and Forest GumGump p's mother are both good examples.On the other hand,parents might dotheir children harm more than do bad teachers as well.The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted.In a word,it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers.2.How do movies or television influence people's behavior?Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.The impact that modern mass media such as movies or televisions has had on our daily life,and society in general,is undeniable.N o doubt it will become even greater as the scope of mass media continues to grow,and as the relevant technologies become more and more sophisticated,and so fascinating that virtually nobody will be able to escape.A lready,it can be seen how western movies are exercising influence on our youth generation:they grow long-hair regardless of their sex,commonly part of which are dyed in gold;they wear jeans in each and every season,usually knees of which are deliberately tattered;pendants;;and girls are keen on boys are fond of earrings or other odd pendantsMarlboro and weird coarse languages.ing T he major means that m ass media influence the public is by creatcreating topics of discussion in the society.Mass media offers people(theconsumers)issues to talk and think about.Titanic had brought a worldwide uproar by its extolling and of fascinating immortal love; Prime Color and Wag the dog met the national debate on right and duty of the president of the United States.A ntiwar movies such as Tears of the Sun and All Quiet On The Western Front among numerous others have been raising the question that is any war really to upholdsacrifices es to his justice or is it really worthy that an individual makes sacrific country and at the same time ignores his own family or his personal values?Mass media also shapes our understanding of what is important and what is not important(to know).The"important"issues are to be found on the first pages of the newspaper(/in the beginning of a television program).The"not important"stories are the ones that are not being told at all.The"not very important"stories are probably very short and hidden in the last pages.I n fact censorshipcensorships s present all mass media including its distributing indicates such as the I nternet.B y prearranging public issue,t he mass media makes decisions for us.E ven though there are critical thinking individuals in any society,they are definite minority;the public in whole in deed lack skills of critical thinking,and therefore they are often led by the media.media,,by offering topics and affecting the ways in conclusion,,mass mediaIn conclusionissues””,has a strong influence on our which we discuss“the important issuesperception of the truth,of the world or of the structure of our society, we have to admit that it has a role in our lives as a source of information,experiences,entertainment,amusement and relaxation.3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Advertising can tell you a lot about a e specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Advertising is an all powerful tool in today's world where communication means are varied and accessible by all,and reaching the target audience with the right message makes all the difference. Advertising is a medium through which,people can be educated about a particular issue at hand.Advertising can be about a new product,a new business opportunity or in this case about a country.I strongly agree with the statement that advertising can inform,educate and can tell a lot about the country.I will support my argument through examples and reasoning given below.Advertising might be of many forms:Printed and published information, through broadcast media(radio and television)and now the mostimportant emerging means of all;that of the Internet.All these forms of advertising have their own advantages and disadvantages. Advertising is generally responsible for the first impressions of a country in people's minds.In this case,what they hear about a particular country for the first time through any means of advertising, will result in it being a true picture of a country for that person/ country.T h is is thus,governments of some developed countries have taken this issue of projecting the right image of their country through advertising very seriously.This is proven by the fact that their tourism numbers and advantages of living and working in their country are most highlighted than other countries.This is nonetheless important in today's competitive global environment where countries are competing against each other to attract new investments and business in their country.All this directly effects the economic and development scene of the country as good or bad advertising can directly result in the country's growth.example,,in my country India,the Information technology ministry For examplehas spent substantial finances and efforts to highlight India's advantage as a global source for information technology workers.This in fact hasresulted in growth in the Gross Domestic Product of our country there by raising the standard of people living in this country and giving a nascent industry a chance to grow in a free capital environment.This couldn't have been achieved without concentrated advertising of our advantages and economic benefits of developing software in India.We can safely draw the conclusion that Advertising can not only tell a lot about a country but can also result in bring growth to the economy and prosperity to its people.Adding to that,I would like every government of the world taking efforts to promote the best their county has to give to the world,here by promoting peace and prosperity among all nations.。

13年4月托福写作预测机经-于英播老师

2013年4月托福写作预测机经于英播于英播老师老师aka Michael 哥老师简介：Michael哈耶普斯教育CEO/口语、写作首席主讲。

从小在美国长大，口语流利地道堪比native ，对中美文化背景和差异有深入了解。

2005年回国并从事托福、雅思教育事业。

曾任上海环球雅思-北美院口语、写作首席主讲名师。

在托福、雅思口语教学中擅于帮助学生改变中文思维方式，学会西方人的思维及语言输出。

曾多次参加托福、雅思考试，被学生称之为“口语预测高手”和“写作押题哥”。

本月预测重点：本月预测重点：托福托福3月份考试听力中加入了很多国家的口音。

如月份考试听力中加入了很多国家的口音。

如：：日本日本，，英国英国，，印度印度。

是因为结合美国实情是因为结合美国实情，，很多大学的教授都是印度人，很多学生都是来自日本很多学生都是来自日本、、英国等地英国等地。

本次预测机经重点在Task1Task1、、Task2两部分。

两部分。

Michael Michael Michael哥为广大考生亲自撰写提供了标准地道的高哥为广大考生亲自撰写提供了标准地道的高分答案分答案。

听读方面听读方面，，分别加入场景预测和高频词汇分别加入场景预测和高频词汇。

写作根据前几个月的真题题库提供了一些有可能会出现的题目当作押题，祝你好运月的真题题库提供了一些有可能会出现的题目当作押题，祝你好运。

希望能帮助同学们得到高分。

2013年4月托福写作机经预测独立写作1.forms of advertisements show up in our daily life.some people say they contribute benefits, while others dont agree.what is your opinion?建议用2+1的方式写观点：广告对人们带来很多负面影响。

cons：1.影响人们的心情及正常休息。

2.很多广告有虚假成分欺骗消费者导致健康问题。

2013年3月3日托福阅读考题解析

2013年3月3日托福阅读考题解析第一篇一个讲coevolution 植物除了正常外观（比如刺，滑腻腻的叶子）之外还会分泌有毒的东西（second compound）防止虫子，虫子也会进化，进化的虫子就有东西吃，而且没人跟他抢吃的。

有的还会将植物分泌的有毒物用来预防鸟，鸟中毒以后会吐，下次就会记得不吃这种虫子了。

也有的鸟吃了不会吐。

第二篇二是讨论要不要清理海上残留的oil，马上清理或者让自然natural flushing来清理。

讲了三种油的分类，词汇考了resilient这个印象深刻因为不懂什么意思，stimulate。

难度是三篇中最大的第二篇我补充一下细节，文章主要是讲海上漏油漏到沼泽地然后要不要清理，对生态环境的影响主要取决于油的种类，湿地的种类和季节。

说有些沼泽很多植物都因为油发芽也不能开花，开花也不能结果，结果也不能发芽...另一些沼泽有比较小强的植物比如Spartina 米草属，只要油不渗到地底下，他们扎得很深的根不受影响，他们就继续顽强地活着。

这里Spartina有两类，前者比后者更敏感一些。

然后讲油的种类，说油蒸馏以后有很多可用成分，分蒸馏过还是没蒸馏过的油。

蒸馏的原理是沸点不同，低沸点的有毒易挥发，高沸点毒性弱不易挥发，中沸点又有毒又不易挥发，危害最大。

然后讲了到底该不该人工移除油，措施是把那些油油的湿地的植物都铲平，科学家观察了一个湿地发现非常的resiliet，油基本没起啥作用，最后结论是只要油不会呆那太长时间就按兵不动"NO ACTION",因为人工移除反而危害更大。

大概就酱。

Oil spillleakage of petroleum onto the surface of a large body of water. Oceanic oil spills became a major environmental problem in the 1960s, chiefly as a result of intensified petroleum exploration and production on continental shelves and the use of supertankers capable of transporting more than 500,000 tons of oil. Spectacular oil spills from wrecked or damaged supertankers are now rare, because of stringent shipping and environmental regulations. Nevertheless, thousands of minor andseveral major oil spills related to well discharges and tanker operations are reported each year, with the total quantity of oil released annually into the world's oceans exceeding 1 million tons. The unintentional or negligent release of used gasoline solvents and crankcase lubricants by industries and individuals greatly aggravates the overall environmental problem. Combined with natural seepage from the ocean floor, these sources add oil to the world's waterways at the rate of 3.5 to 6 million tons a year.第三篇城市规划。

13年4月托福阅读预测机经-于英播老师

2013年4月托福阅读预测机经于英播于英播老师老师aka Michael 哥老师简介：Michael哈耶普斯教育CEO/口语、写作首席主讲。

从小在美国长大，口语流利地道堪比native ，对中美文化背景和差异有深入了解。

2005年回国并从事托福、雅思教育事业。

曾任上海环球雅思-北美院口语、写作首席主讲名师。

在托福、雅思口语教学中擅于帮助学生改变中文思维方式，学会西方人的思维及语言输出。

曾多次参加托福、雅思考试，被学生称之为“口语预测高手”和“写作押题哥”。

本月预测重点：本月预测重点：托福托福3月份考试听力中加入了很多国家的口音。

如月份考试听力中加入了很多国家的口音。

如：：日本日本，，英国英国，，印度印度。

是因为结合美国实情是因为结合美国实情，，很多大学的教授都是印度人，很多学生都是来自日本很多学生都是来自日本、、英国等地英国等地。

本次预测机经重点在Task1Task1、、Task2两部分。

两部分。

Michael Michael Michael哥为广大考生亲自撰写提供了标准地道的高哥为广大考生亲自撰写提供了标准地道的高分答案分答案。

听读方面听读方面，，分别加入场景预测和高频词汇分别加入场景预测和高频词汇。

写作根据前几个月的真题题库提供了一些有可能会出现的题目当作押题，祝你好运月的真题题库提供了一些有可能会出现的题目当作押题，祝你好运。

希望能帮助同学们得到高分。

2013年4月托福阅读机经预测P1Coral Reef1.Coral Reef is the coastal and oceanic ecosystem renowned for its beautiful life forms and for providing one of the most biologically diverse habitats on Earth,A reef is a ridge or out crop of rock in the sea that comes close to the surface.A coral reef is a reef that has been built largely or entirely by corals,tiny animals that live together in colonies as an ecosystem.Over hundreds or thousands of years the limestone skeletons of coral build up,with new corals growing on the skeletons of the dead ones.Frequently addressed the“rainforests of the sea”,coral reefs are home to a spectacular variety of organisms.2.The corals that build reefs are found only in warm tropical waters where sea temperatures rarely fall below18℃（64℉）；the best temperature for them is between23-27℃.Any temperature above29℃is fetal to them.They thrive only in clear saltwater,yet not too salty,where bright sunlight can penetrate under the rage of50meters.This is because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae greatly pertinent to the building of coral reefs,called zooxanthellae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis.Apart fromtemperature,corals also require clear waters.This is partly because they need sunlight to support the algae that live within their tissues.They are also very sensitive to particles of mud or sediment setting on them,which means that corals uncommonly grow close to rivers or other sources of sediment.In the sea, light is filtered out by depth,so reef-building corals can only grow in relatively shallow water.Even in the clearest oceans few reef-building corals grow below a depth of80to100m(20 to328ft)Many reefs are found around islands,or quite far from land at the edge of continental shelves.The corals we know today first appeared about220million years ago,before the age of the dinosaurs.The first true coral reefs began to appear about 205million to210million years ago.3.Coral reefs take three principal forms-Fringing reef,barrier reefs and atolls.Fringing reefs occur along a rocky coastline where corals or coral remains extend outward from the shore and form an outermost line or ridge that runs parallel to the shore.After many centuries,the reef may potentially grow up to the sea surface.As marine creatures,the corals cannot grow above the surface.The shallowest part of the reef becomes quite level and is called the reef flat.Few corals can survive there.In fringing reefs the reef flat extends out all the way from the shore.Where the reef flat reaches the deeper water offshore,an area known as the reef crest forms where the waves break.From here the structure of the reef drops away into deeper water down the reef slope.In this area conditions remain good for coral growth, and the reef continues to grow both upward and outward.4.In certain conditions coral reefs develop far from the continents often about50meters,around small islands or toward the edge of the continental shelf.Here the reefs do not join up to the mainland,but grow upwards on all rge,elongated structures far offshore are called barrier reefs.They can be separated from the land by a lagoon.Some barrier reefs are more or less circular,surrounding and island,but larger barrier reefs,such as those along the Red Sea coast and the Great Barrier Reef of Australia,are complex linear feature consisting of chains of reef patches,some of them elongated into ribbon reefs.5.An unusual type of reef is the coral atoll.This si a large, shallow bank,with depression in the middle,typically ring-shaped.The British naturalist Charles Darwin correctly theorized how coral atolls are formed.Coral atolls begin as fringing reefs around active oceanic volcanoes.When the volcanic eruptions cease,an island remains.Over longgeological periods the island begins to sink.The fringing reef continues to grow as the island sinks.Soon what was a fringing reef around the shore becomes a barrier reef separated from the shrinking island by a deeper lagoon.After thousands of years, the volcanic island sinks completely below sea level,but the corals continue to grow,forming a circular coral reef,an atoll. 6.Scientists have now drilled considerable depths into coral atolls.In the Marshall Islands their drilling went through 1400m(4600ft)of limestone before reaching the volcanic rock below.Although it has not been growing continuously,the deepest limestone on this coral atoll was deposited by corals more than50million years ago.词汇：Pertinent相关的Photosynthesis光合作用Sediment沉淀物Filter过滤过滤器Fringe边缘边缘的Atoll环礁Ridge山脊脊状物Potentially潜在的可能的Lagoon环礁湖Elongated延长加长Questions1.In paragraph4,what is true about the geological feature for barrier reefsA They can be parted from the land by a lagoonB They cannot grow above the surface and is very flatC Charles Darwin talked about its formation in the early timeD They are separated from the landmass,so they cannot surround an island or along the continent in formation2.According to paragraph2,what is not mentioned as the appropriate living condition for Coral reefs?A Great amount of sedimentB Temperature less than29℃C Good Water qualityD Sallow salt water3Why did scientists drill the coral atolls mentioned in the paragraph6?(To prove the theory brought forth by Charles Darwin in the formation of this special reef)4According to the formation of atolls proposed by Charles Darwin,what is the sequence of the process?(from fringing reefs to barrier reef to a circular coral reef then become atoll)5.Why is the term“rainforests of the sea”mentioned in paragraph1?(the author use this as an example to demonstrate how coral reefs can be related to the creatures in the ecosystem)P2Mesoamerican architectureMesoamerican architecture is the set of architectural traditions produced by pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica,traditions which are best known in the form of public,ceremonial and urban monumental building and structures.The distinctive features of Mesoamerican architecture encompass a number of different regional and historical styles, which however are significantly interrelated.These styles developed throughout the different phases of Mesoamerican history as a result of the intensive cultural exchange between the different cultures of the Mesoamerican culture area through thousands of years.Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures(outside of Ancient Egypt and the Chola Empire)One interesting and widely researched topic is the relation between cosmovision,religion,geography,and architecture inMesoamerica.Much seems to suggest that many traits of Mesoamerican architecture were governed by religious and mythological ideas.For example.The layout of most Mesoamerican cities seem to be influenced by cardinal directions and their mythological and symbolic meanings in Mesoamerican culture.Another part of Mesoamerican architecture is its iconography. The monumental architecture of Mesoamerica was decorated with images of religious and cultural significance,and also in may cases with writing in some of he Mesoamerican writing systems.Iconographic decorations and texts on buildings are important contributors to the overall current knowledge of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican society,history and religion.A surprising aspect of the great Mesoamerican structures is their lack of many advanced technologies that would seem to be necessary for such cking metal tools, Mesoamerican architecture required on thing in abundance; manpower.Yet,beyond this enormous requirement,the remaining materials seem to have been readily available.They most often utilized limestone,which remained pliable enough to be worked with stone tools while being quarried,and only hardened once when removed from its bed.In addition to thestructural use of limestone,much of their mortar consisted of crushed,burnt,and mixed limestone that mimicked the properties of cement and was used just as widely for stucco finishing as it was for mortar.However,later improvements in quarrying techniques reduced the necessity for this limestone-stucco as their stones began to fit quite perfectly,yet it remained a crucial element in some post and lintel roofs. Palaces and monumental structures tended to use granite as a base material as well which was usually polished after completion although Jade,Marble and even gold have been found in decorative sections or pyramids and other notable structures.In the case of the common houses,wooden poles, adobe,and thatch were the primary materials;however, instances of what appear to be common houses of limestone have been discovered as well.Buildings were typically finished with high slanted roofs similar to those found in Asian architecture usually built of wood or thatch although granite and limestone roofs in these high slant fashions are also used rarely 词汇Thatch茅草屋顶Granite花岗岩Pliable易弯曲的Enormous巨大的P3在冰冷的海下生存的生物一般人认为在高压冰冷的海底是没有生物的，或者只是存在一些体积小的生物。

3月托福真题：2013.3.17托福写作详解

3月托福真题：2013.3.17托福写作详解题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than movies and television programs made in other countries.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.解题步骤：Step 1: Analyze the questionThe movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than movies and television programs made in other countries.1.判断题型：比较对比型2.比较双方：own country, other countries3.比较方面：movies and television programsStep 2: Brainstorm Ideas分论点思考角度：选择电影电视的标准Script, actor/ actress, scene, director, post-productionStep 3: Pick a side根据分论点思考维度，选择立场。

如果在script, actor/ actress, scene, director, post-production 五个标准中，超过3个都是认为国内好，本题观点为agree;超过3个以上都是国外好，本题观点为disagree; 一半一半，中立立场。

Agree: Domestic TV and movies are more appealing than foreign ones.Disagree: Foreign TV and movies are more appealing than domestic ones.Neutral: Without cultural confusion, stories in domestic TV and movies are more easily accepted by common people; while foreign programs own excellent production skills and world-classstars.观点为disagree的对应分论点：World-class actors and actresses from foreign countries appeal people to watch movies and television shows.Foreign television technology and cinematography are more advanced compared to domestic ones.Step 4: Write the essay以其中一个分论点为例：Foreign television technology and cinematography are more advanced compared to domestic ones. Cinematography is the art and science of filmmaking, including shooting, editing and post-production. Hollywood, the motion picture capital of the world, possesses top-ranking industry production skills and equipment. TV programs and movies in Hollywood, technically speaking, are made consummately than homemade programs. Some people, however, would argue that internal directors and producers have already made 3D films and they own cutting edge technology in video projects. Is that "3D" exactly the same as Hollywood's? I doubt it. Several days ago, I watched a domestic film, which claimed to be 3D movie. After watching it, I felt like being cheated, as all the scenes in the film were 2D. What more ludicrous was its subtitles, because they were 3D! These mendacious 3D effects never appear in Hollywood movies, such as Life of Pi, Avatar, and Beowulf. Therefore, foreign programs are more attractive than homemade ones, because high-tech effects do bring audience bang-up visual feeling.。

托福机经真题2013年3月22日

托福机经真题2013年3月22日(总分：11.00，做题时间：120分钟)听力1.Conversation 1：【对话-服务咨询-食堂】要点：有个Cafeteria Manager跟女学生的对话; 女学生要搬出去，不住dorm，想把Meal Plan 取消。

但是Manager说一旦买了就不可以取消; 然后讲了一大堆他们Cafeteria的食物有多好，有新菜等等; 后来女学生问他有没有别的办法，他说能咨询一下是否能把Meal Plan转到其他Building的Cafe.（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：2.Lecture 1：【讲座-社会科学-历史】世界历史，讲tea trade between Asia & Europe; tea 在什么时候到哪里的，一开始先到荷兰;再到英国，在英国广泛流传; 一开始只有达官贵族能喝到tea,后来tea又用来当药用;之后有个princess(忘记名字了，会有提示)教群众如何将tea变得没那么苦。

后来又发明将糖加到tea里面会很好喝; 也说了coffee没有广泛被需要的原因，是生产shortage，问的是culture trend的相关问题。

（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：3.Lecture 2：【讲座-艺术-艺术家】 Art, 近代美国艺术家child Hassam 作品the breakfast room, winter morning, 1911，说他的作品受环境的影响。

（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：阅读4.第一篇: 地质学，讲的是大气如何形成 (注：此篇可结合TPO16的第三篇Planets in our solar system中与大气相关内容阅读) Atmosphere Atmosphere, mixture of gases surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping; especially the gaseous envelope of Earth. The principal constituents of the atmosphere of Earth are nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). The atmospheric gases in the remaining 1 percent are argon (0.9 percent), carbon dioxide (0.03 percent), varying amounts of water vapor, and trace amounts of hydrogen, ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon. The mixture of gases in the air today has had 4.5 billion years in which to evolve. The earliest atmosphere must have consisted of volcanic emanations alone. Gases that erupt from volcanoes today, however, are mostly a mixture of water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen, with almost no oxygen. If this is the same mixture that existed in the early atmosphere, then various processes would have had to operate to produce the mixture we have today. One of these processes was condensation. As it cooled, much of the volcanic water vapor condensed to fill the earliest oceans. Chemical reactions would also have occurred. Some carbon dioxide would have reacted with the rocks of Earth’s crust to form carbona te minerals, and some would have become dissolved in the new oceans. Later, as primitive life capable of photosynthesis evolved in the oceans, new marine organisms began producing oxygen. Almost all the free oxygen in the air today is believed to have formed by photosynthetic combination of carbon dioxide with water. About 570 million years ago, the oxygen content of the atmosphere and oceans became high enough to permit marine life capableof respiration. Later, some 400 million years ago, the atmosphere contained enough oxygen for the evolution of air-breathing land animals. The water-vapor content of the air varies considerably, depending on the temperature and relative humidity. With 100 percent relative humidity, the water-vapor content of air varies from 190 parts per million (ppm) at -40°C (-40°F) to 42,000 ppm at 30°C (86°F). Minute quantities of other gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, are temporary constituents of the atmosphere in the vicinity of volcanoes and are washed out of the air by rain or snow. Oxides and other pollutants added to the atmosphere by industrial plants and motor vehicles have become a major concern, however, because of their damaging effects in the form of acid rain. In addition, the strong possibility exists that the steady increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, mainly as the result of the burning of fossil fuels since the mid-1800s, may affect Earth’s climate (see Greenhouse Effect). Similar concerns are posed by the sharp increase in atmospheric methane. Methane levels have risen 11 percent since 1978. About 80 percent of the gas is produced by decomposition in rice paddies, swamps, and the intestines of grazing animals, and by tropical termites. Human activities that tend to accelerate these processes include raising more livestock and growing more rice. Besides adding to the greenhouse effect, methane reduces the volume of atmospheric hydroxyl ions, thereby curtailing the atmosphere’s ability to cleanse itself of pollutants. See also Air Pollution; Climate; Smog. The study of air samples shows that up to at least 88 km (55 mi) above sea level the composition of the atmosphere is substantially the same as at ground level; the continuous stirring produced by atmospheric currents counteracts the tendency of the heavier gases to settle below the lighter ones. In the lower atmosphere, ozone, a form of oxygen with three atoms in each molecule, is normally present in extremely low concentrations. The layer of atmosphere from 19 to 48 km (12 to 30 mi) up contains more ozone, produced by the action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Even in this layer, however, the percentage of ozone is only 0.001 by volume. Atmospheric disturbances and downdrafts carry varying amounts of this ozone to the surface of Earth. Human activity adds to ozone in the lower atmosphere, where it becomes a pollutant that can cause extensive crop damage. The ozone layer became a subject of concern in the early 1970s, when it was found that chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), or chlorofluoromethanes, were rising into the atmosphere in large quantities because of their use as refrigerants and as propellants in aerosol dispensers. The concern centered on the possibility that these compounds, through the action of sunlight, could chemically attack and destroy stratospheric ozone, which protects Earth’s surface from excessive ultraviolet radiation. As a result, industries in the United States, Europe, and Japan replaced chlorofluorocarbons in all but essential uses. See Aerosol Dispenser; Ozone Layer; Photochemistry. The atmosphere may be divided into several layers. In the lowest one, the troposphere, the temperature as a rule decreases upward at the rate of 5.5°C per 1,000 m (3°F per 3,000 ft). This is th e layer in which most clouds occur (see Cloud). The troposphere extends up to about 16 km (about 10 mi) in tropical regions (to a temperature of about -79°C, or about -110°F) and to about 9.7 km (about 6 mi) in temperate latitudes (to a temperature of about -51°C, or about -60°F). Above the troposphere is the stratosphere. In the lower stratosphere the temperature is practically constant or increases slightly with altitude, especially over tropical regions. Within the ozone layer the temperature rises more rapidly, and the temperature at the upper boundary of the stratosphere, almost 50 km (about 30 mi) above sea level, is about the same as the temperature at the surface of Earth. The layer from 50 to 90 km (30 to 55 mi), called the mesosphere, is characterized by a marked decrease in temperature as the altitude increases. From investigations of the propagation and reflection of radio waves, it is known that beginning at an altitude of 60 km (40 mi), ultraviolet radiation, X rays (see X Ray), and showers of electrons from the sun ionize several layers of the atmosphere, causing them to conduct electricity; these layers reflect radio waves of certain frequencies back to Earth. Because of the relatively high concentration of ionsin the air above 60 km (40 mi), this layer, extending to an altitude of about 1000 km (600 mi), is called the ionosphere. At an altitude of about 90 km (55 mi), temperatures begin to rise. The layer that begins at this altitude is called the thermosphere, because of the high temperatures reached in this layer (about 1200°C, or about 2200°F). The region beyond the thermosphere is called the exosphere, which extends to about 9,600 km (about 6,000 mi), the outer limit of the atmosphere. The density of dry air at sea level is about 1/800 the density of water; at higher altitudes it decreases rapidly, being proportional to the pressure and inversely proportional to the temperature. Pressure is measured by a barometer and is expressed in millibars, which are related to the height of a column of mercury that the air pressure will support; 1 millibar equals 0.75 mm (0.03 in) of mercury. Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1,013 millibars, that is, 760 mm (29.92 in) of mercury. At an altitude of 5.6 km (about 3.5 mi) pressure falls to about 507 millibars (about 380 mm/14.96 in of mercury); half of all the air in the atmosphere lies below this level. The pressure is approximately halved for each additional increase of 5.6 km in altitude. At 80 km (50 mi) the pressure is 0.009 millibars (0.0069 mm/0.00027 in of mercury).（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：5.第二篇：生物学，果蝇和青蛙成长的不同时期需要什么（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：6.第三篇：bird nesting,说鸟喜欢在colonies筑巢，说了有什么好处，有一种鸟有自我保护意思，可以群体攻击那些天敌，有些seabird都在哪里筑巢比较安全，同时，集体筑巢又有什么隐患，例如吸引大量天敌。