【西南●最新版】[0091]《英美文学史.英国》网上作业及课程考试复习资料(有答案)

[0091]《英美文学史.英国》第一次作业[判断题]Pamela was written by Henry Fielding.参考答案：错误[判断题]Waiting for Godot is a play of the Theatre of the Absurd.参考答案：正确[判断题]The Jew of Malta was written by Ben Jonson.参考答案：错误[判断题]Romanticism in England began in 1800 and ended in 1932.参考答案：错误[判断题]Shakespeare wrote 37 plays.参考答案：错误[判断题]The rhyme scheme of Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG参考答案：正确[判断题]Thomas Hardy wrote no poetry.参考答案：错误[判断题]Wordsworth, Shelley and Southey were Lake Poets.参考答案：错误[判断题]Wordsworth, Shelley and Southey were Lake Poets.参考答案：错误第二次作业[判断题]Chaucer was father of English poetry.参考答案：正确[判断题]Charles Dickens was a Romantic.参考答案：错误[判断题]Milton was blind when writing his masterpieces.参考答案：正确[判断题]Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were Lake Poets.参考答案：正确[判断题]John Milton and his wife loved each other参考答案：错误[判断题]Ben Jonson and Samuel Johnson were contemporaries.参考答案：错误[判断题]John Falstaff is a character created by Shakespeare参考答案：正确[判断题]Shakespeare wrote no comedies.参考答案：错误第三次作业[论述题]Please define tragedy.参考答案：Tragedy:(Greek "goat song”) The opposite of comedy, tragedy refers to a serious play presenting the struggle, downfall and suffering of an admirable but flawed hero or heroine. The chief protagonist is portrayed as going through a series of misfortunes; torn between conflicting goals, values and choices; and moving hopelessly and inevitably towards the eventual devastating catastrophe. Though doomed to fail, the hero or heroine confronts the powerful force represented by god, fate, or social pressure with a dignity that reveals the great courage and indomitable spirit of man in the face of failure, defeat, and even death. Often, the chief figure's downfall is a result of both the outside force and a fatal flaw in his or her character. In the end, the hero or heroine comes to understand the meaning of life, the value of existence, and the significance of his or her deeds.A tragedy is traditionally divided into five acts. The first act presents theprotagonist in a state of happiness or prosperity. The second act presents a problem or dilemma. In the third act, the problem or dilemma develops to a point of crisis. In the fourth act, the protagonist fails to avoid the crisis or catastrophe, and thus disaster occurs. The fifth act is a presentation of the grim consequences.[论述题]What is realism?参考答案：Realism: Two meanings may be distinguished. First, it refers to the reproduction of life in works of literature and art in a faithful and accurate manner. It is the method or tendency of depicting events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner; of reflecting life as it actually is. It describes nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail. It deals with ordinary men in ordinary situations. And it may be extended to record highly subjective experience, as in stream of consciousness writing.The term also denotes a nineteenth century European literary movement that sought to represent human experience and society in a way that seems true to life. Authors in the tradition of Realism include Honore de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, William Dean Howells, and Henry James.第四次作业[论述题]What is Shakespearean sonnet?参考答案：Shakespearean sonnet:Also called "English sonnet,” it is a poem composed of three units of four lines each and a final unit of two lines. Its rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. The following example is William Shakespeare's "Sonnet 18”: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date:Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;And every fair from fair sometimes declines,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest:So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee.第五次作业[论述题]What is neoclassicism?参考答案：Neoclassicism came into being after the rediscovery of Aristotle's Poetics, Horace's The Art of Poetry, and the finding of models in classical literature. The Neoclassical period of English literature extended from 1660 to 1780, from the maturity of John Dryden to the death of Samuel Johnson. It covered the Restoration age, the Augustan age, and the age of Johnson. Other Neoclassicists were Swift, Addison, Steele, Pope, Fielding, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Lord Chesterfield, and so on.In both literary theory and literary practice, these writers were traditionalists showing a high respect for ancient Greek and Roman authors. They declared that the Greeks and Romans had already attained perfection with major literary genres and the best thing for them to do was to have a careful study and close imitation of their works. To them, the imitation of nature and the imitation of the ancients amounted to the same thing. Naturally their favorite literary forms were those of the ancient times: tragedy, comedy, epic, ode, elegy, epistle, fable, satire and the like. Their most approved world-views, value systems and literary ideals were derived from the classical authors. They displayed a high reverence for order and a great delight in reason and rules ("Order,” as Pope said, "is Heav'n's first law.” And "All chaos is but order misunderstood.”). Man and his activity became the center of human study (Pope argued that "The proper study of mankind is man”). But man was also seen as a limited, dualistic and imperfect social animal. And the generic qualities of men and women were emphasized.Literature and art were valued in terms of their service to mankind. Art should be urbane, polite, witty, and intellectual. The function of literature was to please, teach, and correct human beings. Literary rules and principles celebrated and observed by Neoclassicists included accuracy, clarity, rationality, order, economy, correctness, proportion, harmony, balance, utility, logic, restraint, good taste, avoidance of obscurity and mystery, a general view of man and nature, and decorum. In the field of drama, the three unities of time, place and action were the highest guiding principles for the playwrights. In poetry, the most favored form was rhyming couplet.Though traditionalistic and a bit conservative, the Neoclassicists by no means lacked the capacity for invention and originality. The 18th century witnessed and welcomed the birth of a brand new for m of literature―the novel.[论述题]What is romanticism?参考答案：Romanticism:Two meanings may be distinguished. In historical criticism, it refers to a European movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, embracing literature, politics, history, philosophy and the arts in general. The chief emphasis of Romanticism was upon sensibility, freedom of expression, emotion, individualism, primitivism, love of nature, nostalgia, mysticism, sincerity, innovation, spontaneity, imagination, genius, and originality. It rejected the Enlightenment, the Neoclassicism and formal orthodoxy of the preceding period, which stressed logic, reason, collectivism, tradition, and constraint. Other features of Romanticism include: the praise of rural life; enthusiasm for nature in its wild state; interest in human rights; sentimentalism; interest in ancient mythology and literature; renewed interest in Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton; and the worship of the Noble Savage.第六次作业[论述题]What is naturalism?参考答案：Naturalism: Several senses may be discriminated: a term loosely used as a synonym for realism, an extreme form of realism; a mode of thought glorifying nature, as in the poems of Wordsworth; and a literary movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.As a way of looking at things and a literary movement, naturalism developed out of realism. It involves a view that human beings are passive victims of natural forces, social environment and internal drives which they do not understand and over which they have no control. Among those forces that gave birth to this movement were Darwin's biological determinism, Newton's mechanistic determinism, Marx's socioeconomic determinism, Freud's psychological determinism, and Comte's scientific determinism and positivism.Naturalism as a movement in art and literature was started in France by the Goncourt brothers with their novel Germinie Lacerteux. The leading exponent and high priest of the movement, however, was Émile Zola. In his Les Rougon-Macquart series, which are as long as twenty volumes, he traces the social and natural history of a family whose members are under the control of heredity and environment.In these novels he offers a vista of 19th century French life, examining vice and crime with faithful minuteness and focusing attention on the more animal aspects of human nature. Regarding himself as a pathologist and physiologist, Zola was preoccupied with a scientific or photographic representation of the impoverished and underprivileged, the ugly and the diseased. His work is sometimes criticized for being too sensational and melodramatic. A term commonly used by Zola was expérimental. Though translated as experimental, it is better understood as empirical or experiential.Other novelists and short story writers writing in the tradition of naturalism include Maupassant, Alphonse Daudet, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, Frank Norris, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, George Moore, and George Gissing. Outside France, England and America, it was apparent in the works of some German and Russian writers. Strong elements of naturalism can also be detected in the plays of Ibsen, Strindberg, Chekhov, and Eugene O'Neill.[论述题]What is modernism?参考答案：Modernism: a literary movement which started from the late 19th century and which had a great international influence during the first half of the 20th century. It aimed at a break away from what had become the dominant conventions of 19th century art and literature. The term is often applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Symbolism, Cubism, Futurism, Imagism, Dadaism, Expressionism, Vorticism, Surrealism, and Constructivism.Characteristics of modernism are: rejection of traditional values; political and cultural disappointments; a pessimistic view of the modern world; a hostile or suspicious attitude towards contemporary science and technology; a disgust at commercialism; and a world seen as fragmented and decayed. Other features include a break with the past tradition of realism and naturalism; a preoccupation with the present instead of history; urbanism; primitivism; dehumanization; experimentalism; a sense of alienation; loss and despair; the search for self; use of stream-of-consciousness technique; and free experimentation with form, language and style.。