week 12 transcultural communication interlectural communication 优质课件
《跨文化交流学》教学大纲(SyllabusforInterculturalCommunication
《跨文化交流学》教学大纲( Syllabus forIntercultural Communication )《跨文化交流学》教学大纲(Syllabus for InterculturalCommunication)"Cross-cultural communication" Teaching SyllabusFirst, the nature of the course, objectives and tasks1. To enhance the students'ability of communication between cultures.2. To improve the students'English by reading and speaking in the target language.Two basic requirements, curriculumTo acquaint the students with the basic theory and practice ofculture, communication and intercultural communication.Three, curriculum contentLanguage, Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication.Four, course content and time allocationWeek1 Communication across Cultures (4 hours)Week2 Culture and Communication (4 hours)Week3 Cultural Differences (4 hours)Week4 Language and Culture (4 hours)Week5 Verbal Communication (4 hours)Week6 Nonverbal Communication (4 hours)Week7 Time and Space (4 hours)Week8 Intercultural Perception (4 hours)Week9 Intercultural Understanding (4 hours)Week10 Intercultural Adaptation (4 hours)Week11 Managing Intercultural Conflicts (4 hours)Week12 Intercultural Negotiation (4 hours)Week13 Intercultural Team Building (4 hours)Week14 American Values and Their Behaviors (4 hours)Week15 Understanding the Japanese Culture and Behaviors (4 hours) Week16 Understanding the German Culture and Behaviors (4 hours) Five, assessment methodsAttendance and Participation 20%Assignment 110%Assignment 210%Assignment 310%Term Paper 20% (a minimum of 1000 words)Examination 30%Six, textbook and reference bookThe use of bilingual textbooks:1, "Communication Between Cultures" Samovar, Larry A., 5th Edition, Peking University press, 20042, Kramsch, Claire, Language and Culture, Shanghai foreign language education press, 2000 Edition (SFLEP).3, Snow, Don, Encounters with Westerners, SFLEP, 2004 edition.4, Samovar, Larry, A., "Intercultural Communication" fourth edition, Renmin University of China press, 2004 edition. 5, "cross cultural communication" Shijie Guan, Peking University press, 1995 edition.6, "Intercultural Communication Studies" Hu Wenzhong, foreignlanguage teaching and Research Press7, "Intercultural Communication English" Xu Lisheng: SFLEP,2004 Edition8, "international cultural exchange methodology" published in a forest.The main reference books:1, Linell, Davis, "Chinese and Western culture in intercultural communication course", a 2001 edition.2, (US) Bradford Hall, "cross cultural barriers -- the challenge of communication", 2003 edition.3, (Germany) Maletzke: "communication" between people of different cultures, intercultural communication, Peking University press Press, 2001 edition.4, Song Li editor: "Intercultural Communication" introduction, Harbin Institute of Technology press, 2004 edition.5, Chen Xiaoping: "cross cultural management", Tsinghua University press, 2005.6, Jia Yuxin: "cross cultural communication", SFLEP, 1997 edition.7, Hu Wenzhong: "cross-cultural communication readings", Hunan Education Press, 1990 edition.8, Bi Jiwan: "Intercultural Nonverbal Communication", a 1999 edition.9, Du Xuezeng: "in English (English speaking countries) cultural norms", FLTRP, 1999 edition.10, Zhu Yongtao: "American values -- a Chinese scholar's study", a, 2002 edition.11, Di Yanhua: "American culture", Jilin science and Technology Press, 2002 edition.12, Zheng Lixin, Gu Jiazu: "American English and American culture", Hunan Education Press, 1993 edition.A rainbow, 13: "high culture differences in understanding and Transcending", FLTRP, 2000 edition.14, Dai: "cultural collision - Chinese North American interpersonal misunderstanding analysis", SFLEP, 2003 edition.15, Deng Yanchang, Liu Ruiqing: "language and Culture -- a comparison of English and Chinese language and culture", a 1989 edition.16, Zhang Congyi: "a comparative study of Chinese and Western culture", Hunan people's publishing house, 2004 edition.17, He Weixiang: "intercultural communication skills", Zhongshan University press, 2004 edition.18, Zhuang Enping: "cross cultural business communication case guide", SFLEP, 2004 edition.19, Larry -A- nisos tile editor: "cultural mode and mode of communication", Beijing Broadcasting Institute press, 2003Year.20, Linda Beamer: "global environment in cross cultural communication", Tsinghua University press, 2003.21, stone, Dingle: "business cross-cultural communication", Wuhan University press, 2004.22, Hu Wenzhong editor: "intercultural communication aspects", FLTRP,1999.23, Hu Chao: "build" paradigm and the ability of intercultural communication in the era of the --E, China social science press, 2005.24, Gu Hongming: "Chinese spirit" FLTRP, 2000.25, Lin Yutang: "my country and my people", FLTRP, 2000.26, (US) mingenpu with "Chinese characteristics", Guangming Daily Press, 1998.27, Zhu Qianzhi: "influence" Chinese philosophy in Europe, Hebeipeople's publishing house, 1999. (East West Kam plexus Book)28, Chen Wei: "in the eyes of Westerners Oriental drama art", Shanghai Education Press, 2004. 2004. (Oriental aesthetic influence on the Western series.29, Zhou Yueliang: "China ancient cultural history", Beijing Broadcasting Institute press, 2002.30, Pan Zhigao: "New York Times on the China image", Henan University press, 2003.31, Carducci, Lisa, As Great As the World, Beijing: China International Press, 2002.32, Guo Ke: "international communication" introduction, Fudan University press, 2004.33, Zhuang Xiaodong editor: "culture: history, theory and reality", people's publishing house, 2003.34, (US) - Ruth Benedict: "the chrysanthemum and the sword", the Commercial Press, 1990.35, Lin Yutang: "from pagan to Christian", Shaanxi Normal University press, 2004.。
跨文化交流简介(Intercultural Communication)
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1. Intercultural communication as a human activity
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The history of communication between people of different cultural backgrounds is almost as long as human history itself. Can you list any kinds of communication between people with different cultural backgrounds?
What is intercultural communication?
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In the most general sense, intercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. More precisely, intercultural communication is communication between people whose perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.（From Communication Between Cultures by Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter & Lisa A. Stefani)
3. Founders of the Field of ICC
chapter 12跨文化交际
1. Intercultural communication competence (跨文化交际能力)
A. B.
Relevant ideas Intercultural competence defined
A. Relevant ideas
Chapter 12 Effective Intercultural Communication Competence
CaseArabs
Chapter 12 Effective Intercultural Communication Competence
2. The components of intercultural communication competence from different perspectives
Chapter 12 Effective Intercultural Communication Competence
Relevant ideas
* The most important skills required in intercultural communication are—understanding the host culture, the ability to adapt, and human relation skills. * Ethnorelativity (种族相当主义)—It is important that others’ behavior is no longer evaluated as good or bad, as viewed through the filtering cultural lenses, but that people have different approaches to different people.
转文化传播名词解释
“转文化传播”名词解释
转文化传播（transcultural communication）是一个相对新的名词，较早见于清华大学新闻与传播学院史转文化传播（transcultural communication）是一个相对新的名词，较早见于清华大学新闻与传播学院史安斌教授于2018年发表的论文——《从“跨文化传播”到“转文化传播”》。
它相对于“跨文化传播”而言，明显更具时代特征，也具有更强的解释力。
“转文化传播”不以一国文化凌驾于其他文化之上，不以文化的自我复制实现侵略式传播，这是它与跨文化传播最大的不同。
它意在构建“整体全球化”的传播体系，致力于打造包容和谐、相互尊重、平等交流的传播环境。
在两种或多种文化的交流和对话中产生了文化的转型和变异，这就是“转”。
在新全球化的语境下，“转文化传播”的核心理念是构建人类命运共同体。
全球化的过程曾经历以英国为核心的“英式”全球化阶段与以美国为核心的“美式”全球化阶段，但“英式”“美式”全球化本质是将全球变成另一个英国、美国的“化全球”。
当下全球化的模式发生转向，中国提出的“一带一路”“命运共同体”等概念，让中国的跨文化传播实践进入新阶段。
英语语言文学跨文化交际方向
英语语言文学跨文化交际方向Cross-cultural communication in English language and literatureIntroduction:English language and literature serve as powerful tools for bridging gaps between different cultures. It allows people from different linguistic and literary backgrounds to come together, exchange ideas, and gain better understanding of one another. In this article, we will explore the importance of cross-cultural communication in the field of English language and literature.1. Language barriers:Language is the key to effective communication. However, language barriers often hinder effective cross-cultural communication. In English language and literature, understanding cultural nuances and idiomatic expressions is vital for accurate interpretation of texts. For instance, a literary metaphor in one culture may not have the same impact in another culture, making translation and interpretation challenging. In order to overcome these barriers, scholars and educators need to emphasize the study of cultural contexts alongside language proficiency.2. Literature as a cultural mirror:Literature reflects the cultural values, beliefs, and traditions of a society. It allows readers to gain insights into different cultures, enabling them to appreciate diversity and empathize with others. For instance, reading works of Shakespeare can offer anunderstanding of Elizabethan culture and society, while reading Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" can provide insights into Nigerian culture. By studying and teaching different literary works from various cultures, cross-cultural understanding can be fostered.3. Identity formation:Literature plays a crucial role in identity formation. It helps individuals in understanding their own cultural identity, as well as the identities of others. By exploring characters and their experiences in literary works, readers can relate to diverse perspectives and broaden their worldview. For example, reading African-American literature can help individuals understand the complexities of African-American identity and the historical context in which it emerged. This understanding is essential for promoting inclusivity and tolerance in a multicultural society.4. Translation and interpretation:Translation and interpretation play a significant role in cross-cultural communication in English language and literature. Translating a literary work requires not only linguistic skills but also a deep understanding of the culture and context in which the text was written. By translating literary works, we can make them accessible to a wider audience and facilitate cross-cultural dialogue. Moreover, interpretation of literary texts in different cultural contexts allows readers to appreciate the diversity of interpretations and meanings attached to a piece of literature.5. Global literary connections:English language and literature provide a platform for global literary connections. Literature from one culture can influence and inspire writers from other cultures, leading to the creation of new literary traditions. For example, the works of William Shakespeare have had a profound impact on writers from different cultures, such as Rabindranath Tagore from India and Gabriel GarcíaMárquez from Latin America. By studying these connections, we can promote cross-cultural understanding and appreciation of diverse literary traditions.Conclusion:In conclusion, cross-cultural communication in English language and literature is crucial for promoting understanding, empathy, and appreciation of different cultures. By studying cultural contexts, emphasizing translation and interpretation, exploring identity formation, and recognizing global literary connections, scholars and educators can foster an inclusive and diverse society. English language and literature can serve as a bridge between cultures, allowing people from different backgrounds to connect and learn from one another.。
week 12 cultural patterns
A new orientation: long- versus short-term orientation. Suggested by Chinese scholars, connected with the Confucian dynamism. Long-term oriented cultures: (China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Brazil, India, etc.) value social order and long-range goals; employees are expected to have a strong work ethic and great respect to their employers. Persistence and thrift, respect for tradition.
Social relationships
The culture whose social relationship is…, will… Hierarchy: Obey authority; know your place; treat others according to their position; look to leading figures to know what to think and do. Group: Respond to what others think and feel; depend on others and let them depend on you; be loyal; look to others in your group to know what to think and do.
Intercultural Communication
The culture onion
culture in the outer layer (symbols) culture in the middle layer(values) culture in the inner nucleus layer(rooted in people)
What is communication?
Intercultural Communication Orientation Week 1 Chapter 1
Let’s begin with a story…P5 We learn from the story that…
Pre-class discussion
Give an example of a(co)-cultural behavior that you do not understand. See if anyone in the class can explain it to you. Give an example of a behavior from your culture that someone from another culture might have difficulty understanding.
Body language:
In the USA In the UK People touch other people on the shoulder when complimenting them. People keep distance.
Value differences reflected:
In China In the west It is courteous to say polite things or offer help to old people. There is a value placed in being young that many peope consciously, or subconsciously, are not willing to accept that they are growing old.
Intercultural_Communication_in_English
Another time for silence may occur before a meal in a private home or in a meeting. Christian Americans often bow their heads and say a prayer, called ―grace‖ before a meal. They normally say ―amen‖ at the end. If you are not a Christian, then it is acceptable for you to bow your head as a sign of respect and remain silent. If you are asked to say the grace, it is all right to decline unless you know what to do and would like to take part in this.
It is essential that people research the cultures and communication conventions of those whom they propose to meet. This will minimise the risk of making the elementary mistakes. It is also prudent to set a clear agenda so that everyone understands the nature and purpose of the interaction. When language skills are unequal, clarifying one's meaning in five ways will improve communication:
新跨编文化交际英语教程
新跨编文化交际英语教程The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication in English Language TeachingIn today's increasingly globalized world, the ability to effectively communicate across cultural boundaries has become a crucial skill for individuals and organizations alike. This is particularly true in the field of English language teaching, where educators are tasked with not only imparting linguistic knowledge but also fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse cultural perspectives. The new cross-cultural communication English language teaching course aims to equip learners with the necessary tools and strategies to navigate the complexities of intercultural exchange and become successful communicators in a multilingual and multicultural environment.One of the primary goals of this course is to challenge the traditional, mono-cultural approach to English language instruction. Historically, English language teaching has often been dominated by a Western-centric perspective, emphasizing the norms and customs of nativeEnglish-speaking countries. While this approach may have been sufficient in the past, it fails to adequately prepare students for the realities of the modern world, where English is increasingly used as a lingua franca, a common means of communication among speakers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.To address this shortcoming, the new cross-cultural communication English language teaching course adopts a more inclusive and pluralistic approach. Instead of focusing solely on the cultural nuances of a single English-speaking region, the curriculum explores the rich tapestry of global Englishes, highlighting the unique linguistic and cultural variations that have emerged in different parts of the world. By exposing students to a wide range of English accents, idioms, and communication styles, the course aims to broaden their linguistic and cultural horizons, enabling them to engage with a diverse array of English speakers with confidence and sensitivity.At the heart of this approach is the recognition that language and culture are inextricably linked. The way we communicate, the words we choose, and the nonverbal cues we employ are all deeply influenced by our cultural upbringing and societal norms. By exploring these cultural underpinnings, the cross-cultural communication English language teaching course equips students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the cultural complexities of language use.For example, the course may delve into the importance of indirect communication in certain cultures, where the direct expression of opinions or disagreement is often considered impolite or confrontational. Students may learn strategies for conveying their message effectively while respecting cultural preferences for more subtle and nuanced forms of expression. Similarly, the course may explore the role of hierarchy and power dynamics in shaping communication patterns, helping students understand and adapt to different cultural expectations regarding deference, respect, and social status.Beyond the acquisition of linguistic and cultural knowledge, the cross-cultural communication English language teaching course also emphasizes the development of critical thinking and intercultural competence. Students are encouraged to challenge their own cultural biases and assumptions, to engage in self-reflection, and to develop a deeper appreciation for the diversity of human experience. By fostering an openness to different perspectives and a willingness to adapt their communication styles, students become better equipped to navigate the complexities of cross-cultural interactions and to build meaningful connections with individuals from all walks of life.The benefits of this approach extend far beyond the languageclassroom. In a world that is increasingly interconnected, the ability to communicate effectively across cultural boundaries is a valuable asset in a wide range of professional and personal contexts. Whether it's negotiating a business deal, collaborating on an international project, or simply engaging in casual conversation with a foreign colleague, the skills and knowledge gained through the cross-cultural communication English language teaching course can be instrumental in achieving success and fostering greater mutual understanding.Moreover, the importance of cross-cultural communication extends beyond the practical considerations of professional success. In an era of heightened global tensions and polarization, the ability to engage in meaningful dialogue across cultural divides is essential for promoting peace, understanding, and social cohesion. By equipping students with the tools to communicate effectively and empathetically with individuals from diverse backgrounds, the cross-cultural communication English language teaching course contributes to the larger goal of building a more inclusive and harmonious world.In conclusion, the new cross-cultural communication English language teaching course represents a significant step forward in the field of English language instruction. By embracing a more inclusive and pluralistic approach to language and culture, the courseempowers students to become confident and effective communicators in a globalized world. Through the acquisition of linguistic and cultural knowledge, the development of critical thinking skills, and the cultivation of intercultural competence, students are better prepared to navigate the complexities of cross-cultural interactions and to contribute to the creation of a more interconnected and understanding global community.。
Introduction to Intercultural Communication
The Latin root word of "communication" is comunicare, which has three possible meanings 1. "to make common", which is probably derived from either 2 or 3 2. cum + munus, i.e. having gifts to share in a mutual donation. 3. cum + munire, i.e. building together a defense, like the walls of a city
When 1000 faculty members from a cross section of disciplines were asked to identify basic competencies for every college graduate, skills in communicating topped the list.
McCloskey, D. (1993). The neglected economics of talk. Planning forHigher Education, 22, pp. 11-16.
Communication studies as a discipline
Communication as an academic discipline relates to all the ways we communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge: anthropology, psychology, sociology, linguistics, semiotics, and rhetoric. The study of communication considers how people communicate as individuals, in society, and in various cultures.
跨文化交际的英语
跨文化交际的英语Intercultural Communication in EnglishIn today's globalized world, the ability to communicate effectively across cultures is more important than ever. English, being the lingua franca, plays a pivotal role in facilitating intercultural exchanges. This article delvesinto the nuances of intercultural communication in English, offering insights into the challenges and strategies for success.Understanding Cultural DifferencesCultural differences can significantly impact communication. What may be considered polite or acceptable in one culture could be offensive in another. For instance, direct eye contact and a firm handshake are seen as signs of confidence in many English-speaking countries, whereas in some Asian cultures, they might be perceived as confrontational.Language as a Tool for Cultural ExchangeLanguage is not merely a means of conveying information; it is a gateway to understanding a culture's values, beliefs, and social norms. In English, idiomatic expressions and slang can be particularly challenging for non-native speakers, as they often carry cultural connotations that are not literaltranslations.Overcoming Communication BarriersTo overcome barriers in intercultural communication, it is essential to develop cultural awareness and sensitivity. This involves learning about the cultural background of your communication partners, being open to non-verbal cues, and adapting your communication style accordingly.Strategies for Effective Intercultural Communication1. Active Listening: Pay close attention to both verbal and non-verbal messages. This shows respect and helps in understanding the underlying cultural context.2. Cultural Adaptability: Be willing to adjust your communication style to match the cultural expectations of your audience.3. Clarification: When in doubt, ask for clarification to avoid misunderstandings.4. Patience and Tolerance: Recognize that cultural differences can lead to confusion or miscommunication and approach these situations with patience.5. Respect: Always show respect for the other person's culture, even if it differs from your own.The Role of Technology in Intercultural CommunicationWith the advent of technology, intercultural communication has become more accessible. Platforms like Skype, Zoom, and social media facilitate real-time interactions across geographical boundaries. However, the reliance on digital communication can sometimes lead to a lack of personal connection or increased potential for misinterpretation due to the absence of non-verbal cues.ConclusionIntercultural communication in English is a complex yet rewarding endeavor. By understanding cultural differences, being adaptable, and employing effective communication strategies, individuals can bridge cultural gaps and foster meaningful global relationships. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of intercultural competence will only grow, making it a valuable skill for personal and professional success.。
跨文化交际 英语作文
Crosscultural communication is an essential skill in todays globalized world.It involves the exchange of information and ideas between people from different cultural backgrounds.Effective crosscultural communication can lead to better understanding, cooperation,and mutual respect among individuals and groups.Here are some key aspects to consider when engaging in crosscultural communication:nguage Proficiency:While English is a common language for international communication,it is crucial to understand that English proficiency varies among nonnative speakers.Being patient and using simple language can help in conveying messages clearly.2.Cultural Awareness:Understanding the customs,traditions,and social norms of different cultures is vital.This awareness can prevent misunderstandings and show respect for the other persons culture.3.NonVerbal Communication:Body language,facial expressions,and gestures can have different meanings in different cultures.Being mindful of these differences can help avoid misinterpretations.4.Adaptability:Being flexible and adaptable to different communication styles is important.This may involve adjusting your tone of voice,pace of speech,or even the way you present information.5.Active Listening:Listening attentively to the speaker and showing interest in what they are saying is a sign of respect and can lead to a more productive conversation.6.Empathy:Putting yourself in the other persons shoes can help you understand their perspective and respond in a way that is sensitive to their feelings and experiences.7.Cultural Sensitivity:Being aware of cultural sensitivities and avoiding topics that may be considered offensive or inappropriate is crucial.This includes understanding the importance of certain dates,symbols,or practices in different cultures.8.Direct vs.Indirect Communication:Some cultures value direct communication,while others prefer a more indirect approach.Understanding these preferences can help in choosing the right communication style.9.Time Perception:Different cultures have different attitudes towards time.Some may be more punctual and value time efficiency,while others may have a more relaxed approach.Being aware of these differences can help in planning and managing timeeffectively.10.Respect for Diversity:Recognizing and valuing the diversity of cultures is the foundation of crosscultural communication.It encourages an openminded approach and fosters a sense of inclusion.In conclusion,crosscultural communication is a dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation.By being open to different perspectives and showing respect for cultural differences,individuals can build bridges across cultural divides and create a more harmonious global community.。
interculturalcommunication
Intercultural Communication1.What is intercultural communication?Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what mediums they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted. As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development ofintercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.Why is it important to language learners in the world?Intercultural communication refers to messages transmitted between members of two or more different societies. The increasingly international business world must cope with cultural differences in order to succeed and prosper. To that end intercultural communication gains enormous importance as individuals from all over the world start to work in the same office. Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respect. Understanding the backgrounds is essential if you are to be successful in both your social and professional lives.2.What are the elements of human communication?The first element for human communication is participants - the sender. Another element for human communication is the message. The message is sent to a …receiver‟ – one of the elements of communication. Channel is the way by which the message is sent. It can be verbal or nonverbal. Noise is also an element of human communication. The last one is the feedback.What roles do the verbal and non-verbal languages play in the communication?V erbal communication is using your voice to communicate with otherssuch as a phone call or just talking to someone. Nonverbal communication is communicating with others but not by using your voice such as passing notes or sending a text message.3.How do high-context and low-context cultures influenceintercultural communication?In high-context cultures (Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean as well as Chinese), people are very homogenous with regard to experiences, information networks, and the like.High-context cultures, because of tradition and history, change very little over time. In low-context cultures (German, Swiss as well as American), the population is less homogenous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts. This lack of a large pool of common experiences means that “each time they interact with others they need detailed background information.”The verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participants. This characteristic manifests itself in a host of ways. Because of these differences, high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they do not need. Another problem is that people in high-contexts perceive low-context people, who rely primarily on verbal messages for information, as less credible.Difference in this communication dimension can even alter hoeconflict is perceived and responded to.4.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.Language and culture evolved and developed together. Culture consists of the products or civilizations of human society, including language, which is deeply embedded in culture. Culture, to a great extent, manifests itself in patterns of language. Language, as part of culture, probably the most important and essential aspect of culture, plays a very important role in it. Language reflects or mirrors almost all the contents of culture, and hence in a broad sense serves culture as the symbolic representation, for all the knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people's culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people. So without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and even shaped by culture. It is well recognized that language is not only a scientific system of linguistic symbols, but also a socio-cultural activity. This view can account for the statement that language is culturally transmitted. Cultural transmission is one of the important characteristics of human language. Finally, language is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value and language symbolizes cultural reality. Culture, on the other hand, refers to what has been grown and groomed5.What are cultural stereotypes and prejudices?A stereotype is a fixed notion about person in a certain category, with no distinctions among individuals. In other words, it is an over generalized and over simplified belief we use to categorize a group of people. We form stereotypes in three ways. First, we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they process. Second, we may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people. Third, we may give the same treatment to each member of the group. Stereotypes may vary along four dimensions: direction, intensity, accuracy, and content. Prejudice varies principally along the dimension of intensity. Five common forms of prejudice can be identified in terms of intensity: verbal abuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and massacre.How can we adapt to a new culture?In fact, adapting to a new culture involves first working through culture shock.1. Do not become over –reactionary. Patience goes a long way; if you control your emotions, you can more easily see yourselves and others.2. Meet new people. Force yourself to go out of your way to meet others. By engaging in these new friendships, you gradually gain personal confidence and ultimately learn a lot more about culture.3. Try new things. Being creative and try new foods, clothes, and so oncan assist you in meeting the stress of the new culture. Trying new things is not easy, but you can try them gradually yet persistently.4. Give yourselves periods of rest and thought. Adapting to a new culture is like being in school for several hours a day – it‟s hard, mental work. Like any other serious learning endeavor, you need time to rest properly. Also, you need time to reflect and put your thoughts together.5. Work on our self –concept. Tell yourselves that you are really not so bad, and that most others go through the same experiences that you face during cultural shock.6. Write. Sometimes writing in a diary can release tension and frustration. Also, reflecting at a later time on what you have written can prove insightful to personal growth.7. Observe body language. Part of the frustration of culture shock does not know the culture‟s system of body language. By learning the nonverbal rules, we may discover that the behavior of the people of the new culture does not indicate anger or any other dissatisfaction with you personally.8. Learning the verbal language. Y ou should take time to learn as much of the host culture‟s language as possible. Not onl y does using the native language compliment people in the host culture, but it obviously aids our survival skills.。
跨文化交际 主要内容
Chapter 1Why study Intercultural communications?Four trends of the modern world make intercultural communication inevitable:1. Technological development2. Globalization of the economy3. Widespread population migrations4. Development of multiculturalismOnly through the understanding of intercultural communication can people develop a global mind-set in the global village that is our world today and live more harmoniously with one another.The field of intercultural communication has developed both theoretical and applied perspectives.1. Theoretically, the study focuses on more or less purposive interaction between people of different cultures and different racial and ethnic groups.2. Practically, intercultural communication is applied in different kinds of intercultural and interethnic training programs to help people of different backgrounds understand and accept each other in academic, business, government, and other settings.Chapter 2The relationship between Culture and Communication:Culture and communication act on each other. As the carrier of culture, commnunication influences the structure of a culture, and culture is necessarily manifested in our communication patterrns by teaching us how we should talk and behave.Communication:Communication is defined as an interdetermining process in which we develop a mutually dependent relationship by exchanging symbols.Communication has four characteristics:(1) Communication as a holistic phenomenon(2) Communicaiton as a social reality(3) Communicaiton as a developmental process(4) Communication as an orderly processCulture:Culture is defined as a negotiated set of shared symbolic systems that guide individuals’ behaviors and incline them to function as a group.Culture has four characteristics:(1) Culture is holistic(2) Culture is learned(3) Culture is dynamic(4) Culture is pervasiveCulture has two functions:(1) It provides a context in which three aspects of human society are embedded: linguistic, physical, psychological.(2) It functions to provide the structure, stability, and security that are required for the group and its members to maintain themselves as a healthy system.Intercultural communication:Intercultural communication is communication among people from two or more cultures.Successful intercultural communication is based on the positive feeling and beliefs we bring to the intercultural encounter and on the behavioral skills we possess.Three forms of intercultural communication based on the interactants’ intentions:Self-centered dialogue, Dominant dialogue, Equal dialogue.Chapter 3Perception:Perception is a process by which we turn external stimuli into meaningful experiences. The process of perception includes three stages: Selection, Organization, Interpretaion. Because perception is selective, we can only partially perceive the things that surround us, it usually follows three steps: Selective exposure, Selective attention, Selective retention. Organization refers to the way we arrange what we perceive into meaningful patterns, based on their shape, color, texture, size, and intensity. Interpretation is the process whereby we assign meanings to what we perceive.Culture has a major impact on the perception process: It not only provides the foundation for the meanings we assign to our perceptions, it also determines how we choose to expose ourselves to and direct our attention toward specific kinds of messages and events.The influence of culture on perception is often reflected in the attributional process. Attr ibution involves interpreting the meaning of others’ behaviors based on our past experience or history. Culture provides an environment that allows us to develop all the meanings we possess. Thus, people from different cultures will perceive and interpret others’ behaviors in different ways.The subjective nature of the perceptual framework arising from our culture indicates that our perception is often partial and inaccurate. The insufficiency manifests as stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.Stereotypes are those overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs we use to categorize a group of people.Prejudice is a regid attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions. Discrimination is the acting out of prejudicial attitudes.Stereotypes an prejudice do not suddenly appear when we are born, they are gradually developed from the process of learning and socialization, and from exposure to mass media images. To solvethe problems of stereotypes and prejudice the most important communication skill we should learn is empathy.Values:A value can be defined as a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action. Values are guiding forces of human behavior.Culture value orientation is the concept used to study the relationship between cultural values and communications behaviors, it refers to the means society uses to solve the universal problems of daily life.Power distance specifies to what extent a culture adapts to inequalities of power distribution in relationships and organizations.High-power-distance culture tend to orient to authoritarianism, which dictates a hierarchical or vertical structure of social relationships.Low-power-distance cultures are more horizontal in terms of social relationships.Chapter 4Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It consists of five areas of study: Morphology, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics. Semantics and pragmatics directly affect the process of intercultural communication.Human language has four characteristics: (1)It’s symbolic; (2)It’s rule-governed; (3)It’s subjective; (4)It often shows change and variation.Language is a bridge people can use to learn or understand cultural values, and it’s necessary to comprehend cultural values to acquire the language used to portray them. In other words, to be competent in intercultural communication we need to be aware of both the cultural values and the language expressions of our cultural counterparts.Chapter 5Verbal and nonverbal communication form the two main contexts of human communication.Nonverbal communication is different from verbal communication in five respects:1. It’s not consciously controllable2. It can indicate multiple events simultaneously3. It can be used as an intercultural or international language4. It’s learned earlier in our life.5. It’s more emotional in expressionFive functions of nonverbal communication: repetition, replacement, emphasis, contradiction, regulation.Characteristics of nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication is less systemized and more culturally bound, and its meanings are always ambiguous.The structure of nonverbal communication is comprised of four areas of study:1. Kinesics is the study of body movements such as facial expressions, eye contact, hand gestures, and touch.2. Proxemics is the study of how human beings and animals use space in communication.3. Paralanguage refers to how we use voice dimensions: voice quality, vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, and vocal segregates.4. Chronemics is the study of how we perceive the concept of time and how that affects our communication.Nonverbal communication and culture are closely interrelated in two ways:First, our nonverbal behaviors are dictated by our culture;Second, culture determines when it’s appropriate time for us to display nonverbal behaviors.We can improve our intercultural skills in nonverbal communication by following Ricard’s five-step model for the development of nonverbal skills:1. Assess our learning needs2. Observe similar situations3. Use appropriate resources4. Reach tentative conclusions5. Reevaluate our conclusions as necessary.Chapter 6We develop relationships to meet the social needs of inclusion, control, and affection. Human relationship has five characteristics:1. It’s dynamic2. It’s hierarchical3. It’s reciprocal4. It’s unique5. It’s interdependent and irreplaceableTheories of relationship development:1. Social Exchange Theory: Social interaction relationship initiates after measuring the difference between reward and costs.2. Social Penetration Theory: The development of human relationships is determined by the information we disclose to our partner.3. Uncertainty Reduction Theory: This theory posits that interpersonal relationships develop and progress when we are able to reduce our uncertainty about each other.4. Communication Accommodation Theory: It combines propositions from speech accommodation theory and ethnolinguistic identity theory to examine the communicative moves interactants make in social and psychological contexts and how it’s related to personal characteristics.Yum’s five categories of relationship are used to illus trate the impact of culutral variability on relationship development. The five categories areparticularism/universalism, long-term/short-term, ingroup/outgroup, formal/informal, and personal/public relationships. The inluence of cultural value differences are also discussed from the following perspectives: verbal/nonverbal differences, background and attitude information, and the degree of self-disclosure.Third-Culture-Building: five phases of third-culture building are explicated: intrapersonal intracultural communication, interpersonal intercultural communication, rhetorical intercultural communication, metacultural communication, and intracultural commmunication.Chapter 7Conflicts are inevitable in the process of intercultural communication. To have unpleasant feelings during conflict is universal. Conflicts can be considered as seveal levels: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intergroup conflict, and interorganizational conflict.The impact of culture on conflict and conlict management are discussed from three perspectives: 1. Thinking patterns; 2. Language barriers; 3. Cultural context.The factors that affect our reactions and decisions in a conflict situation are delineated: face, interrelation, favor, seniority, status, power, credibility, interest, severity of the conflict, and gender.Two methods for the effective management of intercultural conflicts are suggested.The first method is based on Harris and Moran’s model of conflict management, which includes five steps: 1.Describe the conflict in a way understood in both cultures;2,Analyze the conflict from both cultural perspectives; 3.Identify the basis for the conflict from two culural viewpoints; 4.Solve the conflict through synergistic strategies;5.Determine if the solution is working interculturally.The second method is based on Ting-Toomey’s suggestions for handling conflicts in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.Chapter 8Increasing contact among people from different cultures around the globle demands understanding of the process of intercultural adaptation. Intercultural adaptation refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment. It deals with how sojourners or new immigrants experience the distress caused by mismatches or incompatibility between the host culture and the culture of birth. In other words, intercultural adaptation is a process of dealing with maladjustment within a host culture.What’s Culture shock?Brief introduction: It’s the reaction of sojourners to problems encountered in the dealings with the host members or culture. It results from the processing of stressful situaions, especially attempts to establish and maintain a relationship with those of the host culture.Six aspects of Culture shock:1. A feeling of strain that comes from our attempts at psychological adjustments2. A feeling of loss regarding friends and family, social status, and possessions3. A feeling of being rejected by or rejecting the host nationals4. A feeling of confusion in beliefs, values, and role expectations5. A generalized feeling of anxiety, disgust, or surprise in the face of cultural differences6. A feeling of importance for being unable to cope with aspects of the new environment. Forms of culture shock:Language shock, role shock, transition shock, culture shock, culture fatigue, education shock, adjustment stress, and culture distance.Symptoms of culture shock:Depression, helplessness, hostility to the host country, feelings of anxiety, overidentification with our home country, feelings of withdrawal, homesickness, loneliness, paranoid feelings, preoccupation with cleanliness, irritablity, confusion, disorientation, isolation, tension, need to establish continuty, defensiveness, intolerance of ambiguity, and impatience.Positive effects of culture shock:1. It provides a learning opportunity that demands new responses from sojourners in coping with a constantly changing environment.2. It can creat an environment and serve as a motivational force for us to move to new levels of self-actualization.3. It can give sojourners a welcome sense of challenge and achievement as a result of dealing with people from very different backgrounds.4. The amount of learning increases when the level of personal anxiety is aroused to a certain degree.5. The experience from culture shock produces new ideas6. This practice helps us to deal with cultures that we have not yet experienced.Negative effects of culture shock:1. Affectively, culture shock constitutes an imbalancing experience2. Cognitively and perceptually, a set of desirable or proper behaviors in one culture might be considered strange in another.U-curve pattern of intercultural adaptation is comprised of four stages: 1.Honeymoon period; 2.Crisis period; 3.Adjustment period; 4.Biculturalism period.W-curve pattern is also used to explicate the reentry adapation process.A dialectical model:1. Intercultural adaptation is a motivated, goal-oriented process2.The intercultural adapation and learning processes are reciprocal and interdependent3.Intercultural adapation implies a stranger-host relationship4,Intercultural adapation is a cyclical, continuous, and interactive process5.Intercultural adaptation is ongoing6.Intercultural adapattion implies personal development.A transformative learning model: It consists of three dimensions: the precondition to change, the process, and the outcome.Chapter 10Intercultural understanding is absolutely vital for people to lead harmonious and meaningful lives together in a culturally pluralistic world.Four strategies of diversity management for organizations:1.Managing and rewarding performance based on the foundation of diversity2.Matching people and jobs3.Keeping employees informed and involved4.Supporting diverse work styles and life needs.Four significant issues regarding multicultural education are considered:1.Exposure to multicultural perspectives2.Maintaining cultural indentity3.Developing intercultural communication skills4.Diversifying the curriculumSeven stages of the process of multiculturalism:1.Monoculturalism2.Cross-cultural contact3.Cultural conflictcational interventions5.Disequilibrium6.Awareness7.MulticulturalismIntercultural sensitivity is a dynamic and a multidimensional concept describing individual’s active desire to motivate themselves to understand, appreciate, and accept differences among cultures.The effective way to develop intercultural sensitivity is to take intercultural training process. It aims to develop an appreciation and understanding of cross-cultural differences and to some of the necessary abilities.Components of Intercultural sensitivity: Ethnorelativism, respect for cultural differences, adaptablity, perspective-taking, open-mindedness, and acknowledgment of other’s needs.Chapter 11Only with mastery of intercultural communication competence can persons from different cultures communicate effectively and appropriately.What’s competence?Competence is defined as an organization’s capacity to interact effectively with its environment or as the acquired ability to interact effectively.Communication competence is comprised of two elements: effectiveness and appropriateness.Intercultural communication competence is defined as the ability to effectively and appropriately execute communication behaviors to elicit a desired response in a specific environment.Intercultural communication competence has four dimensions:1.Personality attributes: Including self-concept, self-disclosure, self-awareness, social relaxationmunication skills: message siklls, behavioral flexibility, interaction management, social skills3.Psychological adjustment: it refers to the ability to acclimate to a new culture4.Cultural awareness: refers to understanding the conventions of the host culture that affect how people think and behave.Chapter 12Goals of intercultural training: We must develop the ability to expand our worldviewby increasing our understanding of culture and its impact on communication behaviors; enhance our ability to recognize and appreciate cultural similarities and differences; and further improve our skills of intercultural communication. Only through the process of intercultural training can we effectively achieve these goals.Six training models: the classroom model, the simulation model, the self-awareness model, the cultural awareness model, the behavioral model, the interactional model. Five common techniques used in the trainning models: role playing, case studies, critical incidents, cultural assimilators, simulations, examines the procedures used to evaluate intercultural training programs.Chapter 13Ethics can be defined as the science of judging human ends and the relationship of means to those ends, and the art of controlling means so that they will serve specially human ends.Theories of Ethical study:Universalism vs. Relativism, Objectivism vs. Subjectivism, Attitudinalism vs. Consequentialism, Deontologism vs. Teleologism.Principles of ethical intercultural communication:Mutuality, Nonjudgmentalism, Honesty, Respect.Ethical rules for intercultural communication:1.Promote voluntary participation in the interaction2.Seek individual focus prior to cultural focus3.Maintain the right to freedom from harm4.Accept the right to privacy of thought and action5.Avoid imposing personal biasesThe discussion of the future of intercultural communication is divided into three parts.1.Increasing or decreasing intercultural communication is discussed from domestic and international perspectives.2.Unity versus division is discussed from two angles: ethnocentrism and gender impact.3.The future study of intercultural communication is explained from three perspectives: education, business, and research中文版本，帮助理解：第一章．为什么要学习跨文化交流？学习跨文化的四个原因〔四个趋向〕1.科技开展2.世界经济全球化3.大规模人口迁移4.多元文化主义的开展面对新的国际形势，研究跨文化交际活动，可以让社会更加和谐的开展，让人能够与更好的与其他文化的人进行交往。
(translation)Intercultural communication
In essence，globalization is about integration at an integration level. In many cases, this integration is economic and is driven by business practices and trade agreements. In other cases, it is ideological, occurring as different ideas and perspectives move back and forth across nations and regions. In every instance, however, globalization involves one central factor —communication. Effective communication provides individuals with the information they need to participate in today’s global society as consumers, workers, and citizens. It is only through the effective sharing of information on a global level that everything from policies on international trade to the diffusion of MP3 files can take on a truly international nature.Within this communication framework, the concept of access is central. That is, only people with access to essential information can participate effectively in today’s global marketplace for goods, services and ideas. Access, in turn, is often dependent on media or on the technologies used to present and exchange ideas. In the case of globalization, the media requisite for access are usually electronic or online in nature. What makes such media critical is the speed and directness with which they allow individuals to locate and exchange information on a global scale. Email9 for example, allows a person in Boston to exchange information with someone in Beijing almost as quickly and directly as that person could convey the same information to a neighbor across the street.全球化本质上是国际层面上的融合。
《跨文化交际英语教程课程介绍》PPT课件模板
ground, looking for the lost coin
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Importance of Intercultural Communication
Importance of Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is an essential aspect of our daily lives. It refers to the sharing of information between individuals of different cultures, languages, and backgrounds. It is a process that involves understanding and appreciating cultural differences, and it plays a vital role in promoting peaceful coexistence among people from different parts of the world. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of intercultural communication from various perspectives.From a personal point of view, intercultural communication helps individuals to develop a better understanding of different cultures, beliefs, and values. It enables people to appreciate and respect diversity, which is a crucial aspect of human interaction. Through intercultural communication, individuals can learn new languages, customs, and traditions, which can broaden their horizons and enhance their personal growth. For instance, learning a new language can help an individual to communicate better with people from different cultures and also open up new opportunities for them in terms of employment and education.From a professional perspective, intercultural communication is essential in promoting business and trade relations between different countries. In today's globalized world, businesses are expanding their operations to different parts of the world, and intercultural communication is crucial in ensuring that these businesses operate smoothly. Effective intercultural communication can help businesses to understand the cultural differences that exist in different countries, which can help them to tailor their products and services to meet the needs of the local market. It can also help businesses to avoid cultural misunderstandings that can lead to conflicts and loss of revenue.From a social perspective, intercultural communication is crucial in promoting peace and harmony among people from different cultures. It helps to break down stereotypes and prejudices that can lead to discrimination and social exclusion. Effective intercultural communication can help individuals to learn about each other's cultures, beliefs, and traditions, which can foster mutual respect and understanding. It can also help to promotetolerance and acceptance of diversity, which is essential in building cohesive and inclusive societies.From a political perspective, intercultural communication plays a vital role in promoting international relations and diplomacy. It helps to create a platform for dialogue and negotiation between different countries, which can lead to the resolution of conflicts and the promotion of peace. Effective intercultural communication can also help to promote cultural exchange programs between different countries, which can enhance people-to-people relations and promote cultural understanding.In conclusion, intercultural communication is essential in promoting understanding, respect, and appreciation of diversity. It plays a crucial role in personal growth, business relations, social cohesion, and international diplomacy. As the world becomes more interconnected, effective intercultural communication will become even more critical in promoting peaceful coexistence among people from different cultures. Therefore, it is essential to promote intercultural communication through education, training, and cultural exchange programs, to ensure that we build a more inclusive and peaceful world.。
Summaries of Intercultural Communication in Englis
Summaries of Intercultural Communication in English注：①以下黄色和红色标注为重点②橙色标注为例子○3单词及术语在每单元的最后Intercultural Communication：An Introduction(ReadingⅠof Unit 1)1.What is intercultural communication?Communication among people from different cultures, and it began very early.In the ancient time ,such as Greek.2.Although intercultural contact has a long history, today’s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any previous time in the past.○1New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact. Supersonic transports○2Innovative communication systems have also encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction. Digital switching network electronic devices○3Globalization of the economy has further brought people together. Joint ventures, licensing agreement○4Changes in immigration patterns have also continued to the development of expanded intercultural contact. American3.What is Culture?Here a culture is regarded as the tradition of a society, including mainly its ways people live, the ways of thinking, moralities, religious beliefs,values, habit, aestheticideas, etc..4.The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication.○1cultural values○2worldview(religion)○3social organizations(family and state)5.We are all products of our own culture.6. We inherited everything of our culture: Languages,foods, dressing styles, living styles, manners, historical senses, literature, etc.6. Culture influences us and dominates our behaviors in communication. Because we accept all cultural elements instinctively and become part of the culture. ○1different cultures can both different symbols and different responses. example: the word ‘dog’ stands different meanings in different countries.○2foods and cultures: certain animals are taken as foods in some cultures, but the same animals may be forbidden as food in other cultures.7.The meanings of for some actions (gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch,concepts of time, and space) often shift from culture to culture.8.Why should we study intercultural communication?The globalization. Like it or not, it is approaching. How if the people dislike one another for the sake of cultural difference? The present-day world has too many cultural misunderstandings. They are causing prejudice, hatred even wars.Words: Culture’s orientation 文化导向Intercultural communication 跨文化交际Innovative communication system 创新的通信系统Missionary传教士Transgression 侵越，违犯Joint ventures合资企业licensing agreement 特许权协议Supersonic transports超音速运输机Homogeneous 同族的，同种的Catholic 罗马天主教徒Taoist 道教徒Jew 犹太教徒atheist 无神论者Reincarnation 再生What Is Culture (ReadingⅠof Unit 2)1. There are many ways we all commonly think of culture,and each may be more or less useful to help us understand a certain process, event, or relationship.2. Culture is really a large and evasive concept, very complex and difficult to define. It says that there have been at least over 150 definitions of culture. Thus the conclusion seems to be no proper definition for culture at all.3. What is culture?○1Culture, in anthropology, the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share.○2Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It also distinguishes humans from other animals.○3 A people’s culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems.4. A culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs.And all human beings have certain basic needs.The physiological needs fundamentalThe safety needThe belongingness needsThe esteem needsThe self-actualization needs very fewEach culture offers its people a number of options for satisfying any particular human need.5.Every culture has its ways of doing things in daily life(eating, drinking,dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, dealing with death.)These ways are not instinctive behavior (a pattern of behavior that ananimal is born with), so people must learn the cultural ways of theircommunity to satisfy these basic human needs. 6. Culture embodies in people ’s habitual orientation.Taking eating as an example.，snails, white ants, evenrats as delicious foods.7. We have to remember that ,most of the time, the different ways that arethe customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong. It ’s sim-ply that different people do the same things in different manners.PS ：Mainstream culture ＆ SubcultureMainstream culture: the culture of majority of the population in a society.(Mainstream Culture of the U.S. is based on WASP)Subculture: a subculture is a group of people within a culture that differe- ntiates itself from the larger culture to which it belongs.Words: Evasive 难以捉摸的，不易把握的Anthropology 人类学Etymology 语源学Actualize 实现The belongingness needs 归属需要The self-actualization needs 自我实现的需要Mainstream culture 主流文化Subculture 亚文化Latitude (语言、行为）自由度Elements of Communication (ReadingⅡof Unit 2)Communication is the essential human connection.Communication is our link to the rest of the humanity.Having a meetingIt pervades everything we do Traveling in a compartment on trainEven reciting a poemThe six essential elements of communication.ContextParticipantsMessagesChannelsNoiseFeedback1. Context:the interrelated conditions of communication.(1)Physical settingsIncluding location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any setting arrangements.(2) Historical backgroundsWhether the topic has been mentioned before.When you say,“In doing this, we must follow the example of Anna.”The historical problem may exist to some people:- Who is Anna and what example she has set to us?(3) Psychological conditionsThe manne r in which people perceive both themselves and those with whom they communicate will affect the meaning that is shared.(4) CultureNorms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context. Formal, more polite in a public speech.Forms of address: a Chinese or an American uses to address his boss.Taboo.Subculture be taken into reckoning.2. Participants: Sender and receiver of the messages. In a communication, we play both roles of sender and receiver.(1)RelationshipFriends (you can talk more freely)Adversaries (competitor，in a public lecture: more formal, more carefully prepared) Relationship affects the participants.(2) GenderMales and females approach the world with different perspectives and life experiences.Males: more open, even bold. He may speak straight forward.Females: more prudent. She might speak less and would like to let you guess.(3)CultureThe cultural backgrounds make the sender perform differently.A man from U.S.A. is often frank, he would fix his talk on the direct result.Yet a Arabian receiver would think the U.S. man too urgent, or too pressing. In this way they might feel pushed.(4) How they affect the participants?They affect communicators’perception of the ideas and the feelings communicated.3. Messages are always complex. They have many layers.(1)Meanings. (pure ideas and feelings)Pure ideas and feelings, the true ideas you want to send.The meanings are sent by the symbols.(2)Symbols (words, sounds and actions)Words, sounds and actions are symbols that you use to stand for what you mean. Symbols are often multi-layered.With words you say, “no, it’s impossible.”With gestures you shake your head or wave your hands.Still you can find certain object to suggest your meaning.(3)Encoding.(The process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them.）You may choose words, gestures, or other symbols to show your idea.Example: the clever gesture language of the park manager.(4)Decoding (The process to get the ideas and feelings through a series of symbols) If a symbol is decoded in a wrong way, misunderstanding happens.A good dog deserves a good bone.4. Channels are the route traveled by the message. (carriers of message.) And certain channels are more effective than others.(1)Sound(2)Sight (people prefer generally)→Words are but wind, but seeing is believing.(3) Smell We may use these to carry a message.(4) Taste(5)Touch5.Noise interferes the communication. It is a barrier in the communication.(1) External noiseSights, sounds and other stimul i in the environment that draw people’s attention away. Try to avoid the interference.(2)Internal noiseThe thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Daydreaming.Nervous, Angry or anxiety.How to reduce noises?Try with efforts to concentrate yourself.(4) Semantic noise.Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.Example:He is looking for the glasses．“Call me a cab!”6. Feedback is the response sent by the receiver.(1) SenderThe sender must observe carefully the feed back. (to evaluate the possibly result.)(2) ReceiverIf you see the receiver puzzled，you must adjust your speech.Words：Variable 变量Encoding 编码Decoding 解码Channel 通道，频道Multichanneled 多通道的，多途径的Semanic 语义的；语义学的Elements of Communication 交流元素Communication norms交流标准Different Lands, Different Friendships (ReadingⅠof Unit 3) What is friendship?A relationship of mutual affection between two or more people. American friendshipFrench friendship Different cultures reflect the different values German friendship of friendshipEnglish friendshipChinese friendshipAmerican FriendshipAmericans always like to make new friends. Friendly, actively.To Americans “Friend” can be applied to a wide range of relationship.To them, friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring. They usually help a friend without the expectation of the possible repay.French friendshipFriends generally are of the same sex. Friendship is seen as basically a relationship between men.Copains（伙伴）, like English pals or buddies, are not friends.Friendship is a one-to-one relationship, demanding a keen awareness of the intellect, temperament and particular interests.Friendship heightens the sense of each person’s individuality.Out of families.German FriendshipTo Germans friendship is rather a matter of feeling.Friends usually are brought into the family.（最先从家庭开始）Uncle and Aunt.Like ties of kinship（亲属关系）, ties of friendship are meant to be irrevocably binding. (never change)English FriendshipThe basis of English friendship is shared activity. (a common interest in school, in Army, etc.)(Australian friendship the similar way.)The sense to fall into steps (步调一致) in the activities.（coincidently）Durable(持久的):“you can take up just where you left off.”A break in English friendship is not necessarily irreconcilable, but as a friend’s serious misjudge.English friendships are formed outside the family circle.English Friendship and English Privacy“Private Property No Trespassing!”Strong consciousness of privacy.“Good Fences(栅栏) Make Good Neighbors”Long durable: Nixon，1972，1976Confidant: Friendship in certain special aspect of spirit. (伯牙子期)Iron: devotion emphasized:”Iron Pakistan”(more than friendship;comrade-in-arms) Materials valued: In reality, people sometimes over-value materials.Expectation and responsibility:1.Calculation of the material values may damagefriendship;.Mr. Zhao and Mr. Qian.(p76)Calculation of balanced give-and-repay:1.Cherish friendship; 2.Insist on your independence; 3.Respect intercultural difference; Avoid the mechanical ways of give-and-repay balance.From these different friendships, we can draw a conclusion.Conclusion: Proper Expectation of FriendshipCherish friendshipInsist on your independence.Respect intercultural difference.Avoid the mechanical ways of give-and-repay balance.Words: Particularized 予以特别区分和对待的Confidant 知己，密友Compartmentalize 分割成独立的各个部分Resistance groups （二战时期）反法西斯抵抗组织Kinship 家族关系，亲属关系Fall into steps 步调一致Cultural Dimensions( Further ReadingⅠ)Greet Hofstede’s studies of cultural differences in value orientation offer another approach to understanding the range of cultural differences.base onmental programscontainthe ideas of culture and are expressed through its dominant values Hofstede identify five dimensions along which dominant patterns of a culture can be ordered:Uncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityIndividualism versus collectivism1.Variations: encourage people to be ○1unique;○2independent or conforming; ○3 interdependent.2.Index: IDV:assessing a culture’s relative location on the individualism-collectivism dimension.○1High IDVs: Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and the USA.→their decisions are based on what is good for the individual, not for the group.○2Low IDVs: Guatemala Indonesia, Pakistan and West Africa→their decisions are based on what is good for the group and these cultures require an absolute loyalty to the group.3.ContrastCollectivistic cultures tend to be group-oriented.Individualist cultures train their members to speak out as a means of resolving difficulties.Uncertainty avoidance:how they will adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties.UAI:is to assess a culture’s relative location along the uncertainty avoidance dimension.○1Low UAIs: Denmark, Jamaica, Ireland, and Singapore→have a high tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.○2High UAIs: Greece, Guatemala, Portugal, and Uruguay→-they do not tolerate dissent or allow deviation and they try to ensure certainty and security through a set of rules and regulations.Power distance1.Variations: all cultures have particular value orientations about the ○1appropriate appropriateness; ○2importance of status differences; ○3social hierarchies.2.PDI: to assess a culture’s relative location on the power distance dimension.○1Low PDIs: Austria,Denmark,Israel,New Zealand→believe in the importance of minimizing social or class inequalities○2High PDIs: Arab,Guatemala,Malaysia,Philippines→believe in each person has a rightful and protected placeMasculinity versus femininity1.Variations: They prefer ○1achievement and○2assertiveness or nurturance and ○3 social support.2.MAS: to assess a culture’s relative location along the masculinity-femininity dimension.○1High MAS: Austria,Italy,Japan,Mexico→believe in achievement and ambition in judging people on their performance and the right to display the material goods. Also believe in ostentation manliness,special behaviors and product.○2Low MAS: Chile,Portugal,Sweden,Thailand→believe less in external achievements and shows of manliness and more in the importance of life choice.Long-term versus short-term orientation: relates to its orientation to time. ○1Long-term orientation: life value social order and long-range goals/admire persistence thriftiness,humility...○2Short-term orientation: change events have a deep appreciation fortradition,personal steadiness and stability,maintain the face of self and others...Words: Assertion 断定，主张Caste （印度的）种姓制度，阶级Juxtapose 并列，并置Cultural Dimensions 文化维度，文化层面individualism versus collectivism 个人主义与集体主义uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避power distance 权利差距masculinity versus femininity 男性化与女性化Long-term versus short-term orientation长期与短期时间定向An Overview of Nonverbal Communication(ReadingⅠof Unit 6)Beyond voice communication,there are the messages our bodies sent out constantly.Quality of a voiceThe same words can be tender, mocking, sarcastic, or angry, depending on how they are said.Signal our own authority: talking in a loud and overbearing way.Or humility: softly and hesitantly.Different intonations (P192)"Gravy?"question intonation = "Would you like gravy?“ A friendly attitude."Gravy."falling intonation ="this is gravy. take it or leave it." Nonchalant.Body language: gesturesreinforces the words1.Sometimes ,body lanuage contradicts the wordswe speak in alone2.How and whether people use it depends on their cultural background?Italians are great hand movers,also Russians, Latin AmericansEnglishmen are stingy about their hand movements.In the U.SEtiquette books: waving hands and gesticulating is ill-mannered and distasteful. Unrefined.Refined behavior is always tight and formal. Control and discipline.An Anglo-Saxon, over controlled culture3.A Cultural mix makes men more eloquent than oA limited amount of hand movement indicates things like solidity, reliability and confidence.They used body language to emphasize the spoken language.4.However, hand gestures can change the meaning.Clasped-hands-over-the-head gesture:used in sports meet.Russian – international brotherhood.Americans – prizefighter use after defeating an opponent.3. Body language: eyes.1.Eyes: a major source of communication. The windows of hearts.2.Eyes behavior: two aspects:○1Eyes behavior in conversation○2Eyes behavior to strangersEyes Behavior in ConversationAmerican white parents:“Look at me when I talk to you!”Anglos:“If he doesn’t look at me in the eyes he may have something to hide from me.”However, in some cultures it is polite not to look at people in the eyes in a conversation.Misunderstanding: Respect becomes dishonesty.In-Conversation Eye Behavior in different culturesIn Japan, people don’t look another in the eyes. At a position around the Adam’s apple.Chinese, Indonesians, rural Mexicans: eye lower as deference. Too much eye contact is a sign of bad manners.Arabs look directly into the eyes of the person.American blacks look at the other’s eyes when speaking, but not when listening. Eyes Behavior to strangers The U.S. visual moresNever stare at strangers.They don’t like to be stared at.American women visiting Europe often feel embarrassed, where men always look at them.To Strangers: DistanceIn cities, in recognition distance (16-32 feet), there’s mutual avoidance of eye contact. Beyond the distance you can look at people.Inside this sacred zone, you can only steal a glance at strangers.To stare too fixedly is rude and hostile.Yet in small towns people are much more likely to look at and greet one another, even if they’re strangers.4.Smile and laugh1.Smile is polite.2.Smile and laugh cut across cultural lines.3.Different cultures have different senses on smile.Americans smile at strangersThey think smile is the commonest nonverbal behavior expected to bridge gaps.In eastern Asia countriesThey don’t smile at strangers.The author thinks that people are conditioned to use the face to conceal rather than reveal their feelings.In Korea“We never talk or smile at strangers.”ArabsThey don’t smile at strangers.In America he felt embarrassed when people smile at him and doubted if there’s anything wrong with himself.VietnameseAmericans are superficial because they talk and smile too much.They think theirs’ is of placid cultures.5.Touching behaviorEg:Shake hands, hug, kiss, …1.High contact culture: “close” as positive;Low contact culture: “close” a s negative.2.High ~ include: Latin America and Mediterranean countries.Moderate ~: The U. S.Low ~: mainly the far East countries.Example I: Handshaking.2.In other cultures, handshaking may be more sophisticated.In parts of Europeshaken instead of your hand.Americans: firm, pumping, and continuing.Germans: firm but quite stiff.3.Handshakes only for men: Africa, India, and the Middle East. And In Korea, women and men use entirely different forms of handshakes.4.Handshaking: between men and women.In East Europe, a woman must extend her hand before the man offers his,But in France and Russia, men must reach out first.5.More sophisticatedIn Germany, a man shakes a woman’s hand before the shakes the hand of another man.In Austria, Poland, and Romania, handshaking between women and men is sometimes accompanied by a kiss of the woman’s hand by the man.Example II: Kissing1.Sexual kissingBut sexual kissing is unknown in many societies.Balinese, Chamorro, Manus, Tonga of Africa:“look at them –they eat each other’s saliva and dirt.”2.Many Middle Eastern and Asian countriesDiscourage physical affection in public between unmarried males and females.(body douches affectionately)Though kissing on both cheeks is popular (Nonsexual kissing).3.Nonsexual kissingIn Western cultures the number of nonsexual uses of the kiss is staggering.(令人惊讶的)Greeting and farewell, affection, religious or ceremonial symbolism, deference to a person of higher status.Kisses make the hurt go away...Fairy tales:Sleeping BeautyWord: Nonverbal Communication 非语言交际overbeaing傲慢的Former Soviet前苏联Adam’s apple 喉结Anglo 英裔美国人Maniac 躁狂者Stingy 小气的The Language of Space (Reading Ⅱof Unit 7)The language of space is powerful,and space in many ways becomes anextension of us,and we feel uncomfortable with people who play bydifferent rules.So space consciousness is very important in social life.Space consciousness in social life.Private garden in the U.K.1.It is private space that no one is supposed to enter without invitation.2.Space consciousness is decided by people ’s living styles.Babies they began to have their own rooms,it ’s the beginning of their spaceconsciousness. →The reason of Western people have stronger sense of space.3.Space consciousness exists not only in vision but also in other senses.-“He enjoys playing a guitar.”- “But I don’t enjoy listening to it.”listening space.smell spaceSound and vision trespass others’ private spacesPrivate space1.Some invisible boundaries begin with the individual ’s personal space.And in oursocial life, it is necessary to keep the proper distance from one another.2. the reason why one ’s invisible bubbleof personal space expand or contract. ○1 the relationship to people nearby ○2 the person ’s emotional state ○3 cultural background○4the activity being performed3.Different sizes of bubbles.Bubble in United States is the length of an arm. (arm-length relationship)Smaller in FranceMuch smaller in Latin countries and Middle East.Larger in Netherlands and GermanEven larger in JapanNorthern :large;In EuropeIn Southern countries it gets smaller and smaller.↓Southern France, Italy, Greece and Spain.4.The difference of the arrangement of dwellings.Germany: fences on the property line/and garden is in the front/always closing and locking the doorAmerica: fences surrounding the backyard/garden is behind the house/the front yards are wide openMiddle Eastern and Latin :1. has few or no windows to the street2. all windows opens into an inner courtyardHowever, Japanese create their privacy sphere in the much more crowding circumstancesJapanese connect privacy with mental space.Public space1. The way people arrange and use public spaces also reflects cultural towards space and privacy.2.The consideration about private space of different countries.Japan:there is a job to push people into the train so thatdoors can close.A way of coping the overcrowded space of subway system do not really exist in his space.(Chinese is same as it)American: people carry idea of individually over into public spaces, and they consider it their right to walk and play in the grass in the park.America: right to access is considered important。
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make an explicit explanation.
13
Becoming Jane
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Comtesse? Then you presume to be French? By marriage. Monsieur le Comte is not here to pay his
respects? A prior engagement, ma’am. Monsieur le Comte was obliged to pay his
20
Death
to go to one’s own place / the happy land to have fallen asleep to have found rest to have gone to a better place in heaven to join one’s ancestors to leave this world to pay one’s fee to rest to rest in peace to return to dust
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Pregnancy
awkward（本义）行动不便 eating for two（本义）吃双份饭 expecting（本义）期待的 in a certain condition（本义）身处某种状态 lady-in-waiting（本义）有所期待的女子 to learn all about diaper folding（本义）学叠尿
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climate change global warming military action invasion sub - standard housing slum poor region backward region
22
Uplifting—What are they?
19
Death
to be at peace to be at rest to be called to God to be called home to be taken to paradise The call of God to depart final sleep to go to heaven
3
Appellation (English)
Your Majesty, Your Majesty Queen His Majesty’s navy Your Excellency I have presented my credentials to His
Excellency Mr. Hu Jintao, Chairman of the People’s Republic of China. Honorable (congressman, senator, cabinet members, judge, etc.—senior officials) His [Her, Your] Highness
11
敝人 小的 奴才 贱内 犬子 舍侄 寒舍
Terms of humility
I I I My wife My son My nephew My home
12
Politeness Keqi
久仰！ I’ve heard of you for ages. 哪里，哪里。 I’m flattered. Thank you. 抛砖引玉 I’ll give my humble opinion to raise a topic to discuss on. 请斧正！ Please correct me! 有不得当之处请指正。 Please criticize my superficial thought / anything I didn’t
respect to Madame le Guillotine. … Wisely is indispensible to my happiness. How much is it worth? Enough to marry on, in a modest way.
15
Euphemism
4
陛下 阁下 殿下称呼 Ch Nhomakorabeanese
5
Title （＋Surname)
Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., Sir, Madam Lady, gentleman President, Mayor, Judge, Doctor,
Professor Lord Ladyship
building maintenance engineer janitor / security guard sanitation worker garbage collectors automobile engineer mechanic tree surgeon tree - trimmer
Intercultural Communication
Week 12
1
Outline
Honorific Terms of humility Euphemism Taboo
2
Honorific
Appellation Title To the senior, a counterpart On a business occasion
你（说的）对，我（怎么这么）笨。 您说的是，我糊涂。 您圣明，小的愚昧。
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On a business occasion
Your esteemed company
Respectable teachers Distinguished guests
贵公司
尊敬的老师们 贵宾
6
To the senior/a counterpart
您 您老 他老人家 贵府 令郎、令爱 贤侄 令尊 师母
You You He Your house Your son, daughter Your son Your parents Your wife (teacher’s)
Disease/pregnancy Aging Death Unpleasant events Diplomatic languages Uplifting
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Disease
sick under the weather heart disease have a heart condition Madhouse / mental hospital mental health center
布 a mother-to-be（本义）未来的母亲
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Aging
Senior citizens are respected in our country．
There are several pensioners in my school．
mature golden-age the longer-lived
7
I will pay you a visit one of these days.
改天我去看你。 改天我去拜访您。 改日我去给您请安。
8
Whatever you say.
你定吧。 听你的。 照你说的（办）。 听您安排。 悉听尊便。
9
You are right. How stupid of me…