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社会学的十六个名词解释

社会学的十六个名词解释社会学作为一门研究人类社会行为、关系和结构的学科，涵盖了广泛的概念和术语。

在本文中，我们将解释社会学中的十六个关键名词，以期帮助读者更好地理解社会学领域的基本概念。

1. 社会化（Socialization）社会化是指个体在接受社会和文化影响下逐渐适应社会的过程。

这个过程包括接受社会规范、价值观和行为模式的教育、培养和塑造。

2. 社群（Community）社群指的是一群共同居住在一定地理区域内的人，他们通过共享共同利益、资源和活动而形成的一种紧密联系的组织。

社群可以基于地理位置、文化背景、兴趣爱好等因素形成。

3. 文化（Culture）文化指的是一个社会中共享的知识、信仰、价值观、习俗和行为模式的综合体。

文化影响个体的行为方式、思维方式以及对世界的理解和解释。

4. 社会结构（Social Structure）社会结构指的是社会中的模式化和稳定的关系和角色。

社会结构包括社会组织、社会层级、社会制度和社会规范等因素，对个体和群体的行为和互动产生影响。

5. 社会规范（Social Norms）社会规范是社会对个体行为的预期和要求。

这些规范通常是基于共享的价值观和期望，对个体在社会中的行为进行规范和约束。

6. 社会不平等（Social Inequality）社会不平等指的是社会中不同个体或群体之间的资源、权力和机会的分配不均。

这种不平等可以基于社会阶级、种族、性别、经济地位等因素产生。

7. 社会运动（Social Movements）社会运动是指一群人团结起来为了达到特定的社会目标而采取的行动。

社会运动通常是为了争取权利、改革社会制度、推动社会变革而形成的。

8. 社会资本（Social Capital）社会资本指的是一个社会中人与人之间相互关系的网络，这些网络可以带来资源、信息和支持。

社会资本对个体的福利和成功有着重要的影响。

9. 歧视（Discrimination）歧视是指对个体或群体基于种族、性别、年龄、宗教等特征进行不公正的待遇。

社会学概论第十章社会流动

五、社会流动的结构分析
1、二元劳动力市场理论：

主要劳动力市场：垄断资本主义市场次要劳动力市场：竞争资本主义市场
二者之间流动有限 2、二元经济理论农业劳动力向非农劳动力的转移是必然过程 3、内部劳动力市场理论：大型企业内部存在一个劳动力市场，其特征有三：其他：社会资本理论、社会网络理论
1、个人受教育状况 2、家庭背景 3、个人的素质和能力 4、个人的主观选择：爱好、价值
观
三、自然环境因素
由此引起的社会流动多是空间上的流动,调节着人口和资源的重新分配。 1、突发性的自然灾害：如地震、火山爆发、洪水、干旱以及其他自然灾害等，都会使一定地域内的人口短期内大量外流。 2、自然生态的变化：虽然较缓慢，但也会引起一个地方的人口逐渐迁出或迁入。例如中国自汉唐以后，渭水流域的关中地区由于受到西北黄土高原水土流失和风沙侵袭的影响，最终失去了自然环境的优势，从而使人口逐渐向长江三角洲流动。 3、自然资源：
又称自由流动，是指在社会流动的类型
1、垂直流动与水平流动
垂直流动（vertical mobility ）：不同层次之间的上下流动：向上流动；向下流动水平流动（horizontal mobility）：同一层次上的横向流动：不涉及地位高低变化职业流动、角色变化
第一节第二节第三节第四节第五节第六节社会流动概述社会流动的基本类型影响社会流动的因素社会流动的功能社会流动的理论解释当代中国的社会流动
第一节社会流动概述
一、什么是社会流动（social mobility ）？ 1、索罗金的定义： 1927年《社会流动》～意味着个人或者社会的事物、价值，即由人类活动所创造、改变的一切事物，从一个社会位置向其他的社会位置移动。 2、社会流动：一个社会成员或社会群体从一个社会阶级或阶层转到另一个社会阶级或阶层，从一种社会地位向另一种社会地位，从一种职业向另一种职业的转变的过程。

Three Social Movements in America

American Social Movements of the 1960sI IntroductionThe first of American social movement in the 1960s began with the quiet “sit-in”. On February 1, 1960, 4 black students from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina, began their protest against the racial segregation laws by tactics such as sit-ins, thus beginning the civil movement, which spread from the south to the north.The followings, the civil rights movement together with the youth anti-war and the women’s liberation movements, had deep roots in United States history. All these social movements have two basic characteristics: “structure” and “spontaneity”.“We shall overcome!” “Let it all hang out!” and “Speak your heart without interruption.” expressed their attitude and goals in these movements.II. The Three Social Movements of the 1960s1. The Civil Rights MovementDuring the World War II, many American Negroes were dissatisfied with the segregat ion in Southern states. Black and white children couldn’t go to the same school and most Negroes were not allowed to vote. They were prevented from good jobs and education, which was not the American way of life and couldn’t fulfill their American dreams.The civil rights movements began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organizations to make the segregation protests successful. In 1995, the spontaneous action of Rosa Parks, who refused to give her seat to a white man on the bus, was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. She was jailed by police because she disobeyed the segregation laws. NAACP members raised money to release her from jail; also, they informed other organization about her act of civil disobedience. Black people began to boycott the bus system. The civil rights movement gained support for protest against segregation from Negro churches, community and political organizations, including the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Congress of Racial Equality(CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some professionals and some housewives.Civil right activists used different direct action tactics. They firstly used “sit-ins”to fight segregation. Later, “freedom rides”, voter registration were added. .In the summer of 1963, hundreds of thousands of peaceful demonstrators, marched to Washington, D.C, where Martin Luther King, gave the famous speech “I have a dream.”In 1965, as racial violence continued, black people began to change their nonviolence in fighting discrimination into violence. Stokeley Carmichael was elected new chairman of the SNCC, who spoke about “black power” and organized the Black Panther Party for self-Defense in Oakland in 1966. In September 1961, the federal government declared segregation illegal in all interstate bus stations. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by Preside-nt Johnson in order to improve the racial relations.The movement had brought several changes. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC, CORE and SCLC struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people. In the half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized onmore radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X,who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S. In June, 1966, the first student to enter the University of Mississippi began a “march against fear” to end the violence against black and white civil rights workers. As a result, segregation was broken down in the 1960s. Southern Afro-American can vote. The black leaders in other parts of the country spoke in favor of black separatism and against nonviolenc e in fighting discrimination and racism. And many of members in SNCC began to think the tactic of nonviolence was wrong.2. The Youth Movement/Anti-War MovementMany young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 becausethey resented traditional white values in U.S. society.They believe their fathers were selfish and they don’t want to follow their mothers’ examples either. Young pe ople believed they had the rights to choose the way they would live their lives. They wanted to work at jobs which were interesting, not just to make money. When the Vietnam began, many people thought it was wrong. Young people, black and white, didn’t want to join the army. Mothers didn’t want their sons drafted into the army.Many white students from the North changed a lot after working in the South dur ing “Freedom Summer”1964. They attempted to change the situation at that time.They gave speeches about the civil rights movement, about nonviolence , and the need to change society and worked to gain support for the civil rights movement.In 1964 , a CORE organizer distributed information and collected money, and stated that university authorities should not keep CORE from recruiting new workers for the civil rights movement in the South and that the universit y’s rule was illegal. Then he was arrested. The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.At last, the teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violated the 1st and 14th Amendments. The young people’s Free Speech Movement began with success.In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenom enon that historians called the “counterculture”. Counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. They looked for happiness and called Hippies which represented a new culture they created.The anti-war movement became more organized as a loose coalition of many organizations and leaders was formed under a series of “Mobilization Committees to End the War in Vietnam.” The organization’s direct action strategies included teach-ins on college campuses, protest marches and rallies, and attacks on federal offices to destroy draft records by radical anti-war groups.Though most people in the US did not support radical acts of violence, public support for the anti-war movement grew stronger. The president Johnson decided not to run for re-election in 1968 because of the anger of people. In 1973, the US signed apeace treaty.3. The Women’s MovementMiddle-class women were well-educated and had the opportunity to work in responsible jobs during WWⅡ. But when men returned from war, they were given the good jobs. Thus, women earned less and had fewer opportunities. They became housewives, isolated at home with their children.The three groups of women and an accident began the women’s movement. The women who formed the movement included professionals educated women of color young or middle-aged white housewives and mothers , and young activists. The first was a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women by President Kennedy in 1961. The second group were mostly white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s book. The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963. The third group were young activists in the civil rights and anti-war movement ,known as the “women’s liberation group, or “women’s lib”. The accident was a word in the Civil Right Act, which made discrimination in employment based on race or sex illegal.The changes women worked for included changes in economic practices and in s ocial practices and attitudes. To educate the public and gain support, women used many of the same tactics used by the civil rights and anti-war movements and added some of their own tactics. As well, women worked hard in the 1970s to change the image of being feminine.III ConclusionThe social movements of 1960s had a profound effect on the way people think and act, and caused changes in many laws. The result of the Civil Rights Movement was that Legal segregation ended in the South. And for the anti-war movement, most of people in US wanted to end the war in Vietnam. The US signed a peace treaty in 1973.The women’s movement continued to gain more rights and opportunitie s for women.But there still have many problems like these need to be solved in US society.。

social_movements_in_the_1960s 美国20世纪60年代的社会运动

• The anti-war movement became more organized as a loose coalition of many organizations and leaders was formed under a series of “Mobilization Committees to End the War in Vietnam.” e.g. church groups, SNCC.
Background and Definition
What is a social movement?
• There are many definitions of “social movement”. One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.” In other words, people work together to change government policies and society.
• Many young people resented traditional white male values in the U.S. society.
• Many people thought the war was wrong.
Background and
Definition
Who worked in the social movements?

Social movement(美国五十年代社会运动)

Beginng
Event:
Freedom Speech Movement自由演讲运动 In Octomber 1964, a CORE organiser distributed information and collected money at the campus of the University at Berkeley. 在1964年十月，种族平等的国会的组织者在伯克利( 美国加州西部城市)大学公布消息并筹款。 The university police chief and deans came to stop him, and finally would arrest him. Then a large crowd of students spontaneously surrounded the car and protested so that 800 students were arrested. 警察局长和大学院长来阻止他,最后逮捕他。那一大群学生自发地包围了车并且抗议,800名学生被逮捕。 However, the university was closed and the teachers voted to change the school rules. The movement was ended with students‘ success. 然而,大学被关闭,老师们投票决定改变学校的规则。这个运动以学生们的成功而结束。

Organization组织:
SNCC: the Student Non-violent Corodinating Committee, by students, a collective leadership 学生非暴力协调会，由学生组织且集体领导 CORE: the Congress of Racial Equality, by James Farmer 种族平等的国会,由詹姆斯法默创建 SCLC: the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, by Ella Baker, in 1957 —— the non-violent prophase 南方的基督徒领袖联合会,由埃拉贝克,在1957年 ——非暴力的前期 Deacons for Defense of Justice 出于捍卫公正而建立的迪肯 the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, by Stokeley Carmichael —— the defensive anaphase

政治现象英语知识点总结

政治现象英语知识点总结1. Political Systems and InstitutionsPolitical systems and institutions are the foundations of political phenomena. They are the frameworks within which political activity takes place and include formal and informal rules, procedures, and organizations. There are several types of political systems, including democracies, authoritarian regimes, monarchies, and hybrid systems.- Democracy: A political system in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through elected representatives. Democracies often have a system of checks and balances to ensure the protection of individual rights and prevent the abuse of power.- Authoritarianism: A political system characterized by a single party or leader that exercises complete control over political power and does not allow for meaningful political opposition.- Monarchy: A political system in which power is vested in a single individual, such as a king or queen, and often based on heredity.There are also different types of political institutions, such as legislatures, executive branches, and judiciaries, which play a vital role in shaping political outcomes and decision-making.2. Political Behavior and ParticipationPolitical behavior and participation refer to the actions and activities of individuals and groups within political systems. This includes voting, activism, protest, lobbying, and political communication. Several theories explain political behavior and participation, including rational choice theory, social identity theory, and political socialization.- Rational choice theory: This theory posits that individuals make political decisions based on a rational calculation of costs and benefits.- Social identity theory: This theory suggests that individuals' political behavior is influenced by their social identities and group affiliations.- Political socialization: This process refers to the lifelong learning of political values, beliefs, and behaviors, which occurs through family, education, media, and other social institutions.Understanding political behavior and participation is essential for predicting and explaining political outcomes, as well as for the design and evaluation of public policies.3. Political Parties and ElectionsPolitical parties are instrumental in representing the interests and values of different social groups and in mobilizing voters. They play a crucial role in the functioning of democratic systems, as they serve as vehicles for political competition, recruitment of political leaders,and the formulation of policies. In contrast, elections are the primary mechanism for citizens to express their preferences and choose their representatives.- Types of electoral systems: There are several types of electoral systems, including plurality/majoritarian systems, proportional representation systems, and mixed systems. Each system has its own strengths and weaknesses in terms of representation, accountability, and government stability.- Party systems: Party systems refer to the number of parties and their interactions within a political system. They can be classified as two-party, multi-party, or dominant-party systems, each with its own implications for political competition and governance.Understanding the dynamics of political parties and elections is essential for analyzing the functioning of democratic systems, the role of interest groups, and the impact of political marketing and communication.4. Social Movements and ProtestsSocial movements and protests are important political phenomena that challenge and seek to change existing social, economic, and political arrangements. They can take the form of grassroots activism, civil society mobilization, and mass protests. Social movements often emerge in response to grievances, inequalities, or injustices and can lead to significant political change.- Types of social movements: There are several types of social movements, including labor movements, environmental movements, feminist movements, and anti-globalization movements. Each type of movement has its own goals, strategies, and organizational forms. - Repression and resilience: Social movements often face repression from the state or other powerful actors, which can lead to violence, surveillance, and legal restrictions. However, social movements also demonstrate resilience and adaptability in response to repression, using tactics such as nonviolent resistance, digital activism, and international solidarity.The study of social movements and protests is crucial for understanding the dynamics of political change and the role of collective action in shaping public policies and institutions.5. International Relations and Global GovernancePolitical phenomena are not limited to the domestic arena but also encompass international relations and global governance. This includes the study of diplomacy, conflict resolution, international organizations, and foreign policy.- Theories of international relations: There are several theories of international relations, such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism, which provide different perspectives on the nature of state behavior, power relations, and cooperation among nations.- Global governance: Global governance refers to the system of international cooperation and coordination that addresses global issues such as climate change, human rights, and global health. It involves the United Nations, regional organizations, and non-state actors, and it raises questions about power and authority in a globalized world.Understanding international relations and global governance is essential for addressing global challenges, promoting peace and security, and advancing human rights and sustainable development.In conclusion, the study of political phenomena encompasses a wide range of topics and issues, from the functioning of political systems and institutions to the behavior of individuals and groups within those systems. It also extends to international relations and global governance, raising questions about power, authority, and cooperation in a complex and interconnected world. By examining the key concepts and knowledge points related to political phenomena, we can gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of political change, the role of collective action, and the challenges and opportunities of global governance.。

【英美概况】【课堂笔记】社会运动2social movements 2

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 2The signing of the Civil Rights Act 1964The Youth Movement/Anti-War MovementWorking in the South during the “Freedom Summer” of 1964 had affected many of the white students who had come down from the North. As a result, they changed greatly, particularly in their attitudes and beliefs.Having seen their friends beaten and arrested by Southern policemen and sentenced to jail by Southern judges and having seen mayors and governors refuse to obey federal laws, they had now lost respect for authority. These students started to give speeches about the civil rights movement, about nonviolence, and about the need to change society.Berkeley university 1965 anti-war sit-inBerkeley university 1965 anti-warIn 1964, a civil rights supporter sat at a small table on the campus of the University of California, distributing information and collecting donations. The campus police asked him to leave – he refused. When the police arrested him, a large crowd of students surrounded the police car and shouted “Arrest all of us”.The students sat around the police car for 32 hours in a spontaneous, nonviolent direct action. 800 students were arrested. Graduates organised a strike and closed the university. Theteachers and professors agreed with the students that the civil rights supporter should have been allowed to stay on the campus. The young people‟s “Free Speech Movement” had begun!The youth movement spread beyond the campuses and some young people formed a “counterculture. They rejected capitalism and other American principles. Their moral values were different from those taught by their parents. The Hippies called themselves the “love generation”, and happiness became their major goal in life. Their music was different, and had lyrics that soundedrebellious to older people. Small groups got together in cities like San Francisco living an alternative, cooperative lifestyle.College students and some high-school students were “dropping out” of school. Some became Hippies and dropped out of society too. Others left the country to avoid being drafted into the army.The VW Bus is usually known as the counterculture/hippie symbol; a peace symbol is usually painted where the VW logo should be.An anti-war movement started in response to the war in Vietnam. The number of troops being sent to Vietnam was increasing and, as a result of this, a national …draft‟ was instigated. The anti-war movement used direct action in an attempt to bring about change. For instance, on college campuses they held teach-ins, protest marches and rallies, and they attacked federal offices to destroy draft records. Public support for the anti-war movement grew stronger, though even most people did not approve of acts of violence by demonstrators.The relationship between youth and their elders was affected by the different concerns and values that each held. The older people had just come through a terrible war and they had suffered greatly during this period. Their concern was for security in their personal lives; a job, a home, a family and stability. They were living in a period when the American economy was very successful and individual standards of living were rapidly improving. People thought “The American Dream” was possible.In contrast, the youth wanted something else. They had not experienced the war, nor had many of them known personal hardship. They were growing up in a period where they perceivedthe world as a dangerous place. The …Cold War‟ was a constant reminder that the world could destroy itself at any time. The young people observed the Cuban Crisis of 1962 and saw the world come very close to nuclear war, they observed injustice in racial equality, they saw the growing materialism of their society, and observed an arms race between nations. The young people were able to see these events through a media that had the ability to report real events live. Young people saw on TV all the major events of their day from the Cuban Crisis to the beatings of blacks; to the shooting of President Kennedy.The effect of world/American events on the youth was that they thought that the world (and America) needed to change and they didn‟t think that their elders knew how to make the necessary changes.The youth believed that they did have the answers. The message of the youth and anti-war movements was not only conveyed by thereporting in the media but also by the music of that period. Themusic of protest and the music expressing alternative values were becoming popular.The Women‟s MovementTh e women‟s movement was started by three groups of women and an accident:1.A group of women were appointed to a Commission on theStatus of Women by President Kennedy in 1961. They found that women in the US were not treated equally with men in many areas of society, and this situation came as a shock to many Americans.2.After the publication of the book The Feminine Mystiquemany housewives and mothers began to look at themselvesand their lives differently.3.A group of young activists in the civil rights and anti-warmovements believed that the male leaders of these groupswere discriminating against women in the movement. They subsequently became known as the “women‟s liberation”movement, and they sometimes used quite radical tactics to make their point.T he …accident' refers to the fact that the word “sex” had been unintentionally included the Civil Rights Act, passed in 1964. The law made “discrimination in employment based on race or sex” illegal: thus, women had unwittingly been included in those groups not to be discriminated against.The women‟s movement worked towards changes in economic practices, such as equal pay for equal work. They also wanted equal opportunities for jobs in fields such as science and technology, management and politics.Women also wanted changes in social practices and attitudes. They wanted men to acknowledge that women were not inferior to men in intelligence or ability.Some newspapers and TV programs made the women in the movement appear to be men-haters who did not want to be feminine. Later, women worked hard in the 1970‟s to change this image.ConclusionAlthough many changes have resulted from this period of activism and protest, there is still some racism in America and it is still a serious problem.The Vietnam War ended in 1973 when the US signed a peace treaty. The anti-war movement made a significant impact on the nation. Americans had discovered a new way to influence government policy (by peaceful protests and demonstrations) and it had proved successful.T he women‟s movement has made many gains in the areas of rights and opportunities. However, even now the number of women in leadership roles in government and business is still not satisfactory. Women‟s organisations continue to assert the rights and needs of women. It is important to realise that there are many more women in major roles in both business and in politics in 2007 than there was in the 1960‟s.The social movements of the 1960‟s had a strong influence on the way people think and act, and they caused changes to be made to many laws, and even led to the formation of new laws.Here are the ten most influential women who made their presence felt in their respective fields and acclaimedthe highest deserving awards.The year’s Most Powerful Woman CEO is Indra Nooyi.Formerly CFO and president, the Indian-born strategist reached the top even though she never ran a line operation at Pepsi. Nooyi believes in constant reinvention, ‘The minute you’ve developed a new business model, it’s extinct, becausesomebody is going to copy it.’The highest earning corporate woman is Safra Catz, with $26.1 million(200 million yuan). This spotlight-shy woman is a key executive on the management team assembled by Oracle’s colorful founder, Larry Ellison.The rising star in Transportation Systems is Adriane M. Brown,President and CEO of Honeywell Transportation Systems, a position she was appointed to in January 2005.Brown leads a $4.5 billion auto products division. Operating profits last year were $557 million.Danica Patrick is leading the way on a real racetrack. An American auto-racing driver competing in the Indy Racing League (IRL) was born in Beloit, Wisconsin, to an Irish-American family and was raised in Roscoe, Illinois.Amy Pascal, the chief of the Sony Pictures has been named as the most powerful woman in the film business. Industry journal The Hollywood Reporter conferred this honor on Ms Pascal for her recognition of such money-spinners as The Da Vinci Code and Casino Royale. Before joining the crew of Sony, she was managing Columbia Pictures from 1996 to 2003,there too she gained success coz of Spiderman.Sunita Williams, of Ohio, a NASA astronaut became the second woman of Indian origin to have been selected by NASA for a space mission afterKalpana Chawla.Financial Times has announced the world’s richest self-made women as Ms. Zhang Yin who is ‘worth an estimated $3.4bn’.This female Tree Hugging entrepreneur started up Nine Dragons paper just a few years ago and owns 72 % of her listed company. She buys scrap paper from USA and processesit in China for sale.21。

社会运动名词解释

社会运动名词解释社会运动（Social Movement）指的是由一群人共同组织和行动，旨在推动社会变革、争取权益或实现某种重大变革的集体行动。

这些集体行动通常是基于一定的价值观念、信念或理念，并追求社会、政治、经济或文化方面的改变。

以下是一些与社会运动相关的名词解释：1.社会变革：社会运动旨在推动社会变革，即改变社会的现有结构、制度、价值观念或权力关系。

这些变革可能涉及社会公正、人权、性别平等、环境保护、反种族主义等诸多领域。

2.抗议行动：社会运动常以抗议行动作为手段来表达诉求和争取变革。

抗议行动可以包括示威游行、静坐、罢工、抵制等形式，旨在通过集体的声音和行动来引起公众和政府对问题的关注和回应。

3.倡导组织：在社会运动中，通常有一些组织或团体发起和组织运动的活动。

这些倡导组织可能是非政府组织（NGO）、慈善机构、社团组织、工会、学生组织等，它们协调和领导运动的策略和行动。

4.社会媒体：近年来，社会媒体已成为社会运动的重要平台和工具。

通过社交媒体、网络论坛和在线组织工具，人们可以迅速传播信息、组织集会、组成网络社群，从而加强社会运动的动员力量。

5.动员和组织能力：社会运动的成功常常依赖于动员和组织能力。

这包括组织者的策划和领导能力、广泛的联盟网络、志愿者的参与度以及社会支持的基础等。

6.可持续性：社会运动的可持续性是指运动能否在长期内持续下去。

这包括运动的领导机构的稳定性、资源的持续供应、运动成员的参与度和运动目标的实现进程等因素。

社会运动是社会变革和民主参与的重要形式，它们为人们表达声音、争取权益、推动社会进步提供了渠道和平台。

社会运动在历史上发挥过重要作用，如民权运动、反战运动、女权运动等，对社会产生了深远影响。

social movements

Volunteers come to Mississippi to register Negroes to vote. • Legal segregation ended in the south. • Civil Rights Act was passed by the congress and signed into law by President Johnson in the summer of 1964.
• Civil Rights Movement • Anti-war Movement • Women’s Liberation Movement
• • • •
We shall overcome! ----- black Americans Let it all hang out! ---- young people Hell, no, we won’t go! ---- anti-war demonstrators Speak your heart without interruption. ------women
Blowing in the wind
• How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man Yes 'n' how many seas must a white dove sail Before she sleeps in the sand Yes 'n' how many times must the cannon balls fly Before they're forever banned The answer my friend is blowin' in the wind The answer is blowin' in the wind How many years can a mountain exist Before it's washed to the sea Yes 'n' how many years can some people exist Before they're allowed to be free Yes 'n' how many times can a man turn his head Pretending he just doesn't see How many times must a man look up Before he can see the sky Yes 'n' how many ears must one man have Before he can hear people cry Yes 'n' how many deaths will it take till he knows That too many people have died

第八讲城市社会运动

（三）中国邻避运动

4、邻避效应
邻避效应，是指居民或在地单位因担心邻避设施对身体健康、环境质量和资产价值等带来诸多负面影响，从而激发人们的嫌恶情结，滋生“不要建在我家后院” 的心理现象。它能在社会现实中起到一定的积极作用，但如若处置不当，将带来诸多负面影响。

一、社会运动（social movement）

3、新社会运动理论
人类社会由工业社会转型向“后工业社会”，这一巨变让社会运动的性质发生了变化。在工业社会，最大的社会冲突源自阶级利益矛盾，社会运动由阶级主导，其目标是向既得利益阶层争取物质利益。但“后工业社会”之后，人们不能再容忍“生活世界殖民化”的桎梏，开始反对国家政权及商业集团对个人生活的约束及操控。新的社会冲突产生新的社会运动形态。
社会运动的基本特征： 1、社会运动是一种抗议行为。 2、社会运动是一种体制外行为。 3、社会运动是一种集体行为。

一、社会运动（social movement）

（二）社会运动研究的取向
1、社会心理学取向结构紧张/心理失衡模型：他们认为社会运动是在社会秩序解体的情况下，个人将其所感受到的挫折感、失落感所表现出来的情绪性表现，参与的人与人之间并不存在有意义的互相联系。

一、社会运动（social movement）

（一）社会运动的涵义：
社会运动是指规模较大、相对持久并具有社会改造理念的运动。社会运动是指有许多个体参加的、高度组织化的、寻求或反对某些特定社会变迁的体制外政治行为。

一、社会运动（social movement）

（一）社会运动的涵义：

英语国家社会与文化2 social movements of 1960s

Chapter 9 Social Movements in 1960sFocal Points in this Topic（重点的知识点）1. Greensboro "sit-in"2.The Civil Rights Movement3.Martin Luther King, jr.4.The Anti-war Movement5.Free Speech Movement6.The Counter Culture7.Women's Liberation MovementI. Brief introductionQ: What is a social movement?Definitiona social movement: a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.Two basic characteristics of all social movements: "structure"(有组织)and "spontaneity"(自发性) structureStructure means organizationsSpontaneity refers to the spontaneous actionsNecessary parts of a social movement：The historical background of the American social movements of the 1960s•1. WW2 & Korean War( the defeat of US in Korean War)•2. Hard times of depression of 1930s•3. American Dream美国梦(用此流行语以强调所谓民主、平等和自由等美国的立国理想)•4. Afro-Americans, young people and women were dissatisfied with their lives.American Negroes experienced different lives in the South and outside the South of AmericaWomen experienced different lives during and after World War IIYoung people resented traditional white male values in US societyCivil Rights Movement (黑人民权运动),i.boycotts抵制(refusals to buy particular products),ii.sit-in 静坐抗议(quite sit down as demonstrations)iii.the actions of freedom riders, 自由乘车客,1961年美国南部黑人民权运动者为抗议长途汽车种族隔离而采取的抗议行动，乘车示威的黑人(尤指美国南部黑人为抗议种族歧视而乘坐专为白人服务的公共汽车者)In 1963 a march to Washington led by Martin Luther King.The Civil Rights Act of 1964 民权法案The Voting Rights Act of 1965 选举权法-------It refers to the US law that forced the southern states to allow African-Americans to enter restaurants, hotels, theatres, train stations, buses etc. which had been reserved for white people for white people only (segregation).---Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina [,kærə'lainə] (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter午餐室and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter 柜台, openly defying 反抗the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement (黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the north.Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X马尔科姆艾克斯, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.Montgomery [mənt'gʌməri] Bus Boycott 蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1955, Rosa Parks, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs. Parks was arrested.Local black leaders decided to boycott the city's bus system.Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.Martin Luther King, Jr.•an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师)the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.•To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of "marches"The March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous "I have a Dream" speech.•As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination (种族歧视) and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.•Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯) in April 1968.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.Results of the civil rights movement•Legal segregation ended in the South.•Southern Afro-Americans can vote.•But Racism is still a problem.III. The Youth Movement青年运动•Because they resented traditional white male values in U.S. society, many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960.•Free Speech Movement 自由言论运动(20世纪60年代兴起于美国加州大学的学生运动)•Mario Savio (马里奥·萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.•He demanded that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Mario Savio, 1964•Other students "sat-in"静坐抗议at the administration buildings行政办公室and organized "Free University" classes.•The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800 students were arrested. •Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.•The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments. （Bill of rights）•The young people's "Free Speech Movement" began with success.Counter Culture(反主流文化)•In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the "counter culture".•The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.•They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.•Among the most famous were the hippies (嬉皮士). They sought new experience through dropping out退学, drugs.•Music, rock music in particular became the chief vehicle媒介for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.•The counter culture exerted发挥a great influence upon people's attitudes toward social mores ['m ɔ:ri:z]习俗, marriage, career, and success.The Anti-War Movement (against the war in Vietnam)Song: “Hell, no, we won’t go.”（战场如地狱，我们绝不去）Organizations---1. some as refugees from religious and political persecution (逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民)---2. some as adventurers from the Old World seeking a better life(从旧大陆来寻求好生活的冒险家)---3. some as captives brought to American against their own will to be sold into slavery （有一些则是被抓获后违背他们的意愿运到美国，被出卖为奴隶）Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics. (虽然人们有共同的美国文化，但美利坚民族包含了许多种族和少数民族的亚文化群)。

如何做社交运动英语作文

如何做社交运动英语作文Introduction:Social movements have always been a driving force for change and progress in society. As an English learner, understanding and articulating the essence of these movements in your compositions can be a powerful way to engage with contemporary issues and express your viewpoints. This essay will explore the steps to effectively incorporate social movements into your English writing.Step 1: Research the MovementBefore you can write about a social movement, it's crucial to have a thorough understanding of its history, key figures, objectives, and methods. Use reputable sources to gather information and ensure your facts are accurate.Step 2: Define Your PerspectiveDecide on the stance you want to take in your essay. Are you in support of the movement, critical of it, or do you aim to present a balanced view? Your perspective will guide the tone and content of your writing.Step 3: Develop a Strong Thesis StatementYour thesis statement should clearly express the main argument or point of your essay. It should be concise, clear, and compelling, providing a roadmap for your reader.Step 4: Outline the StructureOrganize your thoughts into a logical structure. A typical essay structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on asingle aspect of the social movement and support your thesis.Step 5: Use Persuasive LanguageTo engage your reader, use persuasive language and rhetorical devices such as metaphors, analogies, and rhetorical questions. Be mindful of your word choice and sentence structure to convey your message effectively.Step 6: Include Personal Experiences or AnecdotesIf relevant, share personal experiences or anecdotes that relate to the social movement. This can make your essay more relatable and add depth to your argument.Step 7: Cite Examples and EvidenceSupport your claims with concrete examples and evidence. This could include statistics, quotes from movement leaders, or historical events that illustrate your points.Step 8: Address CounterargumentsShow that you've considered different viewpoints by addressing potential counterarguments. This demonstrates critical thinking and strengthens your overall argument.Step 9: Conclude with a Call to ActionEnd your essay with a strong conclusion that summarizes your main points and includes a call to action. This could be a suggestion for further research, a call for change, or an encouragement for readers to get involved in the movement.Step 10: Edit and ReviseFinally, carefully edit and revise your essay to ensure it is free of grammatical errors and flows well. Consider asking a peer or teacher to review your work for feedback.Conclusion:Writing about social movements in English can be a rewarding experience that allows you to explore important societal issues. By following these steps, you can craft a compelling essay that not only informs but also inspires your readers to think critically about the world around them.。

movement的用法与搭配

movement的用法与搭配一、介绍Movement这个词是英语中非常常见的一个词汇，它可以作为名词、动词和形容词使用。

在不同的语境下，movement具有不同的含义和用法。

本文将详细介绍movement的用法和搭配。

二、Movement作为名词的用法与搭配1. Social Movement：社会运动在现代社会，人民团结起来追求公平正义是很常见的。

Social movement即社会运动，指人们为了推动某种改变而组成团体并采取行动的活动。

例如：The civil rights movement fought for racial equality.（民权运动致力于种族平等）2. Art Movement：艺术运动艺术界也有各种各样的运动和风格。

Art movement即艺术运动，是指在一定时间范围内，在艺术领域内形成并影响较大范围的创作方向或风格倾向。

例如：Impressionism was an art movement that emphasized the depiction of light and color.（印象派是一种强调光线和色彩描绘的艺术运动）3. Dance Movement: 舞蹈姿势/舞步在舞蹈表演中，舞者的动作和姿势非常重要。

Dance movement即舞蹈姿势或舞步，在描述舞者的技巧和表演时使用。

例如：The dancer's graceful movements amazed the audience.（那位舞者优雅的动作让观众大为惊艳）4. Environmental Movement: 环保运动随着人们对环境问题越来越重视，环保运动也日益兴起。

Environmental movement即环保运动，是指为了保护环境而组织起来并采取行动的活动。

例如：The environmental movement aims to raise awareness about the importance of protecting our planet.（环保运动旨在唤起人们对于保护地球重要性的意识）三、Movement作为动词的用法与搭配1. To promote movement: 促进活动Movement不仅可以作为名词使用，还可以作为一个动词表达“促使某物移动”或“推进某种运动或发展”。

The Influence of Globalization on Social Movements

The Influence of Globalization onSocial Movements全球化对社会运动的影响近年来，全球化已经成为一个热门话题，引起了广泛的争议和讨论。

而全球化也对世界各地的社会运动带来了深远的影响。

本文将探讨全球化对社会运动的影响，并分析其中的一些具体例子。

首先，我们需要了解全球化对社会运动的定义和影响。

全球化是指国际社会的相互联系和互动不断加强，国际间的政治、经济、文化关系变得更加紧密和相互依赖的过程。

社会运动是指民众为了争取权益、改革现有制度或者推动社会变革而发起的行动。

全球化对社会运动的影响主要体现在以下几个方面。

首先，全球化为社会运动提供了更广阔的平台。

随着全球网络的普及和社交媒体的发展，社会运动的信息传播变得更加容易和快捷。

民众可以通过互联网与世界各地的社会运动组织进行交流和合作，从而使自己的声音更好地被听到。

例如，在2011年的“占领华尔街”抗议活动中，参与者通过社交媒体组织并传播了抗议的信息，引起了全球范围内的关注。

其次，全球化使社会运动的议程变得更加国际化。

由于全球化的推动，国家之间的边界变得模糊，各国之间的利益联系更加紧密。

因此，许多社会运动已经超越了国家的范畴，成为一个全球性的运动。

例如，气候变化抗议活动以及反全球化抗议活动就是这种国际化的社会运动的典型例子。

这些运动的目标跨越了国家的边界，追求的是全球的公平和正义。

再次，全球化加速了社会运动的传播和影响力。

全球化使得社会运动的信息能够更快速地传播到世界各地，吸引更多人的关注和参与。

社会运动可以通过互联网和社交媒体将自己的声音传播到每一个角落，从而扩大他们的影响力。

例如，黑人的命也是命运动以及“我也是”运动在社交媒体上迅速传播，引起了全球范围内的关注和支持。

最后，全球化促进了不同社会运动之间的联系和合作。

随着全球化的发展，社会运动之间的联系和合作变得更加频繁和紧密。

各国的社会运动组织可以借助全球网络和组织来分享他们的经验和策略，互相借鉴。

社会变化英语作文词汇

社会变化英语作文词汇(中英文版)Title: Vocabulary for English Essays on Social ChangeIntroduction:Social change refers to the transformation of society over time, involving shifts in cultural norms, social structures, and individual behaviors.To effectively discuss social change in English essays, it is crucial to utilize appropriate vocabulary.This document provides a list of words and phrases that can be used to express various aspects of social change.1.Social Transformation:- Transformation- Evolution- Metamorphosis- Transition- Change2.Cultural Shifts:- Cultural shift- Paradigm shift- Social paradigm shift- Cultural evolution- Cultural transformation3.Social Movements:- Social movement- Activism- Protest- Demonstration- Uprising4.Technological Advancements: - Technological advancement - Innovation- Digital revolution- Information age- Technological transformation 5.Economic Changes:- Economic change- Industrial revolution- Globalization- Urbanization- Economic transformation 6.Inequality and Justice:- Social inequality- Injustice- Equality- Social justice- Gender equalitycation and Awareness: - Education- Awareness- Enlightenment- Knowledge- Empowerment8.Political Changes:- Political change- Democracy-Dictatorship- Regime change- Political revolution9.Environmental Concerns: - Environmental change- Climate change- Sustainability- Ecological balance- Green revolution10.Health and Well-being: - Health- Well-being- Public health- Mental health- Wellness11.Family and Relationships:- Family structure- Changing family dynamics- Modern relationships- Traditional values- Cultural family normsConclusion:This document provides a comprehensive list of vocabulary words and phrases related to social change.By utilizing these terms effectively, writers can convey their ideas about social transformation, cultural shifts, social movements, technological advancements, economic changes, inequality and justice, education and awareness, political changes, environmental concerns, health and well-being, and family and relationships.。

social movements

•Disability Rights movement • Ecology movement • Ecofeminism • Environmental Justice movement • Ethiopian movement • Fair Trade movement • Food not Bombs • Free software movement • Free love • fighting polythene-jhola aandolan • Global justice movement • human rights movement • Hare Krishna movement • indigenous peoples movement • Ku Klux Klan • Labor movement
•Taisho democracy in Japan • Tea Party movement • Zeitgeist movement • Treatment Action campaign • To Write Love on her Arms • Unemployed peoples movement • Women’s Liberation movement • Women’s Suffrage movement • Zapatista movement • The Nizmo movement • KING Nassim movement
Relative deprivation
• Relative deprivation refers to the negative perception that differences exist between wants and actualities. In other words, people may not actually be deprived when they believe they are. A relatively deprived group is disgruntled because they feel less entitled or privileged than a particular reference group.

The Impact of Social Movements on Society

The Impact of Social Movements on Society Social movements have been a significant part of human history, and their impact on society has been immense. Social movements are collective efforts by people to bring about change in society and address social, economic, or political issues. These movements have been instrumental in bringing about social change, challenging societal norms, and advocating for social justice. This essay aims to explore the impact of social movements on society from multiple perspectives.From a historical perspective, social movements have played a crucial role in shaping the world we live in today. The civil rights movement in the United States, for instance, led to the end of segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Similarly, the feminist movement fought for women's rights, resulting in significant changes in laws and policies that promote gender equality. Social movements have also been instrumental in bringing about political change, such as the Arab Spring, which led to the overthrow of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East.Social movements have also had a significant impact on culture and societal norms. For instance, the LGBTQ movement has challenged traditional gender roles and norms, leading to increased acceptance and visibility of non-heteronormative identities. The #MeToo movement has also brought to light the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault, leading to increased awareness and changes in workplace policies and social attitudes towards sexual violence.From an economic perspective, social movements have influenced the distribution of wealth and power in society. Labor movements, for instance, have fought for workers' rights and fair wages, leading to the establishment of labor laws and regulations that protect workers' rights. Environmental movements have also brought attention to the negative impact of industrialization and capitalism on the environment, leading to increased regulations and policies to protect the environment.However, social movements have also faced criticism and resistance from those who oppose their agenda. Some argue that social movements can be divisive and polarizing,leading to increased social tensions and conflict. Others argue that social movements can be co-opted by political elites and used to maintain the status quo rather than bring about meaningful change.Despite these criticisms, social movements have been an essential tool for people to express their grievances and demand change. They have been instrumental in bringing about significant social, political, and economic changes, challenging societal norms, and advocating for social justice. Social movements have given voice to marginalized groups and empowered them to demand their rights and dignity.In conclusion, the impact of social movements on society has been immense, and their legacy continues to shape the world we live in today. Social movements have been instrumental in bringing about significant social, political, and economic changes, challenging societal norms, and advocating for social justice. While social movements have faced criticism and resistance, their importance in bringing about change cannot be overstated. Social movements have given voice to marginalized groups and empowered them to demand their rights and dignity, making society more equitable and just.。

social movements

社会学的十六个名词解释

社会学概论第十章 社会流动

Three Social Movements in America

social_movements_in_the_1960s 美国20世纪60年代的社会运动

Social movement(美国五十年代社会运动)

政治现象英语知识点总结

【英美概况】【课堂笔记】社会运动2social movements 2

社会运动名词解释

social movements

第八讲城市社会运动

英语国家社会与文化2 social movements of 1960s

如何做社交运动英语作文

movement的用法与搭配

The Influence of Globalization on Social Movements

社会变化英语作文词汇

social movements

The Impact of Social Movements on Society

社会学概论第十章社会流动